International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
4
A Series of Earth Resource Satellites and its Potentialities
Rajat Kumar, Ancy.S
1
UG Student, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India, E-.mail: rajatkumarchesss@gmail.com, 2Assistant Professor, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology,
Chennai, India, E-mail: sancysancy18@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The earth is full of information. Science is one of the tools to explore that information. The science in Remote Sensing has paved
way for human to understand and gain knowledge about some of the secrets of nature. Satellite is one such instrument that has
reached a long way since its invention. There are many satellites each with its own potentialities sends by the various nations of
the world. This paper makes a review of the most eminent satellites and their scope in the field of remote sensing.
Keywords : Satellites, resolution, GIS satellites
1 INTRODUCTION
A
satellite is a secondary object that revolves in a closed orbit
around a planet or the sun, but an artificial satellite is used
to revolve around the earth for scientific research, earth applications, or Military Reconnaissance. Satellite images can make
weather forecasting conditions much more clear-cut by showing
accurately what is happening in any given location. These images
can predict heavy showers, snow storms or even light rain or
flurries. Satellite images have made weather forecasting much
more truthful and functional than it was not so many years ago
because of the details and quantity of information obtainable. The
Russians launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, as the first satellite ever to be in space. There are various satellites; some of them
are Communication satellite which is used for audio & data
transmission, Earth observation satellites which are used for photographing the earth to observe the earthquake, Weather satellites
which are used for observing the changes in cloud formations
and weather patterns, and Navigation satellites which are used in
global positioning system by pilots, boaters [2].
Oceanic Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) that orbit the poles. The
instrument detects radiation on earth and used to image cloud
cover and surface temperatures. AVHRR satellites were launched
in 1978 and fly 833km(518 miles) above the earth, circling the planet over the poles about every 102 minutes. AVHRR data is one
of the most comprehensive and long term collection over the
western and high arctic. Geographic Information Network of
Alaska (GINA) has operated a receiving station since 1993[3]. The
AVHRR sensor has a 5 or 6 channel scanner, sensing the visible,
near -infrared and thermal infrared portion of Electromagnetic
spectrum. It provides on board collection of data over a 2399km
swath. The sensor orbits the earth 14 times each day from an altitude of 833km. Geo science Australia direct broadcast AVHRR
data from within our acquisition circle several time every day [4].
The imagery downloaded from the USGS earth explorer comes in
IMG Format. This format is recognized in many visualization
packages such as Erdas Imagine, ENVI, ArcGIS. The CLASS system receives and archives the AVHRR data in its native Binary
Format and it require a bit of software writing to read the data [5].
TABLE 1
SATELLITE SPECIFICATION
IJOART
2 NOAA SATELLITE
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the
USA operate the series of NOAA satellites which each carry the
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor.
These sensors collect global data on a daily basis for a variety of
land, ocean, and atmospheric applications. The AVHRR sensor is
a five or six channel scanner, sensing the visible, near-infrared,
and thermal infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It
provides global on board collection of data over a 2399 km swath.
The sensor orbits the earth 14 times each day from an altitude of
833 km .The spectral specification of satellite is given below in the
table 1:
3 ADVANCED VERY HIGH RESOLUTION
RADIOMETER (AVHRR)
Advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor collects cloud and other data from several satellites orbiting the
earth. It is an instrument package on board a series of National
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
3.1 Instrument Detection
The AVHRR instrument consists of an array of small sensors that
record the amount of visible and infrared reflected and emitted
from earth’s surface. This provides the images of the earth’s surface that cannot normally be viewed with the human eye. There
are 5 sensors or channels, each designed to record information
from a different path of the electromagnetic spectrum. The highest ground resolution which can be obtained from the AVHRR is
1.1km (0.7 miles). This smallest record is called a pixel. The data
of AVHRR have been collected continuously since 1981 [6].
3.2 AVHRR channels
The first AVHRR was a 4-channel radiometer, first carried on
TIROS-N (Television IR Observation Satellite) launched on 1978.
This was subsequently improved to a 5-channel instrument
(AVHRR/2) that was initially carried on NOAA-7(launched
june1981). The latest instrument version is AVHRR/3, with 6
channels, first carried on NOAA-5(launched may1998).The
AVHRR/3 instrument weighs approximately 72 pounds, measures 11.5 inches*14.4 inches*31.4 inches and consumes 28.5 watts
power. The AVHRR channel characteristics are given below in
table 2 [7]:
TABLE 2
AVHRR CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
5
4 TERRA SATELLITE
Terra (formerly EOS AM-1) is the flagship satellite of NASA’s
Earth observing systems. Terra is the first EOS platform and provides global data on the state of the atmosphere, land, and
oceans, as well as their interactions with solar radiation and with
one another. Accurate and precise measurements are needed to
unravel complex and interactive relationships between chemical,
radiative, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, and
on land. As a result, in 1991 NASA initiated a comprehensive
program to understand the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land, and
cryosphere as a single, complex, interactive system. NASA’s
EARTHOBSERVING SYSTEM consists of a series of spaceborne
instruments to monitor crucial components of the Earth System,
an advanced data handling system, and teams of scientists who
will evaluate on-going climate change and predict future
changes. Ultimately, EOS will produce scientifically sound recommendations for environmental policy to national and international bodies to mitigate or prepare for these changes [9].
Every 1 to 2 days, Terra will use the unique from space to observe the Earth’s continents, oceans, and atmosphere with measurement accuracy and capability never before flown. Clouds
and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Multi-angle
Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), Moderate-Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer(MODIS) Measurements of pollution in
The Troposphere (MOPITT) Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) [9].
IJOART
4.1 Ceres
The CERES instruments perform measurements of the
Earth’s “radiation budget,” the process that maintains a balance
between the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, and the
energy that goes from Earth back out to space. The critical components that affect the Earth’s energy balance are the planet’s
surface, atmosphere, aerosols, and clouds. CERES operates in the
ultraviolet through thermal infrared in three wide bands between
0.3-100μm,with a window at 8-12μm,it has a low 20-km resolution with a limb to- limb swath width and complete global coverage every one hour. Understanding the role of clouds and radiation in the climate system is one of the highest priorities of the
U.S. Global Change Research Program. Due to the highly variable
nature of the clouds and the difficulty of measuring them, they
are a large source of uncertainty in understanding the climate.
Clouds are important to understand too, because on the one hand
they have a cooling effect on the Earth by filtering the flow of
incoming solar energy, and on the other hand they have a heating
effect on the Earth by enhancing the greenhouse effect [10].
3.3 Applications
NOAA satellites were generally used to observe the earth’s
weather in the form of cloud patterns. An extensive tool used for
environmental monitoring through remote sensing is represented
by the AVHRR data from the US NOAA satellites. It is most
widely used in polar-orbiting Meteorological satellite of the advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite(TIROS-N).The
SST has been also examined for the delineation of the areal extent
of a flooded area and proved to be a powerful tool for operational
damage assessment [8].
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
4.2 Misr
MISR will measure the variation of surface and cloud
properties, and particles in the atmosphere, with cameras pointed
in nine simultaneous different viewing directions. MISR will
monitor monthly, seasonal, and long-term interaction between
sunlight and these components of Earth’s environment [10]. Lastly, MISR surface products are important for characterizing bidirectional reflectance, leaf area index and therefore photosynthetic
potential and net primary productivity, as well as for determining land cover classifications, all of which can be used in conjunction with MODIS surface measurements [10].
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
4.3 Modis
MODIS stands for Moderate-Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer. It is a multispectral cross-track scanning radiometer that operates in the visible through the thermal infrared. A
multidisciplinary instrument, MODIS was designed to measure
high priority atmospheric, oceanic, land surface, and cryospheric
features on a global basis every 1-to-2 days, measuring a wider
array of parameters than any other
Terra instrument. MODIS was thus designed to make a major
contribution to understanding the global Earth system as a whole
and the interactions among its various processes. It takes heritage
from AVHRR, Landsat ThermaticMapper(TM), and the Coastal
Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) [10]. Terra MODIS is one of the few
space-borne sensors currently capable of acquiring radiometric
data over the range of view angles with 2,230- km-wide viewing
swath, MODIS see every point on our world every 1-2 days in 36
discrete spectral bands [9].
4.4 Aster
ASTER stands for Advanced Space borne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer. It was provided for Terra
by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry and
was built to provide high-resolution images of the land surface,
water, ice, and clouds, it is the only high spatial resolution instrument aboard Terra, and will thus help bridge the gap between field observations and data from the MODIS and MISR
instruments. High resolution will be important for change detection, calibration, validation and land surface studies, and will
allow for more locally oriented studies [10].
6
MSS captured more than three lakh images till January 1978.The
images taken from the Landsat1 gives the repeated coverage of
the Earth’s land surfaces. The quality of the images and the impact of the resulting information exceeded all expectation. The
Landsat1 was terminated on January 6th 1978 [13].
5.2 Landsat2
Landsat2 was launched on January 22nd 1975 nearly
two and half year later the launch of Landsat1. It was operated by
NASA. It also carries the sensors as in Landsat1 RBV and MSS.
The landsat2 had stopped its operation on February 25th 1982
due to yaw control problem, which will change the direction of
the vehicle facing towards the yaw axis of the vehicle. Later, on
July 27th 1983 it was decommissioned officially [13].
5.3 Landsat3
Landsat3 was launched on March 5th 1978. The Responsibilities of Landsat3 was shifted from NASA to NOAA but the
operational management was not transferred until 1983. NASA is
a Research and development agency while NOAA is an agency
charged with operating weather satellite. Landsat3 carries the
same sensors as its predecessor’s .The RBV uses two RCA cameras, which are imaged in one board spectral band instead of using three separate spectral bands as Landsat1 and Landsat2 do.
The MSS captures images by using four spectral bands. But the
Landsat3 channel failed shortly after the launch. The channel was
terminated on March 5th 1983 [13].
IJOART
4.5 Mopitt
MOPITT is a cross–track scanner which uses gas correlation spectroscopy to measure methane correlation spectroscopy, a
cell of the gas to be measured is used as an optical filter in the
infrared to measure the signal from the same gas in the atmosphere [10].
5. LANDSAT
The longest running program for collecting multispectral and digital data’s of our earth is done by the Landsat satellites
from the space. Since from the day on July 23, 1972 the landsat
started operating on its dedicated path and more than 3 million
images has been acquired and stored at the National Satellite
Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (NSLRSDA) [11]. The landsat
has launched 8 satellites successfully till February 11th 2013
commencing with LANDSAT1 in July 1972.The images acquired
from landsat satellites are Unique resources for global change
research and application in agriculture, cartography (study of
maps),geology, forestry, etc [12].
5.1 Landsat1
Landsat1 is the first step in merging the space & remote
sensing technologies into a system. It was built on the weather
satellite platform and is used to study our planet’s landmass. It
carries two instruments, cameras RBV(Return Beam Vidicon) and
MSS(multispectral scanner).The MSS will record the data’s in
spectral bands of four types green, red and two IR spectral bands.
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
5.4 Landsat4
Landsat4 was different from other Landsat satellites. It
was launched on July 16th 1982. It does not carry RBV but carries
MSSS with a sensor with improved spectral and spatial resolution
.It will provide wider image of the Earth. This new sensor instrument is called the thematic Mapper (TM). Thematic mapper
has 7 spectral bands they are red, green, and blue, near infrared,
two bands of mid Infrared and the thermal Infrared portions.
Landsat4 has lost its two solar panels and both the transmitters
within a year. After this the TDRSS (Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite System) became operational in Landsat4. It was terminated on 1993 [13].
5.5 Landsat5
Landsat5 was launched on March 1st 1984 and it works
similar as landsat4. Landsat5 has created a Guinness World
Record for longest running Earth-observation satellite. The landsat5 was still functioning but from November 2011 the USGS has
stopped capturing the images from Thematic Mapper of Landsat5 because of its rapidly degrading electronic components [13].
5.6 Landsat6
Landsat6 was launched on October 5th 1993. It carried
ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper). The ETM sensor collected
data’s as Thematic Mapper does on Landsat4 and Landsat5.The
ETM also included eight bands with resolution of 15m. The 8th
band in Landsat6 is called as sharpening band or Panchromatic
band. It is sensitive to light. The Landsat6 had failed to reach its
orbit [13].
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
5.7 Landsat7
Landsat7 was launched on April 15th 1999. It has special
features as follows: A Panchromatic band of resolution 15m, On
board full aperture 5% absolute radiometric calibration, a thermal
IR channel of resolution 60m, On board data recorder.
Landsat7 is the most exactly calibrated Earth’s observing
satellite. The measurement done on this satellite is same as measurement taken on the ground. It is the most stable, best characterized Earth observation instrument ever placed in orbit. Best
quality of data, consistent global archiving scheme and low cost
of Landsat7 increased number of Landsat data users. In October
2008, the USGS made all the data’s of Landsat7 as free. The Landsat7 went flawlessly until May 2003.Major Benefits of the Landsat7 from other Remote sensing missions are: Mission continuity,
Global survey mission, Affordable data, and Absolute calibration
[13].
5.8 Landsat8
Landsat8 was launched on February 11th 2013. The
landsat8 becomes the continuity of the 40 year old Landsatl and
imaging set. The Landsat8 was renamed as LDCM (Landsat Data
Continuity Mission). The LDCM measurements are directly used
in NASA Research areas as climate, carbon cycle, ecosystem, water cycle, biochemistry and in Earth surface or interior. The
LDCM has two scientific instruments known as Operational
Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS). These
sensors will provide the seasonal coverage of global landmass of
spatial resolutions 30m, 100m, and 15m. The LDCM is accepted to
capture 400 images per day for USGS data archive [13].
6. INSAT
7
Near Infrared (0.77-0.86µm) and shortwave Infrared (1.551.70µm) bands [16].
6.2 INSAT-3A
INSAT-3A was launched by Ariane in April 2003, which is a multipurpose satellite. It is located at 93.5 degree East Longitude. The
payloads of INSAT are: It contains the payloads as in INSAT2E,
in addition to it contains a Data Relay Transponder (DRT) having
Earth coverage with a 400MHz uplink and 4500MHz downlink
for relay of metrological, hydrological and oceanographic data
from the land and ocean-based regions which is not attended by
other satellites [16].
6.3 INSAT-3C
INSAT-3C was launched in January 2002 and it is placed
at 74 degree East longitude. It has payloads including 24 normal
C-band transponders providing an EIRP (equivalent isotropically
radiated power) of 37dbw, 6 extended C-band transponders with
EIRP of 37dbw, and two S-band transponders to provide BSS
services with 42dbw EIRP and MSS payloads. The transponders
that are present in INSAT-3C provide coverage of all over India
[16].
6.4 INSAT-3E
IJOART
INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) is a series of
multipurpose geostationary Satellites. INSAT was launched by
ISRO to fulfil the needs in telecommunication, broadcasting, metrology and search& rescue operations. It is operated with the
Department of space, telecommunication, India metrological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. For imaging the
Earth some of the satellites may use Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), CCD cameras for metrological images. Indian
National Satellite System (INSAT) was started its operation with
the launch of INSAT-1B in 1983 in the month of August (INSAT1A, the first satellite was launched in April 1982 but could not
fulfill the mission).It leads to the rapid development of TV and
modern telecommunication facilities to even the remote areas and
off-shore islands. The Satellites are monitored and controlled by
Master Control Facilities [16]. INSAT has launched 21 satellites,
but only 11 are under operation now [16]. Few of them are:
INSAT-3E was launched at 2003 in the month of September and it is positioned at 55 degree East Longitude. The INSAT-3E satellite carries 24 normal C-band and 12 Extended Cband transponders providing an Edge of coverage EIRP of
37dbw and 38dbw over India respectively [16].
6.5 INSAT-4A
INSAT-4A is launched in December 2005 and it is
placed at 83 degree East longitude. INSAT-4A is placed along
with the satellites INSAT-2E and INSAT-3B [16]. Tata Sky, which
is a joint venture of TATA group and STAR, uses images of INSAT-4A for their DTH services.
6.6 INSAT-4B
INSAT-4B was launched in March of 2007. It has the
payloads identical to INSAT-4A. It is located with the satellite
INSAt-3A at 93.5 degree East Longitude [16]. ISRO has allotted 7
Ku band transponders to Sun Direct and 5 other to Doordarshan’s DD Direct plus. Then 12 transponders in C-band are used
for TV, radio and Telecommunication purposes.
6.7 INSAT-4CR
6.1 INSAT2E
INSAT2E is the last satellite in INSAT-2 series. Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) is carried in this satellite with imaging
capacity in the visible (0.55-0.75 µm), thermal infrared (10.512.5µm) and water vapour (5.7-7.1µm) channels and provides 2x2
km, 8x8km and 8*8km ground resolution respectively. In addition INSAT2E has a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera providing 1x1 km ground resolution in the visible (0.63-0.69µm),
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
INSAT-4CR was launched on 2nd of September 2007 by
the Satellite GSLV-F04 [17]. This is replaced in place of INSAT-4C
satellite which was lost when GSLV-F02 failed. The ISRO has
reported that this satellite has reached near a geosynchronous
orbit on 8th of September 2007 and it is stabilized in its actual
position of 74 degree East longitude by 15th September [18]. The
mission lifespan of INSAT-4CR satellite is ten years, but it has
reduced to five years because the thrusters need much fuel to
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
restore the satellite in its correct position. Later ISRO refused this
report as false [19].
7. IRS
7.1 IRS-1A
IRS-1A, remote sensing satellites, was successfully launched into
the polar sun-synchronous orbit on March 17, 1988, from the Soviet
Cosmodrome
atBaikonur.Mission completed during
July 1996 after serving for 8 years and 4 months. IRS-1A carried
two 'Linear Imaging Self-Scanning System' cameras, LISS-I and
LISS-II, with a spatial resolution of 72.5 m and 36 m respectively.
The mission of this satellite was Operational Remote Sensing and
was launched on 17th march 1988 from Baikonur Cosmodrome
Kazakhstan.it weighed approx. 975kg and had on-board power
of 600Watts.estimated time of its one revolution was around 22
days (307 orbits).Its communication channels consisted of S-band,
X-band and VHF (commanding only).the pay load offered was
Three solid state Push Broom Cameras: LISS-1(72.5 metre resolution), LISS-2A and LISS-2B (36.25 metre resolution).The orbit of
the irs-1a by it was 904 km Polar Sun Synchronous with an inclination of 99.08o.[20]
7.2 IRS-1B
8. CARTOSAT
8.1 CARTOSAT –1
CARTOSAT – 1 is the first Indian Remote Sensing Satellite capable of providing in-orbit stereo images. The images are used for
Cartographic applications meeting the global requirements.
Cameras of this satellite have a resolution of 2.5m (can distinguish a small car also). The Cartosat – 1 provides stereo pairs required for generating Digital Elevation Models, Ortho Image
products, and Value added products for various applications of
Geographical Information System (GIS).
The mission of this satellite was Operational Remote Sensing and
was launched on 28th December 1995 from Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan.it weighed approx. 1560 kg and had on-board
power of 809Watts.estimated time of its one revolution was
around 97 minimum .So per day number of orbits was 14 .Its
communication channels consisted of S-band, X-band, the pay
load offered was PAN FORE, PAN – AFT .The orbit of the Cartosat – 1 was 618 km Polar Sun-synchronous with an inclination of
99.69o. On-board tape recorder with storage capacity of Storage
Capacity: 62 G bits. [21]
8.2 CARTOSAT – 2A
CARTOSAT – 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite series (IRS). It is a sophisticated and rugged remote sensing satellite that can provide scene specific spot imagery. This satellite carries a Panchromatic Camera (PAN). The
spatial resolution of this camera is better than 1m and swath of
9.6 km. Imageries from this satellite are used for cartographic
applications like mapping, urban and rural infrastructure development and management, as well as application in Land Information (LIS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). [21]
IJOART
Improved features compared to ISR-1A: gyro referencing for better orientation sensing, time tagged commanding (IRS-1A) facility
for more flexibility in camera operation and line count information for better data product generation. Over all an improvised
version of 1A.Mission completed on December 20, 2003 after
serving for 12 years and 4 months. The mission of this satellite
was Operational Remote Sensing and was launched on 29th august 1991 from Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan.it weighed
approx. 975kg and had on-board power of 600Watts.estimated
time of its one revolution was around 22 days. Its communication
channels consisted of S-band, X-band and VHF (commanding
only).the pay load offered was three solid state Push Broom
Cameras LlSS-1(72.5 meter resolution), LlSS-2A and LlSS-2B
(36.25 metre resolution).the orbit of the irs-1b by it was 904 km
Polar Sun Synchronous with an inclination of 99.08o. [21]
7.3 IRS-1C
IRS-1C is India's second generation operational Remote Sensing
Satellite. The satellite carries Payloads with enhanced capabilities
like better spatial resolution additional spectral band, improved
repetitively to its previous versions. Mission completed on September 21, 2007 after serving for 11 years and 8 months. The mission of this satellite was Operational Remote Sensing and was
launched on 28th December 1995 from Baikonur Cosmodrome
Kazakhstan.it weighed approx. 1250kg and had on-board power
of 809Watts.estimated time of its one revolution was around 24
days. Its communication channels consisted of S-band, X-band
,the pay load offered was Three solid state Push Broom Cameras:
PAN (<6 meter solution )LlSS-3(23.6 meter resolution) and WiFS
(189 meter resolution) (72.5 meter resolution), LlSS-2A and LlSS2B (36.25 meter resolution).the orbit of the irs-1c was 817 km Polar Sun-synchronous with an inclination of 99.69o. On-board tape
recorder with storage capacity of Storage Capacity: 62 G bits. [21]
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
8
8.3 CARTOSAT - 2B
CARTOSAT - 2B is the seventeenth satellite in the Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite series (IRS). CARTOSAT-2B carries a Panchromatic camera (PAN) similar to those of its predecessors - CARTOSAT-2 and 2A. It is capable of imaging a swath (geographical
strip) of 9.6 km with a resolution of better than 1 meter. The scene
specific spot imagery sent by CARTOSAT-2B's PAN will be useful for cartographic and a host of other applications. The highly
agile CARTOSAT-2B is steerable up to ± 26o along as well as
across track to obtain stereoscopic imagery and achieve a four to
five day revisit capability. [21]
9 CONCLUSION
The satellites are one of the greatest achievements of
mankind. The space which was an unseen dream for human was
brought for easy understanding for human through satellites.
With increasingly sophisticated satellite remote sensors, we can
measure a wide range of geophysical parameters such as surface
temperature, distribution of clouds and aerosol particles, the abundance of trace gases in the atmosphere, or the distribution and
types of life on land and in the ocean with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. Hence now satellite has become one of the essential unit for the best survival of mankind.
IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, April-2014
ISSN 2278-7763
9
REFERENCES
[1] Satellite systems, Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal a
nd Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
[2]The space station info websit,Uniform Resource locator:
http://www.spacestationinfo.com/satellites-types.htm
[3] The gina Alaska education wesite,UniformResourcelocator
http://www.gina.alaska.edu\data\ satellite\avhrr
[4] The earth observation and Satellites website, UniformResourcelocator,
http://www.ga.gov.au\earth-observation\
satellites-andsensors\noaa.html
[5] The land scapr tool box of Wikipedia, UniformResourcelocator:
http://wiki.landscapetoolbox.org\ doku.php\ remote_ sensor_ types:
avhrr
[6]The
national
atlas
website,
UniformResourcelocator,http://nationalatlas.gov\ articles\mapping\a_avhrr.html
[7]The
website
of
NOAASIS,
UniformResourcelocator,http://noaasis.noaa.gov\ NOAASIS\ml\avhrr.html
[8] C.Domenikiotis1, A.Loukas2, and N.R.Dalezios1Laboratory of Agro
meteorology, Dept. of Agriculture, University of Thessaly, FitokouStr,
N.Ionia,38446Volos,Greece 2Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Thessaly, Greece.
[9]The websut of NASA, UniformResourcelocator: .www.nasa.gov
[10] The websit of Hawaii,UniformResourcelocator: www.hawaii.edu
[11]The
landsat
prog
form
Wikipedia,UniformResourcelocator:https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Landsat_program
[12] Short, N.M. "The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook: Basics of Satellite
Remote Sensing". NASA Reference Publication 1078.NASA.Retrieved 20
September 2011. ^The Landsat Program - Technical Details
[13] The landsat information website of NASA government, UniformResourcelocator:http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov /about/landsatx.html
[14] The Indian national satellite system form wikipedia, UniformResourcelocator http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Indian_National_Satellite_System
[15] the website of GSAT-F06
[16 the ]ISRO page of INSAT-X VERSION
[17]"INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit". Times of India. 2 September 2007. [dead link]
[18]"INSAT-4CR placed in near geo-synchronous orbit". Press Trust of
India
[19]"ISRO refutes INSAT-4CR `disappearance' story". Hindustan Times.
[20] The satellites information form ISRO website, UniformResourcelocator: http://www.isro.org/satellites/irs-1a.aspx
[21]The earth observation system of ISRO, UniformResourcelocator
http://www.isro.org/satellites/ earthobservationsatellites.aspx
IJOART
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub.
IJOART