PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF UPPER PERMIAN-BASAL TRIASSIC FLUVIALLACUSTRINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE GREATER TURPAN-JUNGGAR BASIN,
SOUTHERN BOGDA MOUNTAINS, NW CHINA
A Thesis by
Wei Guan
Bachelor of Science, Northwest University, China, 2006
Submitted to the Department of Geology
and the faculty of the Graduate School of
Wichita State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
December 2011
© Copyright 2011 by Wei Guan
All Rights Reserved
PROVENANCE ANALYSIS OF UPPER PERMIAN-BASAL TRIASSIC FLUVIALLACUSTRINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE GREATER TURPAN-JUNGGAR BASIN,
SOUTHERN BOGDA MOUNTAINS, NW CHINA
The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content,
and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Science, with a major in Earth, Environmental, and Physical Sciences.
______________________________________
William Parcell, Committee Chair
______________________________________
John Gries, Committee Member
______________________________________
Chunsheng Ma, Committee Member
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my thesis committee members and faculty in Geology Department
for their supports over the years: Bill Bischoff, Collette Burke, John Gries, Toni Jackman,
Chunsheng Ma, Sal Mazzullo, and Will Parcell. I would also like to thank Xue Cheng, Tian Hua,
Chen Weiwei, Fu Di, and Li Wei for their field assistance in the summer seasons of 2008 and
2009. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Wan Yang for his knowledge, guidance, patience,
encouragements, and supports. I am extremely lucky to have interacted with Wan Yang both
personally and scientifically. The friendship with Wan Yang is invaluable to me.
This research was partially supported by Kansas Geological Foundation, AAPG Grantsin-Aid, and Dora Wallace Hodgson Summer Graduate Research Grants from Wichita State
University.
iv
ABSTRACT
The Tian Shan region was identified as the source of Permian fluvial-lacustrine fills in
the greater Turpan-Junggar basin. Thin-section petrographic study of thirty-six fine to very
coarse lithic arenites from Upper Permian-Basal Triassic Wutonggou low-order cycle suggests
both distant Tian Shan and local intrabasinal rift shoulders were sources. Two petrofacies are
identified on the basis of QFL composition. Petrofacies A (mean Q2F4L94, Qm2F4Lt94,
Qm42P57K1, and Qp0Lv49Ls51) occurs in the lower Wutonggou low-order cycle, which is
characterized by repetitive shifts between fluvial and deltaic depositional cycles. Petrofacies B
(mean Q26F9L65, Qm17F9Lt74, Qm65P25K10, and Qp13Lv55Ls32) occurs in the upper Wutonggou
low-order cycle, which is dominated by deltaic depositional cycles. Abundant mudrock and
basaltic lithics in Petrofacies A suggest intrabasinal rift shoulders were the primary source for the
lower Wutonggou low-order cycle. During the deposition of lower Wutonggou, the greater
Turpan-Junggar Basin was probably composed of highly partitioned grabens and half-grabens,
similar to the Quaternary Basin and Range Province of the western U.S. The abrupt increase in
quartz and decrease in basaltic lithics, coupled with changes in paleocurrents and depositional
style in the upper Wutonggou low-order cycle, suggest a different catchment with a larger
drainage fed the Wutonggou lake. The grabens and half-grabens during the deposition of upper
Wutonggou were more interconnected, receiving sediments derived from both distant Tian Shan
and local rift shoulders. The documented data best support a rift model, but the underlying cause
of rifting remains to be examined.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
1.
Page
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1
1.1.
1.2.
Geological Background........................................................................................1
1.1.1. Bogda Shan ..............................................................................................5
1.1.2. Tian Shan..................................................................................................5
1.1.3. Greater Turpan-Junggar Basin..................................................................6
Stratigraphy...........................................................................................................8
2.
METHODS AND DATA ................................................................................................11
3.
STRATIGRAPHY.............................................................................................................26
3.1.
3.2.
4.
SANDSTONE PETROGRAPHY......................................................................................31
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
5.
Depositional Systems and Sedimentary Cycles.....................................................26
3.1.1. Meandering stream cycles..........................................................................26
3.1.2. Lakeplain-littoral cycles............................................................................28
3.1.3. Lacustrine deltaic cycles............................................................................29
Wutonggou Low-Order Cycle...............................................................................29
Framework Grain Types........................................................................................31
4.1.1. Monocrystalline quartz..............................................................................31
4.1.2. Polycrystalline quartz................................................................................32
4.1.3. Potassium feldspar.....................................................................................32
4.1.4. Plagioclase.................................................................................................32
4.1.5. Sedimentary lithics.....................................................................................33
4.1.6. Volcanic lithics..........................................................................................34
4.1.7. Metamorphic lithics...................................................................................35
4.1.8. Accessory minerals....................................................................................36
Petrofacies..............................................................................................................36
4.2.1. Petrofacies A..............................................................................................36
4.2.2. Petrofacies B..............................................................................................40
Temporal Variations in Sandstone Composition...................................................40
4.3.1. Abrupt changes
in sandstone composition.......................................40
4.3.2. Gradual trends in sandstone composition..................................................41
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................47
5.1.
5.2.
Assessing Possible Depositional Controls on Sandstone Composition.................47
Global Tectono-Sandstone Provenance Schemes..................................................48
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Chapter
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
Page
The Tian Shan Region as the Source.....................................................................49
5.3.1. Problematic sedimentary source................................................................49
5.3.2. Problematic basaltic source........................................................................50
5.3.3. Potential selective weathering on sedimentary and basaltic terranes........51
An Evolving Catchment Basin Analogous to the Basin and Range Province.......51
5.4.1. Intrabasinal rift shoulders as the source for Petrofacies A........................52
5.4.2. A different drainage supplying sediments for Petrofacies B.....................53
Implications on Paleogeography and Tectonic Settings........................................53
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................56
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................62
Stratigraphic Section of the Wutonggou Low-Order Cycle, SE Tarlong Section.............63
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1.
Raw and corrected paleocurrent measurements.................................................................17
2.
Point-count and recalculated categories.............................................................................23
3.
Raw point-count results.....................................................................................................24
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1.
Map of the Central Asian orogenic belt.............................................................................2
2.
Topographic map of NW China.........................................................................................3
3.
Geological map of the study area.......................................................................................4
4.
Stratigraphy of Permo-Triassic strata in the Tarlong sections...........................................9
5.
Temporal plots of depositional environment and sandstone composition.........................10
6.
Paleocurrent indicators in the Wutonggou low-order cycle, SE Tarlong section..............14
7.
Rose diagrams of paleocurrent directions of the Wutonggou low-order cycle.................22
8.
Three types of high-order depositional cycles...................................................................27
9.
Photomicrographs of typical grain types...........................................................................37
10.
Sandstone ternary diagrams...............................................................................................42
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The tectonic assembly of Central Asia occurred during middle to late Paleozoic through a
series of accretionary events along the southern margin of the Siberian craton. The greater
Turpan-Junggar Basin in NW China was developed on a juvenile accretionary continent in the
latest Carboniferous (Figs. 1 and 2; Sengor et al., 1993; Windley et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2010).
The tectonic evolution of the greater Turpan-Junggar Basin in Permian is poorly understood.
Proposed models vary widely from extension, transtension, to foreland-basin (Hsu, 1988; Peng
and Zhang, 1989; Carroll et al., 1990; Allen et al., 1991; Allen et al., 1995; Greene, 2000; Shao
et al., 2001; Wartes et al., 2002). This study presents field and petrographic observations from
two superbly-exposed Upper Permian-lowermost Triassic sections, namely the Wutonggou loworder cycle (LC) of Yang et al. (2007 and 2010), and examines evidence on the provenance of
sandstones of the Wutonggou LC. This study is aimed at 1) identifying the provenance of
sandstones in the Wutonggou LC, 2) deciphering temporal and spatial changes of the provenance,
and 3) providing insights into the tectonics and paleogeography of the greater Turpan-Junggar
Basin.
1.1. Geological Background
The study area is located ~15 km north of Daheyan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous, NW
China, in the southern foothills of the Bogda Shan bordering the northwestern margin of the
present Turpan Basin (Fig. 2). It is largely occupied by a west-plunging syncline. The uppermost
Carboniferous-Triassic fluvial-lacustrine strata are superbly exposed on the northern and
1
Figure 1. The Central Asian orogenic belt is surrounded by the European craton in the west, the
Siberian craton in the east, and the North China and Tarim cratons in the south. The approximate
location of Figure 2 is shown with a box. Modified from Sengor et al. (1993) and Han et al. (2010).
2
Figure 3
Figure 2. Simplified relief map showing the locations of the Bogda Shan (Mountains), the Turpan
Basin, the Junggar Basin, and the North Tian Shan and Tian Shan. The approximate location of Figure
3 is shown with a box. Modified from Han et al. (2010).
3
N
Q - Quaternary
KR - Karamay Fm.
J + S - Jiucaiyuan and Shaofanggou fms.
G - Guodikeng Fm.
W - Wutonggou Fm.
QZ - Quanzijie Fm.
H - Hongyanchi Fm.
L - Lucaogou Fm.
D - Daheyan Fm.
TX - Taoxigou Gr.
L
D
TX
D
L
L
H
QZ
Q
QZ
W
G
KR
Taodonggou
D
L
H Q
W
Q
L
H
QZ
u
ggo
L
TX
QZ
n
rlo
Ta
W
D
D
L
H
L
L
H
QZ
1 km
W
G
W
W
Q
Q
QZ
L
QZ
H
L
QZ
H
L
L
Q
W
J+S
43o15'
L
D
L
L
W
D
Q
To Daheyan
QZ
H
L
o
89 00'
Formation boundary
Fault
Fold axis
SE Tarlong section
NE Tarlong section
Jeep trail
Figure 3. Geological map of the study area showing location of SE Tarlong and NE Tarlong sections (thick black lines) in a syncline in southern Bogda Mountains. Basemaps are 1:10,000-scale
topographic maps. Modified from Yang et al. (2010).
4
southern flanks of the syncline (Fig. 3). On the basis of stratigraphic correlation and seismic
profiles in the nearby Turpan Basin, Yang et al. (2010) speculated that the strata were deposited
in a half graben and named it as Tarlong-Taodonggou half graben.
1.1.1. Bogda Shan
The Bogda Shan (Fig. 2) are a giant anticline, and are composed mostly of midCarboniferous volcanic arc rocks with scattered Permo-Quaternary sedimentary rocks exposed
on both flanks (Xu et al., 2007). Arc-related volcanic rocks were formed during the closure of
the Junggar ocean in Carboniferous. Fast extension was initiated at ~301 Ma, accompanied by
bimodal volcanism. The volcanism remained active during the Early Permian (Allen et al., 1991;
Allen et al., 1992; Allen et al., 1993; Carroll et al., 1999; Charvet et al., 2007; Shu et al., 2010;
Yang et al., 2010). Several workers (e.g. Carroll et al., 1992; Hendrix et al., 1992; Shao et al.,
1999; Shao et al., 2001; Greene et al., 2005) have concluded that the Bogda Shan had not been
uplifted by Early Triassic on the basis of provenance studies, the regional distribution of organicrich lacustrine mudstone, and the timing of unconformities. Thereafter the Bogda Shan have
separated the Turpan Basin to the south from the Junggar Basin to the north-northwest. Hence,
the Turpan Basin was jointed with the Junggar Basin during the Permian, and the Permo-Triassic
fluvial-lacustrine sedimentary rocks in Tarlong were deposited in the greater Turpan-Junggar
Basin (Greene et al., 2001; Shao et al., 2001; Greene et al., 2005).
1.1.2. Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, a key feature in the tectonic assembly of Central Asia, was formed
through successive collisions (Sengor et al., 1993; Charvet et al., 2007; Windley et al., 2007). It
5
extends for about 3,000 km from NW China to Kazakhstan and separates the Tarim Basin to the
south from the Junggar and Turpan basins to the north (Fig. 2). The Tian Shan region is divided
into three components separated by two suture zones. The North Tian Shan consists mostly of
Devonian to Carboniferous arc-related intermediate volcanic rocks with sparse Upper Devonian
sedimentary rocks. The Central Tian Shan is composed mostly of Precambrian metamorphic
basement rocks and Devonian to Carboniferous granitoids. These two components are separated
by the North Tian Shan fault (Fig. 2). Although the North Tian Shan fault is a Cenozoic dextral
fault, it is considered to correspond to the inferred suture between the North Tian Shan and the
Central Tian Shan (Nelson et al., 1987; Laurent-Charvet et al., 2002). Fragmentary ophiolites on
both sides of the fault and blueschists have been interpreted to record the subduction, although
the subduction polarity is still under debate. The South Tian Shan consists mostly of
Precambrian-mid Paleozoic passive-margin shallow marine successions, and is separated by the
South Tian Shan fault from the Central Tian Shan to the north. Most workers believe that the
South Tian Shan remained a north-facing passive margin until it collided with the Central Tian
Shan in the Late Devonian; however the subduction polarity is debated (Coleman 1989; Allen et
al., 1992; Carroll et al., 1995; Laurent-Charvet et al., 2002; Charvet et al., 2007; Windley et al.,
2007; Xu et al., 2007; Xiao et al., 2009).
1.1.3. Greater Turpan-Junggar Basin
The Permian tectonic evolution of the greater Turpan-Junggar Basin is under debate.
There are several lines of evidence supporting an extensional origin of the Permian TurpanJunggar Basin. First, the most commonly cited evidence is a N-S-oriented two-dimensional
seismic profile across the Lunan Depression in central Junggar Basin, revealing half-graben
6
structures with Permian syn-rift sediments (Peng and Zhang, 1989). Similar half-graben
structures have also been reported in the Tainan Depression of Turpan Basin by Yang (2008) and
Yang et al. (2010). Yang (2008) suggested that 1) the Permo-Triassic sediments were deposited
in half grabens initially developed on the uppermost Carboniferous volcanic-arc basement at
~301 Ma and that 2) the paleogeography of the greater Turpan-Junggar basin during latest
Carboniferous to Early Triassic was similar to that of the Quaternary Basin and Range Province
of the western United States (Yang et al., 2010). Second, bimodal magmatism as indicated by
swarms of mafic-felsic dike in the Bogda region has been interpreted as evidence for Permian
extension (Allen et al., 1991; Shu et al., 2010). Shu et al. (2010) described the bimodal
magmatism was accompanied by olistostrome formation, suggesting a fast extension. The ages
of the intrusives, olistostrome and fossils within indicate that the extension was initiated at ~300
Ma and bimodal magmatism remained active at 288 Ma. Third, patterns of trace and rare earth
elements of basic and felsic rocks from the intrusive swarms in the Bogda region contain typical
intraplate magmatic signals, suggesting the igneous rocks are related to continental rifting (Allen
et al., 1991; Shu et al., 2010). The underlying cause of the extensional setting is not clear, but
may be related to a regional sinistral shear zone created by large scale relative movement
between the European and Siberian cratons (Allen et al., 1995; Sengor and Natal’in, 1996).
Greene et al. (2001) and Wartes et al. (2002) argue that the Turpan-Junggar Basin was a
foreland basin in response to the uplifting of the ancestral Tian Shan during Permian. The
Permian strata of the Turpan-Junggar Basin could have been deposited as piggy-back deposits
with respect to a fold-thrust belt in Tian Shan. Provenance analysis shows north-directed
paleocurrents and abundant volcanic lithics in sandstones, suggesting the volcanic-dominated
Tian Shan region is the source (Shao et al., 1999 and 2001; Greene et al., 2001). Regional
7
stratigraphic correlation shows north-prograding Daheyan deposits and the strata above maintain
consistent thickness and depositional pattern on the outcrops at the foothills of the Bogda Shan,
suggesting Upper Permian strata were not deposited in partitioned rift basins (Wartes et al.,
2002).
1.2. Stratigraphy
The Carboniferous-Triassic chronostratigraphy in the greater Turpan-Junggar Basin is not
well constrained and has been constantly updated. Yang et al.’s (2010) work, for example, has
changed the date of the Daheyan Formation from Kungurian to late Gzhelian stage. Their dates
also confirmed that the Wutonggou LC has a largely Lopingian to early (?) Induan age (Fig. 4).
A thin bed of bentonite, ~241 m below the top of the Wutonggou LC in NE Tarlong, is dated
with an age of 253.12 Ma (Figs. 4 and 5). Finally, Yang et al.’s (2010) cyclostratigraphic
correlation of the Permo-Triassic boundary interval between Tarlong and Taodonggou sections
placed the Permo-Triassic boundary in a 90 m-thick interval in NE Tarlong (Figs. 4 and 5). The
Wutonggou LC is underlain by the Quanzijie LC. The Quanzijie LC is dominated by meandering
stream deposits with thick red-brown overbank deposits. The contact between the Wutonggou
and Quanzijie LCs is sharp to gradational. The first appearance of deltaic deposits marks the
beginning the Wutonggou LC.
8
Lithostratigraphy
(Formations)
Stage
Revised
chronostratigraphy
Karamay
Anisian
Shaofanggou
Shaofanggou
Olenekian
Jiucaiyuan
Jiucaiyuan
Induan
Lower
249.7
Induan
Lopingian
Upper
New dates*
(from Yang et al, 2010)
245.0
Olenekian
Guadalupian
Middle
Low-Order Cycles
Improved chronostratigraphy
Karamay
Anisian
251.0
Changshingian
253.8
Wuchiapingian
260.4
251.0
Guodikeng
Wutonggou
Wutonggou
Capitanian
Permian
Cyclostratigraphy
253.11
253.63
254.22
Changshingian
Wuchiapingian
Quanzijie
Quanzijie
Hongyanchi
Hongyanchi
Capitanian
265.8
Wordian
268.0
Roadian
Lucaogou
Tarlong
Triassic
Upper
System
Series
281.42
Roadian
Lucaogou
270.6
Wordian
Upper Daheyan
Kungurian
Kungurian
Daheyan
Cisuralian
Lower
Middle Daheyan
Carboniferous
275.6
Artinskian 284.4
Sakamarian 294.6
Asselian 299.0
Gzhelian 303.9
Lower Daheyan
295.5, 301.26
301.61, 300
Taoxigou Group
Artinskian
Sakamarian
Asselian
Gzhelian
Figure 4. Chrono-, litho-, and cyclo-stratigraphy of Permian-Triassic strata in the Tarlong sections.
Shaded area is the Wutonggou low-order cycle. Wavy lines are major unconformities. Dashed
lines indicate uncertain age correlations. *Underlined numbers - dates from SHRIMP analysis;
italic numbers - dates from Ar40/Ar39 analysis; plain numbers - dates from IDTIMS analysis.
Modified from Yang et al (2010).
9
NE Tarlong
Meandering Stream Cycle
Lakeplain-littoral Cycle
Deltaic Cycle
Depositional environment
Total quartz
Basaltic lithics
Sedimentary lithics
Total volcanic lithics
Silicic lithics
90-m Permo-Triassic boundary zone
(Liao et al.1987 & Yang et al.2010)
SE Tarlong
253 Ma
gw9-1
s8wy-43
s8wy-44
gw8-5
100 meters
gw9-9
Base of the Wutonggou low-order cycle
100%
~260.4 Ma
lm
0%
df/l
pd/sl
p
100%
al
bs
ms
lm
df/l
pd/sl
p
al
bs
ms
0%
Figure 5. Temporal plots showing variations of depositional environment and sandstone composition in the SE and NE Tarlong sections.
al - alluvial fan; bs - braided stream; ms - meandering stream; lm - lake-margin; df/l - delta front/littoral; pd/sl - prodelta/sublittoral; p lake profundal. Stratigraphic correlation between Taodonggou (6 km east to SE Tarlong) and NE Tarlong places the Permo-Triassic
boundary in a 90-m interval (shaded area; Yang et al., 2010). An age of a bentonite ~241 m below the top of the Wutonggou in NE
Tarlong is 253.12 Ma (Yang et al., 2010), corresponding to the last appearance of Petrofacies A in the NE Tarlong section.
10
CHAPTER 2
METHODS AND DATA
Provenance evidence needs to be further examined to evaluate these opposing Permian
basin models. Highly partitioned grabens and half-grabens would have received sediments
derived from not only regional distant mountain source(s) but also local rift shoulders. The
contribution from different sources may vary over time due to regional and local tectonic
movement and continuous unroofing of variable basement lithologies. The local contribution,
however, should be identifiable because hanging-wall rotations in graben and half-graben are
generally episodic, resulting in an episodic local contribution. Conversely, if formed in a
foreland basin, the Turpan-Junggar Basin as piggy-back deposits would only have received
sediments derived from a fold-thrust belt in the Tian Shan region. Therefore, the amount of
locally derived sediments should be minimal.
Field and laboratory work was conducted to validate the working hypothesis through
identification of local and regional source areas and assessing their contribution during the
deposition of the Wutonggou LC. Two continuous stratigraphic sections of the Wutonggou LC
were measured at a cm-dm scale in SE and NE Tarlong (Fig. 3; Yang et al., 2010). The SE
Tarlong section is 735.2 m thick and the NE Tarlong section is 828.6 m thick. Depositional
environments are interpreted on the basis of lithology, fossils, sedimentary texture and structure,
boundary relationship, and stratal geometry.
In addition, a total of 173 of paleocurrent directions were measured along the SE Tarlong
section from tabular and trough cross-beds, imbricated elongate and tabular clasts, parting
lineations, sole marks, and fragments of bedding-parallel petrified wood (Fig. 6; Table 1; Potter
11
and Pettijohn, 1977; Macdonald and Jefferson, 1985). Structural correction of field
measurements was processed using software StereoWin by Allmendinger (2002). The mean
direction, ̅ , is calculated based on (Davis, 2002):
sin
cos
tan‐1
The deviation is measured by the mean resultant length, , which is calculated based on (Davis,
2002):
The mean resultant length,
dispersion; whereas values of
∑
∑
sin
cos
, ranges from zero to one. Large values of
indicate a small
near zero indicate a wide dispersion. The results are presented as
rose diagrams in Figure 7.
Finally, microscopic petrographic study of thirty-six sandstones was carried out to
document framework grain composition in order to assess the origin of the sandstones in the
Wutonggou LC. Sample spacing ranges from 2 to 115 m, and 31.6 m on average in the SE
Tarlong section and 51.7 m on average in the NE Tarlong section (Fig. 5). All thin sections were
impregnated with blue epoxy and stained with Alizarin-Red for calcite. Three hundred
framework grains were point-counted in each thin section, altered grains are restored to their
original grain types whenever possible, and matrix and cement were not counted. Point-counting
followed the Gazzi-Dickinson method (Dickinson, 1970; Ingersoll, 1984). The method differs
from traditional methods (Ingersoll, 1984) in such a way that monomineralic grains larger than
0.0625 mm (the lower size limit of sand) are counted, even if they occur as constituent crystals
within a larger lithic grain. This method minimizes the effect of physical breakdown during
transport and better reflects provenance signals (Ingersoll et al., 1984), but distorts the effect of
12
transport distance and reworking energy.
The raw point-count categories and results are
presented in Table 2 and 3, respectively. The raw categories are regrouped (Table 2) to compare
with tectono-sandstone compositional schemes (Dickinson, 1985) in order to reconstruct tectonic
setting of the source area. The composition of framework grains, particularly lithic grains, is a
good indicator of composition of source rocks. If the source composition can be reasonably
estimated, its variation over time would reflect the unroofing history of a single-sourced
provenance or changes in relative contributions from a multi-sourced provenance. Compositional
and paleocurrent data within a cyclostratigraphic framework will give insights into the spatial
and temporal evolution of the provenance of the Wutonggou LC (Suttner, 1974; Potter and
Pettijohn, 1977).
13
A
B
Figure 6. Paleocurrent indicators in the Wutonggou low-order cycle, SE Tarlong section. (A)
Field photo showing a set of tabular cross-bedding. (B) Field photo showing trough crossbedding. Both hammer handles point to the upsection direction. The hammers are ~30 cm long.
14
C
10 cm
D
Figure 6 (continued). (C) Field photo showing a set of parting lineation on the base of a fine-grained
sandstone bed. (D) Field photo showing a grove mark developed on the base of a fine-grained sandstone bed. The pencil is ~13 cm long.
15
E
10 cm
F
10 cm
Figure 6 (continued). (E) Field photo showing a set of asymmetric ripple marks on the base of a
fine-grained sandstone bed. (D) Field photo showing a piece of along-bedding orientated petrified
wood.
16
17
Position on the
measured section (m)
725.5
725.5
725.5
725.5
725.5
697
697
697
692
692
680.5
680.5
680.5
668.5
668.5
668.5
668.5
668.5
668.5
668.5
629
622.5
595.5
595.5
595.5
595.5
595.5
595.5
565.5
557
547.5
547.5
528.5
528.5
528.5
528.5
504
504
Bed ID
1--5
1--5
1--5
1--5
1--5
1--4
1--4
1--4
1--3
1--3
1--2
1--2
1--2
1--1
1--1
1--1
1--1
1--1
1--1
1--1
2--7
2--6
2--5
2--5
2--5
2--5
2--5
2--5
2--4
2--3
2--2
2--2
3--7
3--7
3--7
3--7
3--6
3--6
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Parting lineation
Parting lineation
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Trough cross-bedding
Groove mark
Parting lineation
Parting lineation
Parting lineation
Sole mark
Sole mark
Paleocurrent indicator
38
36
48
51
41
47
53
45
50
46
38
50
48
45
41
32
32
23
48
34
24
25
45
33
Dip
342
342
8
338
342
333
336
347
339
344
341
356
349
333
334
35
354
340
329
341
186
275
280
305
297
293
298
285
19
358
356
348
95
275
105
105
150
130
Dip direction
28.0
27.0
27.0
28.3
28.3
31.0
27.0
37.0
35.0
42.0
34.0
30.0
30.0
36.0
35.0
34.0
17.0
34.0
22.0
19.0
40.0
51.0
46.0
43.0
36.0
35.0
41.0
45.0
39.7
27.0
41.0
41.0
35.0
42.0
38.5
40.0
45.0
31.0
Dip (Structural
correction)
Table 1. Paleocurrent Measurements from the SE Tarlong section
Dip direction
(structural
correction)
356.0
348.0
0.0
355.5
355.5
354.0
354.0
5.0
8.0
348.0
354.0
18.0
4.0
358.0
9.0
1.0
352.0
5.0
351.0
8.0
358.0
0.0
0.0
359.0
358.0
4.0
10.0
5.0
8.3
344.0
10.0
8.0
0.0
356.0
0.0
2.0
11.0
0.0
6.9
29.3
12.0
17.4
15.2
20.3
26.5
19.6
23.2
19.7
14.5
17.9
22.9
4.1
10.5
11.5
8.0
17.7
26.2
18.8
7.0
15.1
25.7
18.0
Corrected dip
318.6
335.3
14.4
316.2
328.6
304.2
304.8
314.5
300.4
304.0
300.2
288.4
282.0
211.0
294.1
105.2
358.7
228.3
313.3
314.9
4.1
277.9
284.2
313.8
302.4
296.8
303.3
289.0
116.3
11.5
310.3
305.5
276.1
278.0
288.9
288.8
333.9
314.4
Corrected dip
direction
18
Position on the
measured section (m)
467.5
467.5
418.5
418.5
418.5
418.5
417
417
417
417
417
417
333.5
333.5
333.5
333.5
333.5
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
Bed ID
3--4
3--4
3--2
3--2
3--2
3--2
3--1
3--1
3--1
3--1
3--1
3--1
n1
n1
n1
n1
n1
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s5
s4
s4
s4
s4
s4
s4
Sole mark
Tabular cross-bedding
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Parting lineation
Ripple marks
Parting lineation
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Sole mark
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Petrified wood
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Paleocurrent indicator
56
52
56
56
47
37
53
46
47
64
56
68
57
28
65
66
58
70
56
48
Dip
317
25
305
316
310
310
270
278
295
270
275
285
11
34
20
15
289
345
12
15
346
348
353
340
10
0
14
10
290
75
300
23
18
11
354
357
355
10
Dip direction
45.0
40.0
56.0
49.0
47.0
54.0
59.0
49.0
52.0
52.0
58.0
58.0
47.3
47.3
47.3
47.3
47.3
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.3
Dip (Structural
correction)
Dip direction
(structural
correction)
10.0
8.0
1.0
4.0
1.0
3.0
345.0
348.0
357.0
357.0
350.0
350.0
357.8
357.8
357.8
357.8
357.8
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table 1. Paleocurrent Measurements from the SE Tarlong section (continued)
21.2
14.9
17.3
16.8
8.4
6.6
28.8
7.3
5.8
34.9
28.4
33.6
34.4
17.4
27.4
21.7
30.5
29.4
16.1
14.2
Corrected dip
326.8
70.3
321.3
327.9
320.9
325.0
282.5
287.0
307.8
271.9
286.8
301.3
32.2
79.2
44.1
60.5
117.6
296.8
304.2
320.5
314.5
304.9
327.7
299.1
221.0
334.5
16.2
13.3
289.2
245.7
303.1
22.7
45.0
35.8
343.0
351.4
334.2
114.3
Corrected dip
direction
19
Position on the
measured section (m)
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
184.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
167.5
156
156
156
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
Bed ID
s4
s4
s4
s4
s4
s4
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s3
s2
s2
s2
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Petrified wood
Petrified wood
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Trough cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Trough cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Clast imbrication
Petrified wood
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Trough cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Clast imbrication
Clast imbrication
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular/trough-cross bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding
Paleocurrent indicator
6
10
336
42
37
55
59
66
64
57
53
44
46
78
25
44
45
45
46
47
48
49
49
50
51
56
56
59
61
63
70
46
65
52
39
Dip
30
11
25
25
57
65
2
20
11
353
4
8
14
46
6
18
20
335
12
3
335
7
74
80
48
45
64
359
345
352
40
16
9
9
1
358
23
0
Dip direction
39.3
39.3
39.3
32.0
39.3
39.3
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
34.0
34.0
34.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
Dip (Structural
correction)
Dip direction
(structural
correction)
0.0
0.0
2.0
358.0
0.0
0.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
Table 1. Paleocurrent Measurements from the SE Tarlong section (continued)
14.1
11.1
37.8
7.6
17.4
17.3
27.8
22.6
20.0
13.0
11.1
8.1
9.6
35.0
9.5
13.0
10.3
14.2
12.2
13.0
14.7
29.1
15.0
17.6
22.9
30.5
24.3
26.2
36.4
35.0
21.2
27.1
20.6
17.0
Corrected dip
83.3
22.3
62.9
75.4
50.0
58.9
345.6
52.0
23.0
321.9
356.5
10.3
28.2
84.6
4.0
36.3
35.7
307.1
17.5
359.0
314.2
7.0
69.6
256.5
1.9
15.4
317.1
260.5
247.0
312.9
77.7
24.8
7.9
7.1
330.8
275.5
92.5
353.0
Corrected dip
direction
20
Position on the
measured section (m)
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
150.5
119.5
119.5
119.5
115.5
115.5
115.5
115.5
115.5
111.5
109
109
85-105
85-105
69.5
51.5
51.5
51.5
51.5
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
43-46
29.5
29.5
Bed ID
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
s1
L13
L13
L13
L12
L12
L12
L12
L12
L10
L11
L11
L9
L9
L8
L6
L6
L6
L6
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L7
L5
L5
Tabular cross-bedding
Trough cross-bedding
Trough cross-bedding
Trough cross-bedding
Trough cross-bedding
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Petrified wood
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Clast imbrication
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Paleocurrent indicator
61
63
62
65
53
61
60
63
55
55
57
61
56
53
53
51
35
35
34
52
54
55
52
55
55
57
62
65
58
53
56
52
54
57
55
50
Dip
356
5
11
32
9
15
18
295
25
22
18
2
8
12
0
8
4
2
3
3
7
355
353
353
357
357
359
11
351
356
351
1
357
353
357
357
359
359
Dip direction
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Dip (Structural
correction)
Dip direction
(structural
correction)
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
Table 1. Paleocurrent Measurements from the SE Tarlong section (continued)
24.2
26.1
23.8
26.7
14.9
21.1
24.2
25.1
19.9
16.1
19.2
24.2
18.3
15.6
14.9
13.1
10.9
9.3
8.1
13.0
14.0
15.2
13.6
15.0
15.4
17.8
22.5
25.4
18.1
13.6
12.5
8.1
19.5
13.0
11.7
8.5
Corrected dip
316.2
351.4
17.0
76.7
7.1
31.6
57.9
300.5
132.4
136.3
150.5
343.7
5.7
18.4
337.4
5.8
353.4
349.4
355.0
356.3
3.5
358.2
333.0
335.0
342.0
344.2
336.3
13.9
328.2
340.8
321.0
344.7
336.9
333.0
335.6
330.9
336.3
332.4
Corrected dip
direction
21
Position on the
measured section (m)
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
7.5
Bed ID
L5
L5
L5
L5
L5
L5
L5
L3
L3
L3
L3
L3
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L1 & L4
L2
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Tabular cross-bedding?
Clast imbrication
Tabular cross-bedding?
Paleocurrent indicator
46
45
47
59
56
55
55
47
41
46
48
49
62
59
61
52
64
50
56
74
Dip
359
11
359
2
353
351
5
4
8
27
21
355
357
359
359
359
348
354
22
325
355
Dip direction
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Dip (Structural
correction)
Dip direction
(structural
correction)
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
Table 1. Paleocurrent Measurements from the SE Tarlong section (continued)
11.2
8.4
7.1
20.4
16.8
19.0
19.9
7.5
3.4
6.0
14.8
12.3
24.4
21.0
22.3
14.0
25.2
17.8
19.4
35.6
Corrected dip
311.7
20.9
343.7
348.5
325.1
321.0
346.1
294.2
2.1
73.1
56.5
337.9
339.2
345.4
334.5
347.5
305.1
328.8
30.8
332.5
305.9
Corrected dip
direction
C.
n = 173
mean = 340.7o
R = 0.66
B.
n = 40
mean = 309.1o
R = 0.73
A.
n = 133
mean = 350.6o
R = 0.67
Figure 7. Rose diagrams showing paleocurrent directions for the Wutonggou low-order cycle.
Measurements were collected from the SE Tarlong section. n = number of measurements; mean =
mean direction (arrows); and R = mean resultant length measuring deviation. (A) 133 paleocurrent
measurements collected from the base to 333.5 m, corresponding to Petrofacies A. (B) 40 measurements collected from 417 to 725.5 m, corresponding to Petrofacies B. (C) All 173 measurements collected in this study are from the SE Tarlong section.
22
Table 2. Point-Count and Recalculated Categories
Point-Count Categories
Qm
Qpw
Qpt
K
P
musc
biotite
amph
pyr
opaque/HM
md
sltst
cht
Mm
Mqm
Vf
Vm-bl
Vm-d
Vm-or/br
Vl-bl
Vl-d
Vv-bl
Vv-gr
Vv-or/br
Vv-d
Vuni
calcite-replacement
Unid
Monocrystalline quartz
Polycrystalline quartz without subcrystal allignment
Polycrystalline quartz with subcrystal allignment
Potassium feldspar
Plagioclase
Muscovite
Biotite
Amphibole
Pyroxene
Other heavy minerals
Mudrock
Siltstone
Sedimentary chert
Metamorphic lithic composed of phyllosilicates
Metamorphic lithic composed of quartz and phyllosilicates
Volcanic lithic with felsitic texture
Volcanic lithic with microlitic texture and black groundmass
Volcanic lithic with microlitic texture and clay-altered groundmass
Volcanic lithic with microlitic texture and orange/brown groundmass
Volcanic lithic with lathwork texture and black groundmass
Volcanic lithic with lathwork texture and clay-altered groundmass
Volcanic lithic with vitric texture and black groundmass
Volcanic lithic with vitric texture and green groundmass
Volcanic lithic with vitric texture and orange/brown groundmass
Volcanic lithic with vitric texture and clay-altered groundmass
Unidentified volcanic lithics
Calcite-replaced grain
Unidentified grain
Recalculated Categories
Q = Qm + Qpw + Qpt
Qp = Qpw + Qpt
F = K +P
Ls = md + sltst + cht
Lm = Mm + Mqm
Lvf = Vf
Lvb = Vv-bl + Vm-bl + Vl-bl + Vl-d
Lv = Lvf + Lvb + Vm-d + Vm-or/br +
Vv-gr + Vv-or/br + Vv-d + Vuni
L = Ls + Lm + Lv
Lt = L + Qp
Total quartz grains
Total polycrystalline quartz grains
Total feldspar grains
Total sedimentary lithic grains
Total metamorphic lithic grains
Total silicic volanic lithic grains
Total basaltic volcanic lithic grains
Total volcanic lithic grains
Total lithic grains excluding polycrystalline quartz
Total lithic grains including polycrystalline quartz
23
24
s8wy-6
s8wy-15
s8wy-9
s8wy-41
s8wy-37
s8wy-31
gw9-1
s8wy-43
s8wy-44
gw8-15
gw8-14
gw8-13
gw8-11
gw8-10
gw8-9
gw8-8
gw8-5
gw8-4
gw8-3
gw8-2
s8-30
s8-28
s8-26
gw9-20
gw9-19
gw9-18
gw9-17
gw9-16
gw9-15
gw9-14
gw9-7
gw9-13
gw9-12
gw9-9
gw9-11
gw9-10
Sample ID
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
SE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
NE Tarlong
726.0
611.5
565.5
524.0
502.5
472.5
435.5
417.0
382.5
330.0
318.0
286.0
259.5
257.5
237.0
230.5
192.0
163.5
156.0
129.0
51.5
29.5
6.5
673.0
662.5
578.5
537.0
471.5
414.0
326.0
238.0
185.0
155.0
111.0
99.0
76.5
Position
28
30
45
43
65
33
4
42
7
6
10
9
4
6
7
11
1
0
5
9
0
14
9
73
53
11
3
5
7
13
0
0
1
13
0
16
Qm
31
20
12
30
26
5
0
21
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
33
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Qpw
Quartz
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Qpt
9
6
4
11
7
8
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
K
P
43
26
12
17
20
8
10
8
9
28
10
9
9
17
3
31
0
0
7
1
3
7
3
3
30
46
5
12
19
34
0
0
1
13
1
16
Feldspar
0
3
3
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
musc
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
biotite
Table 3. Raw Point-Count Results
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
amph
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
pyr
Accessory Minerals
1
29
0
1
4
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
25
0
0
0
2
1
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
opaque/HM
18
22
25
34
47
51
63
35
97
99
97
70
81
90
60
50
253
235
97
125
88
110
143
31
34
33
83
125
104
56
217
188
222
102
212
63
md
0
4
0
6
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
sltst
Sedimentary
42
18
43
52
29
8
5
35
10
36
12
6
10
8
20
23
16
21
13
31
15
14
34
17
11
6
11
14
33
22
31
44
20
27
21
5
cht
25
s8wy-6
s8wy-15
s8wy-9
s8wy-41
s8wy-37
s8wy-31
gw9-1
s8wy-43
s8wy-44
gw8-15
gw8-14
gw8-13
gw8-11
gw8-10
gw8-9
gw8-8
gw8-5
gw8-4
gw8-3
gw8-2
s8-30
s8-28
s8-26
gw9-20
gw9-19
gw9-18
gw9-17
gw9-16
gw9-15
gw9-14
gw9-7
gw9-13
gw9-12
gw9-9
gw9-11
gw9-10
Sample ID
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mm
0
1
2
1
10
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mqm
Metamorphic
54
44
56
39
18
33
58
64
26
27
36
58
33
24
55
27
12
10
44
36
22
27
27
58
57
50
72
58
33
44
3
4
5
35
21
23
Vf
0
2
2
0
1
5
18
0
11
1
20
10
35
3
40
20
0
0
12
21
23
37
2
2
0
18
28
11
7
25
3
4
9
14
0
19
Vm-bl
12
14
11
0
8
33
50
13
64
59
31
48
42
68
17
5
4
0
8
3
19
30
2
11
8
19
24
26
21
8
3
1
3
14
6
12
Vm-d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
1
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Vm-or/br
3
0
0
0
0
2
6
0
8
0
8
7
1
3
12
6
0
0
2
2
5
6
0
0
0
5
9
6
2
3
1
0
3
4
0
2
Vl-bl
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
1
13
12
4
0
7
13
7
1
0
0
35
0
1
1
0
0
2
12
3
5
2
3
0
0
0
6
1
6
Vl-d
Volcanic
0
2
2
0
2
4
3
1
1
1
2
10
11
5
10
13
0
0
6
1
9
18
1
2
0
12
11
2
7
18
2
4
2
9
0
18
Vv-bl
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
Vv-gr
Table 3. Raw Point-Count Results (continued)
4
3
0
1
2
6
8
1
3
4
4
12
4
2
1
9
0
0
8
18
2
0
6
0
0
1
8
8
5
6
0
0
0
6
1
24
Vv-or/br
30
33
43
47
47
50
15
28
10
18
40
13
53
49
49
27
12
21
31
36
103
27
55
49
30
33
11
5
29
39
10
7
10
16
12
57
Vv-d
1
16
1
0
3
14
15
2
18
0
5
8
1
8
0
20
0
0
6
5
0
2
0
0
0
8
4
6
11
1
7
19
4
11
10
1
Vuni
Replacement
calcitereplacement
0
0
20
0
9
23
33
24
10
0
0
30
0
0
4
21
2
0
15
0
0
0
4
11
3
29
17
12
15
20
19
25
17
19
6
21
23
24
18
15
1
13
3
11
10
7
17
2
7
2
13
0
0
12
10
8
5
4
0
5
11
3
8
5
4
5
4
2
2
8
8
12
Unid
CHAPTER 3
STRATIGRAPHY
3.1. Depositional Systems and Sedimentary Cycles
The WTG LC consists of several types of lithofacies, including clast-supported
conglomerate, sandstone, shale, massive mudstone, coal, and paleosols. The lithofacies comprise
depositional systems, which are three-dimensional assemblages of genetically-related lithofacies
that were deposited in a specific depositional environment. Repetitive vertical stacking patterns
of depositional systems reflect repetitive lateral environment shifts at a specific locality. Such
repetitions are defined as sedimentary cycles. Yang et al. (2010) published detailed description
and interpretation of lithofacies, depositional systems, and three orders of sedimentary cycles
observed in NE Tarlong and Taodonggou sections. Similar lithofacies, depositional systems, and
sedimentary cycles were observed and interpreted for the SE Tarlong section. The following
section describes three types of high-order sedimentary cycles (Fig. 8) in the NE and SE Tarlong
sections, with liberal reference to Yang et al. (2010). Readers are referred to Yang et al. (2010)
for detailed descriptions of lithofacies and their environmental interpretations.
3.1.1. Meandering stream cycles
A meandering stream cycle contains a meandering depositional system bounded by an
erosional base (Fig. 8A; Yang et al., 2010). The base is of a high-relief of 10-200 cm. The entire
system shows an upward-fining and thinning trend of conglomerate, sandstone, mudrock
including shale and mudstone, and paleosol. Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone
commonly fill channel forms and are interpreted as channel lag and lower point bar deposits.
26
Prodelta/sub-littoral
Profundal
A. Meandering stream cycles
Lake plain
Delta/littoral
Facies Description
Meandering stream
Alluvial fan
Braided stream
Dep. environment
Calcisol, calc. Argillisol, or Argillisol, Spodosol, Histosol, on mudrock & ss parent rocks.
Calcisol: pedogenic calcitic nodules. Spodosol: common Fe-oxide pisoids in Bs horizon.
Argillisols: illuvial clay sheets or tubules. Histosol, sub-bituminous to bituminous coal
interbedded with carbonaceous shale, petrified woods. Floodplain.
Shale, silty sh, sltst, well laminated to platy, local ss lenses. As the fine-grained upper interval of
the overall upward-fining and thinning succession. Proximal overbank. Absent/thin in coarsegrained streams.
Lithic wacke, subarenite, arenite, conglomeratic, conglomerate at base, upward-fining. As the
coarse portion of the overall upward-fining trend. Large tabular and trough x-beds, locally graded. Concentrated plant remains on bedding plane. Clasts imbricated in conglomerate. High-relief
erosional base. Rapid lateral facies changes. Commonly accretionary. Channel lag and point bar.
B. Lakeplain-littoral siliciclastic cycles
Calcisol, calcareous Argillisol, or Argillisol, Spodosol, Gleysol. Parent rocks are mudrock and
thin lithic wacke. Common illuvial or carbonaceous rootlets. Lakeplain.
Shale. siltstone, sandstone, sub-mm to mm laminated, x-laminated. Ostracods and/or plant
remains. Fining upward. Sublittoral to littoral.
Lithic arenite-subarenite, f-vc, Laminated, x-bedded, rare HCS. Rip-up clasts. L. part may have
thin imbricated "shoreline" pebbles. Ripple-marked top. Sparse to abundant ostracods. Coarsening upward. Persistent. Lakeshore to littoral.
Sh, silty sh, sltst, thick-laminated. May contain Histosol. Persistent. Lakeplain.
C. Lacustrine deltaic cycles
Calcisol or Spodosol/Histosol, mudrock and ss parent rocks. Spodosol may contain iron-oxide
pisoids and overlie Histosol. Deltaplain.
Interbedded laminated mudrock and ss, with variable plant remains and root molds. Delta plain.
Lithic wacke, subarenite, arenite, and conglomerate, upward-coarsening (m sd to pebble) and
thickening. L. part well laminated and bedded, rare burrows; u. part large x-beds with local channel fill. Locally concentrated plant remains on bedding plane. Delta front, distributary channel
fill, channel mouth bar.
Shale, well laminated, upward-increasing sltst & thin ss. Many disseminated plant remains; may
contain fish fossils. Prodelta.
Lithic arenite to subarenite, f-vc, laminated to x-bedded, rare HCS. Persistent. L. part may have
imbricated "shoreline" pebbles. Lake shore.
Figure 8. Lithology, sedimentary structure, and interpretation of depositional environment of
three types of high-order cycles. A) Meandering stream cycle; B) lakeplain-littoral cycle; C)
lacustrine deltaic cycle. Each cycle type has several varieties because commonly not all the component lithofacies are present in a particular cycle. No vertical scale intended. Dashed lines for
alternative interpretations. Modefied from Yang et al. (2010).
27
Well-stratified sandstones are interpreted as lower and upper point bar deposits. Thin to mediumbedded sandstone, mudrock, and paleosol overlie the channel-fill deposits and are much more
laterally persistent; they were interpreted as overbank deposits. Two types of meandering stream
cycles, coarse-grained and classic, are identified. The coarse-grained meandering stream cycle
contains thick channel-fill deposits and thin overbank deposits. Channel-fill deposits are
dominantly conglomerate, with a small amount of sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone. The
overbank deposits are dominantly sandstone intercalated with mudrock. This type of cycles is 213 m thick. The classic meandering stream cycle, on the other hand, contains approximately
equal thickness of channel-fill and overbank deposits. Channel-fill deposits consist of channellag conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, overlain by accretionary point bar sandstone;
overbank deposits are mudrock and paleosol intercalated with sandstones. Meandering stream
cycles are 0.5-13 m thick, mainly occurring in the lower Wutonggou both in the SE and NE
Tarlong sections.
3.1.2. Lakeplain-littoral cycles
A lakeplain-littoral cycle contains a lakeplain-littoral depositional system (Fig. 8B; Yang
et al., 2010). Well-washed sandstone and conglomerate bounded by a sharp or slightly erosional
base are interpreted as shoreline and littoral deposits. Finely laminated shale overlying shoreline
and littoral deposits is interpreted as sub-littoral deposits. The cycle is capped by lakeplain
muddy-sandy paleosols. Some cycles contain a basal interval of thin layers of peat or ostracodand conchostracod-bearing shale or mudstone, which is interpreted as subaerial lakeplain
deposits associated with an approaching shoreline and a rising groundwater table. Some cycles
lack well-washed shoreline deposits, which are interpreted as a low-energy transgressive
28
condition during lake expansion. Lakeplain-littoral cycles are commonly laterally persistent,
extend for hundreds of meters, range 0.2-8 m in thickness, and mainly occur in the lower and
middle Wutonggou in the SE Tarlong section and in the middle and upper Wutonggou in the NE
Tarlong section.
3.1.3. Lacustrine deltaic cycles
A lacustrine deltaic cycle contains a deltaic depositional system (Fig. 8C; Yang et al.,
2010). The basal interval commonly contains well-washed shoreline conglomerate and sandstone
bounded by a sharp to slightly erosional base. The lower part has a thick upward-coarsening and
thickening prodeltaic-delta front succession of shale, sandstone, and/or conglomerate; the upper
part contains distributary channel and interdistributary deltaplain succession of conglomerate,
sandstone, mudrock, and paleosol. A basal subaerial transgressive interval similar to that of
lakeplain-littoral cycle is not uncommon. These cycles are 1-13 m thick, mainly occurring in the
upper Wutonggou both in the SE and NE Tarlong sections.
3.2. Wutonggou Low-Order Cycle
The variation in sedimentary cycle type reflects the changes in climate, provenance
movement, catchment configuration, and subsidence at the depositional site. On the basis of
paleosols and sedimentary evidence in Taodonggou and NE Tarlong, Yang et al. (2010)
interpreted that 1) the climate condition was dominantly humid to subhumid, 2) the provenance
weathering was intense, and 3) the subsidence was fast and graben-wide.
The lower part of the Wutonggou LC is characterized by repetitive shifts between fluvial
and deltaic cycles. The proportion of fluvial cycles decreases upsection and the upper part of the
29
Wutonggou LC is dominated by deltaic cycles (Fig. 5). Several possible causes for the increase
of deltaic cycles in upper WTG include 1) that river influx into the Wutonggou lake had
increased, which could have been caused by catchment enlargement and/or a more humid
climate condition, and 2) that the rate of basin subsidence had exceeded that of sediment influx.
The upsection decreases in grain size and conglomerate abundance suggest a decreased elevation
of source area(s), decreasing catchment topographic gradient, and/or an increasing catchment
size, which would effectively lower the topographic gradient.
30
CHAPTER 4
SANDSTONE PETROGRAPHY
Thirty-six sandstones are very fine- to very coarse-grained, moderately well to very wellsorted, and contain subangular to well-rounded framework grains. Sandstone compaction is
moderate. Intergranular components include rare detrital clay matrix and common pore-filling
calcite and illitic clay.
4.1. Framework Grain Types
Eight major types of framework grains occur in the sandstones of Wutonggou LC. The
monomineralic grains are monocrystalline quartz, polycrystalline quartz, potassium feldspar,
plagioclase, and accessory minerals; the lithic grains are sedimentary, volcanic, and metamorphic.
Subtypes are identified where possible. About 2.6% of framework grains are not identifiable due
to alteration. This implies a bias in grain composition calculation.
4.1.1. Monocrystalline quartz
Quartz is the most common monocrystalline grain type. Two types of quartz are
identified. The first type is characterized by a euhedral to subhedral shape with occasional
embayments, straight extinction, and clear, inclusion-free appearance. These quartz grains occur
mostly as discrete grains. They are generally fine-medium-sized. This type of quartz is
interpreted as of a volcanic origin (Fig 9A; Folk, 1980). The second type is anhedral, subangular
to very angular, has an extinction of moderate to high undulosity, and contains common trains of
31
vacuoles and mineral inclusions. This type of quartz grains is interpreted as derived from
plutonic and/or coarse metamorphic source rocks (Folk, 1980; Blatt and Christie, 1963).
4.1.2. Polycrystalline quartz
Most polycrystalline quartz grains are composed of equant, interlocking subcrystals
showing slight to high undulosity, and are interpreted as originated from plutonic and/or
metamorphic sources (Folk, 1980). In rare cases, they exhibit foliation (Fig. 9B). The foliated
polycrystalline quartz indicates deformation due to shearing, and suggests a definitive
metamorphic origin. The possible source rocks may be quartzite, gneiss, or schistose rocks.
4.1.3. Potassium feldspar
Potassium feldspar identified in this study consists of sanidine and orthoclase, most of
which are untwined. Microcline was not observed in the studied samples. Sanidine has a lower
2V than orthoclase. Few tested sanidine grains exhibit a 2V angle of approximately 30˚; whereas
orthoclase shows a 2V over 45˚. Most sanidine grains are fresh and had undergone limited
alteration. Orthoclase is a widespread mineral, so it is not considered to be indicative of any
particular source lithology (Nesse, 1991). Sanidine is interpreted to have been originated from
silicic volcanic sources. The absence of microcline suggests neither deep-seated intrusives nor
high-grade regional metamorphic rocks are significant sources (Nesse, 1991).
4.1.4. Plagioclase
Most plagioclase grains are euhedral and exhibit polysynthetic twinning, occurring as
discrete detrital grains. They occasionally occur as phenocrysts in volcanic lithics (Figs. 9G and
32
9H). Because plagioclase is a widespread mineral, its appearance is not indicative of any
particular volcanic or metamorphic source. Nevertheless, its overall abundance slightly increases
upsection from 3.6% in the lower Wutonggou to 6.2% in the upper Wutonggou, which may
reflect an increased exposure of deep-seated rocks such as plutonic, and/or metamorphic terranes
(Table 2).
4.1.5. Sedimentary lithics
Sedimentary lithics include fragments of sandstone, siltstone, mudrock, and chert.
Sandstone and siltstone lithics are extremely rare (0.26%), and are composed of quartz grains
with minor distinguishable detrital matrix. Mudrock lithics are the dominant grain type in
sedimentary lithics, averaging 32% of total framework grains. For some cases, it is difficult to
distinguish mudrock lithics from clay-altered volcanic lithics when no diagnostic features are
present. Obvious euhedral monomineralic crystals in a fine-grained matrix may be phenocrysts,
indicating a volcanic lithic. On the other hand, scattered silt and sand grains, organic matter,
fossil fragments, and lamination (Figs. 9C and 9D) are indicative of mudrock lithics. In addition,
the majority of mudrock lithic grains are well rounded due to their softness. The roundness also
suggests that the grains had experienced some transport and reworking, not as in-situ rip-up
clasts. Chert grains are the next dominant grain type in sedimentary lithic grains, averaging 7%
of total framework grains (Fig. 9E). Many mudrock and chert lithics in the lower Wutonggou,
both SE and NE Tarlong, contain fossil relics that are suspected to be remnants of fusulinids,
radiolarians, and siliceous spicules (Fig. 9D). Lithics containing possible marine fossils are likely
of a marine sedimentary rock origin. However, the other possible source is the underlying Lower
33
Permian nonmarine strata as source if the fossils are lacustrine or the lithics are recycled marine
sedimentary rocks from the Lower Permian.
4.1.6. Volcanic lithics
Several textural types of volcanic lithics were identified: felsitic, vitric, microlitic, and
lathwork (Dickinson, 1970). Felsitic volcanic lithics are an anhedral, microcrystalline mosaic
composed of quartz and feldspar, and represent silicic volcanic rocks (Fig. 9F). Felsitic volcanic
lithic grains may be difficult to distinguish from sedimentary chert grains. The following criteria
were used to be consistent in differentiation (Milliken et al., 2003; Nesse, 1991): (1) At high
magnification, the difference in relief can be recognized between feldspar and quartz in felsitic
volcanic lithic grains, whereas chert grains appear flat or show no internal relief. (2) Felsitic
volcanic lithics, in some cases, contain euhedral plagioclase microlites, which are always
elongated parallel to their a crystallographic axes and thus show the length-fast character;
whereas chert grains do not contain plagioclase microlites. Here a microlite is defined as a
microscopic crystal whose mineralogy cannot be determined with confidence due to limited size,
and it is generally silt-sized. (3) The two grain types have a subtle difference in subcrystal fabric
(Figs. 9E and 9F). Sedimentary chert is composed of relatively equant, even-sized crystals in
crenulate, sharp contacts, whereas crystals in felsitic volcanic lithics are uneven in size and are of
poorly-defined contacts.
Non-felsitic volcanic lithics are divided into vitric, microlitic, and lathwork categories on
the basis of the size of phenocrysts. Vitric volcanic lithics are aphanitic, containing no or few
microlites. Microlitic volcanic lithics have some to abundant microlites (Fig. 9J). Lathwork
volcanic lithics contain a few to many plagioclase laths and/or sand-sized phenocrysts (Fig. 9I).
34
The groundmass of these three categories is subdivided into green, opaque, orange/brown, and
clay-altered varieties on the basis of their composition and color under plain light. The green
groundmass is composed probably of brittle mica which is likely to be stilpnomelane. The
opaque groundmass is composed of hematite and/or magnetite (Figs. 9A and 9I). The
orange/brown groundmass is composed of goethite, which is probably formed by alteration of
hematite. The clay-altered groundmass (Figs. 9G, 9H, and 9J) is composed of illitic clays, and
similar to mudrock lithics when no obvious phenocrysts and microlites are present. Non-felsitic
volcanic lithics represent andesitic and basaltic volcanic rocks, but it is difficult to differentiate
the two. Recalculated basaltic lithics include volcanic lithic grains with opaque groundmass that
are interpreted as tachylitic fragments, and volcanic lithics with lathwork texture (Table 2; Fisher
and Schmincke, 1984; Dickinson, 1970). Other probable basaltic lithics with ambiguous
interpretation are excluded in the recalculated basaltic lithic category (Lvb). The diverse
composition of volcanic lithic grains suggests diverse lithology in the source, or multiple sources,
or a combination of both scenarios.
4.1.7. Metamorphic lithics
Metamorphic lithics are only present in the upper portion of the measured stratigraphic
sections comprising less than 1% of total framework grains. Two types of metamorphic lithics,
mica aggregate and quartz-mica aggregate, are identified. Mica aggregates, in which needle-like
mica crystals are mostly muscovite and sericite, show strong foliation. The aggregate is
interpreted as phyllite fragments (Fig. 9K). Quartz-mica aggregates, in which elongated quartz
and needly mica crystals are foliated; it is interpreted as schistose fragments (Fig. 9L). Despite
35
the rarity, the presence of metamorphic lithic grains is a strong indication of a metamorphic
source.
4.1.8. Accessory minerals
Rare detrital accessory minerals include muscovite, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, zircon,
rutile, tourmaline, ilmenite, and magnetite. Their abundance in point-count is insignificant,
averaging 0.95% of total framework grains. They are not systematically studied and, thus, are not
used in provenance lithology interpretation.
4.2. Petrofacies
Two petrofacies are identified on the basis of QFL composition (Table 3; Fig. 10A).
Petrofacies A (mean Q2F4L94, Qm2F4Lt94, Qm42P57K1, and Qp0Lv49Ls51; Fig. 10A, 10B, 10C, and
10D) occurs in the lower part of the Wutonggou LC in both measured sections, and Petrofacies B
(mean Q26F9L65, Qm17F9Lt74, Qm65P25K10, and Qp13Lv55Ls32) in the upper part of both sections.
Petrofacies A and B can be readily differentiated with total quartz content (Fig. 5): Petrofacies A
is of low total quartz content with an average of 2%, where Petrofacies B is of higher content
with an average of 24%.
4.2.1. Petrofacies A
Petrofacies A is characterized by the paucity of quartz and feldspar and the predominance
of lithic grains (Figs. 5, 10A and 10B). Quartz grains are predominantly monocrystalline
volcanic quartz; undulose monocrystalline quartz and polycrystalline quartz are rare. Feldspar
grains are mostly plagioclase (P/F = 0.97); rare potassium feldspar includes sanidine and
36
200 microns
200 microns
Figure 9A. Photomicrograph (XL) showing (1) a
typical volcanic quartz indicated by biprism
shape, clear, inclusion-free appearance, extremely straight extinction pattern, and embayment on
the edge. (2) Part of microlitic volcanic grain
with black groundmass is on the upper right corner, interpreted as basaltic. Calcite cement is
stained as red. From sample gw9-1.
200 microns
Figure 9B. Photomicrograph (XL) showing a
polycrystalline quartz grain with folication
(Qpt). The orientation of quartz crystals indicates a metamorphic origin. This grain is interpreted to be derived from the Central Tian
Shan where reported Precambrian metamorphic
basement rocks were exposed. Calcite cement
is stained as red. From sample s8wy-43.
200 microns
Figure 9C. Photomicrograph (XL) showing a
mudrock lithic grain indicated by laminated
silts and oriented flaky organic matter. It is
unlikely to be derived from remote Tian Shan
region; it is speculated to be derived from
intrabasinal rift shoulders. Calcite cement is
stained as red. From sample gw8-5.
Figure 9D. Photomicrograph (PL) showing a
fossil-bearing mudrock lithic grain. The fossil
relics are speculated to be fusulinid remnants,
so the Wutonggou sandstones probably have a
marine sedimentary source. Calcite cement is
stained as red. From sample gw9-11.
37
cht
Vv-d
200 microns
200 microns
Figure 9E. Photomicrograph (XL) showing a
detrital chert (cht) and a volcanic lithic grain
with vitric texture and clay altered groundmass
(Vv-d). Note that the chert is composed of relatively equant, even-sized crystals in crenulate,
sharp contacts, whereas crystals in silicic volcanic lithics are of poorly-defined contacts. Calcite
cement is stained as red. From sample s8wy-43.
200 microns
Figure 9F. Photomicrograph (XL) showing a
volcanic lithic grain with typical felsitic texture (Vf), which is interpreted as silicic volcanic lithic. It is an anhedral microcrystalline
mosaic composed of quartz and feldspar.
Calcite cement is stained as red. From sample
gw8-2.
200 microns
Figure 9G. Photomicrograph (PL) showing a
volcanic grain with an euhedral phenocryst
embedded in clay-altered groundmass (Vl-d).
Calcite cement is stained as red. From sample
gw8-14.
Figure 9H. Photomicrograph (XL) showing the
same view as Fig. 9G, but with cross-polar light.
The phenocryst exhibits Carlsbad twinning.
Coupled with white birefringence, it is interpreted as an albite crystal. The grain is interpreted
as a basaltic fragment.
38
200 microns
200 microns
Figure 9I. Photomicrography (XL) showing a
volcanic grain with euhedral albite
phenocrysts (two are altered) embedded in an
black groundmass (Vl-bl), which is interpreted
as a tachylitic lithic grain (basaltic). Calcite
cement is stained as red. Blue epoxy fills
factures which were induced by sample preparation. From sample gw8-9.
Figure 9J. Photomicrography (PL) showing a
grain with many elongated microlites ebedded
in a clay-altered groundmass (Vm-d), which is
interpreted as intermediate volcanic lithic
grain. All needly microlites show length-fast
character, so are speculated to be albite. Calcite
cement is stained as red. From sample gw8-2.
Qm
siliceous Md
100 microns
100 microns
Figure 9K. Center of the photomicrography
(XL) showing a grain composed of phyllosilicates with strongly foliated texture. It is categorized as mica-aggregate grain (Mm), and
interpreted as a metamorphic rock fragment
(probably phyllite). Calcite cement is stained as
red. From sample gw9-19.
39
Figure 9L. Photomicrograph (XL) showing a
grain composed of microcrystalline quartz and
mica flakes with strong folication. It is categorized as quartz-mica-aggregate grain (Mqm),
and interpreted as a metamorphic rock fragment (probably schistose). From sample gw919.
orthoclase. Volcanic lithic grains make up 42% of total framework grains, among which 11% is
interpreted as silicic and 10% as basaltic, together comprising a half of total volcanic lithic grains.
Sedimentary lithic grains accounts for 46% of all framework grains and include mudrock, chert,
and rare siltstone lithics. Metamorphic lithics are absent.
4.2.2. Petrofacies B
Petrofacies B contains more quartz and feldspar and less lithics than Petrofacies A. Other
differences include: 1) Most quartz, both monocrystalline and polycrystalline, shows moderate to
high undulosity, and volcanic quartz is minor in abundance; 2) the P/F ratio decreases to 0.72; 3)
volcanic lithic content decreases to 36%; 4) sedimentary lithic content decreases to 21%; and 5)
metamorphic lithics appear: although rare (<1%), they are consistently present through
Petrofacies B.
4.3. Temporal Variations in Sandstone Composition
4.3.1. Abrupt changes in sandstone composition
In the lower Wutonggou, sedimentary lithic content changes abruptly. Some sandstones
contain an extremely large amount of sedimentary lithics, ranging from 78% to 90% of total
framework grains (e.g. Samples gw8-5, Table 2; Fig. 5). The overwhelming abundance of
sedimentary lithic suggests a sedimentary source was probably rather close to the depositional
site. In addition, these sedimentary lithic-rich sandstones are interfingered with sandstones such
as sample gw9-9 with sedimentary lithic content of only 44% (Table 2; Fig. 5), suggesting
episodically the sedimentary lithic source was tectonically active.
40
Another abrupt change is associated with petrofacies transition. From Petrofacies A to
Petrofacies B, both the increase in quartz and the decrease in basaltic lithic occur abruptly (Fig.
5). Moreover, in SE Tarlong, abrupt shift in quartz and basaltic lithic contents are documented in
the transitional interval from 382 to 472 m from Petrofacies A to Petrofacies B (i.e. samples
s8wy44, s8wy-43, and gw9-1380-440 m, SE Tarlong, Fig. 5). Admittedly, these abrupt changes
can be caused by the large sampling spacing. Alternatively, they may indicate: 1) the sediments
with different composition were derived from different sub-drainage areas (e.g., individual half
grabens) and subsequently carried to the study area by different river systems, and 2) the
petrofacies change was not caused by gradual processes, such as a gradual unroofing or
paleoclimatic change, but by quick, episodic processes, such as structural diversion and
breaching of drainage pathways.
4.3.2. Gradual trends in sandstone composition
Gradual compositional trends include a decrease in sedimentary lithics from ~40% to ~15%
and a slight increase in silicic lithics from ~7% to ~20% over the entire WTG LC (Fig. 5). The
decrease in sedimentary lithics suggests a diminishing sedimentary source; whereas the increase
in silicic lithics suggests an enlarged catchment, expanding headward into a silicic volcanic-rich
area, such as the Central Tian Shan (Xu et al., 2007).
41
Petrofacies A
Q
Quartzarenite
95
Petrofacies B
Mean
95
Standard Deviation
Sublitharenite
Subarkose
75
F
Arkose
25
Lithic
Arkose
75
50
Feldspathic 25
Litharenite
Litharenite
L
Figure 10A. QFL ternary diagram showing two petrofacies in the Wutonggou low-order cycle. Q - total
quartz including monocrystalline quartz and polycrystalline quartz; F - total feldspar including potassium
feldspar and plagiolcase; L - total lithics excluding polycrystalline quartz. Modified from Folk (1980).
42
Petrofacies A
Qm
Petrofacies B
Mean
Standard Deviation
Craton
Interior
Continental
Block
Provenance
Collision
Orogen
Transitional
Continental
Recycled
Orogen
Provenance
Mixed
Basement
Uplift
Foreland
Uplift
Dissected Arc
Subduction
Complex
Transitional Arc
Undissected Arc
F
Lt
Figure 10B. QmFLt ternary diagram showing the Wutonggou sandstones are plotted in subduction
complex field on the global tectono-sandstone composition scheme. Modified from Dickinson (1985).
43
Qm
Petrofacies A
Petrofacies B
Mean of Petrofacies A
Mean of Petrofacies B
Circum-Pacific
Volcanoplutonic Suites
(Subdivision of
magmatic arc
provenance)
Limit of Detrital Modes
P
K
Figure 10C. QmPK ternary diagram showing Petrofacies A with high P/F ratio of 0.97, and Petrfacies B
with lower P/F ratio of 0.72. In addition, Petrofacies A and B somewhat show magmatic arc signal, but
the result is not conclusive. Modified from Dickinson (1985).
44
Qp
Petrofacies A
Petrofacies B
Mean of Petrofacies A
Mean of Petrofacies B
Subduction Complex
Sources
Collision Orogen & Foldthrust belt Sources
Magmatic Arc
Provenance
Lv
Ls
Figure 10D. QpLvLs ternary diagram showing Petrofacies A and B are plotted in magmatic arc field,
suggesting a magmatic arc provenance. Modified from Dickinson (1985).
45
Q
Deltaic
Quartzarenite
95
Sublitharenite
75
Arkose
25
Lithic
Arkose
Lakeshore-littoral
95
Subarkose
F
Fluvial
75
50
Feldspathic 25
Litharenite
Litharenite
L
Figure 10E. QFL ternary diagram showing sandstones from different depositional cycles. Quartz-rich
sandstones of Petrofacies B are all from delta-front facies, whereas lithic-rich sandstones of Petrofacies
A include a mixture of lakeshore, littoral, fluvial point-bar, and delta-front facies. Modified from Folk
(1980).
46
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
5.1. Assessing Possible Depositional Controls on Sandstone Composition
Compositional maturity measures the degree to which clastic sediments approach the
compositional end product (Pettijohn, 1975). The ratio Q/(Q+F+L) is employed as a rough
measure of compositional maturity in the Wutonggou sandstones. The ratio Q/(Q+F+L)
increases sharply from 0.02 in Petrofacies A in lower Wutonggou to 0.26 in Petrofacies B in
upper Wutonggou, suggesting more matured sandstones in upper Wutonggou.
Several factors may affect sandstone compositional maturity, namely, paleoclimate and
associated physical and chemical weathering intensity, provenance lithology, transport distance
and agent, and catchment size and topography and sedimentary processes associated with
specific depositional environments (Folk, 1980; Yang, Personal comm.). The intensity of
reworking after the initial deposition greatly affects compositional maturity (Yang, Personal
comm.). For example, assuming all conditions being equal, fluvial sands undergone limited
reworking would likely show low maturity, whereas beach sands undergone intense reworking
by waves would exhibit higher maturity. However, quartz-rich sandstones of Petrofacies B are
all from delta-front facies, whereas lithic-rich sandstones of Petrofacies A include a mixture of
lakeshore, littoral, fluvial point-bar, and delta-front facies (Fig. 9E). This suggests that reworking
after initial deposition exerts little controls on the composition of sandstones from the
Wutonggou low-order cycle. The compositional variation is more closely linked to paleoclimate,
provenance lithology, transport distance, and catchment configuration.
47
5.2. Global Tectono-Sandstone Provenance Schemes
Among provenance lithology, paleoclimate, transport distance, and depositional
environment, provenance lithology is the one most closely linked to sandstone composition
(Suttner, 1974; Dickinson and Suczek, 1979; Dickinson, 1985). Provenance lithology, in turn, is
primarily governed by its tectonic setting. Empirical studies show a robust link between the
provenance tectonic setting and sandstone composition, although the influence of many
intermediate steps, such as catchment gradient, transport distance, and depositional environment,
is poorly understood. The global tectono-sandstone composition schemes are established this
rationale, which has been proved as a powerful tool in studying sandstone provenance (e.g.
Suczek and Ingersoll, 1985; Dorsey, 1988).
Petrographic data documented in this study show inconsistent results on these schemes.
QmFLt indicates a recycled orogen provenance, whereas QpLvLs and QmPK indicate a
magmatic arc provenance. Several possible causes for the inconsistency include 1) that the
lithology in the Tian Shan region is too diverse that subduction complex, magmatic arc, and
metamorphic basement were amalgamated together (Xu et al., 2007), 2) the provenance of the
Wutonggou sandstones is of rift origin which is not included in the schemes due to the diverse
lithology of intrabasinal source (Ingersoll, 1990), and 3) the schemes are not applicable in the
study area (cf. Graham et al., 1993). Nevertheless, the global tectono-sandstone composition
schemes are not suggestive, and other means are needed to be employed to examine the data
documented in this study.
48
5.3. The Tian Shan Region as the Source
Shao et al. (2001) and Greene et al. (2001) have proposed that the Tian Shan region to the
south is the source area for the Permian sediments in the greater Turpan-Junggar Basin. Their
conclusion was supported by the presence of abundant volcanic lithics and northward
paleocurrent indicators. In this study, particularly in Petrofacies A, the high content of volcanic
lithic grain (42%), the high proportion of volcanic quartz in the quartz population, the high P/F
ratio (0.97) (Dickinson, 1970), and overall northward paleocurrents, all of these findings are
consistent with the previous interpretation of Tian Shan region as the source. However, this
interpretation is problematic in some aspects.
5.3.1. Problematic sedimentary source
Petrofacies A contains 46% sedimentary lithics, in which 39% is mudrock lithics. In
some sandstones, the mudrock lithic content is up to 84% (e.g., Sample gw8-5, SE Tarlong). A
source in Tian Shan would be difficult to explain the origin of such abundant mudrock lithics.
First, mudrock fragments are physically non-durable and would not have survived for a long
distance. The closest pre-Permian sedimentary terranes currently exposed in the Tian Shan
region are Upper Carboniferous Qiergusitao Formation to the southwest and Dikaner Formation
to the south, both of which are about 75 km away from Tarlong (Xu et al., 2007). This current
distance is likely to be shorter than that during Late Permian due to major tectonic shortenings
post-Permian.
In addition, the pre-Permian sedimentary terranes are limited in area. Even if some
mudrock fragments could have survived the long distance transport, the abundance of mudrock
lithics in Wutonggou sandstones would requires a large sedimentary source area in order to
49
accumulate a large amount of mudrock lithics in Tarlong. However, the North Tian Shan consists
mostly of Devonian to Carboniferous arc-related intermediate volcanics, and the Central Tian
Shan is comprised mostly of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and Devonian to
Carboniferous granitoids and associated silicic volcanics (Allen et al., 1992; Xu et al., 2007).
Reported sedimentary terranes, including Upper Devonian Kangguertage, Upper Carboniferous
Dikaner, and Upper Carboniferous Qiergusitao formations in North Tian Shan, and Lower
Silurian Mishigou, Carboniferous Ma’anqiao, and Upper Carboniferous Dongtujinhe formations
in the Central Tian Shan, are volumetrically much smaller than the igneous and metamorphic
terranes. Therefore, the interpreted northern Tian Shan source may not be the one for the
sedimentary lithics.
5.3.2. Problematic basaltic source
Similarly, a North Tian Shan source can hardly explain the presence of abundant basaltic
lithics. The Tian Shan region lacks basaltic terranes as potential sources. Sandstones in
Petrofacies A consist of 10% on average and maximum 23% basaltic lithic grains. In the Tian
Shan region, however, only traces of basic igneous terranes associated with fragmentary
ophiolites have been reported sparsely along the North Tian Shan fault (Liou et al., 1989; Xu et
al., 2007). The volumetric disproportion between the source and sandstone composition casts
doubts to the interpretation.
In addition, the survivability of basaltic lithics via stream transport is low. Ingersoll (1984)
demonstrated that subaerial weathering of basaltic terranes in the Rio Grande rift resulted in very
limited sediments in sand-size fraction, suggesting 1) basaltic lithics are very vulnerable to
weathering and transport compared with silicic or intermediate lithics and 2) basaltic terranes are
50
not an efficient sediment producer. In addition, the Wutonggou LC was deposited in a
dominantly humid to subhumid condition (Brand et al., 1993; Yang et al., 2010; Thomas et al.,
2011). As a result, chemical weathering should have been intense, further reduce the
survivability of basaltic lithics. Therefore, the Tian Shan region is unlikely to be the source area
and moreover the basaltic source should be rather close to the depositional site.
5.3.3. Potential selective weathering on sedimentary and basaltic terranes
Provided that the Tian Shan region is the source, one possible reason for accumulation
and preservation of abundant sedimentary and basaltic lithics is that sedimentary and basaltic
fragments were preferentially weathered. In other words, the catchment was selectively
developed on sedimentary and basaltic terranes. This possibility, however, is deemed to be low
because basalts and mudrocks are composed of extremely fine-grained particles and nutrient-rich,
which promote soil formation and vegetation cover. As a result, these terranes are strongly
resistant to soil erosion and physical weathering (Schumm, 1968; Retallack, 2001).
5.4. An Evolving Catchment Basin Analogous to the Basin and Range Province
Local sediment sources may have contributed significantly to the Wutonggou sediments.
Yang et al. (2010) argued that the Permian greater Turpan-Junggar Basin was a rift basin
composed of many grabens and half-grabens, similar to the Quaternary Basin and Range
Province of the western U.S. Rift shoulders of individual grabens could have provided sediments
to Petrofacies A in the lower Wutonggou LC. A change in river system and drainage at the
beginning of deposition of the upper Wutonggou LC could have occurred to provide sediments
comprising Petrofacies B.
51
5.4.1. Intrabasinal rift shoulders as the source for Petrofacies A
Petrofacies A is characterized by volcanic quartz, high P/F ratio, abundant sedimentary
and volcanic lithic grains, and no metamorphic lithic grains (Figs. 10A, 10C, 10D). Intrabasinal
rift shoulders are proposed as the source for Petrofacies A. At this time, the depositional site had
not yet received sediments from the Tian Shan region.
In a rift setting, magmas intrude along border faults, and reach surface in the graben and
half-graben margins (Ebinger, 1989). Subsequently, these volcanoes are subject to erosion,
producing volcanic quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, and abundant volcanic lithics for sandstones.
Deeply originated basalts are not uncommon in a rift setting (Condie, 1997), which offers an
explanation to the source of basaltic lithic.
Normal faulting occurs in response to rifting. Carboniferous and/or lower Permian
sedimentary rocks were exposed on the footwalls of graben-margin border faults, producing
sedimentary lithics for the Wutonggou sandstones. The sandstones with extremely large amounts
of sedimentary lithics (e.g., gw8-5 in Fig. 5) reflect episodic hanging wall rotations and normal
faulting, during which knickpoints on the footwall uplands aggressively retreated upslope
(Leeder, 1995), producing large amounts of sedimentary lithics for the Wutonggou sandstones.
In comparison, the sandstones with ~40% sedimentary lithics (e.g., gw9-9 in Fig. 5) reflect
relatively tectonically quiet periods. The upsection decrease in sedimentary lithics indicates
diminishing sedimentary terranes on rift shoulders due to continuous unroofing. Instead of being
derived from footwall uplands within the same graben, the sediments are more likely to have
been transported from the hanging wall slope or axially from adjacent, hydrologically linked
52
grabens. This speculation is evidenced by 1) the absence of alluvial fan deposits in the
Wutonggou low-order cycle and 2) well-rounded mudrock lithics, which requires some transport.
5.4.2. A different drainage supplying sediments for Petrofacies B
The abrupt compositional shift from Petrofacies A to Petrofacies B and a change in
paleocurrents from 350.6˚ to 309.1˚ (Fig. 7) suggest another river with a different drainage
started feeding the Wutonggou lake. Over a period, both rivers supplied sediments to the
depositional site, causing the compositional shifts documented in the SE Tarlong section (i.e.
samples s8wy44, s8wy-43, and gw9-1, 380-440 m, SE Tarlong; Fig. 5).
The depositional style changed from constant shifts between fluvial and deltaic in the
lower Wutonggou to deltaic-dominated in the upper Wutonggou, suggesting an increased water
influx and thus a larger drainage. This is supported by the upsection decreases in grain size and
conglomerate abundance. The larger drainage probably had reached headward to the Central
Tian Shan. As a result, it carried sediments derived from silicic volcanic and metamorphic
terranes in the Central Tian Shan, such as undulose quartz, silicic lithics, and metamorphic lithics.
Because the drainage is still largely covered by a rift basin, the supply of intrabasinally derived
sediments such as sedimentary lithics are not interrupted by the catchment change and do not
show abrupt changes. However, basaltic lithic content does increase abruptly probably because
basaltic terranes are proportionally small in the second, enlarged drainage.
5.5. Implications on Paleogeography and Tectonic Settings
Sandstones in Tarlong provide a sedimentologic record in response to the evolution of the
greater Turpan-Junggar Basin and surrounding mountains/highlands. The greater Turpan-
53
Junggar rift basin was initiated at c. 300 Ma, marked by the deposition of the Daheyan LCs
overlying the uppermost Carboniferous Taoxigou Grouop (Yang et al, 2010). This age is
consistent with the time window, from Late Carboniferous to earliest Permian, proposed by Shu
et al. (2010). Since, highly partitioned grabens and half-grabens were developed in an
extensional setting. The sediments derived from the Tian Shan region were trapped in the
grabens adjacent to Tian Shan, and could not be transported to Tarlong. As a result, Tarlong only
received sediments derived from adjacent rift shoulders, and the sediments are dominated by
sedimentary and volcanic lithics. Petrofacies A in the lower Wutonggou probably represents a
relatively more active rifting stage, during which hanging wall rotation and normal faulting still
took place but only episodically. Petrofacies B of upper Wutonggou represents a relatively quiet
period in rifting, during which highly partitioned grabens and half-grabens became
hydrologically linked to each other, forming enlarged catchments. Such enlarged catchments
enable the sediments derived from the Tian Shan region to be transported to the TarlongTaodonggou half-graben.
A foreland basin model is not compatible with the compositional data documented in this
study. This model requires significant uplift of the Tian Shan region, resulting in flexural
subsidence and thus creating accommodation space for the greater Turpan-Junggar basin. The
Upper Permian strata of the Turpan Basin are interpreted as deposits in piggy-back basins in this
model. Consequently, the study area would have been filled by sediments derived mainly from
the Tian Shan region and some from the forebulge area to the north. A dominant Tian Shan
source cannot fully explain abundance of sedimentary and basaltic lithics. Moreover, bimodal
magmatism, particularly tholeiitic basalts, is unlikely to occur in a foreland basin (Condie, 1997).
54
The available evidence best supports the rift basin model, but the underlying cause of rifting
remains elusive.
55
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56
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61
APPENDIX
62
Legend
LITHOLOGY
SEDIMENTARY TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE
Normal graded conglomerate or sandstone
Soil slickensides
Reverse graded conglomerate or sandstone
Illuviated muddy sediments
Clast-supported conglomerate
Root mold, silicified/calcified stumps or branches
Matrix-supported conglomerate
Calcareous claystone and sandstone
nodules, commonly root mottled
Sandstone
Rhizoconcretion or calcitic nodules
Well-bedded sandstone
Limonitic clayey soil pisoid
Mud cracks
Well-laminated sandstone
Cross-bedded sandstone
Mud chips, rip-up clasts
Conglomeratic sandstone
Pisoids
Calcareous sandstone
Ooids and superficial ooids
Muddy sandstone
Invertebrate bone fossils
Trace fossils
Interbedded sandstone and shale/siltstone
Plants and plant debris
Shale
Silty shale
Fish or fish scale fossils
Shell fragments
Calcareous shale or mudstone
Burrows, mottling structure
Dolostone
Shale, dolomitic.
Planar, tabular, and/or trough x-bedding
Erosional surface
Mudstone
Internal erosional surface
Ripple and climbing ripple laminations
Conglomeratic mudstone
Hummocky cross stratification (HCS)
Calcrete or altered palustrine limestone
Contorted bedding
Paleosol
Cryptalgal lamination
Limestone with shale partings
Symmetrical ripple marks
Limestone
Arenaceous limestone
Argillaceous limestone
Oolitic packstone/grainstone
Pyroclastic breccia
Extrusive igneous rocks
Tuff and tuffaceous sandstone
Intrusive igneous rocks
63
Wstr7
10
Mudstone/shale, maroon to gray stripes, silty, siltstone, sparse slickensides, increasingly massive upward,
small subangular to subrounded blocks. Sharp top.
LW, olive gray, well thick laminated, poorly to moderately sorted, common mud chips. Fining upward from
c/vc to f-m, upward muddier. Gradational top.
9
Wstr6
8
Conglomerate, granular to fine pebble, c/vc sand matrix, common to abundant mud chips, clast supported, well rounded clasts. Gradational top.
LSA in lower 20 cm, granular, moderately sorted, upward to LW, m-vc, poorly sorted, variably muddy. Mud
chips common, especially in finer sandstones. Some plant remains. Medium to thick laminated. Variegated, greenish gray, maroon, purple, green stripes. Overall fining upward from c/vc, to m-c, subrounded.
Sharp/erosional top.
7
Wstr5
s8-26
6
Mudstone/shale, blocky, greenish gray to purplish gray, to grayish purple, upward increasing small slickensides. Uppermost 10 cm primitive 1-2 mm size Fe pisoids. Sharp top. BC.
Shale, silty and sandy, upward increasing small slickensides, platy to blocky. Gradational top.
5
Wstr4
LW, brownish gray, moderately sorted, f-c, subrounded, common mud chips, angular to rounded. Thick laminated. Common plant remains. Gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, olive gray to maroon, some sandy. Short platy. Common plant remains. Sharp top. Fining upward with underlying 2 beds.
A fining upward succession of deltaplain deposits.
4
LW/LSA, light gray, f-m, sparse fine pebbles, poorly to moderately sorted, 1-3 cm thick sandy shale stringers. Common plant remains. Gradational top. Delta plain.
LA/LSA, light gray, very well sorted, m/c to c, common plant remains, well thick laminated, subrounded to
rounded. Gradational/sharp top. Delta front. Coarsening upward with underlying bed.
LSA/LA, gray, vf-f, upward to f/m, to f/c, thin 1-3 cm shale and siltstone layers, very well laminated. Gradational top.
Shale, olive gray, well thin laminated, pure, upward to silty. Common plant remains. Noncalcareous. Sharp/gradational top.
3
Wstr3
LSA/LA, vf-f, upward to f/m, thin well laminated. Common plant remains. Sharp top. Distal delta front.
Shale, olive gray to maroon, thin platy, common plant remains. No slickensides, very well laminated. Upward siltier. Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, maroon, sparse small slickensides, sparse plant remains, thick, short plates. Locally silty and sandy.
Sharp top. Delta plain.
LSA/LW, olive gray, f-c/vc, poorly to moderately sorted, upward to muddy LW, thick laminated, sparse plant remains. Fining
upward. Gradational top. Delta plain, distributary channel, crevasse splay.
s8-24
2
Wstr2
1m
s8-25
Wstr1
0
Base of Wutonggou low-order cycle
Shale, dark gray, grayish black in lower part, upward to dark gray, to gray, very well laminated, common carbon
films, some discontinuous poorly-defined slickensides. Upward siltier. Sharp/erosional (?) top. Delta plain.
S8-24 could well be a bentonite.
Shale, maroon to olive gray, well laminated. Lower part pure, thin laminated, upward to slightly sandy to
siltstone, some plant remains. Gradational top. Delta plain.
LSA, brownish gray, well laminated, f/m, well sorted. Gradational top. Transgressive (?).
LA/LSA, gray, very well thin laminated, coarsening upward from vf, f, m, m/c, to c/m, very well sorted, subrounded to rounded, noncalcareous. Probable ripple laminated. Possible tiny plant remains. gradational
top. Distal delta front or delta front fringe.
Shale, olive gray to maroonish gray, thin laminated, upward to medium-thick laminated, very well laminated,
pure to slightly silty, possible sparse plant remains. Gradational top.
Mudstone, gray to dark gray, uniform color, rare small Fe pisoids, thick discontinuous clay films, common
small slickensides. Peds 1-2 cm, subrounded. AB(?), Gleyed? Sharp, undulating erosional surface as a parallel unconformity separating QZJ and WTG LCs.
Mudstone, variegated maroon, purple, green, gray, wedge-prismatic-columnal peds, 1-10 cm in size, weaklyto noncalcareous. Common Fe
pisoids (less than below), thick clayfilms, but less prominent, smaller slickensides than below. Sharp/gradational top.
Mudstone, gray to purplish gray, sparse small slickensides, less and thinner clay films. Still abundant Fe
pisoids. Peds smaller (?) than below. Sharp/gradational top. Gleyed Spodosol (?).
Mudstone, maroon, purple, variegated with green. Large slickensides, angular, cm-size peds, abundant
Fe pisoids. Sharp/gradational top.
Mudstone, variegated maroon, green, gray, lower part, shale/mudstone, pervasively slickensided, peds prismatic, angular, 1-10 cm in size. Illuvial clay lining ped surfaces. Basal part with remnant bedding. Gradational
top.
Shale, silty, slightly variegated maroon and greenish gray, spare/rare small slickensides. Medium-thin laminated. Some plant remains. Gradational top.
Qstr42
s8-23
Bentonite, olive greenish gray, basal 2 cm black, flaky, slippery, ductile, heterogeneous. Sharp top.
Mudstone, greenish, maroonish gray, not dark gray as below (lower vadose?), variegated. No Fe pisoids.
Large, thick slickensided surfaces with thick clay films and rounded corners, slickensides smaller upward.
Peds rounded to subrounded, cm in size, upward decreasing in size, weakly calcareous. Sharp top. Top of
Paleosol. BS (stacked Spodosol and Argillisol?).
Mudstone, gray to dark gray, angular to subangular peds, cms in size, abundant 1-10 mm Fe-pisoids,
small slickensides (cm) common. Thick clay films than below. sharp top. Gleyed in phreatic conditions?
s8-22: 50 cm above base.
Mudstone, light maroon upward to grayish maroon, to gray, a color transition zone. Pervasively slickensided.
Abundant multi-directional slickensides, cm-size, illuvial clay films lining slickensides. First appearance of
Fe-pisoids, dark gray to brownish yellow, 1-10 mm, sparse/rare at base, upward to common. Weakly calcareous. Peds elongate to wedge, cms in size. Slightly silty shale as parent rock. Gradational top.
Shale, maroon, silty vs pure interbeds, granular, angular 1-5 cm blocks, noncalcareous, no slickensides.
Upward less silty. Sharp top.
s8-20: 50 cm below the top.
LW, sandy shale, siltstone interbeds, maroon, thick laminated, LW poorly to moderately well sorted. Common mud chips. Gradational top.
Conglomerate, granule to fine pebble, upward to conglomeratic LSA, c-vc, to LSA/LW, m-vc, rounded mud chips throughout. Light gray, olive gray in upper 30 cm. Fining upward in sand and clast size
and abundance. Well bedded, large, low-angle, tabular and trough x-beds. Sharp/gradational top.
Qstr41
Quanzijie LC
SE Tarlong
high-order cycle
#40 (Qstr40)
Shale, pure to silty, maroon, thin platy to small blocky, noncalcareous, no slickensides. Sharp/erosional (?)
top.
LW/LSA, maroon, thick laminated, some mud chips, moderately to moderately well sorted, m-vc. Gradational top.
64
30
LW, dark purple, olive greenish gray, m-c, upward muddier and upward fining. Gradational/sharp top. Deltaplain.
Conglomerate and conglomeratic LSA interbeds, gray to olive gray. Conglomerate: granule to fine pebble
(<2 cm). LSA, c/vc, fining upward to m-vc. Overall fining upward in sand size and maximum clast size (to
< 1 cm). Gradational top. Delta front.
s8-28
29
28
Wstr15
Shale, greenish gray, sandy and silty, thick laminated, common plant remains. Sharp/gradational top. Proximal prodeltaic (?).
LSA/LW, greenish gray, moderately to moderately well sorted, m-vc, some granule and fine pebble,
abundant angular, some subrounded, mud chips, 1-10 mm, abundant plant remains, mm size. Dirty. Gradational top. Low-energy transgressive lag (?).
Shale, dark purplish gray to grayish purple, silty, siltstone, fining upward from vf LW, to siltstone, to sandy
shale, to silty sale. Thick platy, common plant remains. Sharp top.
27
Wstr14
26
25
LSA/LW, olive gray to greenish gray, fining upward from c/vc, granular LW to muddy LW, m-c, common plant
remains, poorly to moderately well sorted. Upper part some scattered granular to < 1 cm pebbles. Thick
laminated. Gradational top. distributary CF.
Switch to east upslope for ~50 m, on middle-upper slope.
Shale, olive gray, thick to thin plates, silty, some illuvial clay films. Common plant remains. Covered top,
probably sharp/erosional. Deltaplain (?).
LSA, olive gray, f-m, moderately well to well sorted. Common plant remains. Sharp/gradational top.
Shale, gray to dark gray, thin plates, common plant remains. Gradational top. Prodeltaic in embayment.
Wstr13
LSA/LA, yellowish green/gray, well to very well sorted, f-m, coarsening upward to m/c, abundant mm-size plant remains on bedding plane.
Sharp top.
Shale, maroon to olive gray, pure in lower part, silty to siltstone in middle-upper parts. Gradational top.
Wstr12 24
Conglomerate, yellowish gray, clast supported, undulating convex top, c/vc sand matrix, clasts 1-3 cm, maximum 15 cm, imbricated. Some large shale clasts. Uppermost 15 cm, m-vc LSA with siltstone stringers.
Sharp/gradational top. Coarsening upward with underlying bed. Delta front as a whole (3 beds).
Small deltas in embayment
23
22
s8-27
21
Wstr11
Lower part, maroon silty shale and siltstone, vf sandstone interbeds for ~40 cm. Upper part, well laminated and bedded LSA/LA, m, m/c, very well to well sorted. Apparent low-angle tabular x-beds. Thins to west
80 m down slope. Sharp/erosional (?) top.
Conglomerate, gray, granule to fine pebble clasts, clast supported. Gradational top.
Switch upslope to east for ~80 m to mid slope, where 1 conglomerate (~1 m thick) splits into 3 units.
20
19
Wstr10
18
Shale, maroon, very well laminated, sparse to common plant remains on bedding plane, noncalcareous,
thin angular plates, pure. Uppermost 10 cm, papery, vf to c-silt sandstone/shale. Sharp/erosional (?) top.
Prodeltaic.
LA, maroonish gray, f-m, very well sorted, basal 5 cm abundant angular-subrounded mud chips. Subrounded grains. No
clear grain size trend. Clean. Sharp top. Transgressive lag.
Shale, gray, greenish gray, brownish gray, very well laminated, sandy pockets in basal part, probably burrowed. Abundant plant remains, thin to medium plates. Uppermost 10 cm dark gray, probably gleyed. Sharp
top. Embayment or lower deltaplain.
LSA/LA, greenish gray, coarsening upward from vf/c-silt to f, f/m, to m/c, well sorted, very well laminated.
Sharp top. Delta front fringe.
Shale, dark gray to greenish gray, silty to siltstone, thick platy, common plant remains. Uppermost 10 cm,
blackish gray, very well laminated, carbonaceous (?), scattered sand grains. Sharp/gradational top. Lakeplain, non-paleosol. Deepening upward from deltaplain to shoreline?
Wstr9
17
Mudstone, greenish gray, granular blocks, no Fe pisoids, no slickensides. Sharp top. A horizon of a Spodosol.
Mudstone, greenish gray, thin discontinuous clay films, no slickensides. Fe pisoids common, upward to
sparse, less well developed upward, small 1-3 mm. Gradational top. AB of a Spodosol.
16
Mudstone, yellowish greenish gray, variegated, thick illuvial clay films, pervasive slickensides, abundant
Fe pisoids mm-2 cm in size. Gradational top.
15
LW, grayish maroon, m-c, thick laminated, upper part slickensided with illuvial clays, sparse Fe pisoids in upper 10 cm.
Coarsening upward from f to c, also from underlying bed. Gradational/sharp top. Bayhead small delta or crevasse
splay.
Shale, maroon, silty, sandy (in places), very well laminated, thin to medium plates. Some f LSA/LA stringers in upper and middle parts. Gradational/sharp top. Prodeltaic or embayment fill.
14
Wstr8
LSA-LW, granular, well bedded and thick laminated, moderately to moderately well sorted, m-vc, subrounded. Mud chips common. Overall fining upward from c/vc to m/c, muddier upward. Sharp/gradational top.
Delta plain.
13
Conglomerate, gray, overall coarsening upward by maximum clast size, granule/fine pebble to ~5
cm. Apparent large low-angle x-beds. Lower part with m-vc LSA stringers. Common shale clasts,
up to 3 cm, angular to rounded. Clasts well to subrounded. Some/common tuffaceous LSA clasts,
rounded, 1-2 cm, similar to sandstones in the HYC LC. Clasts imbricated, c-vc sand matrix, moderately well sorted, subrounded to rounded. Sharp/gradational top. Delta front.
12
11
Shale, sandy, gray to yellowish grayish maroon, thick to medium platy, with thin f sandstone laminae. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic to delta
front transition.
Shale, yellowish greenish gray, light olive gray, very well thin laminated, angular thin plates. Pure, scattered plant remains. Noncalcareous. Gradational top.
Wstr7
10
Mudstone/shale, maroon to gray stripes, silty, siltstone, sparse slickensides, increasingly massive upward,
small subangular to subrounded blocks. Sharp top.
65
Wstr30 50
Mudstone, dark purplish gray, pervasive clay films, sparse slickensides, some plant remains. Erosional/sharp top. Overbank, Bt.
49
Wstr29
Conglomerate, granular, upward to conglomeratic LSA, to LSA, to LW, greenish gray to olive gray,
sandstone dominant, some shale clasts and plant remains, apparently tabular x-bedded. Pervasive clay films and tubules. Gradational top. Channel fill. Bt.
LSA/LW, greenish gray, f-m, moderately to moderately well sorted, well thick laminated, some clay films
and mud chips. Common plant remains. Erosional/sharp top. Upper point bar.
Mudstone/shale, gray to dark gray, common clay films and tubules, sparse slickensides, some plant
remains. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
48
LW, f-m, olive green gray, thick blocky, common clay films. Common plant remains, some mud chips,
poorly to moderately sorted. Gradational top.
Wstr28
Shale/mudstone, dark olive gray, similar to below. Sharp top. Proto-Argillisol.
47
Wstr27 46
Wstr26
45
Wstr25
LW, greenish gray, f, f/m, poorly to moderately sorted, common plant remains, sparse clay films/tubules, and slickensides.
Gradational top.
Shale/mudstone, dark olive gray, silty, short platy/blocky, sparse clay films (some are tubular as infill of
root molds and elongate, others are sheet as lining of ped surfaces, same in this and underlying shales
with clay films). Sharp top. Lakeplain.
LW, f-m, olive green gray, sparse clay films and slickensides, poorly to moderately sorted, thick laminated,
Gradational top.
Shale, LW, siltstone, dark gray, abundant plant remains. Lower part very sandy, c-vc sand grains floating in
mud matrix. 2-3 successions of fining upward intervals of c-vc LW (20-40 cm thick), upward to sandy shale
and silty shale. Thick laminated. Overall fining upward from LW to sandy and silty well laminated. Uppermost part sparse slickensides, discontinuous clay films. Sharp/gradational top. Overbank successions.
44
Wstr24
43
Conglomerate, light gray, granule to 10 cm clasts, shale and sandstone clasts 10-20%. scattered small
to large (40 cm long, 15 cm thick) carbonized trunks. Abundant mm-1 cm carbonized plant fragments.
Abundant plant remains. Fining upward in clast size and sand (c-vc) matrix/content. Sandstone, (1/31/2)upper part, LSA upward to LW, c-vc, poorly to moderately well sorted, granular to fine pebble, common mud chips. Overall fining upward. Gradational top.
42
Wstr23
LW, green, m-vc, upward muddier, to very sandy shale, poorly to very poorly sorted, common plant remains.
Well thick laminated and bedded. Erosional top with 10s cm relief. Lake plain.
41
Wstr22
Wstr21 40
Shale, silty, dense, thick laminated, sparsely sandy with m-c sand grains, much less than below, maroon. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
Shale, silty, dense, thick laminated, moderately to very sandy with m-c sand grains, floating in mud. Common mud chips, tabular, angular, 1-20 mm in size. Rare to no plant remains. Mottled with green spots (plant rootlets?). Possible illuvial clay films
and rootlets. Blocky, wedge/prismatic peds, 5-10 cm, smaller in top 10 cm. Gradational top. Protosol, lakeplain.
LSA/LA, olive green to gray, f to lm, very well sorted, sparse to common subangular to subrounded, mm size mud chips. Thin
to medium well laminated. Sharp top. Transgressive lag, or lakeshore.
Shale, gray, silty, sandy with f-m grains, well laminated, common plant remains, sparse slickensides, thin
discontinuous clay films in upper part. Sharp top. Overbank.
Wstr20
39
Wstr19
38
LW, yellowish greenish gray, m-vc, poorly to moderately sorted, common plant remains. Gradational top.
Siltstone, silty shale, with vf LSA stringers, olive gray, overall sandier upward, abundant plant remains, well
thin to medium laminated. some mud chips. Sharp top. Bay. Shallowing upward to deltaplain.
LSA, yellowish greenish gray, f/m, coarsening upward to m-c, to c/vc. Lower part with cm-thick maroon
shale/siltstone stringers. Basal 10 cm, thick platy siltstone, silty shale with abundant plant remains. Gradational top. Prodeltaic of bay delta (?).
LW, vf/f, upward to siltstone, silty shale, greenish gray, common to abundant plant remains. sharp top.
LW/LSA, olive green to gray, fining upward from m/c to f/m, to f, some mud chips, common plant remains, well thick laminated. Gradational top. Crevasse splay.
Wstr18
LW, vf, siltstone, sandy shale, yellowish green-gray, common to abundant plant remains. Overall fining
upward. Floodplain.
37
LSA, upward to LW, olive green-gray, fining upward from m/c to f/m, common/abundant plant remains, well thick
laminated and bedded. Moderately to poorly sorted, some mud chips, noncalcareous. Gradational top. Overbank.
LW/LSA, vf-f and siltstone, c-siltstone, fining upward, dark olive gray, abundant plant remains, locally sandy,
poorly to moderately sorted, well thick laminated and bedded. Sharp top.
Wstr17
s8-29
36
35
LSA/LW, dark gray to greenish gray, common to abundant mm size plant remains, we thick laminated, subangular to subrounded. Fining upward from m/c to f/m. Gradational top. Floodplain.
Conglomerate, light gray upward to yellowish green in upper part. Conglomeratic LSA in uppermost 50 cm,
upward to LW, m-vc, moderately to poorly sorted, subrounded. Clasts igneous, chert, common shale and
sandstone; clast size fining upward overall, ranging from granule to 20 cm, 1-4 cm common, imbricated or
parallel to bedding plane, c/vc sand matrix, fining upward or coarsening upward beds of 10s of cm thick.
Gradational/sharp top. Channel fill.
Switch to east for ~ 50 m up slope.
Wstr16
34
LSA/LW, purple, olive gray, fining upward from vf LW to siltstone, silty shale, angular plates, sparse to
common small discontinuous clay films and slickensides. Crude prismatic peds in upper part.
Sharp/erosional (?) top.
33
Shale, olive gray to green, upper part purple gray layers. Lower part, f LW, upward to siltstone, to silty shale;
upper part, shale, common plant remains in places, small slickensides in middle to upper parts. Monotonic.
Thin platy to blocky, short plates, subangular to subrounded. Sharp/gradational top.
32
31
30
66
70
69
68
Shale, silty, sandy, LW, very muddy, overall coarsening upward, olive gray, thick laminated,
common to abundant plant remains. Lower 20 cm common mud chips. Basal 30 cm f-vf
LW/LSA as transgressive lag. Sharp top. Proximal prodeltaic.
67
Wstr37 66
LW/LSA, upward to LW, muddier, brownish gray, blocky, pervasive but thin illuvial clay. Overall
fining and muddier upward, poorly to very poorly sorted, probably due to illuviation. Granular in
lower part. Sharp/gradational top as a transgressive surface. Channel fill.
Shale, gray, sandy, platy, sparse clay films, common plant remains (R-C horizon, not a
paleosol). Upper part 15 cm, mudstone, common clay tubules, sandy and silty (Bt). Sharp top.
Mudstone/shale, lower part, dark olive gray, sparse clay films, silty. Upper part, yellowish
green to gray, red, very sandy, common clay films, common to abundant Fe pisoids, increasing upward. Sharp top. BS.
65
LSA/LW in lower part, upward to LSA/LA, granule to fine pebble conglomerate interbeds, light
gray, basal 15 cm c-vc LSA/LW, upward to conglomerate, c-vc sand matrix. Sharp/gradational
top.
64
Covered. Top is the base of the delta front
conglomerate.
63
LSA, gray, with maroon stripes, coarsening
upward from f/m to m/c to c/vc with granules,
moderately well to well sorted, well laminated,
common plant remains. Gradational top.
Prodeltaic to distal delta front.
Wstr36 62
Shale, silty, dark gray to blackish gray, abundant plat
remains, thin to thick plates. Sharp/gradational top.
Maximum transgressive deposits.
LSA/LA, yellowish gray, m-c, moderately sorted,
common to abundant plant remains, well thinmedium laminated. Sparse mud chips. Sharp top.
Transgressive lag.
61
Shale, silty, sandy, siltstone, f-vf LW,
dark gray, well thick laminated, common to abundant plant remains. Overall fining upward.
LW/LSA, gray, f-m, moderately well
sorted, well laminated and bedded,
some plant remains. Gradational top.
Conglomerate, light gray, granular
to pebbly (<= 5 cm), fining and
coarsening upward layers 10s cm
thick, no clear trend of pebble size.
Clasts well rounded, some (1020%) sedimentary clasts.
Gradational/sharp top.
60
Wstr35 59
LSA, light gray, c-vc, granular, moderately to moderately well sorted,
well laminated. Sharp/erosional top.
Upper point bar.
Wstr34
Shale, silty, maroon, thin laminated. Sharp/erosional top.
58
Wstr33
LW, purplish gray, m-vc, poorly to moderately sorted, some plant remains. Fining or muddier upward. Gradational top. Crevasse splay.
Mudstone, shale, silty, upward purer. Some clay films and sparse slickensides. Sharp top.
57
LSA, light gray in lower 60 cm, fining upward from c/vc - m/c to m/f, muddier, to LW in the upper part.
Some clay tubules and mud chips. Middle part, well sorted LA layers. Overall fining upward from c/vc LSA
to f LW, well sorted, with laminae of f-grained magnetite. Some plant remains. Gradational top.
56
Conglomerate, gray, granular to fine pebble of 1-3 cm, fining upward to granular, to conglomeratic c-vc LSA.
Gradational top.
Base is the starting point of measurement up to northern ridge line in a section to east in order to find a
matching point to east.
Wstr32
55
Wstr31
Shale/mudstone, dark purplish gray, sparse clay films and slickensides. Lower part very sand (c-vc sand grains), upward
less sandy. Sharp/erosional top. Floodplain.
LW, gray, c-vc, upward muddier, m-c, moderately to moderately well sorted, worse upward, dense, thick laminated. Angular
blocky and platy. Gradational top. Crevasse splay.
Mudstone, yellowish purple in lower part, olive gray in upper part. Common, small 1-2 mm Fe pisoids. No
to sparse clay films. Sharp top. BS.
54
Mudstone/shale, dark olive gray, clay films and tubules throughout, but locally concentrated in middle part.
Sparse slickensides. Fine (<1 cm) subrounded peds. Some plant remains. Sharp/gradational top. Bt.
53
LW, greenish gray, f-m, moderately to moderately well sorted, abundant clay tubules. Gradational top.
Mudstone, silty, olive gray, abundant clay-filled tubules. Gradational/sharp top. Overbank, Bt.
52
LW/LSA, gray, fining upward from m/c to f/m, moderately to moderately well sorted, common plant
remains, thick laminated and well bedded. Noncalcareous, upper part abundant clay tubules and blocky.
Gradational top. Upper point bar, Bt.
s8-30
51
LSA, yellowish green gray, fining upward from granule, vc/c, to m-c LSA, well laminated and bedded, some
mud chips and common plant remains. Gradational top.
Conglomerate, gray, fining upward from pebble (3-5 cm) to granule. Some shale and sandstone clasts,
igneous common, well rounded. Gradational top.
Switch down slope ~30 to the west.
Wstr30 50
Mudstone, dark purplish gray, pervasive clay films, sparse slickensides, some plant remains. Erosional/sharp top. Overbank, Bt.
67
Wstr44
90
89
Shale, maroon, silty, sandy, fining upward. Angular plates, well laminated. Sharp top.
LSA, lower part gray, upper part maroon, fining upward from c/vc to f/vf, well laminated. Lower
part, poorly to moderately well sorted, upper part moderately well to well sorted.
Gradational/sharp top.
Conglomerate, gray, laterally persistent for at least 150 m (so are the underlying two units).
Clasts rounded to subrounded, 10 cm maximum, 1-4 cm common in lower 50 cm. Clasts multidirectionally imbricated to random. Basal 10-20 cm commonly coarsening upward (revers
graded). Overall fining upward to conglomeratic (granule to fine pebble) c/vc LSA. Gradational
top. Channel fill or delta front.
88
Shale, maroon, pure, thin angular plates, no or sparse slickensides. Sharp/erosional(?) top.
Prodeltaic or floodplain.
Wstr43
87
Mudstone, greenish gray, leached, f, granular, 1-2 cm peds, rounded. Lower part, common clay
films, decreasing upward to sparse. Sharp top. Gleyed, or AB.
Mudstone, silty, sandy, maroon, pervasively illuvial, thick clay films, common slickensides.
Sharp/gradational top. Bt.
LW, LSA, gray, LW dominant, variably f, m-c, c/vc, 1-10 cm units. Common plant remains,
weakly to moderately calcareous. Dense, moderately well to poorly sorted. Uppermost 50 cm,
sparse clay tubules and films, increasing upward to common. Gradational top.
86
85
Conglomerate, light gray to gray, granule to fine pebble with c/vc LSA stringers in lower half,
fining upward with reduced clasts and smaller clasts. Some shale clasts. Upper half fining
upward from conglomeratic c/vc LSA, to m-c, to m-f, to f, thick laminated, well bedded, common plant remains and magnetite. Gradational top. Channel fill.
84
Wstr42
83
Shale, grayish maroon, upward to maroon, basal 10 cm sandy, common plant remains,
upward less plant remains, sparse upward to common clay films in top 20 cm. Silty, platy to
blocky. Top 10 cm, dense, very calcareous, well cemented, probably diagenetic cementation
between shale/mudstone and overlying conglomerate. Sharp/erosional top. Deltaplain.
82
LA/LSA, gray, greenish gray, coarsening upward from f, to f/m, to m/c, very well sorted, subrounded to rounded, well medium to thick laminated, common plant remains.
Sharp/gradational top. Lakeshore, delta front.
81
Wstr41
80
Shale, dark olive gray, lower 10 cm, pure, fissile, upward to silty, to siltstone, with some plant
remains. sharp/gradational top.
Shale, yellowish gray, sandy at lower part, variably silty. Common plant remains, sparse clay
films. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
LSA, gray, f-m, moderately well sorted, thick laminated, common plant remains. Gradational top.
Wstr40 79
Shale, yellowish green to gray, well laminated, silty, upward to sandy with f sands, common
plant remains. Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, gray, olive gray, yellowish gray, variably silty and sandy, common plant remains, sparse
to common clay films (mainly sparse). Basal 10 cm fining upward from sandy shale, to silty
shale. Lakeplain, shallow bay.
78
77
LSA/LA, gray, f-m, well thick laminated, magnetite rich, very well sorted. Coarsening upward
from f, f/m, to m/c. Sharp/gradational top. Delta front.
76
Wstr39
s8-33
75
s8-32
74
Shale, greenish gray, dark gray, maroonish gray, well thin laminated, variably sandy with fine
sand grains, siltstone, abundant to common plant remains. Uppermost 20 cm coarsening
upward from silty shale, to siltstone, to vf LW. Some dark gray plant rich laminae. Gradational
top. Bay fill.
Shale, black, carbonaceous, also illuvial clay, mm laminae of concentrated plant remains.
Sharp top. 2 cm thick.
Shale, silty, common to abundant plant remains, sparse clay films, grayish maroon, green gray,
some siltstone beds. Crude fining upward from vf/f LW at base. Sharp/gradational top. Delta
plain.
LSA/LA, gray, f-m, m-c, very well sorted, interbeds, no clear grain size trend, slightly fining
upward in top 20 cm, well thick laminated. Abundant black heavy minerals (magnetite), very
well sorted. Sparse plant remains. Gradational top. Coarsening upward from underlying bed.
High wave energy delta front or distal delta front.
73
Shale, silty, upward to sandy, siltstone, to vf LSA, gray to dark gray, abundant plant remains,
well thin to medium laminated. Gradational top. Prodeltaic, distal delta front.
Shale, dark gray, silty to pure, abundant plant remains, thin laminated. Gradational top. Maximum transgressive.
Wstr38 72
71
Shale, silty, siltstone, dark gray, common plant remains, thin to medium laminated. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Mudstone, yellowish greenish gray to greenish yellow, lower part, abundant clay films and Fe
pisoids, upper part, common Fe pisoids, common to sparse clay films. Sandy and silty, dense,
blocky. Sharp top as a transgressive surface. BS.
LW, muddy, mudstone, sandy, f-granule, dark maroon, dense, blocky, abundant clay films. sharp top. Bt
Conglomerate, light gray in lower 3/4, conglomeratic LSA, grayish maroon in upper 1/4, granule
to fine pebble clasts. Lower 3/4 has no clear grain size trend, c-vc sand matrix, common plant
remains, upper 1/4 has sparse to common clay films and tubules, increasing upward, upward to
LW. Sharp top. Delta front, exposed later.
70
68
Wstr56 10
LSA/LW, gray, coarsening upward from f to c/vc, moderately to moderately well sorted, well thick laminated and bedded.
Some plant remains. Sharp/gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, vf LSA, coarsening upward, common plant remains. Gradational top.
LW, gray, moderately to moderately well sorted, thick laminated. Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, silty, sandy. Gradational top.
LA/LSA, f/m, thick laminated, very well sorted, common mud chips. Sharp top. Transgressive lag.
Wstr55
Shale, maroon, silty, platy. A 10-cm LW, m-c, in the middle, forming a fining upward succession in middle
and upper parts. Sharp top.
LW, olive gray, m-c, fining upward to f, poorly to moderately sorted, common plant remains. Gradational top. Lakeplain.
Wstr57
Shale, silty, maroon, very well laminated. Sharp top. Deltaplain.
9
Wstr54
Lower part, LSA/LW, light gray, well laminated, common plant remains, coarsening upward from f to f/m,
to m/c. Upper part, conglomeratic LSA, c-vc, upward to sandy conglomerate, granule to fine pebble, some
purple shale clasts. Sharp top.
Shale, gray to olive gray, elongate, angular plates, common plant remains. Basal 10 cm coarsening upward to silty shale and
siltstone. Gradational top.
Mudstone, yellowish green, 1-2 cm peds, abundant Fe pisoids in lower part, maximum 1 cm in
size, decreasing upward in size to mm and in abundance to common. Pervasive thick clay
films. Sharp/erosional (?). BS.
Wstr53
8
Shale, silty, siltstone, sandy shale, greenish gray, variably sandy. A 10 cm m-f LW in middle,
forming a fining upward succession. Sparse clay tubules and film in lower part. Upper 60 cm,
clay films and tubules increase upward from common to pervasive. Sharp top.
7
Wstr52
6
Lower part, shale, dark olive gray, upward to gray. Upper part is mudstone/shale and has two
subdivisions: Lower part LW, sandy shale, silty shale, fining upward, sparse clay tubules and
films, upper part, variably silty and sandy, mudstone/shale, upward increasing clay tubules
and films from sparse to common to abundant. Sharp top. Bt.
5
4
3
Conglomerate and LSA, greenish gray, granule to 1-2 cm pebbles, overall coarsening
upward from m/c conglomeratic LSA to fine pebble conglomerate. Some purple to gray
sandstone and shale clasts. Sharp top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, LW, f (dominant). Lower part, gray, upper part purplish gray, platy, common to abundant plant remains. LW, moderately to poorly sorted. Uppermost 20 cm, angular
platy maroon shale, dense, pure shale and uniform silty shale, maybe deeper prodeltaic
deposits. Sharp/gradational contact between lower and upper parts, sharp top.
Wstr51
LW, c siltstone, intercalated with silty shale, f-f/m, moderately sorted, abundant plant remains.
Upper part, sparse thin clay films. Overall crudely fining upward. Well laminated and bedded.
Gradational top. Shallow bay fill.
2
Wstr50
s8-34
1
Wstr49
LSA/LA, gray, coarsening upward from f to m/c, lower part plant rich, well to very well sorted, well laminated and bedded.
Sharp/gradational top. Delta front.
Shale, siltstone, gray to dark gray, lower part very rich in plant remains. Coarsening upward from silty shale, siltstone to vf LSA.
Gradational top. Prodeltaic to distal delta front.
LSA, greenish gray, coarsening upward from f/vf to m/c, moderately well to well sorted, well laminated and bedded. Uppermost 5 cm rich in plant remains, mm-3 cm in size. Gradational top. Distal delta front.
Shale, maroon, platy, well thick laminated, sandy. Gradational top. Proximal prodeltaic.
LA, gray, c-vc, very well sorted, capping conglomerate below. Well bedded, Sharp top. Reworked, transgressive.
Conglomerate, gray, no clear grain size trend, granule to 5-cm pebbles, c/vc sand matrix, clast supported. Sharp top.
LSA, gray, coarsening upward from f/vf to c/vc, moderately well to well sorted, well laminated and bedded, common to abundant plant remains. Sharp/gradational top. Lower delta front.
Shale, maroon, pure. Maximum transgressive prodeltaic deposits.
Wstr48
100 m
LSA, gray, platy, common plant remains, well laminated, slightly fining upward from m-c to m, moderately
well to well sorted. Sharp top. Transgressive lag, lakeshore.
Shale, pure, gray, long plates. Sharp top. Transgressive shoreline or gleyed.
Shale, silty, sandy in lower part. Maroon. Sharp top.
Wstr47
Conglomerate, granule to fine pebble in lower part, LSA/LW, well laminated in upper part. Fining upward from c/vc to m/c,
some plant remains. Conglomerate clasts granule to 1-2 m, well rounded. Gradational top.
99
98
Shale, sandy, silty, LW dominant, dark gray, gray, olive gray stripes, poorly to very poorly
sorted, common plant remains, sparse to no clay films. LW, f-m, poorly sorted. Sharp erosional top.
Shale, maroon, variably silty, sandy, siltstone, overall fining upward to silty shale/mudstone.
Upward increasing clay films and slickensides from sparse to common. Platy, scattered to common plant remains. Sharp/gradational top.
97
96
Conglomerate, light gray, granule 1-2 cm pebbles, well rounded, no clear grain size trend,
c/vc sand matrix, clast supported. Some sand and shale (purple) clasts. Apparent large tabular x-beds. Sharp/gradational top.
95
Shale, maroon, pure, top veneer sandy, basal veneer silty, elongate and angular plates, No
plant remains, noncalcareous. Sharp/gradational top. Maximum transgressive, prodeltaic.
Wstr46
94
Conglomerate, light gray, c/vc sand matrix, uniform clast size 1-10 mm, very well rounded. Sharp/gradational top. Probably
transgressive shoreline pebbles.
Shale, maroon to olive gray, silty and sandy, sparse to common plant remains, noncalcareous, well laminated. Sparse clay
films. Sharp/erosional top.
LW, olive gray, fining upward from m/c to f/m, poorly to moderately sorted, sparse to common
plant remains, weakly calcareous. Sparse clay films. Gradational top.
93
Wstr45 92
91
Shale, silty, sandy, maroon, common to sparse slickensides and clay films. Sharp top.
Shale/mudstone, maroon, few stringers of sandyshale/LW, 10-20 cm thick. Mudstone, granular blocky, common multidirectional slickensides and clayfilms. Non to weaklycalcareous. Sharp top. ProtoArgillisol.
LSA/LW, gray, greenish gray, units of variable grain size, m/c, m-f, f-vf, overall fining upward,
moderately to moderately well sorted, sparse clay films and tubules. Common plant remains.
Gradational top.
p8-13: close up of a green-gray clay tube.
Shale, silty, sandy, sparse clay films, olive gray. Sharp top.
LSA/LW, greenish gray in lower 3/4, maroon to gray in upper 1/4. Lower part variable grain size
of interbedded units of m/c, c/vc, f/m, and f. Overall fining upward from m/c to f/vf, moderately
to moderately well sorted, scattered plant remains. Upper part, scattered clay films and tubules,
slightly increasing upward. Gradational top. Distributary channel fill.
Wstr44
90
89
Shale, maroon, silty, sandy, fining upward. Angular plates, well laminated. Sharp top.
LSA, lower part gray, upper part maroon, fining upward from c/vc to f/vf, well laminated. Lower
part, poorly to moderately well sorted, upper part moderately well to well sorted.
Gradational/sharp top.
Conglomerate, gray, laterally persistent for at least 150 m (so are the underlying two units).
Clasts rounded to subrounded, 10 cm maximum, 1-4 cm common in lower 50 cm. Clasts multidirectionally imbricated to random. Basal 10-20 cm commonly coarsening upward (revers
graded). Overall fining upward to conglomeratic (granule to fine pebble) c/vc LSA. Gradational
top. Channel fill or delta front.
69
3 fining-upward couplets of granular sandstone and sandstone, light greenish-gray. granules are well rounded (max 2 cm). Sandstones are LSA/LW, f-c, m dominant, moderately-moderately well sorted. Sharp base.
30
Shale and LA. Shale, maroon, very well laminated, pure. LA, light greenish-gray, f-m, subrounded-rounded, very well sorted.
laterally persistent for ~20-30m.
Shale, light purplish-gray, thin-laminae, slightly silty. Coarsening upward to siltstone/vf sandstone, then to
sandy siltstone.
GW8-2 29
28
Wstr65
27
Transgressive deposits may be faulted (?).
Mudstone, maroon, thick clay film, abundant Fe-pisoids (1-5 cm), many slickenslides. Gradates upward to
fewer and smaller Fe-pisoids but more slickenslides.
26
Wstr64
25
LSA, purplish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-well rouned, thin-beded. Common sandy mud chips. Root
molds (max 7 cm long normal to bedding). Muddier upward, change to LW, still see root molds, upward to
muddy LW, to sandy mudstone.
Mudstone, brownish-gray. Common slickenslides, sparse Fe-pisoids (3-5 mm), thin clay film. The uppermost part, no Fe-pisoids, no slickenslides and clay film, blocky, maroon, some plant remains. sandy and
silty.
24
Silty shale, maroon, slightly sandy. Thin laminae gradate upward to thick laminae. Non-calcareous, no plant
remains, no pedogenesis feature.
23
Wstr63 22
LA/LSA, greenish-gray, f-m, well-sorted, subrounded-rounded, thin-laminated. Fining upward to brownish-gray f LSA (lens,
~1.5 m wide; 2 m to the west there is another one with undulated base). Erosional undulated base.
A fining-upward unit. lower part: f LA/LSA, very well sorted, well rounded, thick lamination, common mud chips (sandsized). Upper part: Shale, maroon, thin lamination, partly platy, common sand grains, non-calcareous.
Silty shale, maroon, sparsely sandy, thick laminae, no plant remain, no pedogenasis feature, noncalcareous.
21
20
Siltstone, brownish-gray, muddy, sparse vc sands and granules, common f-m sands, no lamination.
LW, brownish-gray, very muddy, subrounded-well rounded, f-vc, poorly sorted, sparse granules. Noncalcareous.
LSA, brownish-gray, f-vc, sparse granules, poorly-moderately sorted, subrounded-rounded
LA, greenish-gray, conglomeratic, f-c/vc, poorly-moderately sorted, subangular-subrounded. Clasts are granule-fine pebble, rounded-well rounded.
Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. This interval is overall fining upward from conglomerate to conglomeratic vc sandstone, to coarse sandstone; consists of several fining upward units.
Clasts are well rounded to very well rounded, fining and lessening upward. Common mud chips
(max ~2cm). Upper part LA, moderately to well sorted, well rounded.
19
Wstr62 18
Mudstone, purple. Thick clay film, cm-sized peds, common slickensides, abundant green root mold. Common Fe-pisoids in upper part. Well-developed paleosol. Laterally persistent for ~100 m.
17
Wstr61 16
LW and shale. Lower part: LW, purple, m-f/vf, common mud chips, f-m, sparse c/vc grain. Upper part:
shale, purple, sandy, sparse c-vc sand grains.
LSA and silty shale, A fining upward interval from m to f/vf, to siltstone, to shale. Purple, sandstone well-sorted, subrounded to rounded; shale, pure, sparse sand/silt grains.
Sandstone, purple, greenish-gray. vf/f, very well laminated. very well sorted.
Silty shale, purple, uniform color, sparsely see medium sized sand. Well laminated.
Conglomeratic lithic-arenite. Light-gray. Coarsening up from medium to coarse/very-coarse. Max clast
size increases upward (granule to fine pebble, rounded). Common mud chips, max 4x5 cm. Moderately
calcareous.
Wstr60
15
Shale, dark grayish purple, silty, thin plates. Sharp top. Overlying section was measured by Wei Guan.
Shale, dark grayish purple, thick platy to blocky, abundant 1-mm size mud breccia as indicator of transgressive reworking. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Mudstone, brown to dark purple gray, common clay films and tubules, sparse small poorly-developed Fe
pisoids. Sharp top. Lakeplain. AB(?).
Mudstone, variegated, gray, maroon, green, yellow, purple, pervasive clay films and tubules, and slickensides. Sharp/gradational top.
14
Mudstone, variably sandy, dark purplish gray, blocky, sparse to common clay films and tubules, upward
increasing to common, similar trend for slickensides. Gradational top.
Wstr59
13
Mudstone, greenish brown, rounded cm-size peds, common thick clay films, no or rare Fe pisoids. Sharp top. AB.
Mudstone, yellowish brown, rounded cm-size peds, abundant mm-size Fe pisoids, thick clay
films. Sharp/gradational top. BS.
Mudstone, dark olive gray, cm peds, abundant thick clay films and slickensides. Sharp top.
Shale, silty and sandy, sparse clay film, upward to common. Gradational top. Lakeplain.
12
LSA, gray, c-vc, granular laminae, no clear grain size trend. Basal 10 cm abundant mud chips.
Sharp/gradational top. Lakeshore (?).
Wstr58
11
LW and sandy shale in basal 10 cm, fining upward to silty shale, sparse clay tubules and films,
platy. Rare/sparse plant remains. Sharp/erosional(?) top.
Wstr56 10
LSA/LW, gray, coarsening upward from f to c/vc, moderately to moderately well sorted, well thick laminated and bedded.
Some plant remains. Sharp/gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, vf LSA, coarsening upward, common plant remains. Gradational top.
LW, gray, moderately to moderately well sorted, thick laminated. Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, silty, sandy. Gradational top.
LA/LSA, f/m, thick laminated, very well sorted, common mud chips. Sharp top. Transgressive lag.
Wstr55
Shale, maroon, silty, platy. A 10-cm LW, m-c, in the middle, forming a fining upward succession in middle
and upper parts. Sharp top.
LW, olive gray, m-c, fining upward to f, poorly to moderately sorted, common plant remains. Gradational top. Lakeplain.
Wstr57
Shale, silty, maroon, very well laminated. Sharp top. Deltaplain.
70
50
49
Conglomerate and sandstone interbeds. Normal graded conglomerates. Some clasts are imbricated; some are randomly orientated. Common carbonaceous branches alone bedding plane. Many
2-unit beds stack up: lower cgl unit, 20-150 cm thick, commonly normal graded bedding, tabular
cross bedding, some reversed graded bedding; upper sandstone unit: 20-30 cm thick, c-vc LSA/LW
with thin coal beds or carbonaceous branches, red matrix in places, common tabular and trough
cross bedding. Common internal erosional bases cutting underlying sandstone. Granule-pebble
sized clasts (max 20 cm), rounded-well rounded, common mud chips (max 15x40 cm) in both lower
and upper units. Maximum and mean clast size in cgl unit decrease upward. upper sandstone unit
becomes thicker upward (up to ~1.5m). Laterally persistent 150m. Sharp and erosional base.
This thick succession was measured in the downslope direction along the next gully ~50 m to the
east of the last transect.
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
Wstr73
40
LSA/LW, greenish gray, f/m fining upward to f, muddier upward. Some root mold filled with clay in the middle part. Upper part, sparse plant debris, LSA, f-m, moderately sorted. Sharp base.
39
Muddy LW/ very sandy mudstone, abundant plant debris, f-m, c sand throughout; change upward to mudstone, purer, some root molds. Sharp base.
38
Conglomeratic sandstone and LA, light olive gray. At base: clasts are rounded-well rounded; change
upward to LA, m-c, well sorted, rounded-well rounded, thin beds. Sharp base.
37
Shale, dark gray, blackish, non-calcareous, well laminated, organic rich. Upper part 20 cm, abundant
plant debris, pure shale. Prodelta. Sharp base.
Wstr72
36
Mudstone, purple, green, variegated, abundant thick clay film, green mottled in lower purple part. Upper
part: green, more clay film. Gradational base.
Shale, maroon, platy, pure, slightly silty, thin clay film in middle part. Gradational to sharp base.
Wstr71
35
Wstr70
LSA, olive gray, f-c, m dominant, moderately well sorted, subrounded-rounded, slightly fining upward. Common plant
remains. Gradational base.
Lower part: LSA, olive gray, f-m, c-vc in places, moderately sorted, subrounded-rounded, thin-bedded. Upper part: pure
shale, maroon, plants remains in places. Sharp base.
LW, f-m, maroon, upward change to shale, very sandy. Gradational to sharp base.
Wstr69
34
Shale/Mudstone, maroon. Lower part: common plant remains, thin clay film, some slickensides. Upper part: common plant
remains, pure shale-slightly silty. Gradational base.
LSA, gray, olive gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, slightly fining upward. Thin-bedded. Mud chips
in places at the base. Common plant remains in the uppermost part. Sharp base.
Wstr68
33
Lower part: fining upward from conglomeratic LSA to siltstone, capped by pure shale. Upper part: interbeds of maroon shale and gray siltstone, thick laminated. Shale, pure, very slightly silty, sparsely see thin
clay film. Sharp base.
5-cm shale, pure, very well laminated, common plant remains.
LSA, gray, f, well sorted, rounded-well rounded, thin-bedded.
Wstr67
32
5-cm shale, maroon, pure, very well laminated.
LW and shale, brownish-gray. Lower part: LW, muddy, f-m, sparse c/vc; upper part: shale, thick-laminated,
very sandy, less sandy upward (sands, f, well rounded). Gradational base. Flood plain or lake plain deposits.
LSA, olive gray, f-c, granular (rounded-well rounded granules), moderately sorted. Lower part: some 1 cm mud chips.
Sharp base.
Wstr66
LW, brownish-gray, muddier upward to muddy LW. f-c, Very poorly to poorly sorted. Gradational base.
(Switch to east for ~20 m)
31
3 fining-upward couplets of granular sandstone and sandstone, light greenish-gray. granules are well rounded (max 2 cm). Sandstones are LSA/LW, f-c, m dominant, moderately-moderately well sorted. Sharp base.
30
Shale and LA. Shale, maroon, very well laminated, pure. LA, light greenish-gray, f-m, subrounded-rounded, very well sorted.
laterally persistent for ~20-30m.
Shale, light purplish-gray, thin-laminae, slightly silty. Coarsening upward to siltstone/vf sandstone, then to
sandy siltstone.
71
Shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated, upward changes into coarse siltstone, carbonaceous, abundant-many plant
remains. Less dense because of carbonaceous. Sharp base.
Wstr84
70
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, laminated, abundant plant remains, rounded-well rounded, moderately-well sorted.
Slightly fining upward. Sand flat. Sharp base.
Lower part:shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated; middle part: Siltstone, abundant plant remains, some granules at base, capped by
many plant remains, laminated. Sharp base; upper part: Shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated. Sharp base.
Wstr83
Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. 2 fining upward units, lower part, conglomerate, clastsupported, granule-fine pebble, fining upward into conglomeratic LA, m-c, subrounded-rounded, well sorted. Uppermost 10 cm, imbricated pebbles, shoreline deposits(?)/reworked.
69
Shale and siltstone interbeds. Shale, carbonaceous, well laminated; siltstone, abundant plant remains. Shale and siltstone
are convoluted in places (by dewatering?). There is a conglomerate layer in the middle, 2-3 cm thick, granule-fine pebble,
clast-supported. Debris flow? Matrix-supported versus clast-supported.
Siltstone, yellowish-gray/greenish-gray. Abundant plant remains. Interbedded with carbonaceous shale, well laminated,
thin laminae. Sharp base.
Wstr82
68
67
Conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate interbeds, whitish-gray/reddish gray. Sandstone,
LA, m-vc, c dominant, well sorted, lower part intercalated with clast lenses/lines in places, trough
cross bedding throughout whole interval. Conglomerate, average clast size 2-3 cm, max 7 cm,
common-many mud clasts, overall imbricated. The thickest conglomerate interval happens in
middle-upper part (max sediments influx), becomes thinner to the west. Some large erosional
surfaces. Some trunks and branches petrified and carbonized along bedding along(longest 50
cm). Gradational base.
66
Wstr81
65
Wstr80
64
LA/LSA, yellowish-gray, m, well sorted, subrounded-rouned, thick laminated-bedded. Lower part, abundant plant remains,
sparse granules (rounded, floating). Trough and tabular cross bedding. Distal delta front. Sharp base.
A large carbonized wood fragments, instead of a coal bed. Belongs to the underlying conglomerate.
Conglomerate, clast-supported, fining upward, granule-pebble (max 2 cm), rounded-well rounded, oriented; matrix, m-vc
sands, rounded-well rounded. Totally 4-5 such fining upward units. See carbonized branch along bedding direction. Sharp
base.
Siltstone, dark gray, blackish-gray, abundant plant remains, sandy (f-m sized, rounded). Some intercalated noncarbonaceous siltstone layers with gradational contacts. Uppermost 2 cm, very rich in plant debris, plant structure preserved. Lake plain or Prodelta? Gradational base.
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, abundant plant remains. Sharp base.
Interbeds of sandstone and siltstone, gray. Sandstone, vf-f, well sorted, abundant plant remain, laminated; siltstone, dark gray. Gradational base.
LSA, greenish-gray, f-m, m dominant, subangular-subrounded, moderately sorted, carbonaceous root normal to bedding. Bedding unclear. Sharp base.
Siltstone, yellowish-gray, sandy. Abundant plant remains, some mud chips (max 5 mm), carbonaceous rootlets and carbonized branches along bedding plane, 20 cm long.
Shale, purplish-gray, well laminated, moderately calcareous. Sharp base.
GW8-4
Conglomerate, clast-supported. Clast, granule-fine pebble, imbricated, rounded-well rounded; matrix, f-c sands. Upward
changes to conglomeratic LSA, f-m, moderately sorted, rounded, very-poorly cemented. Upward changes into LSA, yellowish-gray, f, very well sorted, rounded, common plant remains. Sharp base.
63
Sandstone, yellowish-gray, common-many plant remains. Gradational base.
Shale, brownish-gray, abundant plant remains, non-calcareous, thin-laminated. Gradational base.
Shale, black, carbonaceous, pure, some ostracods, thin laminated. Transgressive swamp? Gradational
base.
Wstr79
Silty shale, brownish-gray, slightly sandy (fine-sized), some plant remains. Laminated. Gradational base.
62
LSA, brownish-gray, m, some granule-sized gravels in upper 5 cm, common plant remains. Upward changes into conglomeratic LW, c,
rounded, muddy, amount of gravels less than 5%. Sharp base.
Siltstone, brownish-gray, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
Sandstone, f-vf, well sorted, rounded, bedded, common root molds. Gradational base. Lake plain.
Wstr78
Mudstone, purplish-gray, brownish-gray, no slickenside, clay film, see relict bedding. Gradational base.
61
Mudstone, green, purple, variegated, thick clay film, common Fe-pisoids (mm-1cm). Upper part, very calcareous. Fe-pisoids increase upward. Gradational base.
60
LW, greenish-gray, f-m, sparse c/vc sands (rounded-well rounded), well thin laminated. Gradational base.
Wstr77
Very sandy mudstone, sands rouned-well rounded
59
Conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-pebble sized gravels (max 15 mm), rounded-well rounded; matrix, c/vc sands, rounded-well rounded, upward changes into LW, f-m, rounded, moderately sorted. Sharp base.
Shale, purplish, very well laminated. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, greenish-gray, clast-supported, granule-pebble (max 30 mm), rounded-well rounded; matrix is c/vc sands.
Upward changes to m-c LA, rounded, well sorted, thick laminated (reworking?). Gradational to sharp base.
LSA, greenish-gray, well laminated, f, well sorted, rounded. Distal delta front. Gradational base.
58
57
Wstr76
Switch to east ~ 30 m.
Shale, siltstone, gray, dark gray (carbonaceous?), laminated-well laminated, sparse plant remains. Gradational base.
Siltstone, brownish-gray. Sharp base.
Shale, dark gray, well laminated, common plant remains. Upward changes to very well laminated, slightly more plant remains. Some
slickensides (?) by faulting most likely. Gradational base.
Siltstone, brownish-gray. Sharp base.
Silty shale, dark gray, blocky, sparse plant remains, sandy (f-m sized), upward changes into well laminated. Gradational base.
Conglomerate and LA/LSA. Conglomerate, granule-fine pebble, common plant remain/debris, plant decreases upward ; matrix, fc, poorly-moderately well sorted. Upward change into LSA/LW. Gradational to sharp base.
LA/LSA, well-very well sorted, rounded, m-c, m dominant.
56
Conglomerate, greenish-gray, clast-supported; granule-pebble sized clasts, rounded-well rounded; matrix, m-c sands, roundedsubrounded. Fining upward to conglomeratic sandstone, m-c, granule-fine pebble sized gravels, overall moderately sorted. Abundant plant remains, common internal erosional surfaces. Upward change into coarse LA, well sorted, rounded-well rounded. Sharp
base.
LA/LSA, gray, m-f, rounded-well rounded, well sorted, upward gradates to LSA, common plant remains,
scattered coarse sands, then muddier upward to LW, poorly sorted. Gradational to sharp base.
55
Shale, dark gray, silty, well laminated, sparse plant remains. Sharp base. Prodelta? Lake came back so
soon?
N8W, 44; N2E, 45; N6E, 50; N9E, 46
Wstr75
Mudstone, dark maroon, blocky, well developed paleosols, common Fe-pisoids (1-3 cm), thick clay film,
abundant slickensides. Sharp base.
54
Wstr74
Conglomerate, clast-support, clast, 1-4 cm (max 7 cm), no clear bedding. Most clasts are roughly imbricated. Undulated
base cuts underlying layer(?).Sharp base.
LSA, gray f-m, moderately sorted, subrounded-rounded, thick laminated, sparse root mold filled with clay. Thickness of this interval change to 5
cm to the west and pinches out to the east. Sharp base.
Mudstone, greenish/purplish-gray, common clay film, scattered root molds, sparse sands (f-m) throughout.
Gradational base.
53
Muddy LW and very sandy shale. LW, f-c, poorly sorted, rounded-subrounded, upward to sandy shale. Gradational base.
52
Conglomerate and conglomeratic LSA, similar to the underlying 2-unit beds. Conglomerate, normal graded bedding; upward changes to vc/c-m LSA, whitish-gray, common red matrix and red grains. Sharp and
erosional base.
51
50
49
Conglomerate and sandstone interbeds. Normal graded conglomerates. Some clasts are imbricated; some are randomly orientated. Common carbonaceous branches alone bedding plane. Many
2-unit beds stack up: lower cgl unit, 20-150 cm thick, commonly normal graded bedding, tabular
cross bedding, some reversed graded bedding; upper sandstone unit: 20-30 cm thick, c-vc LSA/LW
with thin coal beds or carbonaceous branches, red matrix in places, common tabular and trough
cross bedding. Common internal erosional bases cutting underlying sandstone. Granule-pebble
sized clasts (max 20 cm), rounded-well rounded, common mud chips (max 15x40 cm) in both lower
and upper units. Maximum and mean clast size in cgl unit decrease upward. upper sandstone unit
becomes thicker upward (up to ~1.5m). Laterally persistent 150m. Sharp and erosional base.
This thick succession was measured in the downslope direction along the next gully ~50 m to the
east of the last transect.
72
LSA/LA, m-vc, vc-dominant, conglomeratic, granule size (clast ~10%) at base, oriented, probably shoreline deposits, rounded-well rounded.
Sandstone, well-sorted, round-well rounded, bedded-laminated, abundant plant debris on bedding planes. Sharp base.
Wstr93
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, yellowish-brown, sandy in places, the lowermost 25 cm very sandy (f-m size,
rounded-well rounded), rare plant remains, platy. Gradational base.
90
Wstr92
89
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, brownish-gray, sparse clay films, non-calcareous. Pure-slightly silty. Gradational base.
Shale, maroonish-gray, platy, sparse plant remains. Uppermost 5 cm, probably tuffaceous. Sharp base.
88
LSA/LW, brownish-gray, f, moderately-well sorted, laminated. Sharp base.
Mudstone, brownish-gray, dark gray, variegated, blocky, sandy (c, even granule size), platy, some clay
film and slickensides. Gradational base.
Wstr91
87
The two cycle boundaries probably should be removed.
86
Sandstone, brownish-gray, vf, common plant remains, laminated, thick laminae, moderately sorted. Gradational base.
Shale, maroonish-gray, common-many plants remains, laminated. Gradational to sharp base.
Wstr90
85
LSA, brownish-gray, f/vf, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, thin-bedded, common root molds in upper part. Sharp base.
Shale, maroon, laminated, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
LW, brownish-gray, f-c/vc, some granules, muddy, poorly-sorted, subrounded-rounded. Uppermost part, common plant remains. Overall fining
upward. Sharp base.
Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. No obvious grain size trend. Lower part, conglomeratic sandstone, c-vc, trough cross bedding; upward changes into clast-supported conglomerate,
clast, well rounded, pebble size (max 5 cm); matrix, c/vc-m; several normal grading beds. Overall
coarsening upward then fining upward by the amount of clast. Erosional base?
84
Channel deposits (distributary channel).
83
Wstr89
82
Wstr88
81
80
Conglomeratic sandstone and organic-rich shale interbeds. Sandstone, m-c, rounded, moderately sorted, granule sized gravels, oriented, clast < 5%. Shale, thickening upward, uppermost 8 cm, coal. Gradational base.
Conglomerate, clast-supported, orientated granule-fine pebble, rounded; matrix, m-c sands; bedding
unclear/massive?. Sharp base.
LSA, yellowish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, thin laminated, interbedded with black shale.
Thickness of sandstone decreases upward, lowermost thickest ~20 cm. Overall fining upward. Sharp and
erosional base.
Siltstone and shale, black. Shale, sub-mm-laminated, organic matter increasing upward (Photo-??). Lake
expansion(?). Sharp base.
79
78
LW, f-m, abundant plant remain/debris, well laminated (thin laminea). Plants decreases upward, still common. Fining upward into vf sandstone/siltstone.
77
Conglomeratic sandstone, f-vc, moderately-poorly sorted, granule-pebble (max 3 cm, all rounded), common plant remains.
Shale, gray, common plant remains, silty, slightly, platy. Sharp base.
Wstr87
76
Shale, maroonish-gray, slightly platy, moderately calcareous. Gradational base.
Mustone, brownish-gray, silty, sandy, thin clay film, moderately calcareous. Sharp base.
75
Wstr86
Siltstone and vf/f sandstone, yellowish-gray, coarsening upward. Sandstone, well sorted, see root mold.
Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, sandy, silty, thin clay film, moderately calcareous, platy. Gradational base.
74
LW, yellowish-gray, vf, relict laminae, some root molds in lower part, slightly fining upward into siltstone.
Sharp base.
Wstr85
Mudstone, brownish gray, dark gray, blackish-gray, platy, pure, thin clay films. Gradational base.
73
Mudstone, blackish-gray, thin clay film, some slickenside, slightly blocky. Gradational base.
72
Mudstone, blackish-gray, carbonaceous? pure, probably laminated. Upward changes into brownish-gray,
variegated, thin clay film, slightly blocky.
Siltstone, platy, sparse plant remains. Lower part, greenish gray; middle part, slightly darker; upper part,
back to greenish-gray. Gradational base.
71
Shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated, upward changes into coarse siltstone, carbonaceous, abundant-many plant
remains. Less dense because of carbonaceous. Sharp base.
Wstr84
70
Wstr83
LSA, yellowish-gray, abundant plant remains, f, moderately-well sorted, subrounded-rounded, laminated,
slightly fining upward, some plant debris. Sharp base.
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, laminated, abundant plant remains, rounded-well rounded, moderately-well sorted.
Slightly fining upward. Sand flat. Sharp base.
Lower part:shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated; middle part: Siltstone, abundant plant remains, some granules at base, capped by
many plant remains, laminated. Sharp base; upper part: Shale, black, carbonaceous, well laminated. Sharp base.
Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone. 2 fining upward units, lower part, conglomerate, clastsupported, granule-fine pebble, fining upward into conglomeratic LA, m-c, subrounded-rounded, well sorted. Uppermost 10 cm, imbricated pebbles, shoreline deposits(?)/reworked.
73
Wstr109
10
LW, brownish-gray, f-m, muddy, poorly-moderately sorted. Gradational base.
Shale, maroon, laminated, slightly silty and sandy (m-c-sized sands). Sharp base.
9
8
Wstr108
LSA, greenish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-well rounded. No obvious grain-size trend. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, common slickensides and thin clay film.
Muddy LW/very sandy mudstone, f-vc sand size, rare granules, rounded-well rounded. Still lake plain/flood
plain.
7
Shale/mudstone, maroonish-gray, pure, slightly sandy, common/many plant remain, non-calcareous, laminated? Flood plain/lake plain.
Wstr107
6
LSA, brownish-gray, f-m, well-sorted, rounded-well rounded, slightly coarsening upward. Delta front.
Shale, brownish-gray, pure, well-laminated, thin-laminae, common plant remains. Sharp base.
Wstr106
5
Shale/mudstone, blackish-gray, pure, sparse clay film? Lake plain? Sharp base.
LA/LSA, brownish, m-vc, sparse granules, no obvious grain-size trend, moderately well sorted, subangularrounded. Sharp base.
Siltstone, brown, dark gray, then brown again. Well-laminated, sparse/scattered-many plant remains, various in places. Sharp base.
Wstr105
4
Shale, dark gray, carbonaceous, pure, laminated, thick laminae. Sharp base.
Vf sandstone/siltstone, brown, no obvious grain-size trend, sparse plant remains, bedded. Sharp base.
Wst104
Wstr103
3
Mudstone, dark gray, pure, some slickensides and thin clay films. Sharp base.
Siltstone, brown, sandy, laminated, thick/thin laminae. Gradational base.
LA, brownish-gray, m-vc, c dominant, slightly fining upward, some granules, moderately well sorted,
subrounded-round. Roughlydely see beds. Sharp base.
Mudstone, dark gray, some slickensides and clay film, intercalated with vf/f sandstone. Sharp base.
2
LSA/LA, yellowish-brown, yellowish-gray, f-c, subrounded-rounded, some vc sands in upper part. Overall
coarsening upward. Gradational to sharp base.
Switch to east for ~50 m.
Wstr102
Shale, dark gray, well laminated, thick laminae, pure, some plant remains. Prodelta. Gradational base.
Wstr101
GW8-6
Lower 10 cm: LA, yellowish-brown, f, well sorted, sparse some m sands, subrounded-rounded, sparse plant remains. Some root molds. Laterally persistent for at least 50 m.
thickness varies from 10 -40 cm, undulated base (fill topo low), trough cross bedding in places. Sharp base. Upper 10 cm: Shale, blackish-gray, dark gray, carbonaceous,
slickensides, thin clay films. Sharp base.
---Switch to east for ~40 m on the basis of yellowish-brownish sandstone and dark shale couplet and overly2 cm thick shale, grayish-black, carbonaceous. Sharp base. ing paleosols.
Mudstone, brown, gray, maroonish-gray, variegated. Many slickensides and clay film, various in different
layers. Sharp base.
1
200 m
Wstr100
5 cm thick shale/mudstone, dark gray, carbonaceous. Transgressive swamp? Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, brown, variegated, scattered thick clay film, slickensides. Gradational base.
99
LSA, dark greenish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, abundant-many plant remains on bedding planes. Laminated, thin laminae. Sharp base.
Wstr99
Mudstone, dark gray, rare slickensides and clay film, platy. Gradational base.
98
LSA and siltstone, dark gray, blackish-gray, yellowish-gray in places. LSA, vf-f, well sorted, upward changes to siltstone, sandy. Overall fining upward, some scattered planted remains. Gradational base.
97
Wstr98
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, f dominant, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, bedded. Some plant remains.
Gradational base.
Siltstone, blackish-gray, slightly sandy (<5%), slightly carbonaceous. some plant remains, laminated, thick
laminae. Gradational base.
LA, yellowish-gray, f, well sorted, rounded-subrounded, common plant remains in places, laminated-bedded, thick
laminae/thin beds.
96
Wstr97
Wstr96
2 cm thick shale, blackish-gray, slightly carbonaceous. Transgressive swamp. Sharp base.
LA, f-m, slightly coarsening upward. Lower part, laminated, thick laminae, many plant remains; middle part, bedded, scattered plant remains, upper part, f, laminated, thin laminae, many plant remains. Sharp base.
2 cm thick black shale. Transgressive swamp. Sharp base.
LA/LSA, yellowish-gray, f, well sorted, rounded, laminated, thick laminae, common-many plant remains. Sharp base.
2 cm thick shale, blackish-gray, carbonaceous, laminated, thin laminae. Transgressive swamp. Sharp base.
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, subrounded-rounded, well sorted, common-many plant remains/debris, laminated, thick laminae.
Gradational base.
95
LSA/LA, yellowish-gray, m-c, c dominant, subrounded-rounded, well sorted, sparse plant remains, bedded, media beds.
Delta front. Gradational base.
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, well sorted, laminated, thick laminae, rounded-subrounded, abundant plant remains. Distal delta front or Proximal
prodelta. Sharp base.
LA/LSA, c/vc, granule-fine pebble (3-5%), rounded, well sorted. Bedded. Wave reworking products.
Wstr95
94
Conglomerate, reddish-gray, clast-supported, subangular-well rounded, granule-fine pebble (max 3 cm), roughly imbricated; matrix, c/vc sands. Gradational to sharp base.
LSA/LA, greenish-gray, reddish gray, m-c, subrounded-well rounded, well sorted, some granules and fine pebbles at base,
imbricated, some gravel-lens in places. Low-angle cross-bedding, undulated base, several fining upward units, but overall
coarsening upward. Erosional base. Subaquaeous distributary channel fill? Gradational to sharp base.
LSA/LW, yellowish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, laminated, abundant plant remains on bedding planes. Distal delta front. Gradational base.
Shale, black, carbonaceous, laminated, see mud clast (up to 3 cm). Sharp base.
93
Wstr94
Siltstone, gray, laminated, thick laminae, abundant plant remains, carbonaceous.
LW, yellowish-brownish, f-c, subrounded-rounded, abundant plant debris on bedding plane, some granule-fine pebble in
places. Gradational base.
Conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-fine pebble, 2-4 mm dominant (max 3 cm), subangular-rounded,
imbricated; matrix, c-vc, subrounded-rounded. Shoreline deposits? Sharp base.
3 cm coal.
LSA/LA, f-m, f-dominant, well sorted, bedded and laminated interbeds, abundant plant remains on bedding planes. Gradational base.
GW8-5
92
5 cm thick organic-rich shale, well laminated. Gradational base.
91
LSA/LA and carbonaceous shale interbeds. Sandstone, yellowish-gray, f-m, slightly fining upward, well
sorted, subrounded-rounded, bedded and laminated. Common plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA/LA, m-vc, vc-dominant, conglomeratic, granule size (clast ~10%) at base, oriented, probably shoreline deposits, rounded-well rounded.
Sandstone, well-sorted, round-well rounded, bedded-laminated, abundant plant debris on bedding planes. Sharp base.
Wstr93
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, yellowish-brown, sandy in places, the lowermost 25 cm very sandy (f-m size,
rounded-well rounded), rare plant remains, platy. Gradational base.
90
74
GW8-8
30
29
Wstr120
28
Mudstone, maroon, common-many slickensides and clay films. Paleosol better developed in upper 30
cm. Gradational base.
27
26
LW, maroon, muddy, vf-f, poorly sorted. Gradational base.
LSA, light maroon, f, many root molds. Gradational to sharp base.
Wstr119
25
Mudstone, maroon, sandy, silty. Gradational base.
LW, maroon, f, muddier upward, moderately sorted, sparse m-c sand grains. Sharp base.
24
4 cm thick tuffaceous? Red and dark red. Sharp base.
LW, maroon, muddy, f-m, poorly sorted (max 7mm pebble), subrounded-rounded. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, m-c, conglomeratic, granule-fine pebble, subrounded-rounded, well sorted. Several fining and thinning
upward grading beds from thin layer of conglomeratic to sandstone. One single layer of granules and fine pebbles at
base, one grain thick. Trough cross bedding in lower part. Sharp and Lower angle erosional base.
Wstr118
23
Mudstone, maroon, common slickensides and clay films. Sharp base.
2 cm thick LA, whitish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-rounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, common slickensides and clay films, blocky. Sharp base.
LW, maroon, muddy, f-m, poorly sorted, subrounded-rounded. Sharp base.
Wstr117
22
Wstr116 21
Mudstone maroon, pure, common slickensides. Sharp base.
5 cm thick LSA, f-m, moderately well sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
Lower 1 cm, mudstone, dark-gray, see slickensides? Sharp base; Upper 2 cm, Mudstone, maroon, blocky, pure, some slickensides. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, common slickensides and clay films, blocky, moderately calcareous. Some granules in the middle part.
Gradational to sharp base.
LSA, whitish-gray, m-vc, overall fining upward, subrounded-well rounded, scattered vc sands throughout, poorlymoderately sorted. Lower part, scattered some mud chips (2-4 cm). Low relief undulated base, probably erosional base.
Sharp and erosional base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, sandy (~20-25%). Gradational base.
Wstr115 20
LW, whitish-gray, reddish-gray, f-vc, sparse granules (rounded-well rounded), overall fining and muddier upward, poorlyvery poorly sorted. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, c-vc, conglomeratic (15-20%), granule-fine pebble (max 1.2 cm), all rounded-well rounded. No obvious
grain-size trend. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, silty in places, slickensides and clay film throughout, moderately calcareous. Gradational base.
GW8-7
19
Siltstone and vf/f LSA interbeds. Siltstone, maroon; sandstone, whitish-gray, well sorted. Sharp contacts. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule-fine pebble, subrounded-well rounded; matrix, m-vc sands. Slightly fining upward by less clasts. Sharp base.
LSA, whitish-gray, f-m, moderately well sorted, subrounded-rounded. Sharp base.
Siltstone, and vf sandstone interbeds. Siltstone, maroon; sandstone greenish-gray. Sharp contacts.
Wstr114
Mudstone, maroon, sandy (f-m), common slickensides and clay films.
18
LSA, greenish-gray, f-m, f dominant, subrounded-rounded, well sorted, common mud chip (1-3 cm) sparse c sand grains. Undulated base.
Sharp and erosional base.
Wstr113
Mudstone, maroon, greenish-gray, blocky, sandy (f-m, subrounded-well rounded) but less sandy upward.
Sharp base.
Wstr112
17
LSA/LW, greenish-gray, upward changes to sandy siltstone (sparsely granules). Sandstone, f-c, subrounded-rounded, poorly-moderately sorted,
undulated base, probably erosional. Sharp and erosional base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, greenish-gray, blocky, moderately calcareous, scattered clay films and
slickensides, greenish root molds in maroonish part. Sandy (f-m) in places. Sharp base.
16
15
Wstr111
LSA, greenish-gray, f, well sorted, subrouned-rounded, slighly fining upward. probably bedded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, variegated, maroonish-gray, greenish-gray, blocky, some slickensides and clay films in the
uppermost part. Gradational base.
14
13
LSA, brownish-gray, f-m, subrounded-rouned, well sorted. Sharp base.
Wstr110
Mudstone and siltstone, maroonish-gray, reddish-gray, variously sandy, blocky, moderately calcareous.
Gradational base.
12
11
Wstr109
10
LW, brownish-gray, f-m, muddy, poorly-moderately sorted. Gradational base.
Shale, maroon, laminated, slightly silty and sandy (m-c-sized sands). Sharp base.
75
50
LSA, whitish-gray, f, slightly fining upward, sparse mud chips in upper part and vc sands scattered throughout. Sharp base.
Wstr127
Mudstone, maroon, olive gray, black, maroonish-gray, gray, blocky, common-many slickensides and clay
films. Thick clay films in upper part. Sharp base.
49
48
Siltstone, whitish-maroon, blocky, many plant remains, sandy (~5%). Sharp base.
47
LSA, whitish-gray, maroonish-gray, f-m, well sorted, common-many mud chips (m-c-sized). Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, fining upward from vc (some granule at base) to f, well sorted, subangular-well rounded.
Sharp base.
Shale, maroonish-gray, many plant remains. Gradational base.
LSA, maroonish-gray, f, well sorted, many f-m-sized mud chips, many plant remains. Sharp base.
46
LA/LSA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, common mud chips. Sharp base.
LW, maroonish-gray, f-m, f dominant, moderately-poorly sorted, subrounded-rounded. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, m-c/vc, fining upward, well sorted, subangular-rounded, some mud chips and mud clasts
scattered (more in upper part); upper 10 cm, LA, f, well sorted but some vc sands floating. Sharp base.
Wstr126
45
Mudstone, maroon, silty, sandy, blocky, some clay films and slickensides scattered. Gradational base.
Lower part, sandy siltstone; upper part, muddy LW, vf-m, poorly sorted, common mud chips, subangularsubrounded. Gradational base.
Wstr125
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky, sparse clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
LSA/LW, whitish-gray, vf-f. Lower part, LSA, well sorted; middle part, LW; upper part, muddy LW. Gradational base.
Wstr124
44
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subangular-rounded. Lower part, common mud chips (2-3 cm). slightly fining upward; upper part, no mud chips, some plant
remains. Sharp base.
Shale, light maroonish-gray, laminated? Some plant remains scattered. Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, dark gray, blackish-gray, variegated, common slickensides and clay films throughout,
blocky. Sharp base.
43
42
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common slickensides and clay films. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common clay film/slickensides. Gradational to sharp base.
41
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded. Gradational base.
LWA, whitish-gray, f-m, sparse vc sands, poorly-moderately sorted. Common mud chips (mms), subangular-rounded. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subangular-rounded. No grain-size trend. Gradational base.
LA and conglomerate, whitish-gray, overall coarsening upward. Lower part, LA, m-c/vc, conglomeratic, granule-pebble (up to 15 mm), slightly
coarsening upward, subangular-well rounded. Upper part, conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-pebble, overall imbricated; matrix, c sands,
crude low-angle cross bedding. Sharp base.
Siltstone, whitish-maroon, laminated. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, m-c, sparse vc sands and granules, moderately well sorted, subangular-rounded. Sharp base.
40
Shale, maroon, silty, laminated, moderately calcareous. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, common plant remains. Sharp base.
Vf-f LA (well sorted), siltstone, shale, fining and thinning upward, whitish-gray, well laminated. Abundant plant remains
and debris. Sharp base.
2 cm thick shale, maroon, platy, scattered plant remains. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, m-vc, moderately, conglomeratic, granule-fine pebble (rounded-well rounded), overall fining upward. Common mud chips, max 5 cm. Sharp base.
Wstr123
39
Mudstone, greenish-gray, maroon, variegated, common/many slickensides, thick clay films. Many green
spots (root molds) in upper maroon part. Sharp base.
Bentonite, abundant plant remain.
38
Siltstone/mudstone, gray, platy, common plant remains. Overall fining upward. Gradational base.
37
LA/LSA, whitish-gray, vf-f, thin beds, lower part, f LA, well sorted, subrounded-rounded; upper part, vf
LSA, some plant remains. Sharp base.
GW8-9
Wstr122
Mudstone, maroon, sandy (f-m), common clay film and slickensides in upper part. Gradational base.
36
LW, maroon, f-c, poorly sorted, subangular-well rounded, common mud chips (mms-1 cm). Slightly fining
upward from m dominant to f dominant. Gradational base.
Wstr121 35
Mudstone, maroon, silty, slightly sandy, blocky. Upward changes into vf LSA, maroon, well sorted, some
root molds. Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, slightly silty, some slickensides and clay films. Sharp base.
34
LW, maroon, f-m, sparse vc sands and granules, poorly-moderately well sorted. Muddier upward turns
into very sandy mudstone. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f-m, fining upward from m to f, well sorted. Sharp base.
33
Lower part, LW, whitish-gray, f-m, poorly-moderately sorted, subangular-rounded; upper part, very sandy
mudstone. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-maroon, m, moderately well sorted, angular-rounded. Sharp base.
32
Conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, whitish-gray. Lower part, conglomerate, clast-supported, 2-3
cm (max 4 cm), overall imbricated. Clasts lessening upward, upper part, conglomeratic LA, c, moderatelysorted, rounded-well rounded, crude trough cross bedding. The uppermost 50 cm slightly coarsening
upward (c-vc). Sharp and erosional base.
31
GW8-8
30
29
Wstr120
28
Mudstone, maroon, common-many slickensides and clay films. Paleosol better developed in upper 30
cm. Gradational base.
76
70
Coarse siltstone/vf sandstone, common plant remains, well sorted, probably laminated.
69
Wstr135
LSA, brownish-gray, vf, well sorted, one single 5 cm beds.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, some clay film and slickensides.
Wstr134
LA/LSA, brownish-gray, vf, well sorted, very calcareous. Sharp base.
68
Mudstone, gray, greenish-gray, common clay films and slickensides, weak-non-calcareous. Gradational
base.
67
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, very sandy (f-c, subrounded-rounded), some gravels, pure in upper part. Gradational base.
66
Wstr133
65
LW, dark brownish-gray, f-vc, conglomeratic, granule size (max 25 mm), poorly-very poorly sorted, subangular-well rounded, overall fining upward. See mud chips (mms-1 cm). Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, olive gray, gray, pure blocky, common clay films and slickensides. 20 cm in the
middle part no clay film and no slickenside, but still blocky. Gradational base.
64
LSA, LW, and very sandy mudstone, common root molds. Sharp base.
63
LA, whitish-gray, m-vc, fining-upward, moderately well sorted, subangular-subrounded, root molds in very
upper part. Sharp base.
62
LA, brownish-gray, vf, well sorted, many root molds. Gradational base.
LA, brownish-gray, f, well sorted. Gradational to sharp base.
LSA, brownish, f, well sorted, some plant remains scattered. Gradational base.
61
LA, brownish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-rounded. Slightly fining upward. Sharp base.
LSA/LA, brownish-gray, vf, well sorted. Gradational base.
LA, brownish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
60
GW8-11
LSA/LA, brownish-gray, vf-m, vf dominant, moderately well sorted, scattered plant remains.
LSA, brownish-gray, f, well sorted, subangular-rounded. Gradational base.
LSA, brownish-gray, vf, well sorted, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
Siltstone, dark gray, moderately carbonaceous, common plant remains. Sharp base.
LA/LSA, gray, f, well sorted. Bedded and laminated, slightly fining and thinning upward from in beds in lower part to thick
laminae in upper part. Abundant plant remains on bedding plane. Sharp base.
59
LA, olive, brown, m-vc, overall fining upward, moderately well sorted, subangular-subrounded. Abundant
plant remains on bedding planes in upper part. Sharp base.
Wstr132
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, dark gray, blocky, some clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
58
LW and muddy LW, upward changes to very sandy mudstone, gray, maroonish-gray. Sandstone, f-vc,
poorly sorted, common plant remains. Sharp base.
GW8-10
57
Wstr131
LSA, brownish-gray, f-vc, overall fining upward, poorly-moderately sorted, subangular-rounded. Common
gravels in lower part; in upper part, f LSA, some c/vc sands floating, some plant remains scattered. Sharp
base.
5 cm thick Mudstone, gray, common clay and slickensides. Sharp base.
2 cm thick LA, brownish-yellow, f, common plant remains, well sorted. Sharp base.
5 cm thick siltstone, gray, common, plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA/LA, brownish-yellow, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, common plant remains in upper part. Sharp base.
Siltstone, brown, dark gray common plant remains. Sharp base.
56
LA, brownish-gray, m, well-sorted, subangular-rounded. Gradational base.
LSA/LW, dark gray, f-m, many plant remains, moderately sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
LA, brownish-yellow, f-m, sparse vc sands in places, well sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
Coal. Gradational base.
Wstr130
55
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, brown, brownish-gray, yellowish-brown, dark gray. Lower 1 m, common-many
clay films and slickensides, more in upper part, abundant clay films. Weak or non-calcareous. Gradational
base.
54
53
52
LSA, LW, muddy LW, brownish-gray, muddier upward. f-m, poorly-moderately sorted. Common mud chips in LW. Sharp
base.
51
Wstr129
Wstr128
LA, whitish-gray, f-vc, moderately well sorted, subangular-rounded, overall fining upward from m-c in lower part to f-m in
upper part. Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, common-many plant remains, common clay films (seems not by faulting)? Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, slightly fining upward. Upper part, f LA, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
Mudstone/siltstone, maroon, many clay films and slickensides. Lower part, siltstone, sandy; upper part,
less sandy and less clay films. Sharp base.
50
LSA, whitish-gray, f, slightly fining upward, sparse mud chips in upper part and vc sands scattered throughout. Sharp base.
Wstr127
Mudstone, maroon, olive gray, black, maroonish-gray, gray, blocky, common-many slickensides and clay
films. Thick clay films in upper part. Sharp base.
49
77
90
Wstr145
LA, whitish-gray, m, subangular-subrounded, well sorted, bedded. Lower part, sparse vc sands and granules; upper part, common granules (max 7 mm); no gravels in uppermost 5 cm. Sharp base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, well laminated, thin laminae, many plant debris. Sharp base.
LW, maroonish-gray, f, moderately well-poorly sorted, muddy, overall mud decreasing upward. In upper
part, sandy mudstone. Sharp base.
89
Wstr144
LSA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, common mud chips (c-vc sized). Gradational to sharp base.
Siltstone, whitish-gray, sandy, common plant remains, laminated (?). Sharp base.
Muddy LW, maroonish-gray, f-m, f dominant, moderately well sorted, mud increasing upward. Gradational base.
LSA, maroonish-gray, m-c, sparse granules and vc sands in places, subrounded. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule-pebble (max 15 mm), subangular-subrounded; matrix, m-c sands, angular-subrounded,
very calcareous. Sharp base.
88
Wstr143
LA, whitish-gray, f, some heavy mineral layers locally, sparse mud chips (c sized), well sorted. Gradational base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, laminated, common plant remains. Sharp base.
Whitish-gray vf/f LA and maroon shale interbeds, laminated, thin laminae, many plant remains.
LA, whitish-gray, vc, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, calcareous. Gradational base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, pebble (max 3 cm), rounded-well rounded; matrix, c/vc, subroundedrounded. No obvious grain size trend, max clasts probably slightly coarsening upward. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, m, well sorted, sparse granules and fine pebbles (subrounded-rounded), subangular-subrounded. Gradational base.
Wstr142 87
LA, gray, f, well sorted, common-many plant remains, subangular-subrounded. Gradational base.
Vf sandstone/ coarse siltstone, gray, well sorted, probably laminated, many plant remains. Sharp base.
Shale, olive gray, laminated, thin laminae, common-many plant remains, very calcareous. Sharp base.
LA, gray, m, well sorted, common-many plant remains, bedded, thin beds. Gradational base.
LSA/LA, gray, f, moderately well sorted, common mud chips (c-vc sized), scattered plant remains, laminated (?).Sharp base.
Shale, gray, laminated, common-many plant remains. Sharp base.
Siltstone, bluish-gray, sandy, well calcareous, platy, laminated(?).Gradational base.
GW8-13
86
GW8-12
Wstr141
LA/LSA, brownish-gray. Lower part, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded; upper part, vf sandstone/siltstone, scattered plant remains throughout
whole interval, laminated and bedded, thinning upward from thin beds to thick laminae. Sharp base.
4 cm thick siltstone, brownish-gray, laminated, thin laminae, common-many plant remains. Sharp base.
3 cm thick LA, brownish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, laminated(?).Sharp base.
Mudstone, bluish-gray, pure-slightly sandy, sparse c/vc sands and granules, blocky, sparse clay films in
upper part. Gradational base.
85
84
Wstr140
Muddy LW/very sandy mudstone, maroon, mud increasing upward, blocky, still common mud chips. Sharp base.
LSA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, common mud chips (c sized). Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, pure, slightly silty, sparse plant remains in very lower part, common clay film in upper
1.5 m. Sharp base.
83
82
81
Mudstone, dark gray, very sandy, less sandy in upper part. Gradational to sharp base.
80
Conglomerate and conglomeratic LA. Conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-fine pebble, rounded-well rounded; matrix,
c-vc sands, subangular-rounded, overall fining upward. Gradational base.
LA, maroonish-gray, m-c, moderately well sorted, bedded, thin beds, many plant remains on bedding planes. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, laminated, thick laminae, some heavy mineral layer in places. Sharp base.
Wstr139
Shale, maroon, well laminated, thin laminae, common plant remains. Sharp base.
79
78
77
Wstr138
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common slickensides, upper 10 cm more clay films and slickensides. Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroon, sandy, blocky, sparse c/vc sands and granules. Gradational base.
Muddy LW, very sandy mudstone, maroon, moderately well sorted, some plant remains. Gradational
base.
LA/LSA, whitish-gray, maroonish-gray, f, well sorted, common mud chips (max 12 mm). Muddier upward.
common plant remains. Sharp base.
Mudstone. Lower part, maroon, blocky, sandy; middle part, common clay films and slickensides; upper
part, olive gray, abundant slickensides, better developed paleosols. Sharp base.
76
75
Wstr137
74
LW, whitish-maroon, f-m, moderately-poorly sorted. Sparsely see mud chips. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, slightly silty, common clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
4 cm thick LSA, maroonish-gray, f, well sorted. Sharp base.
5 cm thick Siltstone, maroonish-gray. Sharp base.
2 cm thick LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, some heavy mineral layers in places. Sharp base.
2 cm thick Siltstone, maroonish-gray. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, slightly fining upward, probably laminated. Several heavy mineral layer in places. Sharp base.
73
Siltstone/vf sandstone, maroonish-gray, well sorted, laminated. Sharp base.
Shale, maroon, pure, common plant remains, well laminated. Prodelta. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, common mud chips (m-vc sized), very calcareous. Probably one single 10 cm bed.
Siltstone, whitish-gray, laminated, thick laminae, common mud chips.
Wstr13672
LSA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, some mud chips and mud clasts (max 5 mm). Sharp base.
Shale, maroon, slightly silty, well laminated, thin laminae, non-calcareous. Sharp base.
Mudstone, olive, maroonish red, abundant thick clay film and slickensides. Some fecal pellets. Well developed paleosol.
71
Mudstone, maroon, maroonish-gray, olive gray, common thick clay films and common slickensides, more
in upper part.
70
78
Shale, maroon, laminated, thin laminae, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
10
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, sparse mud chips (c-vc size). Sharp base.
Wstr154
LSA, gray, vf, well sorted. Gradational base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
LW, gray, f-m, poorly-moderately sorted, common mud chips, coarsening upward into f-vc, sparse granules,
poorly sorted, subangular-well rounded. Mud increasing upward into muddy LW/very sandy mudstone, f-m
sands. Gradational base.
9
Siltstone, gray, well, thin laminae, common plant remains. Gradational base.
8
LSA, gray, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, laminated (~3 mm thick), common plant remains. Sharp
base.
4 cm thick shale, dark gray, slightly silty, well laminated, thin laminae, common plant remains. Sharp base.
3-4 cm thick shale, black, very carbonaceous. Sharp base.
Shale, dark gray, gray, common plant remains, platy. Sharp base.
7
LSA, brownish-yellow, f, well sorted, thin laminae, many plant remains on bedding plane. Sharp base.
Wstr153
3 cm thick shale, grayish-black, blocky, carbonaceous. Sharp base.
Lower part, mudstone, purplish-gray; upper part, greenish-gray, blocky, silty, still no clay film or slickenside found. Gradational base.
6
5
4
Mudstone, maroon, greenish-gray, variegated in places, blocky, slightly sandy. No clay film or slickenside
found. Sharp base.
3
Wstr152
Mudstone, maroon, less sandy than the underlying, common clay films and slickensides throughout. Gradational base.
2
Muddy LW and sandy mudstone, maroon. Lower part, muddy LW, f-c, sparse granules, common mud chips;
middle part sandy mudstone, sand decreasing upward; uppermost 1 m, scattered clay films.
1
Wstr151
300 m
Mudstone, maroon, very sandy (40%, f-m, subangular-rounded). Sharp base.
LSA, grayish-maroonish, f, well sorted. Some root molds. Sharp base.
99
98
LW, grayish-maroon, lower part, common granules and pebbles (max 12 mm); upper part, muddy LW, f-m,
f dominant, poorly-moderately sorted. Gradational base.
Conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerates. Clasts increasing upward, granule-pebble (max 2 cm). Lower part, conglomeratic LA, m-c, moderately sorted, subrounded; upper part, conglomerate (clast ~40%). Sharp base.
LA/LSA, maroonish-gray, f, sparse mud chips. Sharp base.
Vf sandstone, well sorted, whitish-maroon, common plant remains. Gradational base.
Wstr150
Siltstone, whitish-maroon, sandy, well laminated, thin laminae, no plant remains. Sharp base.
LA, whitish-gray, m-c/vc, coarsening upward from c in lower part to m in upper part, conglomeratic, granule-pebble (max 2
cm), overall clasts increasing upward, moderately sorted, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
97
LA/LSA, whitish-maroon, vf-f, well sorted, laminated, thick laminae, sparse mud chips. Sharp base.
Wstr149
Shale, maroon, well laminated, thin laminae, common plant remains, pure. Gradational to sharp base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, dark gray, maroon, common-many clay films, clay films increasing upward, sandy. Gradational base.
96
95
LW, muddy, maroon, f, sparse granules, common mud chips, mud increasing upward, sparse plant
remains. Sharp base.
Wstr148
94
Wstr147
Wstr146
93
Mudstone, maroon, many thick clay films and slickensides. Gradational base.
Siltstone, some plant remains, probably laminated. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, f, scattered-common plant remains, laminated, thick laminae, well sorted. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common clay films. Gradational base.
LSA, maroonish-gray, f, scattered mud chips, well sorted. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subangular-rounded, many plant debris. Probably bedded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, maroon, blackish-gray, locally sandy, sparse granules. Common clay films in
upper 2 cm. Sharp base.
92
91
90
Wstr145
LA, whitish-gray, m, subangular-subrounded, well sorted, bedded. Lower part, sparse vc sands and granules; upper part, common granules (max 7 mm); no gravels in uppermost 5 cm. Sharp base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, well laminated, thin laminae, many plant debris. Sharp base.
79
GW8-15
Wstr165
30
LSA/LW, dark brown, f-m, rounded-well rounded, moderately sorted, muddier and common plant remains in upper part.
Sharp base.
Mudstone, blackish-gray, slightly carbonaceous, many plant fragments. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, very sandy (40%-50%), m-vc sands, common granules and pebbles, max 4 cm.
Fining and lessening upward but still sparse granules. Sharp base.
29
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule size and up to 3 cm, dominantly 1-2 cm, subroundedwell rounded, slightly imbricated, no obvious grain size trend; matrix, m-c sands. Shoreline pebble or small
distributary channel. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, greenish-gray (uppermost 10 cm), blocky, sandy, some clay films in uppermost 30
cm. Gradational base.
Wstr164
28
Siltstone, light maroon, platy, laminated, slightly sandy, sparse. Sharp base.
27
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, some-common clay films. Clay films become more and thicker in upper
part. Sharp base.
2 cm thick Mudstone, brownish-red, blocky, uniform. Sharp base.
Siltstone, maroon, blocky, some plant remains, less than below. Gradational base.
Wstr16326
Vf sandstone, light maroon, common plant remains, some mud chips. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky. Gradational base.
LSA, vf-m, moderately sorted, subangular-rounded, common large plant remains and fragments. Sharp base.
Mudstone, blocky, carbonaceous, some clay films. Sharp base.
LSA, light maroonish-gray, f-c/vc and some granules, moderately sorted, some mud chips, angularsubrounded. Mud increasing upward turns into very sandy mudstone. Gradational base.
Wstr16225
Mudstone/shale, gray, platy? some/common plant remains, non-calcareous, no soil feature. Gradational base.
LSA, gray, vf, well sorted, common plant remains. Sharp base.
Mudstone, bluish-gray, purplish-gray, blocky, common clay films, some slickensides. Gradational
base.
24
Mudstone, reddish-maroon, slightly silty, many clay films, some Fe-pisoids (granule-fine pebble size).
Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, silty, common clay films and slickensides. Gradational base.
23
Siltstone, maroon, slightly sandy. Upward turns into mudstone, common clay films and slickensides.
Gradational base.
22
Mudstone, maroon, silty, sandy, blocky. common clay films and slickensides, clay films and slickensides
increasing upward. Gradational base.
21
LW, maroon, f, moderately-sorted, some mud chips. Gradational base.
LA, whitish-maroon, f-m, fining upward to f, well sorted, subangular-rounded. Gradational base.
20
Conglomeratic LA and conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule-pebble (max 5 cm at the very
base), slightly imbricated; matrix, m-vc sands. Lower part, conglomeratic LA, m-c. Overall coarsening upward.
Sharp and erosional base.
Wstr161
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, blocky, common plant remain. But 10 m to the east, common clay films and slickensides in the
very upper part. Sharp base.
19
LW, maroonish-gray, f-m, sparse c-vc sands and granules, subrounded-rounded, poorly sorted, sparse plant
remains. Mud slightly increasing upward. Sharp base.
LSA, yellowish-brownish, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, bedded and laminated (5-15 mm), thinning upward. Many-abundant plant
remains on bedding planes. Sharp base.
Coal. Gradational base.
Wstr160
Siltstone, 1-2 cm thick f sandstone at base. Abundant mud chips, abundant plant debris, carbonaceous. Gradational base.
GW8-1418
Mudstone, grayish-black, blocky, sandy, silty, carbonaceous, less sandy than below, common plant remains. Gradational base.
LA, grayish-brown, f-vc, poorly sorted, subangular-rounded. Mud increasing upward, fining upward to f-m,
poorly-moderately sorted. Sharp base.
Shale, gray, platy. common plant remains, non-calcareous. Sharp base.
LSA, grayish-brown, f, well sorted, common-many plant remains, thick laminae, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
Wstr159
17
16
Mudstone, gray, blackish-gray, blocky, sparse plant remains (?), sparse clay films and slickensides. Sharp
base.
15
LW, very muddy, m-vc and some granules, poorly sorted, common root molds and carbonaceous roots.
Sharp base.
Mudstone, gray, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. No Fe-pisoid. Sharp base.
Wstr158
Mudstone, dark gray, carbonaceous, many clay films and slickensides.
Mudstone, greenish-gray, abundant clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
14
13
LW, lower part maroon, f-vc and granules, some pebbles scattered, angular-well rounded, poorly-sorted;
upper part, muddy LW, f-m, finer than lower part. Common root molds throughout this interval. Gradational
base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, probably clast-supported (clast ~40%), subangular-well rounded, common sandstone gravels, granule-pebble dominant, max 4.5 cm. In lower part, low-angle X-bedding,
no obvious grain size trend, probably slightly fining upward by less clasts and smaller clasts; in upper
part, conglomeratic LA, c, well sorted, some granules. Low-angle erosional base. Distributary channel
or meandering stream channel? Sharp and erosional base.
Wstr157
12
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky. Lower part, silty; upper part (15 m to the east), common clay film and
slickensides. Gradational base.
LSA/LA, light maroonish-gray, f-vf, well sorted, well laminated, thin laminae. Gradational base.
Wstr156
Siltstone, gray, well laminated, thin laminae, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
Mudstone, dark gray, carbonaceous, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
11
Wstr155
LW, f-m, f dominant, poorly-moderately sorted, subangular-subrounded, mud increasing upward to very sandy mudstone.
Lower part, some mud chips (c-vc size). Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. Gradational base.
Muddy LW, f-vc, f dominant, subangular-rounded, sparse granules (well rounded), poorly sorted. Mud increasing upward.
Sharp base.
Shale, maroon, laminated, thin laminae, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
10
LA, whitish-gray, f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, sparse mud chips (c-vc size). Sharp base.
Wstr154
LSA, gray, vf, well sorted. Gradational base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
LW, gray, f-m, poorly-moderately sorted, common mud chips, coarsening upward into f-vc, sparse granules,
poorly sorted, subangular-well rounded. Mud increasing upward into muddy LW/very sandy mudstone, f-m
sands. Gradational base.
80
50
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, bluish-gray, greenish-gray, many thick clay films and common slickensides,
many Fe-pisoids (3-10 mm), more Fe-pisoids in greenish-gray part. Thickening to the west, more than 1
m thick. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, green spots, probably root molds, blocky, sandy, silty. Sharp base.
49
Mudstone, maroon, sandy (15%), silty, still sparse root molds. Gradational base.
48
LW, maroon, f-m, moderately well sorted, subangular-subrounded, sparse mud chips. Some root
molds. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, silty, sandy, blocky, still some slickensides, sparse clay films, clay films thickening
upward. Gradational base.
47
46
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, lower part, pure mud, silt increasing upward, common clay films and
slickensides. Sharp base.
45
44
2 cm siltstone, light maroon. Sharp base.
9 cm mudstone, maroon. Sharp base.
2 cm siltstone, light maroon. Sharp base.
3 cm mudstone, maroon. Sharp base.
3 cm siltstone, light maroon. Sharp base.
5 cm mudstone, maroon. Sharp base.
4 cm siltstone, light maroon. Sharp base.
4 cm Mudstone, maroon, blocky, sparse plant remains, pure mud. Gradational base.
Mudstone, very sandy (40%), f-vc size, sand decreasing upward. Gradational base.
Wstr172
43
Muddy LW, blackish-gray, f-vc, some granules (max 8 mm), very poorly-poorly sorted, angularrounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, dark gray, common-many clay films and slickensides, blocky. thick clay films in the
upper part of maroon mudstone, then thinner in the dark gray part. Gradational base.
42
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky, sandy in places, no soil feature. Gradational base.
41
Siltstone/vf sandstone, blocky, slightly sandy. Gradational base.
40
39
Wstr171
LSA, yellowish-grown, vf-f, very well-well sorted, subrounded-rounded, some root molds. Gradational base.
20 cm thick LSA, yellowish-brown, f, very well sorted, subrounded-well rounded, bedded and laminated, thick laminae. Sparse plant remains. Sharp base.
5 cm thick LSA, black. Sharp base.
5 cm thick LSA, yellowish-brown. Sharp base.
5 cm thick LSA, black. Sharp base.
5 cm thick LSA, yellowish-brown. Sharp base.
4 cm thick LSA, black, vf, many plant remains, laminated. Sharp base.
LSA, yellowish-brown, f, very well sorted, many plant remains and fragments on bedding plane, thin beds and thick laminae. Sharp base.
3 cm thick Siltstone, yellow and then 2 cm thick Black shale. Sharp contact Gradational base.
Shale, black, carbonaceous. 3 cm coal in the middle part. Uppermost 8 cm, siltstone, yellow, well laminated, thin laminae, abundant
plant remains on bedding planes.
Siltstone/vf sandstone, brownish-yellow.
Siltstone, blackish-gray, blocky, common-many plant remains and fragments. Sparse ostracod? Gradational to sharp base.
Wstr170
38
LA, brownish-yellow, f-vc, fining upward, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, sparse granules at base.
Sharp base.
Organic-rich shale and LSA interbeds. Sandstone, yellowish-brown, f-m, subrounded-rounded, moderately well sorted. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, maroonish-brown, blocky, some clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
37
LSA, yellowish-gray, f-m, well sorted, subangular-rounded, common carbonaceous roots and root molds.
Gradational base.
LA, yellowish-gray, m-c, very well sorted, subrounded-rounded, bedding unclear, some plant remains on
top. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule-pebble, subrounded-rounded, lower part, imbricated. Shoreline deposits? Sharp base.
36
LSA, grayish-brown, f-m, moderately well sorted, bedded, bedding thinning upward to thick laminae,
many plant remains and debris on bedding planes. Sharp base.
Wstr169 35
3 cm thick Conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-pebble, imbricated, subangular-subrounded; matrix, c-vc sands. Sharp base.
LSA, brown, f-m, well sorted, many plant remains on bedding plane and in beds, bedded and laminated (thick laminae), poorly cemented.
Gradational base.
LSA, brown, f-m, common c/vc sands and granules and fine pebbles, poorly-moderately sorted,
many plant remains, bedded, bedding thinning upward to thin laminae, poorly cemented. Sharp
base.
Wstr168
2 cm thick shale, blocky, carbonaceous. Sharp base.
34
LSA, whitish-gray, c-vc, conglomeratic (~30%), granule-pebble (5-10 mm), moderately sorted,
subangular-subrounded. Gradational base.
33
Conglomerate, brown, clast-supported, granule-cobble, dominantly 1 cm, slightly imbricated, subangularrounded, gravel lessening upward. clast size (both average and max) decreasing upward. Thinning to the
east and west. Undulated erosional base. Sharp and erosional base.
32
Lower part 10 cm, conglomerate, brown, clast-supported, granule and up to 5.5cm (2-3 cm dominant), subangular-well rounded; upper part, conglomeratic LSA, brown, c-vc, moderately well sorted, gravels (10%),
dominantly 1-3 cm, slightly imbricated, 10 m to the west Tabular X-bedding. Undulated erosional base.
Sharp and erosional base.
LSA, brownish-gray, m-c, laminated and bedded, from thin beds to thin laminae, many plant remains and fragments on bedding planes. Sharp
and erosional base.
Shale, dark gray, laminated, thin laminae, common-many plant remains and fragments, weak calcareous.
Wstr167
LSA, yellowish-brown, f-m, dominantly f, common-many plant remains, well sorted, subangular-rounded, bedded and
laminated, thin beds-thick laminae, bedding thinning upward, more plant remains in upper part. Sharp base.
Wstr166
31
GW8-15
Wstr165
30
Shale, blackish-gray, thin laminae, well laminated, organic rich. Sharp base.
Mudstone, dark maroon, sparse-common clay films, slightly silty and sandy. Gradational base.
LSA/LW, dark brown, f-m, rounded-well rounded, moderately sorted, muddier and common plant remains in upper part.
Sharp base.
Mudstone, blackish-gray, slightly carbonaceous, many plant fragments. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, very sandy (40%-50%), m-vc sands, common granules and pebbles, max 4 cm.
Fining and lessening upward but still sparse granules. Sharp base.
81
Wstr190
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, some clay films. Sharp base.
LA, brown, vf-f, very well sorted, subangular-subrounded, laminated-bedded, many plant remains, some
root molds in upper 5-10 cm. Gradational base.
71
Wstr189
Siltstone, brown, platy, some plant remains, laminated. Sharp base.
Coarse siltstone, vf sandstone, black, carbonaceous/organic rich, sparse ostracods.
LSA, brown, black, variegated, vf, well sorted, some plant remains.
Mudstone, gray, very silty, blocky, common clay films. Gradational base.
LSA, f, brown, well sorted, laminated, thin laminae, some plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA, f-m, fining upward, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, bedded and laminated, common many plant remains on
bedding planes. Upper part 4 cm, siltstone, greenish-gray. Sharp base.
70
Wstr188
LSA, brown, f. moderately well sorted. Lower part, common vc sands and granules, well rounded, some mud chips; upper 3 cm, plant rich. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, brown, granule-fine pebble, overall imbricated, clast-supported; matrix, m-vc sands, angular-rounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, blackish-gray, gray, common clay films and slickensides, blocky. Gradational base.
69
LSA, reddish-gray, vf-f, moderately well sorted, some mud chips. Sharp base.
LSA, brown, vf-f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded. Gradational base.
LA, brown, vf, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, well laminated, thin laminae, many mica and tiny plant
remains on bedding planes. Lower part, see climbing ripple laminae; upper part, ripple laminae. Sharp
base.
Wstr18768
Mudstone, gray, reddish-gray, very pure, common clay films and slickensides, blocky. Sharp base.
67
LA, brown, vf-f, well laminated, thin laminae, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, many mica and tiny plant remains on
bedding planes. Gradational base.
Shale, gray, many mica on bedding planes, well laminated, sub-mm-laminae, many tiny plant remains.
Sharp base.
Wstr186
66
Wstr185
LA, brown, f, very well sorted, Quartz rich(?), subrounded-well rounded. Lower part, climbing ripple laminae; middle part, large trough X-laminae and massive; upper part, tabular X-laminae, climbing ripple laminae, and plane bedding. Laterally persistent for 100 m. Thinning to the west. Sharp base. Along top
switch to west 10 m.
Shale, greenish-gray, well laminated, sub-mm-laminae, pure, slightly silty and sandy. Sharp base.
2 cm thick shale, carbonaceous. Sharp base.
65
LA, brown, vf-f, well sorted, subrounded-rounded, no clear bedding (massive?), common roots and
root molds in very upper part. Gradational base.
LA, brown, f, well sorted, well laminated, many plant remains. Prodelta to distal delta front. Gradational base.
Shale, brown, silty, well laminated, thin laminae, many-common plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA, brown, f, well sorted, laminated, common plant remains, subrounded-rounded. Sharp base.
Shale, reddish-maroon, very pure, well laminated, sub-mm-laminae. Upper part, greenish-gray, dark
gray, still well laminated. Sharp base.
64
Prodelta? Why no plant remains? Lake came back so abruptly?
63
Wstr184
Shale, black, carbonaceous. Coal. Transgressive swamp. Sharp base.
4 cm thick Mud breccia, black, brown, brown mud chips, black groundmass(?).Gradational base.
Mudstone, brownish-maroon, blocky, some clay film and slickensides. Sharp base.
Wstr183
LSA, brown, f, well sorted, many mud chips, common plant remains, subangular-subrounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, blackish-gray, dark maroon, blocky, common clay films. Sharp base.
62
LSA, brown, f, well sorted, some plant remains and fragments, bedded (1-2 cm thick), sparse mud chips (5-10 mm) in lower part. Sharp base.
Siltstone, vf sandstone, well sorted, sparse plant remains, some mud chips. Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroon, blackish-gray, pure-silty, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
Wstr182
61
Wstr181
Wstr180
LSA, brown, f, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, common plant remains. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, pure-slightly silty, sparse clay films. Sharp base.
LSA, brown, vf-f, well sorted, coarsening upward from siltstone to f LSA. Crevasse splay build up(?). Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. No clay films in uppermost 20 cm, but still
very blocky. Gradational base.
60
59
Mudstone, dark maroon, blackish-maroon, sandy, silty, sparse clay films. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, pure-slightly silty, some sands floating, blocky. Sparse clay films(?).Sharp base.
LSA, grayish-brown, vf-f, well sorted, some plant remains throughout. Lower part, common mud chips (max 1 cm); upper
part, more plant remains, less mud chips. Sharp base.
Wstr179
Mudstone, dark maroon, thick clay films and slickensides, relatively well developed. Sharp base.
LW, gray, m-vc, conglomeratic (granule-fine pebble), poorly-moderately sorted, slightly muddy. Sharp base.
Siltstone, maroonish-gray, sandy (20%, f-c size), sparse well rounded granules. Sharp base.
Wstr178
58
LA, maroonish-gray, f-c, fining upward, moderately well sorted, sparse granules. Gradational base.
Conglomerate, whitish-gray, clast-supported, granule-pebble (max, 12 mm), overall fining upward, angular-subrounded, slightly imbricated;
matrix, c-vc sands. Sharp and erosional base.
Mudstone, grayish-maroon, blocky, many slickensides and clay films. Well developed soil. Sharp base. Gradational base.
LSA, gray, vf-f, well sorted, relict beds, some carbonaceous roots and root molds. Sharp base.
Wstr177
Mudstone, gray, blocky, scattered clay films. Sharp base.
57
LSA, gray, vf-f, well sorted, relict beds, some carbonaceous root and root molds. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky, sparse clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
Wstr176
LSA, maroonish-gray, f-vf, slightly fining upward, well sorted. Sharp base.
Wstr175
56
Wstr174
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, blocky, scattered clay films and slickensides. Sharp base.
LSA, brownish-gray, vf-f, well sorted. Sharp base.
Mudstone, grayish-black, blocky, carbonaceous, sparse clay films, sparse well rounded sands (f-m).
Gradational base.
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, very sandy (40-50%), sand decreasing upward, f-m, moderately well sorted, subrounded-well rounded, blocky. No soil feature. Sharp base.
55
Mudstone, blackish-maroon, backish-gray, black, some clay films. Sharp base.
54
LSA, greenish-gray, vf, laminated, thick laminae, well sorted, common plant remains. Gradational base.
LSA, greenish-gray, vf-f, laminated and bedded, bed thickening upward from thin laminae to thin beds. Trough and tabular Xlaminae and ripple laminae, many-abundant plant remains on bedding plane. Locally siltstone, laminated. Sharp base.
Siltstone, greenish-gray, well laminated, many plant remains on bedding plane. Laminae thickening upward form sub-mm-laminae to thin
laminae. Sharp base.
LSA, greenish-gray, vf, many organic laminae (probably plant), very well sorted. Sharp base.
Siltstone, greenish-gray, well laminated, thin laminae, many plant remains on bedding plane. Laminae thickening upward form sub-mm-laminae to thin laminae. Sharp base.
53
Wstr173
Shale, black, organic rich. Very well laminated, sub-mm-laminae 5 m to the east. Prodelta. Sharp base.
Conglomerate and sandstone intercalated, whitish gray. Conglomerate, clast-supported, granule-pebble,
angular-rounded, slightly imbricated; sandstone, LA, m-vc. CMB or transgressive deposits. Sharp base.
Mudstone, dark maroon, common clay films and slickensides. Gradational base.
LW, dark maroon, f-m, angular-subrounded, slightly muddy, poorly-moderately well sorted, some root molds. Sharp base.
Mudstone, dark maroon, many thick clay films, blocky. Gradational base.
52
Siltstone, dark maroon, sandy in places, blocky, some root molds. Sharp base.
Mudstone, lower part, dark maroon; upper part, dark gray. Common-many clay films and
slickensides, lessening upward. Still some Fe-pisoids in lower dark maroon part, granule-size.
Sharp base.
51
50
Mudstone, maroonish-gray, bluish-gray, greenish-gray, many thick clay films and common slickensides,
many Fe-pisoids (3-10 mm), more Fe-pisoids in greenish-gray part. Thickening to the west, more than 1
m thick. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, green spots, probably root molds, blocky, sandy, silty. Sharp base.
82
Wstr199
LW/LSA (30 cm thick, m/c), fining upward to siltstone, silty shale, greenish gray and grayish purple,
laminated. Gradational top.
90
89
2-3 coarsening upward successions from gravelly m-vc LW to granule-fine pebble conglomerates, clasts
well rounded, some sedimentary clasts but igneous dominant, clast supported, well bedded. Laterally
persistent. Gradational top. Delta front.
88
87
Shale, sandy, coarsening upward to muddy LW, m-c with granules, well bedded. Sharp/gradational top.
s8wy-42
Wstr19886
85
Shale, gray, dark gray, purplish gray, f laminated, sandy and silty, 2-3 1-2 cm thick lignitic stringers. Rich in plant remains.
Gradational top.
Shale, light gray, dark gray matrix with pervasive equant white patches filled with f-m sands with sharp-diffuse boundaries
resembling sandstone clasts or burrows filled with external sands. Thick platy, noncalcareous. Sharp/gradational top.
Transgressive (?).
Mudstone, purplish gray, sandy,
granular, angular block. Common
clay films and slickensides.
Sharp/gradational top. Argillisol.
N6E/40. About 100 m east of the
modern sand dune ridge.
Shale/mudstone, purplish gray, dense, angular blocky
to platy, interbedded with siltstone, vf/f LW, sparse
clay films and slickensides, slightly increasing upward.
Some large plant remains and fragments. No clear
grain size trend. Deltaplain.
Top surface is the base of the 4th segments measured in Upper WTG LC.
4th segment of U. WTG LC
LW/LSA, olive gray to purplish gray, common to abundant large plant remains and fragments. Fining upward
from m/f to f/vf, purple shale clasts throughout, platy to
equant, angular to rounded, 1-10 mm.
Sharp/gradational. Deltaplain.
84
LSA/LW, olive gray, greenish gray, coarsening upward from m/c
to c-vc with granules and fine pebbles, well bedded and laminated. Some large plant remains and fragments (> 1 cm), moderately well to well sorted, gravels increasing upward, common purple
shale clasts. Sharp/gradational.
83
s8wy-44
Wstr197
82
81
LW, intercalated with purplish gray sale, common plant
LSA/LW, purplish gray, well thin laminated, upper- remains, well thin laminated. Sharp top.
most 10 cm thick platy/blocky LW, m-vc, with large
plant remains. Sharp top. Overall coarsening upward.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, middle part a 5-cm c siltstone. Coarsening upward from f/vf to f. Upper bed is
f-m to m/c. Moderately well to well sorted, well laminated, CRL. Some large plant remains (1-10 mm).
Sharp top.
Silty shale, siltstone, coarsening upward to f LSA, well laminated. Gradational top. Prodeltaic(?).
Wstr19680
LSA/LW, greenish gray, thick laminated, f/vf, moderately well sorted, some large plant remains. Gradational top.
Shale, gray to dark gray, sandy with f-c sands, common large plant remains and fragments, well laminated, some mud microbreccias. Few fish scales. Sharp top.
Shale, grayish purple, olive gray, siltstone, coarsening upward to f LW, moderately to moderately well sorted, variably silty and sandy, overall coarsening upward. Upper part, sparse clay films and slickensides.
Sharp/gradational. Shallow bay fill upward to lakeplain.
79
LA/LSA, olive gray, fining upward from c-vc to m/c, basal part common purple angular shale clasts, ell to very well sorted, well thick laminated.
Sharp top. Transgressive.
78
Wstr195
Shale, gray, slightly sandy, some mud microbreccias, some large plant remains and fragments, thin to medium laminated. Sharp top.
Transgressive.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, common clay films. Some green root molds. Sharp base.
Siltstone, silty shale/mudstone, purplish gray, moderately variegated with green, some clay tubules and
films, increasing upward. Some relict beddings. Sharp top. ~1.5 m thick. Proto-Argillisol. (Wan Yang’s
description)
77
Wstr194
5th segment, Upper WTG-to be matched with top of Wei’s section
LSA, whitish-maroon, vf-f, very well sorted, subangular-subrounded, blocky. Sharp base.
Mudstone, whitish-maroon, pure-slightly silty, platy, sparse-some plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA/LA, whitish-gray, reddish-gray, vf-f, very well sorted, some plant remains. Sharp base.
Shale, maroon, pure-slightly silty, laminated, thickening upward from sub-mm-laminae to thick laminae.
Sharp base.
76
LSA, reddish-gray, vf, very well sorted, sparse mud chips. Gradational base.
Shale, light reddish-gray, very pure, slightly silty in places, well laminated, thin laminae. Sharp base.
Wstr193
75
LA, maroon, vf-f, very well sorted, fining upward, subangular-rounded. Sharp base.
Wstr19274
Lower part, LSA/LW, f-vc, common granules and fine pebbles, poorly-moderately sorted, subangularrounded, some mud chips (max 1 cm). Muddier upward. Still common root molds. Sharp base.
73
Wstr191
72
Wstr190
71
Wstr189
Mudstone, maroon, blocky. Sharp base.
LW, maroonish-brown, f-vc, some granule-fine pebble, angular-rounded, very poorly-moderately sorted.
Root molds throughout this bed. Sharp base.
Mudstone, maroon, blocky, some clay films. Sharp base.
LA, brown, vf-f, very well sorted, subangular-subrounded, laminated-bedded, many plant remains, some
root molds in upper 5-10 cm. Gradational base.
Siltstone, brown, platy, some plant remains, laminated. Sharp base.
Coarse siltstone, vf sandstone, black, carbonaceous/organic rich, sparse ostracods.
LSA, brown, black, variegated, vf, well sorted, some plant remains.
Mudstone, gray, very silty, blocky, common clay films. Gradational base.
LSA, f, brown, well sorted, laminated, thin laminae, some plant remains. Sharp base.
LSA, f-m, fining upward, well sorted, subangular-subrounded, bedded and laminated, common many plant remains on
bedding planes. Upper part 4 cm, siltstone, greenish-gray. Sharp base.
70
Wstr188
LSA, brown, f. moderately well sorted. Lower part, common vc sands and granules, well rounded, some mud chips; upper 3 cm, plant rich. Sharp base.
Conglomerate, brown, granule-fine pebble, overall imbricated, clast-supported; matrix, m-vc sands, angular-rounded. Sharp base.
Mudstone, blackish-gray, gray, common clay films and slickensides, blocky. Gradational base.
83
LW/LSA, olive gray, upward to greenish gray. Lower part, thick laminated, f-vc, poorly to moderately well
sorted. Uppermost 10 cm, CRL. Common large plant remains and fragments. Sharp, undulating, nonerosional top.
10
Shale, olive gray, thick laminated, variably sandy, with f-granule grains. Scattered large plant remains and
fragments. Thick play. Gradational top. Bay fill.
Wstr209 9
LW, olive greenish gray, m-vc, common large plant remains and fragments. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Shale/mudstone, variably sandy with f-vc sands, intercalated with few 5-10 cm thick muddy LWs, purplish gray to grayish purple, thick platy to blocky, dense, angular. Variable amount of clay films and
slickensides. Peds 1-10 cm in size, prismatic, in places, some carbonized rootlets. Locally common,
especially in lower part, to abundant mud chips. Sharp top. Lakeplain to shallow bay fill.
8
7
Shale, dark grayish purple, common micro mud breccias. Sharp/gradational top.
Wstr208 6
LSA, olive gray, well thick laminated, common large plant remains and fragments, moderately to moderately well sorted, m-vc. Sharp top.
Transgressive (?).
Shale, blackish gray, well laminated. Shark/gradational top.
Wstr207
Shale, gray, sandy, mottled. Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, purplish gray, silty to pure, well laminated. Gradational top.
5
Shale, dark gray, well laminated in lower 20 cm, coarsening upward to sandy mudstone with sparse carbonized rootlets.
Sharp top.
LW/LSA, m-vc, moderately well to well sorted, well bedded.
Shale, dark gray, grayish black, abundant micro mud breccias, probably carbonaceous.
LW, gray, some large plant remains and fragments, moderately well sorted, f-c. Sharp top. Lakeshore or small bay head delta(?).
Shale, dark purplish gray, lower half thick platy, pockets of f-m sands in matrix; upper part, mottled as below, common
mm, angular mud breccias. Local grayish black layers, probably carbonaceous. Gradational top.
Wstr206
Shale, purplish gray, pure to silty, well laminated. Sharp top.
4
LW, muddy at base, crudely fining upward to thick platy, dense, angular sandy shale with f-vc sands.
Upper part, some thin discontinuous clay films and slickensides, locally common. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
3
2
Shale, dark purplish gray, well laminated, coarsening upward to grayish purple silty shale, siltstone,
sandy shale, dense, platy. Uppermost grades into dense, purplish gray LW, f-c, with granules, moderately well sorted, blocky. Gradational/sharp top. Bay fill.
Wstr205 1
Shale, silty and sandy with f/vf sands in lower part, olive gray, thin to thick platy, gradually coarsening
upward to sandy shale with m-vc sands, to muddy LW, to m-c LW. Some large plant remains in LW, well
bedded. Sharp top.
400 m
LSA/LA, gray, m-c, some granules, moderately well to well sorted, some mud chips, common plant remains and fragments, well bedded.
Gradational top. Transgressive.
Shale, blackish gray, common carbonized mm-size plant remains/fragments, some angular mud microbreccias, well laminated. Gradational
top. Not significantly different from underlying mudstone/shale. Reworked paleosol. Transgressive(?).
Wstr204
99
Mudstone/shale, dark gray, to blackish gray, blocky to platy, rare clay films, probably lack plant remains
(steel gray). Gradational top. Swamp(?).
LSA, olive gray, m-vc, some large plant remains and fragments, moderately to moderately well sorted,
some mud chips. Uppermost 10 cm muddy LW (due to illuvial clay). Sharp/gradational top. Lakeshore,
regressive(?).
Wstr20398
Shale, gray to olive gray, slightly coarsening upward from pure to silty, to siltstone/vf sandstone, well laminated. Sharp
top. Bay fill.
LSA, f-m, scattered granules, some large plant remains and fragments, dense, moderately well sorted, well bedded. Sharp top. Lakeshore.
Shale, dark gray, blackish gray, well thin laminated, probably rich in disseminated plant remains. Upper part olive gray, less plant remains.
Sharp/gradational. Swamp to shallow bay(?).
Mudstone/shale, dense, blocky to platy. Some large plant remains and fragments, mottled/brecciated, similar to mottled shale below. Crudely bedded/laminated. Crudely fining upward from sandy shale with f-m sands to silty shale. Gradational top. Subaerial transgressive.
Wstr202
97
96
LW, muddy in lower 50 cm, ,m-c, poorly to moderately sorted, with granules and fine pebbles, blocky, fining upward to sandy mudstone, upward less sandy. Purplish gray upward steel gray (in uppermost 30,
gleyed). Common clay films and slickensides. Sharp/gradational top. Lake plain.
LSA, gray, m-c, with granules, moderately to moderately well sorted, some mud chips, igneous grains dominant, well bedded.
Sharp/gradational top. Lakeshore.
Basal 30 cm, thick platy, mottled shale/mudstone, olive gray, upward to laminated, platy, grayish
purple shale, upward to finely laminated. Overall fining upward. Sharp/gradational top. Bay fill,
prodeltaic(?).
95
Wstr201
A fining upward succession from f/m LW to silty shale/mudstone, purplish gray, 2-3 cm angular wedgeshaped peds in upper half, common clay films and slickensides. Sharp top.
94
93
Sandstone and conglomerate, gray to light gray, coarsening upward from conglomeratic LW, mvc, to granular-fine pebbly conglomerate. Common clay films. Sharp top. Delta front.
92
Shale in lower 2/3, upward to silty shale, siltstone, gray, well laminated, angular plates. Uppermost 10 cm well laminated LSA, f-m, gravelly. Sharp/gradational top. Coarsening upward.
LSA, f-m, moderately well sorted, well thick laminated, common large plant remains. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Wstr200
91
A crudely coarsening upward succession from well laminated silty shale/siltstone to f/m LW, to
gravelly, well bedded and laminated m-c LW. Uppermost 30 cm fining upward to sandy
shale/mudstone, to muddy LW, sparse clay films. Sharp. Bayhead small delta (?).
Wstr199
LW/LSA (30 cm thick, m/c), fining upward to siltstone, silty shale, greenish gray and grayish purple,
laminated. Gradational top.
90
84
31
Wstr219
LSA, greenish gray, c/vc, fining upward to m/c, well bedded, some illuvial clay films and tubules. Gradational top. Crevasse splay or small channel fill. Lakeplain.
Shale/mudstone, silty, siltstone, vf sandstone interbeds. Upward increasing clay films and slickensides,
extensive in upper part. Sharp top.
30
A coarsening upward succession from silty shale, siltstone, to f, to m/c LSA, purplish gray upward to
brownish gray. Upper part scattered clay tubules, moderately well to well sorted, well laminated. Bayhead
delta.
Wstr218 29
Shale, silty, blackish gray to dark gray in lower part. Upward to sandy with c-granular grains, plant rich,
lower part microbreccia, decreasing upward. Upper part, sandy and silty shale, upward to vf-f LW/LSA,
abundant large plant fragments, some delicate leaves, parallel to bedding plane. Gradational top. Swamp.
Wstr217 28
LSA, f, yellowish gray in lower part, abundant plant remains, as lakeshore deposit. Upper part,
mudstone/shale, angular to blocky to platy. Upward increasing clay films and slickensides, olive gray, variable sandy to silty, Sharp top. Lakeplain.
27
Shale, silty shale, siltstone, upward to vf/f LW, very well thin to medium laminated. Abundant large (cms) plant fragments
on bedding plane. Overall coarsening upward. Dark gray to greenish gray. Sharp top. swamp to shallow littoral.
Lower 2 cm, mudstone microbreccia. Upper 3 cm, lignite. Black. Gradational top. 5 cm thick.
Shale, gray to dark gray, some micro breccias, some large plant remains and fragments, possible carbonized rootlets. Sharp top.
Wstr216
26
Basal 2-3 cm, blocky muddy LW with large plant remains, mud clasts, and granule sand fine pebbles. Upper part, dark
steel gray shale, micro breccias, locally carbonaceous, some sand grains. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Shale/mudstone, silty, sandy, granular blocks, some to common clay films and slickensides.
Conglomerate, olive gray, lower part with dark gray to purple silty shale stringers. Coarsening upward from
m/c-c/vc LSA to granular to fine pebble conglomerate, muddy with illuvial clay. Gradational top. Delta front.
25
Wstr215
LSA/LA, greenish gray, some mud clasts, c/vc, well sorted. Gradational top. 5 cm thick. Transgressive.
Mudstone, greenish gray, micro breccia. Sharp top. 2 cm thick.
Mudstone, dark gray to olive gray, extensive clay films. Sharp top.
Wstr214 24
Shale, carbonaceous, with lignitic stringers. Sharp/gradational top.
Shale/mudstone, black. Thin to thick laminated. Micro mud breccia. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Mudstone, gray, dark steel gray, fine blocks. Common clay films and slickensides. Some to common plant
remains. Sharp/gradational top. Gleyed.
Mudstone, silty, gray to light gray, Fine blocks, common clay films and slickensides. Some plant
remains and mica. Gradational top.
23
LSA, greenish gray, intercalated with purple shale, vf-f, thick plates-blocks, some clay films and tubules.
Gradational top. Lakeplain.
Shale, purple, variegated, some clay films and tubules, laminated. Common coprolites. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
22
LSA, greenish gray, well laminated, sparse clay tubules.
Shale, purple, variegated with green, angular plates. Sharp top, as a lithologic/depositional boundary, not
a paleosol. Lakeplain.
21
LSA, greenish gray, with purple gray shale laminae, c-silt to f, very well laminated, abundant plant
remains and mica. Uppermost 5 cm, thin clay films, sparse. Sharp top.
Shale, grayish purple, variably silty, mm-sub-mm laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Gradational top.
Wstr213
20
s8wy-24
Mudstone/shale in lower 5 cm, gray to dark gray, common large plant remains. Upper part, greenish gray vf-f LSA, common ostracods, angular
mud chips, CRL. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Sandstone, vf, fining upward to vf, siltstone, to silty shale, dense, angular plates. Rare thin clay films.
LSA, olive gray, well laminated, common plant remains and mica. Coarsening upward with underlying bed.
Wstr212 19
Shale, lower 10 cm gray, upper part purplish gray, very well laminated, upward silty. A 2-cm thick LSA, f.
Sharp top.
LA, grayish brown, f-f/m, very well sorted, no clear grain size trend, CRL, well bedded. Sharp top. Coarsening upward with underlying bed.
Sandstone, fining upward from f, vf, to siltstone, to silty shale, light gray, very well laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Sharp top. Deepening upward.
Wstr211 18
17
16
LA/LSA, greenish gray, m, fining upward to f, abundant large plant remains, well to very well sorted, well bedded. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Shale, silty, siltstone, abundant plant remains and muscovite, very well mm laminated. Sharp top.
Mudstone/shale, dark gray, thick platy, micro
Siltstone, gray to dark gray, thin laminated, common mud
mud breccias, rich in plant remains. Gradational
breccia, ostracods, and large plant remains.
top. Transgressive.
Shale,
silty, and siltstone, purplish gray, upward to greenish
Mudstone, upward less silty, greenish gray, pervagray, top 10 cm, steel gray, gleyed. Lower part, well laminated,
sive thick illuvial clay and slickensides. Sharp top.
LSA, purplish gray, m, angular blocky to platy, very calcareous. Some clay tubules.
Gradational top.
N7E/48.
Start between the 1547-m hill
and the hill to the west, along
the gully.
upper part blocky with crude cm-size peds. Sparse thick clay
films and slickensides, dense, noncalcareous. Sharp top.
Top matches with the base of the 3rd segment.
s8wy-43
LA, yellowish greenish brown, very well laminated,
parallel lamination and plane beds dominant. Laminae and layers 1-10 cm thick, of f, f-m, m-c arenites,
well to very well sorted. Symmetrical wave ripple
marks. Common on bedding plane, so are plant
remains and muscovite. Laterally persistent for ~1
km. Uppermost 20 cm fining upward from f/vf to c
silt. Flat base and top. Gradational top. Wavedominated delta.
3rd segment, Upper WTG
15
Shale, gray, silty, upward siltier. Abundant disseminated
plant remains and muscovite on bedding plane, mm well
laminated. Sharp top. Prodeltaic.
14
Basal 1-2 cm micro mud breccia, 1-2 cm thick lignitic-bituminous coal,
interlaminated with siltstone and silty shale with abundant plant remains
Wstr210
13
12
on bedding plane. Dark gray to black. Abundant ostracods on some bed
Shale/mudstone, lower 30 cm olive gray, upper part
plane. Gradational top.
grayish purple. Carbonized rootlets throughout,
increasing upward to common. Sparse thin clay films
and slickensides, pervasive in top 10 cm. Pure to
slightly silty. Sharp top. Lakeplain to deltaplain.
LSA in basal 10 cm, m-vc, moderately well to well sorted, upward to LW, to muddy LW, olive gray, moderately to poorly sorted. Thick laminated, common large plant remains and fragments. Overall fining
upward. Sharp/gradational top. Distributary channel fill.
Shale, gray to dark gray, silty, slightly sandy with f/vf sands. Well laminated. Sharp top.
Conglomerate, light gray to dark olive gray, granular, well rounded, some fine pebbles, no clear grain
size trend. Plane bedded in upper part. Matrix is muddier upward, but maximum grain size is the same.
Sharp, uneven top. Coarsening upward with two underlying bed. Channel mouth bar.
11
LW/LSA, olive gray, upward to greenish gray. Lower part, thick laminated, f-vc, poorly to moderately well
sorted. Uppermost 10 cm, CRL. Common large plant remains and fragments. Sharp, undulating, nonerosional top.
10
Shale, olive gray, thick laminated, variably sandy, with f-granule grains. Scattered large plant remains and
fragments. Thick play. Gradational top. Bay fill.
85
51
Wstr235
Shale, gray, greenish gray, dark gray, upward to blackish gray, sandy, siltstone, LSA stringers, well laminated, common to abundant plant remains and fragments. Uppermost a 10-cm thick black shale, probably carbonaceous. Overall upward increasing mud microbreccias. Gradational top. Transitional subaerial-subaqueous transgression.
Shale/mudstone, sandy, upward less sandy, m to granule grains. Blocky to platy, some clay tubules and films. Gradational top. Deltaplain
to interdeltaic embayment.
50
LSA/LW, olive greenish gray, coarsening upward from f to m/vc, scattered granules and stringers of conglomerate (granule to fine pebble). Upper part some clay tubules/rootlets. Gradational top.
Shale, gray to dark gray, well thin laminated, common large well carbonized plant remains and fragments in lower part. Upward to silty shale, siltstone, with vf LSA stringers, common plant remains.
Gradational/sharp top.
49
Wstr234
48
LW, olive gray, upward muddier, m-vc with granules. Upper 25 cm, changes to sandy
mudstone/shale, granular blocky to platy. Overall fining upward. Gradational/sharp top. Deltaplain(?).
LSA, greenish gray and light gray, coarsening upward from f/m LSA to conglomeratic LSA/LA, upward to
granule to fine pebble conglomerate. Sharp/gradational top.
47
Shale, silty, upward to siltstone, greenish gray, abundant micro mud breccias, common cm-size large plant remains and fragments.
Gradational/sharp top.
Shale, dark gray, well laminated, probably rich in plant remains. Gradational top. 5 cm thick.
Wstr233
46
45
Sandstone, conglomerate, light gray, upward increasing conglomerate. Lower part, granular
conglomerate stringers; uppermost 30 cm, granular to fine pebble conglomerate, well rounded
and clast supported. Sandstone, LSA/local LA, well to moderately well sorted, m-vc, conglomeratic with granules and fine pebble increasing upward. Common large plant fragments, well
bedded and thick laminated. Uppermost 40 cm, c-vc conglomeratic LW, upward to very sandy
mudstone, sparse clay films and tubules, blocky, dense. Shale clasts common throughout.
Overall coarsening upward. Coarsening upward with underlying bed. Gradational top. Delta
front.
44
Shale, silty, common plant remains and mica, well laminated. Sharp/gradational top. Proximal prodeltaic.
LSA, m-c, moderately well to well sorted, common plant remains and fragments, thin plates. 5 cm thick. Gradational top.
Shale, dark gray, common mud microbreccia, similar to below. Gradational top.
Siltstone, vf and f-c LW, olive gray, common clay tubes. 5 cm thick. Lakeplain.
Wstr232
Shale, dark gray, common mud microbreccia, common plant remains and fragments, well laminated. Swamp, transgressive.
Wstr231
43
Siltstone, silty shale/mudstone, variable but common clay films. Fine angular blocks and plates, olive greenish gray. Sharp/gradational top.
Lakeplain.
LSA, greenish gray, crudely coarsening upward from f, m, to m/c, some granules. Common plant remains
and mica. Uppermost 10 cm some to sparse clay tubules, increasing upward. Gradational top.
42
s8wy-25
Wstr230
41
Shale, pure, gray, upward to silty shale and vf LSA. Gradational top.
Shale, pure, gray to dark gray in lower part, fine laminated, with a 10 cm thick reddish gray, dark gray,
ductile shale as bentonite/ash fall deposit.
Shale, silty, siltstone, thick laminated, angular plates, common plant remains, sandy.
LW, f/m, overall fining upward to vf LW, siltstone, silty/mudstone, angular blocks to plates, upward
increasing clay films and tubules from sparse to common. Basal 10 cm coarsening upward from sandy
shale to f LW. Sharp/gradational top.
Shale in lower 20 cm, platy/blocky, very sandy with m-granular sands, decreasing upward, thick laminated. Upper part, dark
gray to olive gray shale, pure, thin laminated, as maximum transgressive deposits. Gradational top.
Wstr229
40
Wstr228
LSA/LW, brownish green to gray, lower 25 cm coarsening upward from silty shale, siltstone, to f-m LSA, abundant to common plant remains and
fragments, some mud breccias and clasts. Upper part m-c LSAwith a 5-cm thick granular conglomerate stringer, well rounded, moderately well to
well sorted. Uppermost 5 cm, fining upward to f-m LSA. Gradational top. Lakeshore, bay fill.
Siltstone, vf-f LW, silty shale/mudstone interbeds, some clay tubules and films, increasing upward. Thick to thin laminated, angular blocks and
plates. Uppermost 5 cm dark urple to gray gleyed. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
Shale, dark purplish gray, common plant remains, well laminated. Gradational top. Maximum transgressive.
LSA, greenish gray, m-c, granular, common large plant remains. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Wstr227
Mudstone/shale, purplish gray, silty, common thin and discontinuous clay films and slickensides. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
39
Wstr226
LSA, brownish gray, m/vc, moderately well to well sorted, common large plant fragments, lower part a 5cm thick granular conglomerate, well thick laminated. Uppermost 10 cm LSA, ,f-m. Mud clasts throughout.
Sharp top. Lakeshore to sublittoral.
LSA, greenish gray, olive gray, well thick laminated, intercalated with silty shale stringers. Overall fining
upward from m/c to f/m. Uppermost 10 cm, sandy shale, common mud clasts, scattered granules with a
gradational base. Abundant large plant remains and fragments. Sharp top. Lakeshore.
38
Shale, silty shale, siltstone interbeds, 2 2-3 cm thick lignites, one at base, the other in upper part. Abundant large plant fragments. A 1-cm thick c/vc LSA stringer, thick to thin laminated. Upper 20 cm, dark gray
to gray, coarsening upward from siltstone to vf sandstone. Gradational top.
Wstr225 37
Mudstone/shale, sandy, gray, sharp blocky, some clay films. Sharp top.
LSA/LW, olive gray, thick laminated, intercalated with purplish gray siltstone, silty shale with f-m, m/c, granular grains, well bedded, crudely coarsening upward. Sharp/gradational top. Lakeshore.
36
Shale, sandy, sharp platy, siltstone, purplish gray, common large plant remains and fragments. Sharp top.
Wstr224
LSA/LW, olive to greenish gray, m-vc, moderately well to well sorted, common plant fragments. A possible
petrified wood 20 cm in diameter, 1 m long, parallel to bedding plane. Gradational top. Channel fill on lakeplain or lakeshore.
Wstr223
35
Shale, sandy, carbonaceous shale, LW, siltstone interbeds, black or olive gray. Large plant remains and fragments common to abundant. Sharp top. Swamp.
LSA and conglomerate, grayish yellow, c/vc, conglomeratic, laterally change to 50 cm thick in 5 m distance. Gradational top. Same origin as
sandstone below. Channel fill on lakeplain.
Mudstone, dark gray to dark greenish gray, fining upward from muddy LW, sandy mudstone, to sandy siltstone. Angular plates, common large plant remains and fragments. Common carbonized rootlets. Sharp top.
Lakeplain or overbank.
Wstr222 34
LSA/LA, c-vc, granular to fine pebbly, crudely fining upward to muddy c/vc LW, to sandy mudstone/shale, large plant remains and fragments.
Come carbonized rootlets. Lenticular from 10-40 cm in 20 m, but laterally persistent. Gradational top. Channel fill on lakeplain or lakeshore.
Wstr221
33
Shale/mudstone, dark gray, no to sparse clay films, silty and sandy with c/vc and granule grains, increasing
upward, siltstone. Blocky, some mudstone breccias, some large plant remains, increasing upward. Probably rich in plant remains. Sharp top.
Mudstone/shale, purplish gray upward to gray, blocky, common clay films, upward to extensive.
Sharp/gradational.
LSA, brownish gray to brown, m/c, slightly coarsening upward to c/vc, moderately well sorted, well bedded.
Gradational top.microbreccia. No clay films, blackish gray. Probably plant rich. Sharp top.
Shale/mudstone,
Mudstone/shale, purplish gray, upward increasing clay films and tubules. Lower part sandy, upward to silty,
less sandy. Uppermost 20 cm, light gray to dark gray. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
Wstr220
32
LSA, c/vc, granular, fining upward to sandy mudstone, well bedded, common clay films and tubules. Gradational top.
Mudstone/shale, purplish gray, fining upward from muddy LW, siltstone, to silty mudstone, some carbonized rootlets, common clay tubules. Upward increasing clay films and slickensides. Sharp top. Fining
upward from underlying bed. Lakeplain.
31
Wstr219
LSA, greenish gray, c/vc, fining upward to m/c, well bedded, some illuvial clay films and tubules. Gradational top. Crevasse splay or small channel fill. Lakeplain.
Shale/mudstone, silty, siltstone, vf sandstone interbeds. Upward increasing clay films and slickensides,
extensive in upper part. Sharp top.
30
86
Wstr245
Shale, silty, some mud microbreccias, common ostracods. Sharp top.
Shale, dark gray carbonaceous. 2 cm thick.
s8wy-30
70
Shale/mudstone, olive gray to gray, angular blocks and plates, subrounded to subangular peds, 1-10 cm
in size, weakly calcareous, dense. Lower part some coprolites. Sharp top. Pedogenic altered.
LSA/LA, brownish gray, coarsening and thickening upward from vf to f/lm, CRL dominant, well laminated and bedded, laterally persistent. Sharp top. Delta front.
69
Shale, silty, gray, coarsening upward to siltstone, to vf sandstone, medium to thick laminated, relatively
denser than shale below. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Gradational top.
Shale, gray to dark gray, pure, scattered ostracods in upper part, thin to medium laminated, friable. Sharp/gradational
top. Embayment, shallow or deep(?), slow/starved sedimentation.
Wstr244
68
Sandstone, brownish green gray, coarsening upward and thickening upward from mm-cm, from vf-fm.
Abundant plant remains and mica. CRL and parallel laminations.
67
Shale, gray, coarsening upward from pure, silty, to siltstone, thin to thick laminated, abundant plant
remains and mica. Gradational top.
s8wy-29
Wstr24366
Interlaminated carbonaceous shale, lignitic laminae, abundant ostracods and small and large (juvenile and adult) choncostracods. Ostracods cream color, large ~2 mm. Abundant large plant fragments, well laminated. Gradational top.
Siltstone, olive gray, thick laminated, red ostracods abundant, common mud chips, some plant
remains, upward increasing choncostracods. Sharp top.
Lower part, coarsening upward from vf to f/vf LSA, well thin to thick laminated, plant remains and
mica abundant on bedding plane. Grades to fining upward vf LSA, to fine granular blocks and plates
of gray shale/mudstone with common clay films in the upper part. In the middle part, an oblique
straight burrow abut 10 cm long, 1 cm in diameter. Sharp top. Delta front to deltaplain.
65
Shale, silty, gray, upward siltier, upward to c silt/vf LSA in upper part. Lower part thick to medium
laminated, upper part sub-mm laminated but siltier. Abundant plant remains and mica. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
64
63
62
Wstr242
61
Alternating dark gray shale and olive greenish gray silty shale, siltstone, and m-c LW. Local clay films
and slickensides, abundant micro mud breccias, abundant plant remains and fragments, suggesting
alternating swampy and high-energy lakeshore environments. Sharp top.
LSA, vf, greenish gray, abundant plant remains and mica in lower 30 cm, fining upward to pure grayish purple shale, intercalated with green to greenish gray shale variegated with purple. Some clay
films in uppermost 40 cm. Sharp top.
60
Switched to west for ~10 along sandstone.
59
S8WY-28
Wstr24158
Wstr240
S8WY-27
57
LSA/LA, greenish gray, f, f/lm, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Lower part, parallel laminated, middle and upper part, CRL, small tabular x-beds. Flat base and undulating top. Laterally persistent. Sharp/gradational undulating top. Delta front.
Shale, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Coarsening upward from shale,
silty shale, siltstone, vf sandstone (sandstone is 30 cm thick), abundant plant remains and mica on
bedding plane. Uppermost 20 cm, shale, with a base as a cycle boundary, a sharp/gradational top.
Coquina of choncostracods, gray, half shells or articulated, in f-m sand matrix, filled with very calcareous f sands. Transgressive lag.
Shale in lower part, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated. Grading upward to silty shale, siltstone, vf, to f LSA
(dominant, ~30 cm thick). Uppermost 20 cm, fining upward from f sandstone to siltstone, silty shale.
Lower part, well laminated with abundant plant remains and fragments and mica on bedding plane.
Uppermost 10 cm very thin/sheen of clay films, platy and dense. Sharp top.
Wstr23956
LSA/LA, greenish gray, vf/f, CRL, abundant plant remains and mica, very well bedded. Sharp top. Delta front.
LSA, vf, fining upward to silty shale, to gray pure shale (20 cm thick). Sharp/gradational top. Gradual
deepening upward.
Wstr238
55
LSA, coarsening upward from f to f/m, common plant remains and mica, well bedded, parallel and CRL. Laterally persistent. Gradational top.
Delta front.
Shale, gray, greenish gray, coarsening upward to silty shale, siltstone, vf LSA, abundant plant remains
and mica. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
54
Wstr237
S8WY-26
Shale, interlaminated with siltstone, dark gray, extensively abundant ostracods. Sharp top. Condense section or early
transgression.
Shale, gray, well thin laminated, silty, upward siltier, sparse ostracods, abundant disseminated
plant remains and mica. Sharp/gradational top.
53
Shale, gray to dark gray, upward increasing plant remains to very abundant well-carbonized. Lower part,
upward increasing mud microbreccia. Sparse ostracods throughout, local stringers of carbonaceous
shale. Gradational top. Shallow bay, swamp. Transgressive.
Wstr236
52
51
Wstr235
Lower 1/3, dark gray shale, upward to greenish gray silt shale, siltstone, well laminated. Grading
upward to f/m to m/c LSA/LA, coarsening upward, moderately well sorted, upward increasing clay films
and tubules. Uppermost 10 cm, platy to blocky, muddy LW upward to sandy shale/mudstone with come
clay films. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic upward to delta front, to deltaplain.
Shale, gray, greenish gray, dark gray, upward to blackish gray, sandy, siltstone, LSA stringers, well laminated, common to abundant plant remains and fragments. Uppermost a 10-cm thick black shale, probably carbonaceous. Overall upward increasing mud microbreccias. Gradational top. Transitional subaerial-subaqueous transgression.
Shale/mudstone, sandy, upward less sandy, m to granule grains. Blocky to platy, some clay tubules and films. Gradational top. Deltaplain
to interdeltaic embayment.
50
LSA/LW, olive greenish gray, coarsening upward from f to m/vc, scattered granules and stringers of conglomerate (granule to fine pebble). Upper part some clay tubules/rootlets. Gradational top.
87
s8wy-36
90
Wstr253
Shale, siltstone, and sandstone stringers/laminae, shale dominant, dark gray, common ostracods
throughout, common coprolites. Uppermost 30 cm silty and sandy with abundant ostracods, some red,
some white. Thin but discontinuous laminations, suggesting mottling/bioturbation. Common large plant
remains and fragments. Sharp top. Bay fill of slow sedimentation.
LW, olive gray, common plant remains and fragments, common mud clasts, sparse ostracods, well f laminated. Sharp top. 5 cm thick.
Shale, dark gray, some ostracods, rich in plant remains. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, dark gray, silty to pure, slightly blocky to platy. Sharp top.
89
LSA, greenish gray in lower part, CRL and parallel laminated, slightly coarsening upward from vf-f. Upper 20 cm, upward increasing gray shale
laminae and sandstone, sub-mm laminated. Sharp/gradational top.
s8wy-35
88
Wstr252
Shale, gray to purplish gray, mm to sub-mm laminated, slightly coarsening upward from pure to silty.
Uppermost 10 cm dark steel gray pure shale. Sharp top.
87
LSA/LW, olive gray, coarsening upward from siltstone to vf LSA, thin to medium laminated. Coarsening upward from
underlying
bed. gray, coarsening upward from pure to silty.
Shale,
purplish
86
LSA, f/vf, fining upward to silty shale and siltstone, variably thin to thick laminated, angular blocks to
plates, dense, some plant remains and carbonized rootlets. Uppermost 20 cm abundant mud chips
(maybe transgressive?).
LW/LSA, f, olive gray, sparse ostracods, well laminated, slightly blocky. Sharp top.
Shale, dark gray, thin laminated, rich in plant remains, sparse to common ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Wstr251
85
84
s8wy-34
83
LSA, olive gray, coarsening upward from vf to f/lm, very well laminated with silty shale stringers, decreasing upward. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Uppermost 20 cm platy to blocky. Gradational top.
Shale, gray, coarsening upward from pure, silty, siltstone, to vf LW. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane, well mm laminated.
Gradational top.
Shale, gray, dark gray, f/vf LW stringers 5-2 cm thick. Basal 5 cm plant rich shale, overlain by a 5-cm thick
f/m LSA, by thin to medium platy shale and a 2-cm thick sandstone, common ostracods, locally concentrated in sandstone. Common plant remains and fragments, and mud clasts. Gradational top.
Wstr250
Siltstone, olive gray, upward to gray, silty shale, granular blocks and plates. Sharp/gradational top. Deltaplain.
LSA/LA, brownish green to gray, coarsening upward from vf to lm. Uppermost 25 cm, fining upward from
lm to vf. CRL and parallel laminated, well bedded and laterally persistent. Gradational top. Delta front.
82
Siltstone, vf LSA, olive gray, some large plant remains. Thin laminated. Gradational top. Distal delta front.
81
Wstr249
LSA, brownish gray, vf upward to f/lm, very well laminated, parallel and CRL, well bedded, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding
plane. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, very well laminated, coarsening upward from silty shale to siltstone with upward increasing vf
LA laminae. Gradational top. Prodeltaic to distal delta front.
80
Wstr248
Siltstone and vf LW, dark gray in lower and upper parts, abundant ostracods and choncostracod fragments. Middle 10 cm,
lignitic and carbonaceous silty shale, also abundant ostracods and choncostracod fragments, large well preserved plant
fragments. Sharp/gradational top.
s8wy-33
79
78
Siltstone, vf LSA/LW, olive gray, dense, small blocks, rare clay tubules, some carbonized rootlets, some
large carbonized plant remains. Sharp top. Deltaplain.
Shale, pure in lower part, upward to silty, siltstone, gray, thin to medium laminated. Upper part, c siltstone,
vf LSA, upward to f LSA intercalated with siltstone and silty shale. Upper part, sandstone becomes blocky
and dense, indicating pedogenic alteration. Gradational/sharp top.
Wstr247 77
LSA, vf/f, with shale laminae, shaley, CRL and parallel laminations, abundant plant remains and
mica on bedding plane. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, coarsening upward from silty, siltstone, to vf sandstone. Abundant plant remains
and mica. Gradational top.
2 mm
1.5 cm
76
75
Wstr246
Shale, silty, with siltstone laminae, dark gray to dark blackish gray, abundant ostracods, mm-gastropods, and choncostracod fragments.
A joint bone (see drawing and in s8wy-32). Sharp top. Transgressive.
s8wy-32
Shale/mudstone, gray, with a 10-cm thick f sandstone, angular, dense blocks and plates. Overall fining
upward. Pedogenically altered. Deltaplain.
74
LSA/LA in lower part, LW in upper part, brownish greenish gray, CRL and well bedded in lower and middle parts, preferentially calcite cemented in upper part. Crudely coarsening upward from vf to f/m, and
upward thickening. Flat to undulating base, sharp/gradational, overall convex and undulating top.
73
s8wy-31
Shale, gray, thin to thick laminated, coarsening upward from silty shale, to siltstone, upper part with
stringers/laminae of c siltstone, upward to vf LSA. Abundant plant remains and mica. Gradational top.
72
71
Wstr245
Shale, silty, some mud microbreccias, common ostracods. Sharp top.
Shale, dark gray carbonaceous. 2 cm thick.
s8wy-30
70
Shale/mudstone, olive gray to gray, angular blocks and plates, subrounded to subangular peds, 1-10 cm
in size, weakly calcareous, dense. Lower part some coprolites. Sharp top. Pedogenic altered.
LSA/LA, brownish gray, coarsening and thickening upward from vf to f/lm, CRL dominant, well laminated and bedded, laterally persistent. Sharp top. Delta front.
69
Shale, silty, gray, coarsening upward to siltstone, to vf sandstone, medium to thick laminated, relatively
denser than shale below. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Gradational top.
88
10
9
8
Shale, variably sandy and silty, gray, well laminated but short platy. Scattered common to sparse
ostracods. Common plant remains and some fragments. Sharp top. Embayment.
Wstr259 7
Shale, gray, coarsening upward from silty shale to siltstone, to vf sandstone. Sharp top.
6
Shale, gray to dark gray, thin platy. Lower part, common ostracods, upper part, sparse. Overall
slightly coarsening upward from shale to silty shale. Gradational top.
LSA/LW in lower part, yellowish gray, intercalated with silty shale. Upper part, gray to greenish gray
shale, intercalated with LW laminae. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Overall fining
upward. Sharp top. Bay fill or deltaplain.
Wstr258
5
4
Siltstone, fining upward to silty shale, to gray, well laminated shale. Abundant plant remains and mica on
bedding plane. Sharp top.
Switch ~30 m to east.
LSA/LA, brownish gray, varies from 2-4 m, in places, highly convoluted. Lower 50 cm, CRL and parallel
laminated, aggradational and oblique CRL, dominantly CRL, locally low-angle large tabular x-beds, well
sorted, subrounded to rounded, overall coarsening upward from vf/f to m, 2 10-20 cm thick intervals with
lignitic partings (or very abundant plant remains on bedding plane). Uppermost 50 cm, fining upward
from m to vf/c-silt, CRL and parallel laminations with abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane.
Gradational top. Delta front.
3
s8wy-37
2
Shale, gray, coarsening upward from pure, silty, siltstone, c siltstone/vf LSA, very well laminated. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic.
1
Wstr257
LSA/LW, yellowish gray to brown, very well thin laminated, c silt to vf, abundant plant remains and mica
on bedding plane. Sharp top.
500 m
Shale, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated. Uppermost part silty and sandy with sparse red ostracods.
Gradational top.
99
Wstr256
Shale, purplish black to gray, carbonaceous, pure, sub-mm laminated, sparse ostracods. Gradational top.
98
Shale, variably silty. Lower half, well laminated, uneven plates, purple variegated with
gray and green. Upper part, blocky, dense, angular, noncalcareous, greenish gray variegated with purple. Uppermost 1 m, upward increasing clay films and tubules and slickensides, uppermost 20 cm, fine granular with some clay films. The entire interval has many
layers of pure white modern salts. Sharp top. Argillisol. Deltaplain.
97
96
LSA/LW, greenish gray, well bedded and laminated, dense angular and uneven plates.
Intercalated with silty shale, increasing upward. Gradational top. Delta front but pedogenically altered/leached.
95
Shale, similar to below.
94
Wstr255
LSA, olive gray, f, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane, mm laminated.
93
Shale, silty, coarsening upward from silty to siltstone.
Wstr254
LSA/LW, c silt/vf, coarsening upward, well laminated. Sharp top.
92
Shale, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated, variably silty and sandy, overall coarsening upward to vf sandstone.
Gradational top.
91
s8wy-36
90
Wstr253
Shale, siltstone, and sandstone stringers/laminae, shale dominant, dark gray, common ostracods
throughout, common coprolites. Uppermost 30 cm silty and sandy with abundant ostracods, some red,
some white. Thin but discontinuous laminations, suggesting mottling/bioturbation. Common large plant
remains and fragments. Sharp top. Bay fill of slow sedimentation.
LW, olive gray, common plant remains and fragments, common mud clasts, sparse ostracods, well f laminated. Sharp top. 5 cm thick.
Shale, dark gray, some ostracods, rich in plant remains. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, dark gray, silty to pure, slightly blocky to platy. Sharp top.
89
Wstr267
Shale, silty, dark gray, abundant large plant remains and fragments. Sparse ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Shale, silty, gray, interbedded with LW, well laminated, uneven plates, dense. Shale, blocky, platy.
Upper 30 cm, upward increasing carbonized rootlets. Sharp top.
30
29
Sandstone, LSA dominant, local LA and LW, undulating base and top, 50-500 m thick, laterally persistent.
Lower and middle parts mostly highly convoluted. All types of CRL dominant. Local large tabular x-beds.
No clear grain size trend, ranging from f, m, to lc, f-m sands dominant. Uppermost 50 cm, yellowish gray,
well finely parallel laminated. Sharp/gradational top.
28
27
26
25
s8wy-41
24
Wstr266
s8wy-40 23
Shale, gray, platy, well laminated, abundant disseminated plant remains and mica. Coarsening upward
from silty shale to siltstone. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic.
Shale, dark gray to blackish gray, thick laminated, common large plant remains and fragments, common mud clasts, rounded to angular.
Common ostracods (mostly intact) and chonsostracods (large, and small, broken and intact). Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive.
Siltstone, vf sandstone, silty shale, olive gray, light gray, yellowish gray, dense, platy. Sparse mottled
green rootlets in middle part. Common carbonized rootlets in upper part.
22
LSA, yellowish greenish gray, crudely coarsening upward from f to f/m, CRL common. Gradational top.
21
Wstr265
s8wy-39 20
Shale, gray, uneven plates (due to alteration and cementation by modern salts), well laminated. Gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, gray to dark gray, some large plant remains and fragments. A 3-cm thick carbonaceous stringer. Abundant ostracods and
choncostracods, and other fossil debris throughout. Here the ostracods seem bigger and choncostracods smaller than below.
Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive.
Basal 50 cm, siltstone, abundant plant remains and mica, friable, may contain ostracods. Middle part,
shale, silty, grades upward to siltstone and vf sandstone, dense, angular platy. Overall coarsening upward.
Sharp top. Pedogenically altered. Transgressive (?).
19
18
Shale, gray, pure in lower 30 cm, coarsening upward to siltstone, to vf LSA. Middle 15 cm f/lm LSA.
Uppermost part fining upward into siltstone and silty shale. Sharp/gradational top.
3rd segment of U. WTG LC (cont.)
Wstr264
Wstr263
17
Shale, silty, gray, coarsening upward to siltstone, to vf LSA in uppermost 50 cm. Sharp top.
16
Shale, silty, brownish gray, rich in plant remains, probably lignitic, sparse ostracods. Gradational top (maximum transgressive or first
transgressive?).
Shale,
silty and siltstone, gray, very well laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Gradational
top.
Wstr262
Lower part, siltstone, gray, abundant plant remains and mica. Upper 15 cm, platy f LSA/LW, well laminated, but dense, uneven plates. Sharp top.
Wstr261 15
LSA, light brownish gray, very well laminated, CRL dominant, crudely coarsening upward from f/vf
to f/lm, well to very well sorted, subrounded. Sharp top.
14
Shale, silty, gray, coarsening upward to siltstone, to vf LSA, thin to thick laminated, abundant plant
remains and mica on bed plane. Gradational top.
13
Wstr260 12
Basal 10 cm, siltstone, silty shale, gray, abundant mud clasts, mixed with ostracods, fragments of choncostracods, fish scales, etc. Upper
10 cm, black carbonaceous and lignitic shale, abundant ostracods. Gradational top.
s8wy-38
11
Shale, silty, siltstone, variably silty. Lower 50 cm, well sub-mm laminated, upward to purplish gray, variegated with green. Upper half, greenish gray, variegated with purple. Locally sparse clay films and
tubules in middle to upper part. Uppermost 50 cm, slightly increasing thin sparse clay films and some
carbonized rootlets. Uppermost 20 cm, dark gray to gray, with common discontinuous clay films, gleyed.
Sharp top. Shallow embayment upward to mud flat, very stable environment.
10
90
50
Wstr276
49
LSA/LW, yellowish greenish gray, large plant remains and fragments, f/m to m/c, moderately well sorted. Sharp
top. Transgressive.
Fining upward from f sandstone, to vf, to siltstone. Upper part 2 10-cm thick silty shale beds.
Sandstone is LSA, lower part very well laminated with abundant plant remains and mica.
Uppermost 40 cm, dense, blocky sandstone and mudstone/shale. Sparse carbonized rootlets.
No clay films and slickensides. Sharp top.
48
47
LSA/LA, yellowish greenish gray, CRL and tabular x-beds, coarsening upward from f, f/m, to m. In
places, convoluted, common plant remains and mica. Moderately to very calcareous, well to very
well sorted. Gradational top. Flat base, convex top.
46
45
Shale, gray to dark gray, basal 5 cm, silty shale and siltstone (as transgressive deposits). The rest
is pure to variably silty shale, abundant disseminated plant remains, common muscovite, mm-submm very well laminated. Sharp top. Prodeltaic.
44
Wstr275
Mudstone/shale, yellowish gray, thick blocks and plates, dense, moderately to very calcareous, silty to sandy (due to
illuviation). Common clay and carbonized rootlets and tubules. Some plant remains. Thin discontinuous clay films.
Sharp top. Argillisol.
43
LA/LSA, greenish gray, coarsening upward from vf, vf/f, f, f/m, to m, very well sorted, very
well CRL. Sharp top. Delta front.
42
Shale, pure, coarsening upward to silty shale, siltstone, to vf LSA, CRL. Abundant plant remains and
mica. Some coprolites. with a central, large (mm) cavity. Sharp/gradational top.
41
Siltstone, yellowish brown, large (mm) plant remains, sparse ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Lignite, 2 cm thick. Gradational top.
Wstr274
Shale, gray, in lower 15 cm, very well laminated, upward siltier. Upper part coarsening upward from c siltstone, vf, to f LSA/LA. Uppermost 30 cm, blocky to platy, dense, very calcareous. Uppermost 10 cm, siltstone, rare carbonized rootlets, centimeters long. Sharp top. Bay fill, then exposed.
Wstr273
40
Shale, dark gray to gray in lower 1/3, upward to silty shale, to siltstone, very well laminated, common to
abundant plant remains. Upper 2/3 vf upward to f LSA, common plant remains and mica, well laminated.
Sharp top. Distal delta front or bayhead delta.
Wstr272 39
Shale, greenish gray, variably silty, angular blocks to plates, dense, very calcareous. Some plant remains
and mica. Very thin sheen of clay films. Common to locally concentrated calcitic nodules, micritic, fragmented, or concentric. Some are probable coprolites. others are diagenetic. Sharp top. Deltaplain or lakeplain.
38
Shale, gray, coarsening upward to silty shale, siltstone, to vf sandstone, abundant plant remains and mica, very well sub-mm to medium
laminated. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, silty, very well laminated, about 1
m thick. Prodeltaic. Base is the base of the
second segment.
Wstr271 37
Shale, silty, siltstone, vf LW, fining upward, abundant large plant remains and fragments. Sharp top.
Lower deltaplain.
LSA, vf, dark gray, fining upward to siltstone,
medium to thick laminated, abundant plant
remains and muscovite on bedding plane.
Sharp top. Upper delta front or interdeltaic
bay fill continuing from underlying delta front
sandstone.
36
35
Wstr270
34
LSA/LA, brownish gray,
coarsening upward from vf
to m, CRL, local small to
large convolute structures,
well to very well sorted.
Uppermost 30 cm, LW, yellowish gray, with abundant
large plant remains and
fragments. Sharp top. Slightly concave base. Probably
proximal prodeltaic.
Switch to E for ~1 km to a sandstone about 100 m below the
coal bed at the base of the last
section (1st segment), north of
the 1547-m (the highest peak of
WTC in southern Tarlong).
Shale, gray to dark gray, 2-3
coarsening upward successions from silty shale to siltstone, well thin laminated.
Abundant plant remains and
mica on bedding plane. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
Wstr269
33
Shale, dark gray to blackish gray, upward increasingly carbonaceous with lignitic laminae. Common ostracods, abundant mud chips/clasts.
Gradational top.
Wstr268
Shale/mudstone, dark gray, olive gray to gray, lower part, well laminated, upper part, blocky, dense,
angular blocks. Uppermost 60 cm, sparse carbonized rootlets, increasing upward. Sparse, thin clay
films, upward to common. Sharp top. Embayment to lakeplain.
32
31
LSA/LW, brownish gray to grayish brown, well laminated, dense, platy. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Wstr267
Shale, silty, dark gray, abundant large plant remains and fragments. Sparse ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Shale, silty, gray, interbedded with LW, well laminated, uneven plates, dense. Shale, blocky, platy.
Upper 30 cm, upward increasing carbonized rootlets. Sharp top.
30
91
70
69
Mudstone, silty, greenish gray, massive, no primary bedding, abundant calcitic nodules. 2 types: mm, oval
to elongate nodules, concentric, probably coprolites; 1-3 cm, equant, irregular, heterogeneous, fractured,
filled with micrite or silts, brecciated, probably pedogenic. Overall, nodules rich in basal 50 cm, upward
decreasing in size and abundance. However, mudstone are dominantly platy (not blocky), upward
decreasing in size, very calcareous. Gradational top. Bk.
Shale and vf sandstone interbeds, purple greenish gray, mm-sub-mm laminated, some laminae disrupted
and filled with sandstone. LSA dominant, dense, angular uneven plates, very calcareous. Common mica
and disseminated plant remains on bedding plane. Overall coarsening upward. Sharp/gradational top.
Bayhead delta, probably pedogenically altered.
Shale, greenish purple, mm-sub-mm laminated with common green colored laminae and stringers. Pure
in the lower part, upper part silty. Upper part a 10 cm thick green siltstone. Overall coarsening upward.
Gradational top.
68
Switch to east for ~30 m.
Wstr284
67
Mudstone, yellowish greenish gray to olive gray, granular rounded to subrounded blocks, common to some
small thin clay films and slickensides. Some plant remains and mica. Middle part, variegated with gray,
green, purple, and blue. Sharp top. Calcitic Argillic Protosol or AB of a Calcisol.
LW/LSA, yellowish gray ish green, massive, highly fractures and jointed, very calcareous. Fining upward
from f to vf/c-silt. Differentially cemented to form nodular appearance. Patches of irregular carbon films.
Uppermost part, a 5-10 cm thick nodular, argillaceous micritic, heterogenous brecciated sandstone bed.
Distinctive calcitic nodules, mm-2 cm in size, equant to elongate in sandstones. Gradational top. Maybe a
Calcisol.
66
LA/LSA, gray, f-m/c, moderately well to well sorted, subangular to subrounded. Medium to large tabular xbeds, CRL. Flat base and gradational convex top. Delta front.
s8wy-9
65
Shale, silty in lower part, greenish gray. Upper 2/3 maroonish gray shale, sub-mm laminated, coarsening upward from pure to silty, to siltstone, to vf sandstone. Scattered equant limestone nodules, probably coporlites, many with a spar-filled central cavity. Gradational/sharp top. Prodeltaic.
64
Wstr283
63
Micrite, grayish brown, argillaceous. Starved section, maximum transgressive (?)
Siltstone, silty shale, brownish gray. Transgressive.
LA/LSA, greenish gray to brown, thick laminated, f-vf, well sorted with plant remains and mica. Sharp top. Distal
delta front.
Shale, dark gray to gray, to brownish gray, coarsening upward from pure, silty, to siltstone, pure shale
dominant in lower half. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
62
Wstr282
61
Switch to east for ~50 m along top of sandstone in a E-W gully.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, f to f/m, very well sorted, crudely coarsening upward, CRL dominant. Thicken to
west to ~1.5 m thick, thin to east to ~10 cm thick. Uppermost 30 cm, fining upward to c siltstone, to silty
shale, thick laminated, platy to blocky. Common to abundant plant remains and mica (same as underlying LA). Sparse gray clay tubules, some mud clasts. Flat base, convex sharp top. Deltaplain.
LA/LSA, intercalated with silty shale and siltstone, coarsening upward from c silt to vf, very well laminated.
Sharp/gradational.
60
Shale, gray to dark gray, mm-sub-mm laminated, upward siltier, abundant disseminated plant remains,
moderately to very calcareous, sparse ostracods, common mica. Gradational top.
59
Shale, gray to dark gray in lower part, upward to silty shale, siltstone, very well laminated, abundant
plant remains and mica. Upward grades to vf, f, to f/m LSA/LA, very well sorted, CRL dominant and
throughout. Sharp top.
Wstr281
58
Wstr280
LSA, yellowish green gray, fining upward from f, vf, to siltstone, thin to thick laminated, abundant plant
remains and mica on bedding plane, rare short carbonized rootlets. Sharp top. Upper delta front.
57
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, well to very well sorted, coarsening upward from f/vf, f/m, to m/lc.
Slightly concave base, highly convex top with 0.1-1 m relief over ~100 m. Laterally persistent but
thins away to both east and west. Gradational top.
56
Shale, gray to dark gray, mm-sub-mm laminated, pure, uppermost 10 cm silty. Abundant disseminated
plant remains. Sharp top. Prodeltaic.
55
54
Siltstone, greenish gray, abundant plant remains and mica, very well laminated. Sharp top, as a maximum transgressive surface.
Wstr279
LSA, greenish gray, thick laminated, abundant ostracods, common plant remains. Transgressive.
Limestone, micritic, rich in large (cm) plant fragments, probably palustrine limestone. 5 cm thick.
s8wy-8
53
Shale, dark gray in lower 20 cm, coarsening upward to vf, to f LSA, greenish gray, upward decreasing
shale, increasing sandstone. Upper 50 cm, sandstone, thick platy and blocky, dense. Rare carbonized
rootlets, thin discontinuous clay films. Rare choncostracods. Locally common mud clasts. Probably
pedogenically altered.
Wstr278
LSA, vf, greenish gray, very well laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Sharp top.
52
Wstr277
Shale, gray to dark gray, similar to below.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, very well sorted, abundant plant remains and mica, CRL dominant. Sharp top.
51
Shale, dark gray, upward to silty shale, to siltstone, variably silty, some vf/f LSA stringers in
upper part. Sparse ostracods. Gradational top.
50
Wstr276
49
LSA/LW, yellowish greenish gray, large plant remains and fragments, f/m to m/c, moderately well sorted. Sharp
top. Transgressive.
Fining upward from f sandstone, to vf, to siltstone. Upper part 2 10-cm thick silty shale beds.
Sandstone is LSA, lower part very well laminated with abundant plant remains and mica.
Uppermost 40 cm, dense, blocky sandstone and mudstone/shale. Sparse carbonized rootlets.
No clay films and slickensides. Sharp top.
92
Wstr297
90
3 parts, lower 30 cm, shale, silty shale. Middle part, coarsening upward from LSA, f-m, to LSA/LW, granular c/vc. Upper 30 cm, fining upward from muddy c/vc LW, to sandy mudstone with sparse clay films.
Sharp top. Bay delta upward to deltaplain.
Wstr296
89
Sandy shale, in lower part, purplish gray, upward to 20 cm thick LSA/LW, f-c, poorly sorted. Gradational top.
Bay delta.
Wstr295
LSA, c/vc and granular, upward to sandy granular conglomerate with c/vc sand matrix in the lower 1/2.
Upper 1/2, muddy, granular, c/vc LW, fining upward to sandy shale/mudstone at top 10 cm. Sharp top.
88
Wstr294
87
LSA/LW, f-m, coarsening upward to c/vc, granular, light gray, common plant remains.
Shale, purple, thick platy, large plant remains, scattered sands. Sharp/gradational top.
LW, muddy, gray, fining upward to sandy shale in lower 30 cm. Upper part, shale, variably silty and
sandy, purple, platy to blocky, sparse clay films, slightly increasing upward. Sharp top. Bay fill and
deltaplain.
86
LSA/LW, f-m, coarsening upward to LSA, c/vc, olive gray, moderately to moderately well sorted. Gradational top.
Wstr29385
Wstr292
Conglomerate in lower 30 cm, granular to f pebble (< 1 cm), fining upward to granular LSA.
Upper part sandy shale with common plant remains, c/vc sands to granules. Basal 5 cm, coarsening upward from siltstone to f-m LSA/LW. Sharp/gradational top. Bayhead delta upward to
deltaplain and shallow bay fill.
LW, muddy upward to silty shale in lower 20 cm, with well rounded c-vc, granular sand grains.
Upward to silty shale, purple, common large plant remains. Upper 15 cm, scattered to common clay
films and some slickensides. Gradational/sharp top.
84
83
Shale in lower part, purple to grayish, pure, upward to silty shale, to siltstone, some sand
grains, as bay fill. Upward grades gradationally or sharply into LSA, c/vc in upper part, then
into granular sandstone, granular conglomerate with c/vc sand matrix, well rounded clasts and
sands. Gradational top. Shallow bayhead delta.
82
LSA/LW, greenish gray, moderately sorted, f-m with c sands. Common plant remains.
Sharp top.
Wstr291
Shale, silty, upward to siltstone, olive gray. Abundant plant remains. Gradational/sharp top.
Wstr290
81
Shale, blackish gray, highly slickensides with black clay (?) films throughout. Probably carbonaceous. Upper 5 cm mudstone breccias.
Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive reworked and primarily deposits sediments.
Mudstone, purplish gray in lower part, greenish gray to dark gray in upper part. Lower 20 cm,
rich in mm - 1 cm Fe pisoids, upward decreasing to sparse. Some clay films. Sharp top.
Shale, similar to below, silty, but not sandy, common to sparse clay films. Sharp top.
80
Shale, gray, greenish gray, sandy with f to granular well rounded sands, silty, common plant remains.
Gradational top.
Wstr289 79
Conglomerate, granular to fine pebble (<= 1 cm), well rounded, fining upward into granular c/vc
LSA. Gradational top.
Mudstone, yellowish purple, gray, dark purple interbeds, abundant 1-2 mm Fe pisoids
throughout. Uppermost 30 cm thick clay films. Sharp/erosional top. Spodosol.
78
Lower 2/3, shale, purple, pure, mm-sub-mm laminated, interbedded with greenish gray laminae and stringers of siltstone, increasing upward. Upper 1/3, vf-f LSA, and c-siltstone, well
laminated, upper part with clay films and tubules. Sharp top. Shallow bay fill, exposed later.
77
Wstr288
LW/LSA, greenish gray, well laminated, CRL and parallel laminations, f-vc, moderately to moderately well sorted, some plant frag-
76
Lower 1/4, fining upward from m-vc, granular LSA, to f-m LW, yellowish gray. Grades
upward to platy silty shale, siltstone, f-m LW interbeds. Abundant plant remains, some
mica, common to some thin discontinuous clay films throughout. Few slickensides. LW,
poorly to moderately sorted. Sharp top. Channel fill and overbank.
75
Wstr28774
Shale, sandy with f-c sands, siltstone (sandy), f-m LW interbeds, dark gray to yellowish grayish
green, 10s of cm thick, large plant remains and fragments common, noncalcareous. thick laminated. Lower part, mudstone breccias in places. Lower part a 10-cm thick reddish purple, ductile,
highly slickensided bed as possible bentonite. Sharp/erosional(?) top.
S8WY-10
73
Wstr286
Mudstone, variegated, thick sharp, cm-size blocks, thick continuous clay films, rare to no slickensides, noncalcareous. Lower-middle part a 40-cm thick interval with scattered, poorly developed,
mm-size Fe pisoids. Thick clay films throughout. Another soil profile.
72
Wstr285
Mudstone, variegated gray, green, purple, maroon, green, in patches and spots as steles. Non to slightly
calcareous. Small rounded fragments. Gradational/sharp top. A(?) horizon.
71
Mudstone, silty, greenish gray, massive, no primary bedding, abundant calcitic nodules. 2 types: mm, oval
to elongate nodules, concentric, probably coprolites; 1-3 cm, equant, irregular, heterogeneous, fractured,
filled with micrite or silts, brecciated, probably pedogenic. Overall, nodules rich in basal 50 cm, upward
decreasing in size and abundance. However, mudstone are dominantly platy (not blocky), upward
decreasing in size, very calcareous. Gradational top. Bk.
70
93
Sandstone, intercalated with shale and siltstone, gray to greenish gray, thick laminated, abundant plant remains and fragments, some mud
clasts. Sparse choncostracods and ostracods. Upward to siltstone. Gradational top.
Shale/mudstone, blackish gray, abundant plant fragments, microbrecciated. Gradational top. 5 cm thick.
Wstr306
10
9
Wstr305
s8wy-14 8
Sandstone, siltstone/silty shale interbeds, gray to greenish gray, sandstone dominant. Upward platy and
blocky, dense, thin to thick laminated. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Upper 50 cm,
sparse to common carbonized rootlets. Sandstone, LSA, f-vf, CRL and parallel laminations. Sharp top.
Deltaplain.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, CRL and parallel laminations, plant remains and mica common on bedding
plane, crudely coarsening upward from f to m. Sharp/gradational top.
Siltstone, silty shale, light gray, large plant remains and fragments, thin to medium well laminated. Gradational top. Proximal prodeltaic or
distal delta front.
LSA, greenish gray, vf-f, thick plates, large plant remains and fragments common, sparse ostracods. Gradational top. Transgressive.
Mudstone microbreccia, large plant remains and fragments, dark gray, thick laminated, locally concentrated ostracods, lignitic laminae.
Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive.
Overall fining upward succession of vf LSA and silty shale, to platy and blocky shale/mudstone in
top 40 cm, where common carbonized rootlets present. Rare clay films and slickensides. Sharp
top. Deltaplain or prodeltaic with an abrupt and large lake level drop.
7
A coarsening upward succession of silty shale in lower part to c siltstone, vf LSA to f LSA in
upper part, abundant mica and disseminated plant remains on bedding plane. Gradational top.
6
Wstr304
5
Shale in lower part, coarsening upward from pure to silty shale, to siltstone, abundant plant remains
and mica, mm-sub-mm laminated, grades upward to vf sandstone to f LSA/LA, intercalated with siltstone stringers. Sharp/gradational top.
Wstr303
s8wy-13 4
LW, shaley, mixed shale and c-m sand grains, locally concentrated ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Mudstone microbreccia, some c/vc and granular sands, large plant remains. 5 cm thick. Transgressive.
Shale/mudstone, greenish gray to gray, platy, upward increasing caly films and slickensides, abundant in top 40 cm. Rounded blocks. Sharp top. Argillisol.
3
Shale, gray, silty shale, in lower part, well laminated. Upper part, sandy shale with pockets of sandy LW,
upward to c/vc LW, to LSA. Upward increasing clay films and tubules, uneven dense plates, moderately
calcareous. Gradational top. Bayhead small delta.
Wstr302 2
1
Shale, carbonaceous with 1 cm thick lignite in the middle. Gradational top.
Siltstone, vf sandstone, greenish gray, moderately calcareous. Sharp top. 5 cm thick. Transgressive.
Shale, silty, siltstone, grayish purple, intercalated with greenish gray f/vf LSA, 5-10 cm thick in 3 beds.
Thick uneven plates, upward increasing clay films, upward increasingly variegated purple, gray, green,
yellow. Dense, blocky, upward more blocky, noncalcareous. Upper part, common scattered carbonized
rootlets, uppermost 50 cm, abundant clay films, slickensides, and green steles. Gradational top. Argillisol.
600 m
Shale, silty, purplish gray, intercalated with vf/f LSA, greenish gray, 10-20 cm thick (3 beds). Upward
increasing sheens of clay films, well laminated. Common coprolites, moderately to weakly calcareous.
Gradational top.
99
98
Wstr301
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, vf, to f, very well sorted, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding
plane. CRL dominant, very well laminated. Upper part a 5 cm siltstone bed. Sharp/gradational top.
97
Shale, silty, gray, upward to siltstone, to vf LA/LSA, very well laminated, weakly to moderately calcareous. Common coprolites. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
Wstr300
96
s8wy-12
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, f-m, well to very well sorted, moderately to very calcareous, plant
remains and mica common, CRL dominant, laterally persistent. Uppermost 30 cm parallel laminated vf/f
LSA/LA, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane, very well bedded. Flat base, convex gradational top. Delta front.
95
94
Wstr299
s8wy-11 93
Shale, silty, gray, coarsening upward siltstone, vf LA, upward increasing sandstone laminae, mm-sub-mm
laminated. Abundant fine disseminated plant remains and common mica. Sharp/gradational top.
LSA/LA, greenish gray, f-vf, small CRL and parallel laminations, well laminated, sharp bedded. Transgressive.
Shale, coarsening upward to silty shale, to siltstone, greenish gray, plant remains rich. Sharp top. 5 cm thick.
Shale, dark gray to grayish black, thick laminated. common ostracods, rich in disseminated plant remains. Gradational top. 3 cm thick.
Shale, silty and sandy in basal 15 cm, rich in plant remains and fragments, well laminated. Upward to to 5
cm thick pure to silty shale, upward to LSA/LW, m-c, to LSA/LW, c/vc with granules. Sharp top.
Large/thick bayhead delta.
Wstr29892
LSA f, in lower 2/3, coarsening upward to LSA m-c, to LW/LSA, granular c/vc. Upper 1/3, LW, c/vc, muddy,
fining upward to sandy mudstone with sparse clay films, dense, blocky. Sharp top. Bayhead delta upward
to deltaplain.
91
Wstr297
90
3 parts, lower 30 cm, shale, silty shale. Middle part, coarsening upward from LSA, f-m, to LSA/LW, granular c/vc. Upper 30 cm, fining upward from muddy c/vc LW, to sandy mudstone with sparse clay films.
Sharp top. Bay delta upward to deltaplain.
Wstr296
89
Sandy shale, in lower part, purplish gray, upward to 20 cm thick LSA/LW, f-c, poorly sorted. Gradational top.
Bay delta.
94
Wstr315
s8wy-16
30
Shale, blackish gray, abundant plant remains and fragments, upward siltier and sandy, abundant ostracods. Transgressive.
Siltstone, mudstone, olive gray, common to abundant carbonized rootlets, rounded peds 1-3 cm
large, dense. Scattered common plant remains, weakly calcareous. Sharp top.
LA, brownish gray, m/c, m, f-m, variable units, very well to well sorted. Thin beds, plane bedded, in
places, CRL. top 5-15 cm, differentially calcite cemented. Sharp top. Wave dominated delta front.
29
28
27
26
Shale, gray, pure, upward to silty, siltstone, mm-sub-mm laminated. Sharp/gradational top.
25
Wstr314
LSA/LA, f to lm, CRL common. Sharp top.
Shale, pure, upward to silty, to siltstone, very well laminated, rich in plant remains and mica. Gradational top.
Wstr313 24
LA/LSA yellowish greenish gray, slightly fining upward from m to f, upward increasing plant remains
and mica on bedding plane, to very abundant, mm laminated. Sharp top. Proximal delta front.
23
LSA/LA, yellowish greenish gray, coarsening upward from f, lm, to lc, very well sorted, subrounded
to rounded. Middle part a 20-cm thick sandstone with very abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. CRL and parallel laminations, some large low-angle tabular x-beds in upper part. Gradational top.
22
21
20
19
Wstr312 18
Shale, silty, gray, intercalated with vf LSA. Gradational top.
LSA, vf, upward to f, CRL and parallel laminated. Uppermost 10 cm, slightly fining upward from f, vf, to
c siltstone, slightly blocky. Sharp/gradational top.
Wstr311
Shale, silty, gray to dark gray. Gradational top.
17
LSA, f, CRL and parallel laminated. Similar to below. Sharp top.
Shale, silty, interbedded with a 15-cm thick c siltstone/vf sandstone. Gradational top.
Wstr310
LSA greenish gray, parallel well laminated, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane.
16
Shale, pure to silty, dark gray, mm-sub-mm laminated. Gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, f/vf LSA interbeds, abundant large plant fragments and remains on bedding
plane. However, still sparse to common carbonized rootlets. sharp top. Subaerial transgressive.
Wstr309
15
Shale, gray, pure, upward to silty shale, very well mm-sub-mm laminated in lower part with a 5 cm
thick intercalated f LSA with sparse ostracods. Uppermost 40 cm, blocky f LSA, sparse to common
carbonized rootlets. sharp/gradational top. Bay fill, shallowing upward.
14
Wstr308
LA/LSA, greenish gray, crudely coarsening upward from f, m, to m/c, very well sorted, subrounded. CRL
dominant. Laterally persistent. Upper 30 cm grades into dark gray sandy shale, well laminated. Gradational top. Delta front or transgressive lakeshore, shallowing upward or deepening upward.
13
Wstr307
Siltstone, silty shale, dark gray to blackish gray, sandy, carbonaceous. 5 cm thick. Transgressive.
s8wy-15
LSA, greenish gray, intercalated with silty shale, gray, angular plates, sparse clay films, common plant
remains and mica, well to mm-sub-mm laminated. Sharp top.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, coarsening upward from vf, f, m, to m/c, well to very well sorted, subrounded to
rounded, common mica and plant remains on bedding plane. Parallel laminated in lower 15 cm, CRL in
upper part. Uppermost 40 cm, fining upward from m, f, to vf, well laminated, slightly blocky/platy, still LA.
Gradational top. Delta front.
12
11
Shale, gray, pure, upward to silty shale, siltstone, mm-sub-mm laminated, abundant plant remains and
mica. Gradational top.
Sandstone, intercalated with shale and siltstone, gray to greenish gray, thick laminated, abundant plant remains and fragments, some mud
clasts. Sparse choncostracods and ostracods. Upward to siltstone. Gradational top.
Shale/mudstone, blackish gray, abundant plant fragments, microbrecciated. Gradational top. 5 cm thick.
Wstr306
10
Sandstone, siltstone/silty shale interbeds, gray to greenish gray, sandstone dominant. Upward platy and
blocky, dense, thin to thick laminated. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Upper 50 cm,
sparse to common carbonized rootlets. Sandstone, LSA, f-vf, CRL and parallel laminations. Sharp top.
Deltaplain.
95
50
Shale, sandy, silty, LW/LSA, dark gray, dark greenish gray, blackish gray, coarsening upward from
sandy shale to m/c LW, some large plant remains and fragments, scattered and locally concentrated
ostracods. Sharp top. Lacustrine transgressive.
s8wy-19
49
Wstr327 13
Shale, variably sandy, rich in large plant remains and cm-size plant fragments, common mud clasts and mud breccias, upward increasing sand
grains, f-vc and granules. Mud clasts rounded to angular. Basal 1 cm carbonaceous shale. Sparse clay films. Sharp/gradational top. Subaerial
transgressive.
Mudstone, greenish gray, abundant thin to thick clay films (no slickensides), short small blocks. Uppermost 50 cm, increasing clay films and slickensides. Topmost 30 cm, pervasive thick clay films and slickensides. Non to weakly calcareous. Sharp top.
48
12
47
11
LSA, grayish brown, thick laminated, slightly coarsening upward from vf/f to f/m. Some plant remains,
common carbonized rootlets and upward some clay films. Sparse mud clasts. Uppermost 10 cm, fining
upward to muddy LW. Gradational to sharp top. Bayhead delta.
Shale, gray to dark gray, well laminated, non to weakly calcareous, sparse/rare clay films, pure to
slightly silty. Sharp top.
46
Wstr326
45
Wstr325
44
Mudstone/shale in basal 3 cm, brecciated, dark gray, upward to 10 cm coarsening upward greenish gray shale, silty to sandy, to m-vc LSA
which at top 10 cm, fining upward to muddy LW, to sandy shale. No clay films and other paleosol features. Large plant remains.
Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive.
LW, granular, c/vc, in lower 40 cm, with illuvial clays, subrounded to rounded, moderately
sorted. Fining upward from LW to muddy LW, to sandy mudstone. Abundant clay films
and tubules, and slickensides. Uppermost 30 cm, light gray to dark steel gray, with less
clay films, probably gleyed. Sharp top. Crevasse splay or channel fill and overbank.
3 fining upward successions, from c/vc LW with a sharp base, to muddy LW to sandy
mudstone, to greenish gray and gray mudstone. Common clay films and cm-long tubules
and slickensides. Some large plant remains (mm in size). Noncalcareous, dense, angular blocks, highly leached. Sharp/erosional top. Crevasse splays.
43
LW, olive gray, f-m, fining upward to mudstone/shale, gray, with common clay films and some plant remains. Sharp top.
Conglomerate, light gray, fining upward from granule and fine pebble to c/vc LW/LSA, some large plant fragments parallel to bedding plane. Laterally persistent. Gradational top. Shoreline pebbles.Oscillatory shoreline
Mudstone, dark gray, some large plant remains, sparse to common clay films and slickensides. Sharp top. Lakeplain.
Wstr324
Wstr323
42
Conglomerate, gray, crudely fining upward, granule to fine pebble, very well sorted and rounded, c/vc sand matrix, laterally persistent.
Sharp/gradational top. Shoreline pebbles.
Mudstone, sparsely sandy, dark steel gray, common clay films and slickensides. Sharp top. Overbank.
Conglomerate, similar to below, lower part, purple, variegated. Upper part, olive gray, sandy mudstone
to muddy LW, extensive illuvial clay. Channel fill.
41
Wstr322
Mudstone, purple, variegated, sandy, blocky, common clay films and slickensides. A small fault with ~40 cm
displacement. Sharp/erosional top, same as below.
40
Conglomerate, variegated, granule to fine pebble, well rounded, full of illuvial clay. Gradational
top.
Wstr321
39
Mudstone, variegated green, purple, gray, black, dense, sharp, angular blocks, noncalcareous, common thick clay films, upward decreasing to common. Sharp/erosional top with 10s cm relief, a depositional boundary, not a pedogenic boundary.
38
Mudstone, dark steel gray to dark gray, highly slickensided, ductile, at least 3 beds of bentonites.
The rest are probably bentonitic, too. Very thick, pervasive clay films. Gradational top.
s8wy-18
37
Wstr320
36
Mudstone, silty, greenish gray, blocky, no calcitic nodules, common clay films, upward to thicker, continuous, and multi-faceted, all intensively slickensided. Noncalcareous. Upper 20 cm dark steel gray,
blackish gray. Gradational top. Argillisol, Bt.
2nd segment of U. WTG LC (cont.)
35
Lower part, 10 cm of laminated mudstone/microbreccia, some large plant remains, common ostracods. Upper part, f LSA with
scattered c/vc and granule sands. Full of mm-1 cm shells of choncostracods (almost a coquina of both fossils). Weathered
resistant as nodular beds. Sharp top.
s8wy-17
Wstr319
34
Shale/mudstone, basal 40 cm, gray, grades upward to purplish gray, to grayish purple. Upper
1/3 variegated green, gray, purple. Green as spots of steles. Sparse clay films throughout,
upward increasing to common. Distinctive calcitic nodules in lines parallel to bedding plane
and dominantly scattered throughout, mm-3 cm in size, some are possible coprolites, most
internally fractured, radial or random, equant to irregular, diagenetic or pedogenic. Sharp top.
33
Wstr318
LA, coarsening upward from vf to f/lm, very well sorted, similar to below. Sharp top.
Shale, variably silty, gray, coarsening and thickening upward overall.
Wstr317 32
LSA/LA, similar to below.
Shale, pure to silty, very well mm laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Gradational top.
Wstr316
LSA/LA, greenish gray, coarsening upward from vf to f, very well sorted, well parallel laminated, mm-2 cm laminate, thickening upward. Abundant plant remains and mica. Uppermost 5 cm, thin laminated with abundant plant remains and mica
on bedding plane. Thickening then thinning upward. Sharp top.
31
Wstr315
s8wy-16
30
Shale, silty shale, vf LSA, gray to greenish gray, upward increasing siltstone and vf LSA laminae.
Upward thickening and coarsening. Gradational top. Prodeltaic.
Shale, blackish gray, abundant plant remains and fragments, upward siltier and sandy, abundant ostracods. Transgressive.
Siltstone, mudstone, olive gray, common to abundant carbonized rootlets, rounded peds 1-3 cm
large, dense. Scattered common plant remains, weakly calcareous. Sharp top.
96
Wstr339
A coarsening upward succession from 5-cm silty shale to f/vf LSA. Sharp
top.
70
Wstr338
Silty shale and siltstone in basal 10 cm, upward to vf, f/vf sandstone. Thin to
thick laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Sharp top. Coarsening
upward.
Wstr33769
LSA, yellowish gray, vf-f, very well laminated, CRL and parallel laminations.
Abundant plant remains and mica. Sharp top. Coarsening upward with underlying bed.
68
Shale, silty, siltstone, slightly coarsening upward, very well laminated, mm-submm laminated. Abundant muscovite and plant remains. Gradational/sharp top.
67
Wstr336
66
Shale, gray to dark gray, upward to silty, to siltstone, to vf sandstone in the uppermost
5 cm. Abundant plant remains and muscovite on bedding plane. Coarsening upward.
Sharp top.
Wstr335
LSA, yellowish grayish green, fining upward from m, m/f, vf, to c silt, well laminated,
sparse to common plant remains. Gradational top. Bay fill, transgressive deepening, lake
shore upward to littoral.
65
64
Shale, silty shale, dark gray to gray, silty shale, green gray, siltstone, interbeds. Upward to vf sandstone,
common to abundant plant remains, well laminated. Gradational top. Coarsening upward.
63
62
Wstr334
61
60
Wstr333
59
Lignite, pure to silty, well laminated
and bedded, locally bituminous coal.
Upper 5 cm, friable, muddy. Sharp
top. Histosol.
Mudstone, gray upward to dark gray,
elongate plates, abundant minute cm-long
carbonized rootlets, abundant clay films
and slickensides. Noncalcareous. Sharp
top. Histosol, Gleysol.
Mudstone, yellowish gray, blocky,
no slickensides, no clay films, no
plant remains, no carbonized root-s8wy-23
lets. Abundant cm-size irregular,
elongate, equant calcitic nodules.
Very calcareous. Sharp top. Calcisol (?).
Base of 1st segment in upper WTG LC in
southern Tarlong, measuring up to the
base of the section measured in 2006.
N1E/34
Top of the 2nd segments.
Lignite.
Shale, dark steel gray, no calcitic nodules. Some carbonized rootlets.
Uppermost part microbrecciated, thick clay films and slickensides. Sharp
top. Subaerial reworked transgressive deposits(?).
Mudstone, greenish gray, darker upward, common plant remains,
calcitic nodules decrease upward in size and abundance, so are
coprolites. Common clay films and slickensides. variably sandy,
with c sands, 5-10%. thick blocky to platy. Sharp/gradational top.
Mudstone, greenish gray, packed with mm-2 cm calcitic nodules, slightly decreasing upward. Upward
increasing clay films and slickensides, very calcareous.
Upward decreasing mud chips in size, slightly in abundance. Sharp top.
Micrite, argillaceous, rare peloids, slightly brecciated, laterally persistent.
10-15 cm thick. Sharp top.
s8wy-22
Shale and LSA, brownish gray, blocky, sparse clay
films and tubules, silty, abundant to common coprolites. Sharp top.
LSA/LA, brownish gray, grayish brown, thick laminated,
no clear grain size trend, abundant mica and plant
remains on bedding plane. 2 cm-thick shale/siltstone
stringers. Rare ostracods. Well bedded.
Shale, purple to greenish purple, dense, sparse ostracods, mottled with scattered green sots (as
steles?), coarsening upward to silty shale, to siltstone. Common coprolites. Well laminated.
sharp/gradational top.
58
Shale, gray, very well laminated. Sharp/gradational top. Maximum transgressive (?).
Siltstone, vf sandstone, dark gray, carbonaceous. Sparse ostracods. Sharp top. Transgressive.
57
Wstr332
Siltstone, vf LSA, greenish gray, thick laminated, some large plant remains and fragments, some mud
chips. Gradational top. Subaerial transgressive.
Shale, purplish gray, sparse clay films, platy. Sharp top. Bay fill upward to deltaplain.
56
LSA/LA, brownish gray, coarsening upward from vf to f/m, CRL, laterally persistent but thickens or thins
(same for underlying sandstone). Upper part a 0-10 cm argillaceous micrite, lenticular, probably diagenetic. Gradational top.
Shale, gray in lower part, pure, some coprolites, brownish gray in upper part, silty, increasing upward
to siltstone. Gradational top.
55
Wstr331
LSA/LA, yellowish gray, thin laminated, abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Coarsening upward from c silt to vf/f
sandstone. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, pure, upward to silty, to siltstone, very well laminated. Gradational top.
Wstr330
s8wy-2154
LSA/LA, vf/f, sparse ostracods, common large plant fragments and remains, well to very well sorted, slightly coarsening upward from c silt to f. Well laminated and bedded, laterally persistent. Sharp top. Transgressive.
Shale, greenish gray to dark gray, silty, siltstone, intercalated with LW, some large plant fragments. Ostracods throughout. Lower part laminae of concentrated choncostracods. Gradational top.
s8wy-20
53
LSA, greenish gray, dense, sharp blocks/plates, basal 10 cm with large plant remains and fragments
(as transgressive deposits). Variable vf/f LSA and siltstone. Moderately calcareous, middle to upper
parts, layers of coprolites and calcitic nodules, 0.5-2 cm in size, some with internal radiating brecciation.
Uppermost 30 cm, scattered carbonized rootlets. Sharp top. Bay fill.
Wstr329
Shale, gray, some ostracods, sparse clay films, well laminated. Sharp/gradational top.
52
Shale, gray, variably silty in lower part, coarsening upward to siltstone, very well laminated. Grades
upward to thin to thick laminated vf, to f LSA/LA. Abundant plant remains and mica.
Sharp/gradational top. Delta front.
Wstr328
51
LSA/LA, yellowish gray, coarsening upward from vf to f. Abundant plant remains and mica on bedding
plane, uppermost 5 cm, some plant fragments. Very well laminated. Sharp top.
Shale, gray, very well laminated, pure to silty, crudely coarsening upward, abundant disseminated
plant remains and mica. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic.
50
97
Wstr34990
Siltstone, silty shale, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated. Gradational/sharp top.
Siltstone, c, coarsening upward to f/vf, f LSA/LA, yellow greenish gray, very abundant plant remains
and mica on bedding plane, CRL and parallel laminations. Sharp top.
89
Shale, silty to pure, very well laminated, gray to greenish gray, common plant remains. Coarsening
upward to siltstone, c siltstone. Gradational top.
Wstr348
s8wy-3
Micro mudstone breccia, dark gray, disseminated plant remains common. Dominantly mm-sub-mm, very angular clasts, size increasing to
1-5 mm upward. Sparse sandstone clasts. Common plant fragments, sparse coal/peat grains. Sharp/gradational top. Transgressive lag.
LW, greenish gray, blocky, sparse ostracods and mm size plant remains. Gradational top. Transgressive lag. 5 cm thick.
88
LSA, f/vf, fining upward to silty shale/mudstone, very calcareous, blocky, sparse carbonized rootlets throughout. Top part, a layer of
lenticular well calcite cemented siltstone, ~10 cm thick. Deltaplain. Protosol.
LA/LSA, greenish gray, well parallel laminated and CRL, coarsening upward from
vf/f to f/lm, very well sorted. Common plant remains and mica. Gradational top.
87
86
Wstr347
s8wy-2
85
Wstr346
Wstr345
84
Shale, gray, silty, very well mm laminated. Abundant plant remains and mica. Upward to siltstone,
moderately to very clacreous. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic.
3 coarsening upward successions from shale, silty, siltstone, upward
to c siltstone/vf sandstone, rich in plant remains, common mica.
Sandstone is 1/3 or 1/4 of each cycle. Gradational contacts between
shale and sandstone within a cycle. Sharp top.
p8-14: a 10 cm thick silty shale, siltstone laminite, in the upper part of
the uppermost cycle, gray to greenish gray, some insect fossils (?),
bedding perpendicular carbonized rootlets.
Also see s8WY-2.
Wstr344
83
Shale, intercalated with vf-f LW/LSA, gray, upward to reddish brownish purplish gray,
platy in lower part, fine blocky in upper part. Variably silty. Intervals, 10s cm thick, of
concentrated coprolites, mm-2 cm in size, equant to elongate, calcareous. Common
to abundant plant remains. Sandstone has common mica, moderately to very calcareous. In places, sparse slickensides and clay films. Sandstone decreases upward.
Overall fining upward, but highly variable. Lake plain.
82
81
LSA/LA, coarsening upward from vf/f to f, to f/m, very well sorted, well laminated and bedded.
Abundant plant remains and mica. Moderately calcareous. Flat base, sharp convex top. Delta
front.
s8wy-1
80
79
Shale, silty shale, siltstone, vf to f LSA, coarsening upward. Abundant plant remains and
mica on bedding plane. Gradational top.
78
Wstr343
77
LSA, yellowish grayish green, thick laminated, well bedded, crudely coarsening upward from vf to f,
abundant plant remains and mica on bedding plane. Sharp top.
76
Shale, silty, siltstone, finely laminated, gray to dark gray. Gradational top.
Shale, silty, dark gray to blackish gray, plant rich. Gradational top.
Sandstone, f, dense, platy, some carbonized rootlets. Sharp top. Paleosol. Subaerial transgressive.
Wstr342
75
A fining upward succession in lower 30 cm, from f sandstone to silty shale, to
shale/mudstone, gray, upward to purplish gray, blocky to platy mudstone/shale, scattered slickensides and clay films, scattered locally common coprolites. Scattered carbonized rootlets, upward increasing. Uppermost 10 cm, dense mudstone with common
rootlets.
74
73
Silty shale and siltstone, greenish gray in lower part, upper part, vf to f
LSA, very well thin to sub-mm laminated. Equal thickness. Abundant
plant remains and mica.
Wstr341
72
Wstr340
LSA, yellowish gray, vf-f, thick to medium laminated.
Shale, gray, silty, siltstone. Gradational top.
A coarsening upward succession similar to below. Sharp top.
71
Wstr339
A coarsening upward succession from 5-cm silty shale to f/vf LSA. Sharp
top.
70
Wstr338
Silty shale and siltstone in basal 10 cm, upward to vf, f/vf sandstone. Thin to
thick laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Sharp top. Coarsening
upward.
98
Wstr360
10
Wstr359
9
Wstr358
8
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, f, very well sorted, common plant remains. CRL. Sharp top.
Shale, silty shale, siltstone, coarsening upward and interbedded, abundant plant
remains, very well mm laminated. Sharp/gradational top.
Limestone, micrite, very argillaceous, 1 persistent bed. Common plant remains. Sharp top. 3 cm thick.
Starved deposit?
Shale, gray in lower part, mm-sub-mm very well laminated, upward siltier. Abundant plant remains,
moderately calcareous. Upper part. greenish yellow, yellowish green LSA/LA, f, abundant plant
remains and mica, CRL. Sharp top.
LSA, gray, dense, very calcareous, common mud clasts, well sorted. some plant fragments mm to cm. thick plates.
Transgressive lag.
Mudstone, maroon, intercalated with f LW. Mudstone, large angular blocks, moderately calcareous.
Lower part common thick clay films and common slickensides, upper part, sparse clay films, dense,
angular plates/blocks. Sharp top. Argillisol.
7
6
5
LW, dense, greenish gray, moderately to very calcareous, angular plates. Common
to abundant mm angular to subrounded mud chips. Some plant remains, f-f/m, no
clear grain size trend. Uppermost 20 cm, sandy, blocky, blush gray mudstone/shale
with disseminated plant remains. Crudely fining upward.
Shale/mudstone, interbedded, maroon to gray, some beds are sub-mm to mm
interlaminated with clay rich vs silt rich or calcite rich laminae. Some intervals are
maroon, blocky and large angular plates. Sparse carbonized rootlets and plant
remains. Very calcareous. Sharp top. Pedogenically altered/influenced lakeplain
deposits.
Wstr357 4
Mudstone, pure, dark maroon to grayish maroon, thick, large, angular blocks,
moderately to very calcareous, upward more variegated with green and bluish
green mottles. Basal part, relict interlaminations, upward increasing clay films
and slickensides to moderate. Some distinctive carbon films and tubules, indicating co-existing carbon and clay rootlets. Sharp top. Proto-Argillisol.
3
2
Wstr356 1
S8WY-4
Mudstone/shale, very angular uneven plates, noncalcareous, dense, pure, no clay films, no slickensides, plates cms large. Highly leached (?). Some diffuse black patches/carbon films. Pond on
lakeplain(?)
Limestone, sandy/silty, micritic, uneven beds, brecciated, moderately argillaceous, heterogenous patches.
Sharp top. Palustrine limestone.
LW in lower part, olive gray, angular blocks, moderately to very calcareous. Upper part, maroon
to dark maroon mudstone, common clay films, increasing upward, noncalcareous, some slickensides, angular blocks, sandy. Sharp top.
700 m
Wstr355
99
98
Wstr354
97
Mudstone, dark maroonish gray, intercalated with f/m LW, angular blocks to thick plates, irregular.
Clay films throughout, increasing upward. Common to sparse slickensides, diffuse carbon films.
Dense, mostly moderately to very calcareous. Scattered calcitic/micritic calcitic nodules, may or
may not be pedogenic. Gradational top.
Shale, gray, upward to dark gray, micro brecciated with common/abundant plant remains and fragments,
due to shoreline reworking. 1-5 mm large, very angular to subrounded clasts. Crudely laminated. Sandy,
some clay films and tubules. Upper 5 cm, sandy or LW, larger mud clasts. Sharp/gradational top.
LSA/LW, part of underlying sandstone, sparse carbonized and illuvial clay filled rootlets, f-vf. Sharp top. Pedogenically altered delta front sandstone.
LSA/LA, CRL, vf-f, well sorted, no clear grain size trend, some coprolites in upper part. Abundant plant remains and mica. CRL. Basal 5 cm, common mm-size mud chips. Gradational top.
96
95
Shale, silty shale, siltstone, gray, dark gray, greenish gray, coarsening upward. Abundant
plant remains and muscovite. Upper part common mm-2 cm coprolites. Sharp/gradational
top.
Wstr353
94
Wstr352
Wstr351
93
Wstr350
LSA/LA, yellowish greenish gray, CRL and parallel laminated, well to very well sorted, abundant
plant remains and mica, crudely coarsening upward. Sharp top.
Siltstone, gray, thin to medium laminated. Gradational top.
Shale, silty, siltstone, in lower 20 cm, upper 20 cm, f to f/lm LSA, CRL. Sharp/gradational top.
Silty shale, siltstone, in lower part, dark gray to gray, very well mm to sub-mm laminated, abundant plant remains and mica. Upper part, vf, upward to f LSA/LA, CRL, abundant plant
remains and mica, moderately well to well sorted, Sharp top. Delta front.
LSA, grayish green, CRL dominant, very calcareous, abundant plant remains and mica, f, in places, flm. Sharp top.
92
91
Wstr34990
Siltstone, silty shale, gray, mm-sub-mm laminated. Gradational/sharp top.
Siltstone, c, coarsening upward to f/vf, f LSA/LA, yellow greenish gray, very abundant plant remains
and mica on bedding plane, CRL and parallel laminations. Sharp top.
99
Wstr365 31
Shale/mudstone, purple, angular blocks, common clay films, rare mm calcitic nodules, elongate. Upper part, a 5
cm thick calcitic nodular zone, as argillaceous limestone with green mottles, purple color. Palustrine. Sharp top.
30
LSA/LA, gray to greenish gray, crudely coarsening upward from vf/f to f, very well
sorted, common plant remains and mica, well thin laminated, CRL and parallel
laminations, some mm mud clasts tin the upper part. Sharp/gradational top. Delta
front.
Shale, grayish purple, pure, upward to purplish gray silty shale, to siltstone, thin to thick laminated, rare clay films, common plant remains. Prodeltaic.
Wstr364
29
LSA/LA, greenish gray, vf, well to very well sorted, common plant remains and mica, well laminated
and bedded. Gradational/sharp top.
28
LA/LSA, yellowish gray, slightly fining upward from f/lm, to f. Common plant
remains and mica, CRL and parallel laminations. Well bedded, laterally
persistent. Gradational top.
27
s8wy-6 26
LA/LSA, similar to below, well sorted, crudely fining upward from c/m to m/c, to m, common to abundant plant remains and heavy minerals, large to medium scale, tabular xbeds. Laterally persistent. Sharp/gradational top.
25
24
Wstr363
Shale, gray, pure, plant remains common, sub-mm laminated. Sharp top. 5 cm thick.
23
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, m-c, well to very well sorted, common mica, some
plant fragments in basal 50 cm, no grain size trend. well laminated and bedded, laterally persistent. Sharp top. All lake shore deposits, too thick (?).
22
21
Shale, gray, upward to silty shale, to siltstone, very well laminated, common plant remains.
Sharp top. Prodeltaic. Sharp, probably nonerosional top.
20
Wstr362
Micrite, argillaceous, dark gray. 2 cm thick. Sharp top.
LSA/LA, yellowish greenish gray, moderately to very calcareous, common plant
remains, very well sorted. 2 5-cm thick stringers of silty shale. Sharp top. Delta front.
19
18
Shale, silty, upward to siltstone, vf sandstone. Lower part, thin laminae of f LSA. Plant
remains rich, some mica. thick plates. Sharp/gradational top. Prodeltaic.
17
Shale, maroon, thick angular plates, dense, moderately calcareous, pure, sparse to common
plant remains. probably thick laminated. Sharp/gradational top. Shallow bay fill, transgressive
(?).
16
Wstr361
LA, f/m, abundant plant remains, thick laminated, some mud chips. Sharp top. 5 cm thick. Transgressive lag (?).
15
14
Lower 1/3, interlaminated (mm) and interbedded, dark gray shale, gray LSA, f, well
sorted. Common to abundant plant remains
and mica. Upper part, LSA, f, dominant,
interbedded with c siltstone and vf sandstone, alternating colors of greenish grya to
purplish gray, 10-20 cm thick, dense, angular plates, moderately to very calcareous.
No clay films and slickensides, but angular
blocks and plates. Sparse plant remains,
suggesting pedogenic influence, moderately
well to well sorted. Uppermost 20 cm, very
thin clay films, sparse. Sharp top. Lake
plain to lakeshore, shallow bay fill. Shallowing upward.
13
s8wy-5
12
11
Wstr360
10
LA/LSA, yellowish greenish gray, f, very well sorted, common plant remains. CRL. Sharp top.
100
50
Jstr6
49
Jstr5
TRN36-WY
TRN36-WY
48
TRN35-WY
47
Jstr4
46
45
44
Jstr3
43
Shale, bluish gray, platy, dense, very calcareous, silty. Sharp top. Embayment or mud flat.
Sandstone/siltstone, greenish gray, vf/c-silt, well sorted, some plant remains, abundant mm-size mud
chips, probable CRL or parallel laminations.
Shale, gray to dark gray, platy, pure, moderately to very calcareous, sparse ostracods, some plant remains
and muscovite. No calcitic nodules. Sharp top. Sublittoral/profundal.
Sandstone, yellowish greenish gray, thin plates, LSA, vf-f, some to common plant remains, well sorted, some mud chips. Sparse ostracods.
Sharp top. Transgressive lag?
Shale, grayish purple and sandstone, olive gray. Shale, thin plates, with some large carbonized plant remains, sparse-common mm-size
calcitic nodules, probably copralites, burrows, or fossils (not pedogenic nodules). Sandstone, f LSA, probable CRL and parallel laminations.
Large plant remains sparse-common. Vertical, subvertical, subhorizontal rootlets in middle sandstone (25 cm thick), common mm-cm irregular calcitic nodules, some mud chips, with sharp base and top. Sharp top.
Sandstone, and possible limestone, gray to purplish gray, highly calcite-cemented. Scattered carbonized plant remains. Some spar-filled
cracks (or rootlets?). May be a starvation surface/interval.
Sandstone, greenish gray, probable CRL and parallel laminations, LSA-LA, f, well sorted. Common mmsize carbonized plant remains and muscovite on bedding plane. Sparse to common mm- 1 cm, elongate,
spherical calcitic nodules as burrows and copralites. Middle-upper parts, a 10-cm thick discontinuous
sandy calcitic nodule zone with common tubular structures (serpulids?) with micritic walls and sparry calcite infill (TRN35). 10 cm below top, a 0.5-cm thick pinkish gray lamina, probably tuffaceous sandstone
(TRN36). Sharp top.
Shale/mudstone, grayish purple/red, platy, thick upward to thin, pure. Scattered small equant to tubelike calcitic nodules in middle-upper parts as copralites and burrows. Uppermost 10 cm, silty, grades
upward into overlying sandstone bed. Moderately to very calcareous. Gradational top. Sublittoral
embayment fill, no transgressive record.
Sandstone, similar to below, highly calcite-cemented, common brecciated mud chips. One carbonized
rootlets found, few suspicious ones. Irregular/sharp top.
Sandstone, purplish olive gray, LSA, f, moderately well sorted, no plant remains, dense, sparse elongate calcitic nodules. Apparently well laminated. The only difference with underlying sandstone is color
and lack of visible large carbonized plant remains. Sharp/irregular top. Subaerial lakeshore deposits.
Sandstone, grayish brown, highly calcite-cemented, f, very well sorted, lateral persistent for ~100 m,
capping underlying sandstone. 5 cm thick. Sharp top.
Sandstone, greenish gray, LA, f, very well sorted, platy, uppermost 5 cm siltstone. Common large carbonized plant remains on bedding plane, moderately to very calcareous. Laterally persistent for ~100 m.
Moderate to high energy progradational shoreface.
Sandstone and siltstone interbeds, purplish gray to greenish gray, coarsening upward overall. Common
disseminated plant remains and muscovite, well thin laminated. Gradational top.
Shale, purplish gray to grayish red, thin-thick platy, moderately to very calcareous. One 2-cm thick calcitic zone. Pure upward to silty, dominantly pure. Silty shale and siltstone in upper 20 cm, sub-mm laminated. Sharp/gradational. Deepening upward with underlying bed, then shallowing upward at the very
top. Embayment fill.
Sandstone greenish gray, platy, some plant remains, common muscovite. LA, f, very well sorted, laterally
persistent for ~100 m. Gradational top. Transgressive or distal delta front facies (?).
Shale/mudstone, in places silty, dominantly pure, thin-thick platy. Basal 15 cm, vf sandstone or siltstone,
grayish red, one 10-cm thick green silty shale, moderately to very calcareous, sparse slickensides in few
places. Two cms-thick diagenetic calcitic zones. No nodules. Uppermost ~5 cm, well interlaminated shale
and silty shale. Basal 20 cm, sparse plant remains. Gradational/sharp top. Deepening upward? Barren
embayment fill.
42
Jstr2
41
Mudstone, siltstone interbeds, grayish red-purple. Calcareous nodules: common to abundant in
lower-middle parts, none in upper 30 cm. Slickensides, rare in lower-middle part, common in
upper part. Weakly to moderately calcareous. Some scattered mud chips. Nodules: elongate
dominant, common small (~1 cm) equant nodules in middle part. Sharp top.
Mid-upper Induan Jiucaiyuan LC
40
39
38
37
TRN34-WY
Siltstone, silty shale, grayish red/purple, platy, some thin lenses of calcitic nodules, scattered
irregular, equant, elongate calcitic nodules/rhizoliths. Weakly to moderately calcareous. Sparse
slickensides. Common mud chips. Sharp top. Lakeplain sand and mud flat.
Sandstone, siltstone, dark grayish red/purple, thin platy, muddy, well laminated, fining upward from vf/f to
vf/c-silt, common muscovite on bedding plane. Basal part a 5-cm thick tabular nodule zone (diagenetic or
water-table). Middle-upper parts some thin calcitic lenses and scattered nodules, 2-5 cm in size, internally
brecciated, equant and irregular. Sharp/gradational top.
Sandstone, siltstone, and silty shale interbedded, grayish purple. Sandstone, vf, commonly well calcite cemented.
Basal part some rounded mud chips. Shale, platy, thick platy, minor. Siltstone, common, sparse slickensides. A possible vertebrate bone at base. Uppermost 20 cm, f LSA/LW, well laminated, moderately well sorted, possible plant
remains and common muscovite on bedding plane. Overall coarsening upward. Coarsening upward with underlying
bed. Gradational top. Regressive.
Shale/mudstone, dark grayish purple/red, pure, medium-thin platy. Minimal slickensides in upper part. Rare
plant remains, weakly to moderately calcareous. Sharp/gradational top. Embayment fill. Not a paleosol.
36
Jstr1
TRN33-WY
35
34
33
Wstr366
32
Shale, blue-green and red interlaminated, thick platy. Upward increasing ostracods from sparse to abundant.
Mudstone, grayish purple, purplish red, pure, weakly to moderately calcareous. Calcareous nodules, dominantly
elongate and irregular: common in lower part, abundant in middle part, decreasing in upper part, none in uppermost
30 cm. Slickensides: common in lower-middle part, decreasing in upper part, small, multi-faceted. Peds: blocky,
equant, 1-2 cm in lower part, 3-5 cm and less angular in upper part. Some small clay skins in upper part. Sharp top.
Mudstone, purple, grayish red. Common calcitic nodules, tabular, irregTop of 1st segment
ular, and equant, cms-size, in lower part, upward to elongate rhizoliths,
branching with steles, mm in diameter, cms long in middle part, upward
to none in upper part. Slickensides rare to sparse in lower and middle
parts, sparse to common in upper part. Peds upward change from platy,
coarse equant to m (5-10 cm). Upward changes from siltymudstone in
Mudstone, purple, abundant cmlower part, to less silty, to pure in upper part. Weaklyto moderatelycalsize calcitic nodules. 2-3 m thick.
careous throughout. Gradational/sharp top.
Unmeasured.
N7W/27.
LSA, purplish gray, platy, f-vf, very well
Switch ~100 m to the south across the core of the syncline to
to well sorted, some plant remains and
the southern limb. The above section was measured in 2006.
common mica, moderately to very calMudstone, silty, siltstone, purple, angular blocks to plates,
careous. Thin to medium laminated.
dense, very calcareous, abundant mm-3 cm irregular to elongate
Angular blocks and short plates. Gracalcitic nodules with internal brecciation. sharp top.
dational top. Lakeshore.
LSA/LA, purplish gray, similar to sandstone below, just color difference and Top is the base of the 2006 section (?)
more blocky. Common mud clasts of purple shale. Sharp top.
The top may be the beginning of the 2006 section (?).
LSA/LA, greenish gray, very well sorted, crudely coarsening upward from vf/f to f/lm. common to some plant remains, moderately calcareous, well laminated, upward blocky, thick
platy, rare possible green steles. Gradational top. Lakeshore.
Wstr365 31
Shale/mudstone, purple, angular blocks, common clay films, rare mm calcitic nodules, elongate. Upper part, a 5
cm thick calcitic nodular zone, as argillaceous limestone with green mottles, purple color. Palustrine. Sharp top.
30
LSA/LA, gray to greenish gray, crudely coarsening upward from vf/f to f, very well
sorted, common plant remains and mica, well thin laminated, CRL and parallel
laminations, some mm mud clasts tin the upper part. Sharp/gradational top. Delta
front.
Shale, grayish purple, pure, upward to purplish gray silty shale, to siltstone, thin to thick laminated, rare clay films, common plant remains. Prodeltaic.
Wstr364
29
LSA/LA, greenish gray, vf, well to very well sorted, common plant remains and mica, well laminated
and bedded. Gradational/sharp top.
101
68
Profundal
Delta/s. littoral
Lake plain
Meand. stream
Alluvial/highland
Braided stream
Depositional
environment
Prodelta/d. littoral
Wutonggou low-order cycle, SE Tarlong section
67
Shale, grayish purple in lower and middle parts, purple gray to gray in upper part. Lower part, submm interlaminated siltstone and shale. In uppermost 10 cm, interlaminated vf sandstone and shale
sub-mm laminae. Middle part, platy, pure, thick platy shale. Sparse plant remains in interlaminated
layers. Moderately to very calcareous throughout. Top is the base of the syncline.
66
Jstr14
65
Jstr13
64
Jstr12 63
Sandstone, siltstone, grayish purple in lower 5 cm, greenish gray in upper 5 cm. Abundant mud
chips in both layers, but common plant remains and sparse ostracods in upper part. Lower part
siltstone/silty shale, upper part f/vf LA. Sharp contact between lower and upper part. Sharp top.
Shale, grayish purple, thick plates, upper part mud chips in places. Moderately to very calcareous.
Pure, no calcitic nodules of any type. Sharp top.
Sandstone, greenish gray, platy, f LSA/LW, abundant ostracods, mm-size mud chips common,
and common plant remains. Sharp top.
Shale, silty, sandy shale, grayish purple/red, thin-thick plates. Abundant rounded, imbricated, mm-size
mud chips throughout. Common scattered calcitic nodules, elongate, equant, irregular, small (mm-2
cm). Sharp top.
Sandstone, LW, LSA, greenish gray, common plant remains, abundant mm, rounded-subangular mud
chips, common ostracods, platy. Gradational top.
Shale/mudstone, silty and sandy, platy, abundant mud chips from mm-cm (maximum ~3 cm)
size, grayish red/purple, common scattered round, equant, and tubular (thin) calcitic nodules
(probably not pedogenic). Sharp top. shallowing upward?
62
Shale/mudstone, purplish, grayish red, thin platy, silty to pure. Common mm-cm small calcitic nodules, probably copralites, fossils, and burrows. Subaqueous?
61
Jstr11
60
Mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, interbeds, grayish purple/red, abundant mm-cm mud chips, moderately to very calcareous. Upward increasing calcitic nodules in amount and size, two 5-cm thick lenticular zones. Small nodules may be burrows, rootlets with a stele, and/or copralites. Mud chips
throughout and abundant; large mud chips in sandy matrix suggest mud cracking. Patchy sandy
matrix. Lakeplain mud and sand flat.
In this sequence, HST has the most sandstone, RST has the
thickest paleosols.
Jstr10 59
Mudstone, purple-grayish purple, thin-thick platy, upward less silty. Lower/basal part, siltstone and
silty shale/mudstone. Upward increasing calcitic nodules, 1-10 cm in size, tabular, parallel to bedding plane, autobrecciated. No plant remains. Sharp/gradational top.
58
Jstr9
57
56
Jstr8
55
54
Mudstone, grayish purple/red, platy, moderately to very calcareous, irregular, tabular,
equant, 1-5 cm in size as large nodules, internally brecciated, common to abundant.
Silty to pure. Gradational/sharp top.
Sandstone, siltstone, platy, grayish purple/red, vf/f, well laminated, some mud chips
in basal part. Thin plates, moderately calcareous. Few plant remains. Lower part a
10-cm greenish gray f LA. Gradational top.
Mudstone/shale, grayish red/purple, platy, common calcitic nodules, platy-tabular, irregular.
Capped by a 5-cm muddy calcite layer. Another nodular layer has some carbonized rootlets.
No clay skins. Very angular blocks/peds. Upward increasingly silty. Protosol, Bt.
Shale, grayish red/purple, thin-thick platy, moderately calcareous. Pure. C or R Horizon.
53
Jstr7
52
Mudstone, grayish purple/red, platy in lower part, f-m peds in upper part. No plant remains. Small slickensides, increasing upward. Calcitic nodules, mm-cm, equant, irregular, upward increasing from common
to abundant. Pure, upward to increasingly silty. Moderately to very calcareous. No nodules in lower 40
cm. Sharp/gradational top. Vertic Calcisol.
Switch ~30 m to W. Stratal dip angle gradually changes from 27o to nearly horizontal to base of the syncline. Thus, measured thickness is overestimated.
51
50
Shale, bluish gray, platy, dense, very calcareous, silty. Sharp top. Embayment or mud flat.
Sandstone/siltstone, greenish gray, vf/c-silt, well sorted, some plant remains, abundant mm-size mud
chips, probable CRL or parallel laminations.
Shale, gray to dark gray, platy, pure, moderately to very calcareous, sparse ostracods, some plant remains
and muscovite. No calcitic nodules. Sharp top. Sublittoral/profundal.
102