Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: T0234 / Sistem Informasi Geografis
: 2005
: 01/revisi 1
Pertemuan 13
Masa Depan SIG
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan
mahasiswa akan mampu :
• Memperkirakan arah perkembangan dari
SIG di masa yang akan datang (C2,TIK13)
2
Outline Materi
• Materi 1 : Permasalahan SIG masa kini
• Materi 2 : Perkembangan teknologi masa
depan
• Materi 3 : Pengaruh perkembangan
teknologi terhadap SIG
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GIS in the 1990s
Issues for GIS in the 1990s
(Adapted from Maguire, 1991; Rhind et al.,1991; Rhind,1992)
Practical & Technical Issues :
-How can the conversion map data to digital format be made
more efficient & cost effective ?
-How can large geographical data sets be stored when file sizes
may exceed machine capacity ?
-How can large data sets be accessed efficiently ?
-How can data be commodified ? How can data sets be
identified & obtained ? What about issues of pricing, liability,
copyright, ownership & access ? What will be the role of nation
mapping agencies in the supply & generation of data ?
-How will new technologies affect the traditional methods of
geographical data collection & compilation ?
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GIS in the 1990s. (2)
Conceptual GIS Issues :
-How can data models represent the complexity of the real world
more accurately ?
-How can GIS cope with different types of data about our world,
for example data that can not be represented by co-ordinates or
pixels (sound, photographs, video & free-form text) ? How can
GIS complement other technologies & techniques for handling
these data ?
-How can GIS database functions be linked with more advanced
modeling capabilities, such as those available in other
software ?
-How can uncertainty in data sets & in analysis operations be
dealt with ?
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GIS in the 1990s. (3)
Implementation & user issues :
-How can GIS be made easier to use ? What makes an interface
effective & appropriate ?
-What are the costs & benefits of introducing GIS ? How can
these be assessed ?
-What is the impact of GIS on an organization ? What can be
learned from successful & unsuccessful applications ?
-How can GIS awareness be raised, & what education & training
is necessary for organizations ? How can training in particular
system be improved ?
-How will the rigorous, objective perspective of GIS be adapted
to the imprecise, subjective world of human reasoning &
decision making ?
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Twenty predictions for GIS
(Adapted from : Rhind, 1992; Rhind et al., 1991)
A. Conceptual & Technical Predictions :
1. Data models will be developed to handle 3D & time characteristics,
& complex interactions between objects.
2. There will be new analysis & support functions to allow, for
example, the tracking of data lineage or visual interaction with the
stages in an analysis process.
3. There will be support for quality assurance & quality control.
4. Support for multimedia will become common.
5. GIS & GPS developments will occur. GIS & GPS will be integrated
for data collection & compilation, & a decline in mass digitizing will be
accompanied by growth in use of GPS.
6. Tools for visualizing 3D & time-dependent data will be developed.
7. There will be a convergence in general-purpose GIS, with most
system running under Unix & functionality becoming more similar.
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8. Sector-specific products will probability appear.
Twenty predictions for GIS. (2)
B. Market Predictions :
9. Vendors will attempt to differentiate products by efficiency of
coding, friendship schemes & other means.
10. The bulk of the GIS market will be outside the USA. Europe
& Japan will challenge American supremacy, & political factors
will ensure that software & system creation will be carried out in
multiple locations.
11. Users will want local customization of global products, for
example translation into their own language.
12. There will be a growth in "value-added services".
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Twenty predictions for GIS. (3)
C. Data Predictions :
13. Digitizing will be done where it is cheapest. The peak off
mass digitizing will be over in the USA & UK by 2000.
14. The data volume problem will disappear in some applications (due to, instance, CD-ROM)
15. Ownership of data will become an issue, & data issue will
continue to be affected by government policies.
16. Concern over privacy & confidentiality of data will be an
issue in socio-economic applications.
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Twenty predictions for GIS. (4)
D. Human & Organizational Predictions :
17. Improved techniques will become available for the GIS
acquisition & project management process.
18. GIS will become part of wider management information
system in many organizations.
19. The skills & professionalism of individuals involved will
influence the success of applications.
20. Education & training will have to concentrate on setting &
demonstrating standards as well as curriculum contents.
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Progress on Conceptual & Technical Issues
-The third & fourth dimensions are poorly catered for, & there is
an overemphasis on the map & image presentation of spatial
data.
-Commercial systems using object-oriented data models are
now available.
-No widely used GIS with established methods for handling
three-dimensional & temporal data, despite advances in related
fields such as geological modeling.
-Links to other software are often provided in GIS products.
-Model & menu builders exist in some packages to allow
integration of analysis from elsewhere, or the addition of new
functions programmed by the user.
-Visualization of both 3D & time data is also an area of research
& development.
-Data lineage tracking functions in some software have assisted
quality control.
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Progress on Conceptual & Technical Issues. (2)
-GIS applications now include scanned images (for instance,
pictures of property & assets), but sound & video are less
common.
-To be object-based spatial-nodal videos on the WWW
-The integration of GIS & GPS has progressed further than
Rhind perhaps to expected.
-GPS receivers can frequently collect attribute as well as
positional data, & field-base computing systems combining GIS
& GPS technology allow direct plotting of data on a map base
whilst in the field.
-PC based products under Windows OS more popular than Unix.
-Most systems can now handle rasters & vectors, & data
exchange is standard.
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Progress on Products & Markets
-Develop products for different market sector, because of PCbased systems' development.
-These handle specific applications & offer targeted functionality.
-Hybrid GIS/CAD systems have emerged.
-Other software products, including databases, spreadsheets &
statistical analysis packages, have also been given mapping
extensions.
-The vendors need to differentiate their products to promote
them to potential customers.
-The market outside the USA is certainly expanding, such as
Netherlands, UK & Australia.
-Translation of products into languages such as Russian &
Chinese.
-Growth of users in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa & Far
East.
-Limited availability & poor quality of data can be a major
obstacle, for example in Latin America.
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Progress on Products & Markets (2)
-Developments in GPS & Remote Sensing will help ease these
data problems, & data availability is being assisted by the
provision of some data sets freely over the Internet.
-Consultant services to meet one-off applications have been an
area of with particular expansion, some consultants also
producing custom software.
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Progress on Data Issues
-In the USA & UK, as the national mapping agencies have
completed the initial encoding of their resources, & many of the
major utilities are completing their data capture programs.
-The new challenges are in updating & revising these data.
-In the digitizing of UK population census boundaries was put
out to tender and subcontracted to more than one organization
to ensure the quality & competitiveness.
-Mass digitizing moving to Far East will not become a reality.
-The development of automatic digitizing tools & increased
resolution & availability of good aerial photography & satellite
imagery offer alternative.
-The data produced by digitizing need to be stored, & many of
the digital data sets that have been created are huge.
-In the USA, spatial information is regarded as public good, with
access available to every citizen for a nominal charge.
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Progress on human & Organizational Issues
-The number of business applications of GIS has expanded,
there has been a renewal of interest in making the business
case for GIS.
-GIS will become part of wider MIS in many organizations is
certainly true for commercial applications.
-Certainly training & educational opportunities have expanded.
-In the UK, GIS has appeared in the National Curriculum.
-In the USA, the NCGIA's core curriculum has been widely
adopted in universities and colleges.
-The vendors have been addressing the needs of the K-12
(Kindergarten to year 12) GIS curriculum.
-Courses available at technician level, analyst level &
manager level; by traditional study or distance learning; or
even over the Internet.
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WHERE NEXT for GIS
# Can GIS be truly three-dimensional ?
# Can real time GIS become reality ?
# Can computers be used to model the interactions
between features ?
# Is there a better way of modeling geographical
data than the current raster/vector/object-oriented
paradigms ?
# Are there other ways of representing space that do
not rely on maps ?
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WHERE NEXT for GIS. (2)
Goodchild, 1995 considers that GIS are :
-Two-dimensional with limited abilities to handle the
third dimension
-Static, with limited abilities to cope with temporal data
-Good at capturing the physical position of objects
-Offering a diverse & confusing set of the data models
-Still dominated by the idea of a map, or view of a
spatial database as a collection of digital maps.
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Next GIS Applications
-Maquire (1991) perhaps everyone use GIS every day for
routine operations.
-GIS infiltrating other areas of IT, such as spreadsheet,
database & graphics packages.
-Maps & mapping functions are available over the Internet to
anyone who has a modem.
-GIS is appearing in everyday use in other type applications.
-All cars will have a navigation aid & map will be queried &
retrieved over the Internet.
-Virtual field trip are being developed as learning aid (Fisher et
al., 1997)
-Computer games offer exciting simulations of the real world
with which user interact.
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Next GIS Applications (2)
-GIS are being mooted as tools for generating ideas, & for
improving the participation of all players in the decision-making
process.
-Intelligent GIS will provide inputs to the highest level within
organizations.
-GIS is used for strategic advice, & systems required are
customized, expensive products that will be provided by niche
players in the GIS marketplace.
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Next GIS Technology
-Future users of GIS will expect systems with tools for
multimedia, for real-time modeling of complex phenomena and
for better representation of the real world.
-Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM) might become more
generally available.
-Further development of open systems will be a major theme in
coming years.
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Emphasizing the Information
-Highlighted barriers to the development of GIS, which focused
in the main on data issues, such as referencing, standards &
confidentiality.
-The data mountain continues to grow, with data being collected
at every opportunity.
-More and more data have a spatial references.
-There is a need for new techniques to use this data mountain
resources.
-Data issues are still foremost among problems & challenges for
the future.
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People & GIS
-Two areas of skill & knowledge in the basic
understanding of geographical phenomena :
Spatial Thinking & High level Technical Skill.
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Predictions for 21 Century
-New & improved data models will be developed, especially for
true 3D modeling, global data sets & temporal modeling
-Developments in related fields will influence developments in
GIS (For examples : AI, NN, Geocomputing, Spatial Statistics,
Multimedia, VR, the Internet, Office Packages)
-There will be a continued repackaging of products to meet
sector-scientific needs, and with continued dominance of the PC,
further expansion of the desktop market
-There will be further additions to GIS functionality,
For examples : Much-needed exploratory data analysis & error
analysis.
-Data collection and exchange will continue to be influenced by
GPS development, coupled with future developments in satellite
communication & data collection methods
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Predictions for 21 Century. (2)
-Peripherals such as high-quality printers will become widely
available, possibly through online Internet Service Providers
-Data storage will cease to be issue, although the development
of real-time systems will challenge even the largest storage
devices.
-The ideas of interoperability, allowing the use of the most
appropriate software tool for the solution of a particular problem,
will extend to influence other areas of GIS, including data &
education
-New education & training products will be developed to address
skill shortages for both potential users, the research &
development needs of the GIS industry.
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Penutup
• Mahasiswa diharapkan telah mampu
memperkirakan arah perkembangan dari SIG
di masa yang akan datang .
26