Reading Letter Recognition Strategy: Phoneme Identity Appropriate Grade Level: Kindergarten Procedures/Steps: 1.Introduce eight phonemes: /f/, /l/, /m/,/n/,/s/, /t/, /i/, /ei/ 2.Teach tongue twister that includes all 8 phonemes to hear and feel how they are spoken 3.Isolate phonemes in tongue twister 4.Stretch and explore the sound of the phonemes 5.Sound-to-word matching 6.Blend partial words 7.Blend phonemes into sets 8.Learn letter-phoneme correspondences: a, e, f, l, m, n, s, t Comments and/or tips: Makes phonemes memorable and recognizable in texts Blending exercises maybe necessary before introduction of phonemes Can use exaggerated pronunciation Source: Murray, B.A. (1998). Gaining alphabetic insight: Is phoneme manipulation Skill or identity knowledge causal? Journal of Educational Psychology. 90(3). 461-475.