Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: T0604-Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
: 2008
: 2.0/0.0
Pertemuan 9
Hardware: CPU
Sumber:
Chapter 4. Hardware: The CPU &
Storage, p.189
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007).
Using Information Technology: A
Practical Introduction to Computers &
Communications. Seventh Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13: 978-007-110768-6
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• menjelaskan apa yg dimaksud dg Central
Processing Unit, komponenkomponennya, dan cara kerjanya (C2)
2
Outline Materi
• Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility
• The System Unit: The Basics
• More on the System Unit
3
Microchips, Miniaturization, &
Mobility
• Vacuum Tubes vs. Transistors
– Vacuum tubes were the original logic gates of
computers
– They looked like light bulbs, were hot, and burned out
like them too
– The original transistors were 1/100th the size of
vacuum tubes (less power, faster, more reliable too)
• Transistors vs. Integrated Circuits
– Compare 1955’s 45 lb “portable” color TV to today’s 7
oz Casio 2.3 inch color TV
– One integrated circuit contains thousands of
transistors
4-4
Microchips, Miniaturization, &
Mobility
• Semiconductor
– A material whose electrical properties are
intermediate between a good conductor and a
nonconductor of electricity
– Perfect substrate to overlay complex circuits on
– Microchips are made from semiconductors
– Contain millions of microminiature integrated
circuits
4-5
Microchips, Miniaturization, &
Mobility
• Microprocessor
– The miniaturized circuitry of an entire
computer processor on a single chip
– Contains the CPU, which processes data
• Microcontroller or Embedded Computer
– A microprocessor that was modified for use in
a machine that isn’t a computer
4-6
The System Unit: The Basics
• Binary System: the basic unit of computing
– Uses just two numbers: 0 and 1
– All data and program instructions in the computer are
represented as binary
– Bit: each 0 or 1 is a bit
– Byte: a group of 8 bits
– Kilobyte: ~1,000 (1,024) bytes
– Megabyte: ~1 Million (1,048,576) bytes
– Gigabyte: ~1 Billion (1,073,741,824) bytes
– Terabyte: ~ 1 Trillion (1,009,511,627,576) bytes
– Petabyte: ~ 1 quadrillion bytes
– Exabyte: ~ 1 quintillion bytes
– All the printed material in the world is ~ 5 exabytes
4-7
The System Unit: The Basics
• Binary coding schemes assign a unique
binary code to each letter
– EBCDIC
• Requires 8 bits per character
• Used for IBM mainframes
– ASCII
• Requires 7 or 8 bits per character, depending on
the version
• 8 bit Extended ASCII provides 256 characters
• Used for PCs, Unix hosts, Macs
– Unicode
• Requires 16 bits per character
• Handles 65,536 characters
4-8
The System Unit: The Basics
• Error Checking: Parity Bits
– Used in modems & communications to verify
correctness
– One check bit is added to 7 bit byte
– The check bit is defined as either odd or even
– For odd parity, if the data sent is correct, the parity bit
plus the first 7 data bits is an odd number
– For even parity, if the data sent is correct, the parity
bit plus the first 7 data bits is an even number
Discussion Question: If the 7 data bits are 1101011, and the modem is sending
odd parity, what should the parity bit be set to?
Answer: Since the data bits add up to 5, an odd number, the parity bit will be 0.
4-9
The System Unit: The Basics
• Machine Language
– A binary-type programming language built into
the CPU that is run directly by the computer
– Each CPU type has its own machine
language
• Language Translators
– System programs convert the programming
instructions for you into machine language
4-10
The System Unit: The Basics
4-11
The System Unit: The Basics
Computer Terms
•
Names
1.
Bay
2.
3.
Power Supply
Surge Protector
4.
Voltage
Regulator
UPS
5.
6.
7.
8.
•
Definitions
1.
Shell or opening used for the installation of electrical
equipment.
This converts AC to DC to run the computer.
Protects the computer from being damaged by power
spikes. Plug your computer into one.
Protects a computer against brownouts or low power
conditions that happen a lot in summer.
Uninterruptible Power Supply. Battery-operated device that
provides power for a time when there is a blackout.
The main system board of the computer.
The miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor.
Groups of interconnected chips on the motherboard that
control information flow between the microprocessor and
other system components connected to the motherboard.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Motherboard
Microprocessor
6.
Chipset
7.
8.
4-12
The System Unit: The Basics
• The CPU
– Older CPUs processing speeds are in MegaHertz
• 1 MHz = 1 Million ticks per second
– Current CPUs processing speeds are in
GigaHertz
• 1 GHz = 1 Billion ticks per second
– The faster a CPU runs, the more power it
consumes, and the more heat it generates
4-13
The System Unit: The Basics
• The CPU Continued
– Mainframe and minicomputer speed is
measured in MIPS
• MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second
• Workstations perform at 100 MIPS or more
• Mainframes perform at 200 – 1,200 MIPS
– Supercomputer processing speed is measured
in flops
• Flops stands for floating point operations per
second
• IBM’s Blue Gene/L cranks out 70.72 teraflops (tera
= trillion) per second
4-14
More on the System Unit
Parts of the CPU
Name
1. Word size
Definition
1. The number of bits the processor can
process at any one time
2. Control unit
2. The part of the CPU that deciphers
instructions and carries them out
3. Arithmetic
Logic Unit
4. Registers
3. The ALU performs mathematical and logical
operations and controls the speed of them
5. Buses
5. Electrical data roadways used to transmit
bits within the CPU and between CPU and
other motherboard components
4. High-speed storage areas that temporarily
store data during processing
4-15
More on the System Unit
How Memory Works
1.
Memory Chip
RAM
1.
2.
ROM
2.
3.
CMOS
3.
4.
Flash
4.
Explanation
Random Access Memory chips are volatile and hold:
a. Software instructions
b. Data before & after the CPU processes it
Read only memory
a. Cannot be written on or erased without special
equipment
b. Are loaded at factory with fixed start-up
instructions
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
a. Powered by a battery
b. Contains time, date, calendar, boot password
Nonvolatile memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed more than once
a. Doesn’t require a battery
b. Used in newer PCs for BIOS instructions
4-16
More on the System Unit
Types of RAM
RAM Types
1. DRAM
Explanation
Dynamic RAM must be constantly refreshed by
the CPU or it loses its contents
Synchronous Dynamic RAM is synchronized by
the system clock and is much faster than DRAM
Static RAM is faster than DRAM and retains its
contents without having to be refreshed by CPU
Double-data rate synchronous dynamic RAM
Single Inline Memory Module has RAM chips on
only one side
1.
2. SDRAM
2.
3. SRAM
3.
4. DDR-SDRAM
5. SIMM
4.
5.
6. DIMM
a. FPM is fast page mode type
b. EDO is extended data output; is faster than FPM
6. Dual Inline Memory Module has chips on both sides
4-17
More on the System Unit
Speeding up Processing
• The CPU works much faster than RAM
– So it could sit there waiting for information
– Cache temporarily stores instructions and
data that the processor uses frequently to
speed up processing
• Level 1 cache is part of the microprocessor
– Holds 8 to 256 kb
– Faster than Level 2 cache
• Level 2 cache is SRAM external cache
– Holds 64 kb to 2 Mb
• Level 3 cache is on the motherboard
– Comes on very high-end computers
4-18
More on the System Unit
Speeding up Processing
Method
1. Interleaving
1.
2. Bursting
2.
3. Pipelining
3.
4. Superscalar
Architecture
5. Hyperthreading
4.
5.
Description
CPU alternates communications between
two or more memory banks
CPU grabs a block of data from memory
instead of retrieving one piece at a time
CPU doesn’t wait for one instruction to
complete before fetching its next instruction
The computer can execute more than one
instruction per clock cycle
A technique used in superscalar
architecture in which the OS treats the
microprocessor as though it is two
microprocessors
4-19
More on the System Unit Ports
Port Type
1. Serial Port
2. Parallel Port
3. SCSI Port
4. USB Port
Description
1. Used to transmit slow data over long distances
a. Sends data sequentially, one bit at a time
b. Used to connect keyboard, mouse,
monitors, dial-up modems
2. For transmitting fast data over short distances
a. Transmits 8 bytes simultaneously
b. Connects printers, external disks, backups
3. Small Computer System Interface
a. Connects up to 7 devices in a daisy chain
b. Transmits data 32 bits at a time
4. Universal Serial Bus can theoretically connect
up to 127 peripheral devices in a daisy chain
4-20
More on the System Unit USB
• Goals
– Be low-cost
– Be able to connect lots of devices
– Be hot swappable
• People hate rebooting because it takes time
• Hot swapping means a device can be
connected/disconnected without rebooting
– Permit plug and play
• Devices are automatically configured when they
are installed – no need to download new drivers
4-21
More on the System Unit
USB Continued
• Standards
– USB 1.1 – the original standard
– USB 2.0 – the current standard for new PCs
– USB On The Go (OTG) – currently under
development
• Connectors
–
–
–
–
A – in USB Type 1.1 and 2.0
B – in USB Type 1.1 and 2.0
Mini B – in USB Type 2.0
Mini A – in USB OTG used for smaller peripherals like
cellphones
4-22
More on the System Unit
Specialized Expansion Ports
Port Type
1. FireWire
Description
1. Intended for devices working with lots of data
a.
b.
2. MIDI
2. Musical Instrument Digital Interface
a.
b.
3. IrDA
4. Bluetooth
Connects musical instruments
Used in creating, recording, editing, performing music
3. Infrared Data Association: Infrared ports used to
make a cableless connection
4. Uses short-range radio waves that transmit up to 30
ft
a.
b.
5. Ethernet
Used for camcorders, DVD players, TVs
Handles up to 400 megabits per second
Connects computers to printers, keyboards, headsets,
even refrigerators
Named after King Harald Bluetooth, son of Gorm, who
united the Norway and Denmark. Ruled 910-940 A.D.
5. The standard for linking all devices in a Local Area
Network
4-23
More on the System Unit
Expansion Cards
4-24
More on the System Unit
Expansion Buses
Bus
1. PCI bus
2. AGP Bus
Description
1. Peripheral Component Interconnect
a. For high-speed connections
b. 32 or 64 bits wide
c. Typically used for sound cards,
modems, high-speed network cards
2. Accelerated Graphics Port
1. Twice the speed of PCI bus
2. For Video and 3-D graphics cards
4-25
Kesimpulan
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