International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
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PETROLEUM HYDRATION WITH ALUM DEHYDRATION
KEROSENE WITH ALUM – GC & IR TESTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------By Ammineni Shyam Sundar, B.B.M, P.G.D.B.A,
Junior Assistant (Outsourcing),
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Ananthapuramu.
Email: shyamammineni@gmail.com, a_shyamsundhar@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
To control pollution and for maximizing the calorific value of commercial
Kerosene, Potassium alum is used in this experiment. The samples prepared like
5grams in 250ml, 10grams in 250ml, and 15grams in 250ml of powder potassium
alum in commercial Kerosene from 3 to 4 hours time with in room temperature
35-400C. The Gas Chromatography experiments with Bruker GC430 and IR
experiments with Bruker Alpha are done. The 250ml GC report of Original
commercial Kerosene indicates one component, with 5grams of Potassium alum
71 components, with 10grams of Potassium alum 64 components, with 15grams
of Potassium alum 83 components. May be this Kerosene is forth coming fuel to
satellite rockets. Results followed.
INDTRODUCTION
Petroleum products (gasoline, diesel fuels, motor oils, greases etc.) are one
of the main sources of environmental pollution these days. Progressive
industrialization and development of automotive industry are undeniably related
to an increasing demand for such hazardous substances. This, in turn, leads to an
increase in of the potential risks associated with the aforementioned negative
impacts of those petroleum substances on the environment and living organism.
To overcome all these purification with minimum effort and more mileage with
environment friendly, potassium alum is going to be used in Petroleum.
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MATERIALS
1. POTASSIUM ALUM – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
2. KEROSENE
1. Potassium alum - Alum is a generic term that describes hydrated double
salts. Hydrates are salts that crystallize from a water solution and contain
weakly bound water molecules. A hydrate is an addition compound,
contains two or more simpler compounds. This is a weak chemical
combination between the water and the salt. As such, the combination is
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denoted with a “dot”. However, the water molecules are as much a part of
the compound as the other atoms. Alums can be described by generalized
formula, (MM’(SO4)2.12(H2O), in which M (univalent) is commonly Na+, K+,
NH4+, Rb+ and M’ (trivalent) is commonly Al3+, Ga3+, V3+, Cr3+ Mn3+, Fe3+,
Co3+. True alums crystallize as well-defined octahedral and many are
beautifully colored, particularly those containing d-block transition metals.
In its crystalline form, potassium alum the compound solidifies with twelve
water molecules as Hydrate. 1
1. Sodium Chloride – Nacl
2. Borax – (Na2B4O7.7H2O)
3. Ammonium alum – NH4Al(SO4)2.12(H2O)
4. Potash alum – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
5. Copper Sulfate (blue vitriol) – CuSO4.5(H2O)
6. Epsom salt – MgSO4.7(H2O)
7. Salol (Phenyl salicylate) – HOC6H4COOC6H5
8. Chrome Alum – (KCr(SO4)2.12(H2O)
9. Ferric Chloride – FeCl3.6(H2O)
10. Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate – CuSO4.5(H2O)
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When a hydrate is heated, the loosely held water is driven off as water
vapor, leaving an anhydrous salt behind. For example
1. KAl(SO4)2. 12(H2O) (s) – KAl(SO4)2(s)+12(H2O)(g)
2. CuSO4.5(H2O)(s) – CuSO4(s)+5(H2O)(g)
This dehydration may actually occur in several steps, with the solid
crystal rearranging to accommodate the loss of the water molecules.
Potas alum or tawas, or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical
compound: the potassium double sulfate of aluminium. Its chemical
formula is KAl(SO4)2 and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as
KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O). Alum is the common name for this chemical compound,
given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. It is
commonly used in water purify, leather tanning, dyeing, fireproof textiles,
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and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an
aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving.
Properties
Chemical formula
KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)
Molar mass
474.3884 g/mol
Appearance
white small crystals
Odor
watery metallic
Density
1.725 g/cm3
Melting point
92 to 93 °C (198 to 199 °F; 365 to 366 K)
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Boiling point
200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)
Solubility in water
14.00 g/100 mL (20 °C)
36.80 g/100 mL (50 °C)
Solubility
insoluble in acetone
Refractive index(nD)
1.4564
2
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IR spectrum of pure Alum
The physisorbed (physisorption, characteristic of weak van der waals forces)
water molecules present in Potassium alum are leading to loss of the H + and OHions with minimum temperature (below 45 oC).4
2. Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry
and households. Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons
obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 °C and 275 °C,
resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 g/cm3 composed of carbon
chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is
miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water.
Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major
components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes
(cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic
hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and
alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of
kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.
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The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and
its auto-ignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F). The pour point of kerosene
depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at −47 °C (−53 °F).
Heat of combustion of kerosene is similar to that of diesel; its lower heating
value is 43.1 MJ/kg (around 18,500 Btu/lb), and its higher heating value is 46.2
MJ/kg.
Today, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines in several grades. One form
of the fuel known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. This fuel
grade kerosene meets specifications for smoke points and freeze points. The
combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula
C12H26 (dodecane):
2 C12H26(l) + 37 O2(g) → 24 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g); ∆H˚ = -7513 kJ
In the initial phase of liftoff, the Saturn V launch vehicle was powered by the
reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five 6.4 mega newton sea-level
thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction
generated roughly 1.62 × 1011 watts (J/s) (162 giga watt) or 217 million
horsepower.
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Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or
waxing in cold temperatures.
Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City
Transit to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004,
prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low sulfur diesel, which has since
become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender
for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at
a significantly increased cost.
JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the US military as a
replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also by the
U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks and as a
replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and
electrical generators.
In X-ray crystallography, (is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular
structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident Xrays to diffract into many specific directions) kerosene can be used to store
crystals. When a hydrated crystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This
makes the colour of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the
crystal.
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It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid, and to
store potassium, sodium, lithium, etc. [2]
METHODS
1. Gas Chromatography tests
2. Infrared Spectroscopy tests.
1. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in
analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the
purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of
a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be
determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound.
In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure
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compounds from a mixture. Bruker GC430 machine is used for this
experiment.
2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with
the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is light with a
longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range
of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all
spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals.
For a given sample which may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, the method or
technique of infrared spectroscopy uses an instrument called an infrared
spectrometer (or spectrophotometer) to produce an infrared spectrum. A
basic
IR
spectrum
is
essentially
a
graph
of
infrared
light absorbance (or transmittance) on the vertical axis vs. frequency or
wavelength on the horizontal axis. Typical units of frequency used in IR
spectra are reciprocal centimeters (sometimes called wave numbers), with
the symbol cm−1. Units of IR wavelength are commonly given
in micrometers (formerly called "microns"), symbol μm, which are related
to wave numbers in a reciprocal way. A common laboratory instrument
that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.
Two-dimensional IR is also possible as discussed below. Bruker Alpha
machine is used for this experiment.
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EXPERIMENT
One liter of commercial Kerosene is taken and is divided into 4 parts
as 250ml samples in 300ml capacity plastic bottles. First bottle 250ml
kerosene kept as a original sample. The room temperature is 35-40oC. The
Potassium alum kept in the sample Kerosene is from 1 hour to 3 hours only.
The Potassium alum is used in this experiment in natural one not human
made. The Potassium alum crystal in powdered well and then it mixed in
250ml samples of Kerosene like 5grams in one 250ml bottle and 10grams in
one 250ml bottle and 15grams in one 250ml bottle. The GC and IR reports
taken of original sample. They are as follows.
FTIR-(KBr) Data of Commercial Kerosene
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
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S.NO.
IR Region
Assignment
1
3054.12
Ar-H stretching vibrations
2
2921.29
Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations
3
2857.05
Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations
4
1458.86
5
1376.37
6
808.84
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of
Aromatic ring
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of
Aromatic ring
Mono substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
7
730.24
Para substituted Ar-H bending vibrations
Infrared Spectroscopy of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample
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The IR spectrum of kerosene fuel was recorded in the IR region 4000-500 cm-1.
The Commercial kerosene is a mixture of 36 organic compounds. It contains
1. Paraffins
2. Monocyclo paraffins
3. Dicycloparaffins
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4. Tricycloparaffins
5. Benzens
6. Indans/Tetralins
7. CnH2n-10
8. Naphthalene
9. Naphthalenes
10. CnH2n-14
11. CnH2n-16
12. CnH2n-18
13. Benzene
14. Toluene
15. Ethyl benzene
16. Methyl para-Xylene
17. 1,2-Dimethyl benzene
18. Isopropyl-Benzene
19. 1-Methy-3-Ethyl benzene
20. 1-Methyl-4-Ethyl Benzene
21. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
22. 1-Methyl-2-Ethyl Benzene
23. 1,2,4-Trimethyl Benzene
24. 1,2,3,- Tri methyl Benzene,
25. Alkyl indans
26. 1,4-Diethyl Butyl benzene
27. 1,2-Diethyl benzene
28. 1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl benzene
29. 1,2,3,5-Tetra methyl benzene
30. C10 Benzenes
31. C11 benzenes
32. C12 Benzenes
33. Naphthalene
34. 2-Methyl-Naphthalene
35. 1-Methyl-Naphthalene.
36. Indan
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The IR spectrum of kerosene contains 7 signals only, noticed in the
different regions and attributed to different functional groups in kerosene
fuel. The sample IR spectrum for kerosene may be attributed to
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
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(a) Merging of IR signals and
(b) The signals may not appear in the range 4000-500 cm-1.
Gas Chromatography of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample
Commercial Kerosene
1,050,000,000
1,000,000,000
950,000,000
900,000,000
850,000,000
800,000,000
750,000,000
700,000,000
650,000,000
600,000,000
550,000,000
500,000,000
450,000,000
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000.20.0
1
0
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150,000,000
ST
H
100,000,000
50,000,000
0
-50,000,000
-100,000,000
Index
1
TOTAL
0
Name
1
Time
(Min)
UNKNOWN 0.49
2
3
Quantity
(% Area)
100.00
100.00
4
Min
5
Height
(uV)
505273.2
505273.2
6
7
Area
(uV.Min)
11120.5
11120.5
8
9
Area %
(%)
100.00
100.00
The GC of commercial kerosene fuel was recorded with the instrument
BRURKER GC430. The gas chromatogram contains one signal noticed at 0.49
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
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minutes. This indicates the sample contains one set of organic compounds; the
high area signal may be due to non aromatic saturated compounds. It is observed
from the figure that gas chromatogram contains only one signal with 100%
quantity area and signal is noticed at 0.49 minutes.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Potassium
Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
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The 5 grams of Potassium alum in 250ml sample kerosene contains 9 IR signals
and it has two additional IR signals noticed at 1605.04 cm-1 and 579.27 cm-1 and
these are attributed to C-C carbon Skelton stretching vibration of aromatic ring
and quaternary C-C carbon in plane bending vibration. Since kerosene is a mixture
of 36 organic compounds and one can expect a complicated IR spectrum but it
has very simple IR spectrum and this may be due to the following reasons
(I)
The signals they have low intensity and these signals (or) not detected
by the instrument under experimental conditions.
(II) The signals may merge with other IR signals of the sample and it may
give combination signals.
(III) The signals may not be detected in the region 4000-500 cm-1.
However the percentage of transmittance decrease in the IR spectrum of
Kerosene fuel Original sample and 5grams of Potassium alum sample and at the
same time the percentage of absorbance increase in the same order. The
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
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observation suggest that by the addition of potash alum (5g/10g/15g) purity of
the kerosene is slightly increasing and it is possible only when the impurities
present in commercial sample of kerosene or any organic molecule present in
commercial kerosene fuel is adsorbed on the surface of the powered potash alum
(5g/10g/15g).The interactions between kerosene and potash alum may be
ascribed to ionic and non polar covalent bond interaction between potash alum
and kerosene fuel. In 5grams sample an irregular trend was noticed, from these
observations, it is concluded that commercial kerosene fuel when kept in 5g of
fine powered potash alum will give reasonably pure liquid kerosene.
GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
Commercial Kerosene + 5grams Powdered Potassium alum
400,000,000
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350,000,000
300,000,000
uV
250,000,000
200,000,000
1
0
.
2
0
.
0
150,000,000
S
T
H
100,000,000
50,000,000
0
-50,000,000
0
Index
1
Name
1
Time
(Min)
UNKNOWN 0.01
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
2
Quantity
(% Area)
0.00
3
4
Min
Height
(uV)
235558.5
5
Area
(uV.Min)
3223.3
6
7
Area %
(%)
0.004
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
0.04
0.18
0.32
2.21
2.29
2.33
2.39
2.57
2.62
2.71
2.82
2.88
2.94
3.10
3.14
3.15
3.26
3.36
3.40
3.44
3.49
3.51
3.64
3.68
3.75
3.80
3.90
3.98
4.11
4.13
4.27
4.37
4.42
4.54
4.65
4.71
4.76
4.93
5.01
5.09
5.19
5.25
5.27
5.36
5.45
5.54
5.57
5.60
5.80
0.01
0.00
0.16
2.81
2.21
2.62
4.50
4.25
3.45
1.44
5.87
3.72
8.59
2.36
1.11
5.17
2.91
1.88
1.13
1.85
1.35
3.74
0.52
0.80
1.60
2.03
2.19
0.71
0.80
1.31
0.06
0.03
0.89
1.81
0.55
0.66
2.08
1.32
1.20
0.54
0.84
0.56
0.74
0.65
0.49
0.67
0.30
1.11
0.26
338294.5
296685.8
1419245.7
29408983.4
27126649.6
36571608.4
36663215.4
40480062.6
42214695.9
41606981.3
5091679.6
49744746.3
50413002.2
43513987.5
42677674.4
44482692.9
37843047.0
35463327.8
34240726.7
33590264.1
31863847.7
32162700.1
23371402.3
23539827.8
24597011.9
2225442.8
21189333.2
10850243.8
13525073.3
11748759.9
2183110.7
1418698.3
10607592.4
16932783.3
16217814.1
17782356.4
17395236.7
13461432.3
132678607
11111734.0
11026500.0
12368908.4
11233812.1
10419718.5
9137785.9
9390799.3
8580082.2
8633297.2
5229375.2
8391.7
2842.8
140306.5
2456516.1
1931685.5
2295121.4
3939280.1
3716471.8
3020507.3
1258267.2
5142485.5
3257678.3
7521027.3
2068175.1
974490.4
4523575.4
2545079.7
1643217.4
987298.5
1619369.4
1179442.9
3269975.8
453747.0
702128.4
1397994.4
1774590.1
1920798.7
619432.4
696277.5
1142561.6
48600.2
23914.6
783126.2
1581121.7
478660.3
581438.3
1820690.6
1152468.2
1046730.6
469641.6
737290.4
489146.7
645167.6
572452.2
429474.5
584114.2
259976.0
973473.3
231581.5
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65
0.010
0.003
0.160
2.860
2.207
2.622
4.500
4.246
3.450
1.437
5.875
3.721
8.592
2.363
1.113
5.168
2.907
1.877
1.128
1.850
1.347
3.735
0.518
0.802
1.597
2.027
2.194
0.708
0.795
1.305
0.056
0.027
0.895
1.806
0.547
0.664
2.080
1.317
1.196
0.536
0.842
0.559
0.737
0.654
0.491
0.667
0.297
1.112
0.265
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51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
Total
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
5.83
5.92
6.02
6.11
6.14
6.23
6.33
6.40
6.45
6.54
6.75
6.80
6.92
7.03
7.11
7.37
7.46
7.57
7.73
7.1
7.96
0.46
0.46
0.69
0.23
0.38
0.48
0.61
0.22
0.34
1.35
0.68
0.96
0.71
0.85
1.73
1.24
1.03
0.90
0.48
0.29
0.10
6245797.2
5722655.9
8200881.5
6606924.9
7689707.1
7225626.8
6314429.4
5613917.0
7261050.3
8393344.7
9778557.4
10776971.6
9456850.2
9862489.3
10895044.8
9919876.8
9747530.2
8098552.4
5015725.0
3907747.2
2825330.1
399508.0
399411.4
601080.5
200705.3
329968.0
423521.1
537192.1
195955.6
298777.2
1179610.6
596303.3
840335.0
625598.5
740036.2
1517964.0
1082560.2
901843.2
787786.3
416237.9
255578.6
88716.0
100.00
1260294680.2 87538517.3
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0.456
0.456
0.687
0.229
0.376
0.484
0.614
0.223
0.341
1.348
0.681
0.960
0.715
0.845
1.734
1.237
1.030
0.900
0.475
0.292
0.101
100.000
The gas chromatogram of commercial kerosene fuel sample with was
recorded with the instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded
by adopting petrol method with a run time of 7.96 min. The results suggest the
commercial kerosene fuel with 5grams of Potassium alum contains 71
components and these are recorded at 7.96 min which represents 100% quantity
area. This may be ascribed to impurities or to the decomposition components
signals in commercial kerosene.
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
67
Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 10grams of Potassium
Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 10grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 min)
IJOART
uV
Commercial Kerosene + 10grams Powdered Potassium alum
300,000,000
280,000,000
260,000,000
240,000,000
220,000,000
200,000,000
180,000,000
160,000,000
140,000,000
120,000,000
S
T
H
100,000,000
80,000,000
60,000,00010.20.
40,000,000
20,000,000
0
-20,000,000
-40,000,000
-60,000,000
-80,000,000
0
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
1
2
3
4
Min
5
6
7
IJOART
8
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
Index
Time
(Min)
Quantity
(% Area)
Height
(uV)
Area
(uV.Min)
Area %
(%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0.02
0.16
0.38
0.50
0.87
0.90
0.94
1.20
2.23
2.32
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.63
2.69
2.93
2.96
3.03
3.10
3.16
3.19
3.22
3.36
3.39
3.42
3.53
3.60
3.66
3.74
3.81
3.85
4.04
4.13
4.28
4.40
4.43
4.46
4.56
4.62
4.77
4.98
5.08
5.13
5.23
5.25
0.01
0.07
0.42
0.93
0.16
0.04
0.32
0.02
7.94
3.23
1.72
1.33
2.24
1.15
1.13
6.64
2.61
2.27
0.32
1.85
0.86
4.13
1.08
0.78
3.16
1.95
1.84
1.15
2.73
1.29
4.46
2.04
3.54
2.64
0.17
0.83
2.21
0.63
3.48
3.39
2.47
0.85
1.48
0.39
1.88
1415798.3
4222465.1
13238459.8
14966679.7
7045624.2
6766805.2
7542110.5
2136715.8
107419534.2
105434490.1
100266534.4
98886978.8
97593325.5
95224542.2
95328987.6
112834056.8
112903040.4
111863559.3
10784774.5
111664395.6
111632248.0
11577954.9
109371204.5
108644074.7
106717247.5
106246326.3
103291227.7
99831161.3
98358599.2
95648744.1
92877065.1
88305035.9
85338333.2
79726479.9
75814589.2
7513600.4
82133499.2
75817808.3
76346306.4
74109777.4
66948961.2
6451468.8
61177577.8
59770909.6
60321377.5
40276.5
254453.7
1501847.9
3355671.5
571512.6
142857.9
1164577.6
70281.9
23671950.7
11667369.0
6203475.2
4818134.8
8089191.0
4161613.1
4061140.3
23951564.7
9411369.5
8204337.7
149947.0
6672887.3
3111378.4
14906578.1
3897415.3
2816935.6
11413934.4
7051468.9
6642892.2
4147670.8
9858493.2
4652810.4
16097724.4
7356947.7
12772561.7
952980.7
624037.0
2984086.4
7989506.3
2268904.4
12552491.8
12227319.0
8923898.7
3083010.8
5338924.9
1401916.8
6794674.4
0.011
0.070
0.416
0.930
0.158
0.040
0.323
0.019
7.943
3.232
1.719
1.335
2.241
1.153
1.125
6.635
2.607
2.273
0.319
1.849
0.826
4.129
1.080
0.780
3.162
1.953
1.850
1.149
2.731
1.289
4.459
2.038
3.538
2.641
0.173
0.827
2.213
0.629
3.477
3.387
2.472
0.854
1.479
0.388
1.882
68
IJOART
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
5.37
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.88
5.99
6.10
6.27
6.35
6.58
6.68
6.89
7.01
7.21
7.31
7.50
7.73
7.80
7.95
1.86
1.38
0.87
2.55
0.83
1.23
1.43
0.59
1.19
0.75
1.07
0.35
0.74
0.26
0.45
0.36
0.05
0.15
0.08
56492062.2
52830049.4
50687605.3
463110121
39814636.0
38422927.8
32308702.9
29464674.7
27017704.5
23445940.1
21046740.5
16566494.1
16365634.9
12650547.5
11741429.7
8335054.9
5539517.0
4931497.0
5160867.0
6704858.6
4984972.1
3123392.6
9191204.5
2995391.0
4425122.7
5169813.1
2141431.1
489140.1
2709434.9
3861286.7
1266008.2
2662153.9
942055.4
1624503.8
1292548.8
179526.2
525360.9
278592.0
69
1.857
1.381
0.865
2.546
0.830
1.226
1.432
0.593
1.188
0.751
1.070
0.351
0.737
0.261
0.450
0.358
0.050
0.146
0.077
The gas
chromato
gram of
commerci
al
kerosene
fuel with
10grams
of
Potassiu
m alum
was
recorded
Total
100.00
3990468053.9 360979818.7 100.000
with the
instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by adopting petrol
method with a run time of 7.95 min. The results suggest the commercial
kerosene fuel 64 components and these are recorded at 7.95 min and it
represents 100% quantity area. An additional 28 components. These may be
ascribed to impurities or the decomposition components signals in commercial
kerosene fuel sample of 10grams Alum.
IJOART
Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 15grams of Potassium
Alum sample(Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
70
IJOART
FTIR spectrum of commercial kerosene contains 7 IR signals only. They are
attributed to Ar-H stretching vibrations, aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations, and
their corresponding bending vibrations. The FTIR spectrum of 5grams sample,
10grams sample and 15grams sample were recorded and contains eight, nine and
eight signals respectively.
In the presence of potash alum [5g/10g/15g] the percentage of
transmittance decrease for each IR signal and at the same time the percentage of
absorbance increases for each IR signal. The observed results may be attributed
to adsorption of impurities on the surface of powdered potash alum and in the
presence of potash alum kerosene gets purified and it is noteworthy the result on
from FTIR data.
Gas Chromatography of Kerosene of 250ml with 15grams of Potassium
Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
71
Commercial Kerosene + 15grams of Powdered Potassium alum
400,000,000
350,000,000
300,000,000
250,000,000
200,000,000
100,000,000
1
0
.
2
0
.
0
uV
150,000,000
S
T
H
50,000,000
IJOART
0
-50,000,000
-100,000,000
0
Index
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
1
Time
(Min)
0.17
0.26
0.31
0.34
0.43
0.54
0.84
1.00
1.16
1.23
1.31
2.08
2.22
2.30
2.38
2.44
2.54
2.56
2
3
Quantity
(% Area)
0.09
0.27
0.12
0.14
0.44
1.43
0.05
0.15
0.36
0.09
0.08
33.46
5.19
3.55
3.74
5.02
1.24
4.28
4
Min
Height
(uV)
9011034.0
16635115.4
2031758080.9
22801190.8
29005192.9
33853058.1
6037813.5
8941338.4
12367593.3
9889667.7
7274038.2
350231699.6
326268143.0
300738808.7
294376649.9
288719410.7
271070622.9
265150583.5
5
Area
(uV.Min)
488734.0
1439004.7
671145.5
777620.1
2372201.4
7678961.8
294927.6
811360.5
1938509.9
474411.7
421718.6
180006388.8
27918346.4
19096476.9
20098346.8
27014563.8
6650059.9
23012304.0
6
7
Area %
(%)
0.091
0.267
0.125
0.145
0.441
1.427
0.055
0.151
0.360
0.088
0.078
33.457
5.189
3.549
3.736
5.021
1.236
4.277
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
2.66
2.74
2.78
2.81
2.97
3.03
3.09
3.25
3.30
3.40
3.44
3.50
3.53
3.57
3.68
3.72
3.81
3.86
3.89
3.97
4.19
4.24
4.35
4.40
4.47
4.56
4.60
4.68
4.78
4.89
5.04
5.19
5.24
5.28
5.38
5.46
5.54
5.61
5.71
5.78
5.89
6.00
6.06
6.18
6.26
6.38
6.48
6.54
6.57
2.51
2.36
1.99
6.98
2.08
1.87
4.96
0.94
2.80
0.63
1.30
0.68
0.58
0.63
0.40
0.94
0.29
0.21
0.25
0.11
0.07
0.14
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.21
0.14
0.22
0.16
0.41
0.35
0.09
0.18
0.15
0.14
0.21
0.04
0.21
0.16
0.21
0.20
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.14
0.05
0.14
0.12
0.18
248289657.4
248362769.1
247356144.0
24682806.4
211167769.1
195238713.8
182546333.2
149230539.4
141045008.5
124270996.6
116579995.5
108413171.5
97965501.0
89447813.9
69307224.9
61053124.1
40933882.3
31622740.1
24945840.5
18354057.0
8256877.7
16240500.0
18844644.2
21718342.3
19279749.4
19291257.1
17768960.8
17636747.5
15664133.0
17333477.3
16898773.1
15400831.0
17302893.5
17398941.3
16661797.3
18308909.9
11543844.0
13285864.9
14173774.1
14566679.2
12848582.9
8931606.2
8918810.1
4688321.9
8989742.6
9981406.9
10666203.6
1573379.9
15978784.8
13524156.7
12704554.1
10684286.1
37548907.2
11202176.4
10059553.5
26659720.5
5059613.0
15075434.6
3414429.8
6980970.2
3637276.1
3142449.7
8762093.2
2135218.3
5038109.8
1578875.
1111406.4
1334412.5
608384.0
394810.9
730539.8
1057215.2
1100907.5
936924.6
1135902.8
758977.5
1160085.1
837961.7
220557.5
1877888.6
509157.1
978684.3
801467.9
748498.6
1154381.7
221708.4
1104566.9
836386.1
1149677.2
1063323.6
377195.1
252052.4
72287.2
742644.6
291944.8
757232.5
653268.9
941618.4
IJOART
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
72
2.514
2.361
1.986
6.979
2.082
1.870
4.955
0.940
2.802
0.635
1.298
6.676
0.584
1.629
0.397
0.936
0.293
0.207
0.248
0.113
0.073
0.136
0.196
0.205
0.174
0.211
0.141
0.216
0.156
0.410
0.349
0.095
0.182
0.149
0.139
0.215
0.041
0.205
0.155
0.214
0.198
0.070
0.047
0.013
0.138
0.054
0.141
0.121
0.175
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
6.63
6.71
6.78
6.84
6.99
7.00
7.07
7.28
7.44
7.50
7.60
7.62
7.78
7.85
7.92
7.98
Total
73
0.15
0.17
0.16
0.10
0.20
0.12
0.35
0.25
0.09
0.16
0.04
0.19
0.03
0.07
0.06
0.01
20348758.5
16042147.6
16831180.7
14800322.7
14269391.4
16077619.9
15200604.0
14161055.7
11060516.1
11156789.0
11139978.3
11829660.8
7988822.4
8388204.9
6171583.4
4569085.6
804077.3
93031.1
881000.3
556849.4
1101012.9
663919.7
1909692.6
1354195.2
510250.5
843512.3
17620.6
1018082.5
185474.1
367090.7
341928.5
65422.3
0.149
0.173
0.164
0.103
0.205
0.123
0.355
0.252
0.095
0.157
0.040
0.189
0.034
0.068
0.064
0.012
100.00
554842918.5
538031037.1 100.000
IJOART
The GC of commercial kerosene sample-I, sample-II and sample-III were recorded
with the instrument BRURER 430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by
adopting petrol method. The GC of commercial kerosene contains only one signal
it is recorded at 0.49 min. The sample-I (5g of potash alum) contains 71
components with run time of 7.96 min. The sample-II (10g of potash alum)
contains 64 components with a run time of 7.95 min. The sample-III (15g of
potash alum) contains 83 components with a run time of 7.98 min. From these
observations, it is concluded that the run time GC increases and at the same time
the number of components present in the sample-I/sample-II/sample-III increases
when compared to commercial kerosene. The additional components may be
ascribed to decomposition of organic components present in the kerosene
sample. This may increases calorific value of kerosene in presence of potash
alum.
RESULTS
FTIR (KBr) data - I
S.No.
IR Signals [ cm-1]
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
% of Transmittance of
kerosene in presence of
potash alum
% of absorbance of kerosene
in
presence of potash alum
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
Samples
74
Samples
Samples
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
1.
2953.81
2953.74
2953.67
71
69
67
29
21
33
2.
2921.41
2921.40
2921.32
59
57
55
41
43
45
-1
IR Signals [ cm ]
S.No.
3.
2856.93
2856.98
Samples
2956.11
I
II
1605.28
1606.13
2953.811605.04
2953.74
2.
5.
1458.87
6.
4.
74
72
70
26
28
30
78
76
74 Aliphatic
22
24
26
III
4.
1.
3.
Assignment of peaks
2953.67
809.34
808.59
92
C-H stretching vibrations
Aliphatic
88 C-H stretching
86
10
vibrations12
Aliphatic
C-H
stretching
vibrations
92
90
6
8
C-C Carbon skeleton
stretching vibrations of
90
88
8
10
Aromatic
ring
729.73
730
93
93
93
7
7
7
579.27
-
-
99
-
-
1
-
2921.411458.75
2921.40
1458.872921.32
90
2856.99
1376.40
2856.93
1376.22
IJOART
1605.28
7.
808.81
8.
730.24
9.
-
2856.98
94
1376.33
1605.04
1606.13
14
10
12
FTIR (KBr) data - II
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
5.
1458.87
1458.75
1458.87
6.
1376.40
1376.22
1376.33
7.
808.81
809.34
808.59
8.
730.24
729.73
730
9.
-
579.27
-
75
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching
vibrations of Aromatic ring
C-C Carbon skeleton stretching
vibrations of Aromatic ring
Mono substituted
Ar-H bending vibrations
Para substituted
Ar-H bending vibrations
Tertiary c-c carbon
in plane bending vibrations
IJOART
FTIR (KBr) data - III
S.no.
IR Region (cm-1)
Copyright © 2015 SciResPub.
% of Transmittance
% of absorbance
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 8, August -2015
ISSN 2278-7763
76
1
2954.12
73.0
27.0
2
2921.29
60.0
40.0
3
2857.05
75.0
25.0
4
1458.86
80.0
20.0
5
1376.37
90.0
10.0
6
808.84
96.0
4.0
7
730.24
95.0
5.0
Finally it is concluded that potash alum purifying commercial kerosene by
adsorption phenomenon and it also increasing the calorific value commercial
kerosene sample. No pollution with more efficiency.
IJOART
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I, the Author, dedicate my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. L.K. Ravindranath, M.Sc.,
M.Phil,Ph.D, Chemistry Department, Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India, for his valuable cooperation in doing this
work.
REFERENCES
1. “Lavana Varga in Ayurveda – A review” by Prof. Dr. R. Devanathan,
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 1(2), Nov-Dec,
2010, 239-248, www.ijrap.net from internet.
2. “Synthesis of Common Alum” from CHEM 121L, General Chemistry
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