vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Overview
1
1.2
Problem Background
3
1.2.1
Inter-Domain PMIPv6 Mobility Support
4
1.2.2
Intra-Domain PMIPv6 Mobility Support
6
1.2.3 Obtaining MNs Context for Handover Triggering
7
Support
1.2.4
Local
Mobile Anchor
(LMA)
Inter-domain
8
Support
1.3
Problem Statement
9
1.4
Research Questions
10
viii
2
1.5
Research Aim
11
1.6
Research Objectives
11
1.7
Research Scope
12
1.8
Significance of the Study
13
1.9
Research Contribution
14
1.10 Thesis Organization
14
LITERATURE REVIEW
16
2.1
Introduction
16
2.2
Mobility Management in Vehicular Networks
18
2.2.1
2.3
Vehicular to Infrastructure (V2I)
Management
2.2.2 Vehicular to Vehicular (V2V)
Management
Host Based Mobility
2.3.1
Mobility
20
Mobility
21
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
22
2.3.1.1 Movement Detection
24
2.3.1.2 Address Configuration
25
2.3.1.3 Binding Update and
Binding Acknowledgement
2.3.2 Fast Mobile IPv6
26
27
2.3.2.1 Anticipated and Handover Initiation
28
2.3.2.2 Updating the Previous Access Router
29
Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
30
Mobility with IEEE 802.21 MIH Services
31
2.4.1
Media Independent Handover Architecture
33
2.4.1.1 Media Independent Handover services
34
2.4.1.2 Media Independent Event Service
35
2.4.1.3 Media Independent Command Service
37
2.4.1.4 Media Independent Information Service
37
Media Independent Handover protocol Frame
Format
39
2.3.3
2.4
22
2.4.2
ix
2.5
3
40
2.5.1
Proxy Mobile IPv6
40
2.5.1.1 PMIPv6 with MIPv6 for Global Mobility
Support
46
2.5.1.2
48
Inter-domain handover scheme using an
intermediate mobile access gateway
2.6
Motion Classification
50
2.7
Summary
56
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
57
3.1
Introduction
57
3.1.1
Comparison Framework
61
Research Design and Procedure
61
3.2.1
Inter-domain PMIPv6
62
3.2.2
Intra-domain PMIPv6
63
3.2.2.1 Mobile Access Gateway Extension
64
3.2.2.2 Vehicle Extension
65
3.2.3
Network Model
66
3.2.4
Performance Evaluation
68
3.2.4.1 Numerical Results
70
3.2.4.2 Overlap area Impact on Handover
71
3.2
4
Network Based Mobility
3.3
Assumption and Limitations
72
3.4
Summary
73
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
74
4.1
Introduction
74
4.2
Proposed inter-intra domain PMIPv6 Framework design
75
4.2.1 MIH (IEEE 802.21) Proposed Primitives and
Parameters
83
4.2.2 Homogeneous Network Information (HNI) Report
85
x
Structure
4.3
Mathematical Analysis
86
4.3.1
Inter-Intra PMIPv6 Network Mathematical Analysis
86
4.3.2
Handover Latency Analysis
90
4.3.2.1 PMIPv6 Handover Extensions
91
4.3.2.2 Inter-intra domain PMIPv6 proposed
technique
94
Signaling Cost Modeling
97
4.3.2.1 Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)
98
4.3.2.2
Inter-domain PMIPv6
100
4.3.2.3
Inter-domain PMIPv6 scheme using
I-MAG
101
4.3.2
4.3.2.4 Proposed inter-intra domain PMIPv6
5
102
4.4
Handover Estimation Engine using HNI
105
4.5
Vehicle Motion Classification
108
4.6
Summary
110
PROPOSED
TECHNIQUE
5.1
5.2
5.3
INTER-INTRA
DOMAIN
PMIPV6
112
112
Introduction
Proposed Inter-Intra Domain Proxy Mobile IPv6
Technique
113
5.2.1
Proposed Inter-Domain PMIPv6 Overview
113
5.2.2
Inter-domain PMIPv6 with Logical Interface
117
5.2.3
Proposed Intra-domain PMIPv6 Overview
119
Inter-Intra domain Handover Procedure
120
5.3.1
121
5.3.2
Proposed Inter-Domain PMIPv6 Handover
Operation
Proposed Inter-Domain PMIPv6
Handover Operation
with (LI)
124
5.3.3 Proposed intra-domain PMIPv6 with (LI) Handover
Operation
126
xi
5.4
Results and Discussion
129
5.4.1
Inter-domain PMIPv6 analytical Model
129
5.4.1.1 Experimental Setup
129
5.4.1.2
Impact of Vehicle Speed
130
5.4.1.3 Communication Overhead Impact
135
5.4.1.4 Session Arrival Rate Impact on Packet
Delivery
137
Inter-domain PMIPv6 Extension analytical Model
141
5.4.2.1 Numerical Results
142
Intra-domain PMPv6 analytical Model
145
5.4.3.1
Impact of Vehicle Speed
145
5.4.3.2 Communication Overhead Impact
146
5.4.3.3 Session Arrival Rate Impact on Packet
Delivery
147
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.5
6
Summary
150
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
6.1 Overview
152
152
6.2
Achievements
152
6.3 Research Summary
154
6.4
156
Future Directions and Research Opportunities
REFERENCES
158
Appendices A-B
164-169
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Handover Process Parameters
51
2.2
Comparison of Mobility Protocols for MIP
55
3.1
The overall research plan
60
3.2
Parameters to calculate the performance metrics
69
3.3
Table Mobility messages sizes
70
4.1
New primitives and parameters of the proposed inter-
83
domain PMIPv6 technique
4.2
The notations used in the Handover Analytical
91
modeling
4.3
Handover Mathematical and cost Modeling Analysis
105
5.1
Binding cash entry pLMA
118
5.2
Binding cash entry nLMA
118
5.3
Handover latency results (Data Link Layer “200-400
132
ms”)
5.4
Handover latency results (Data Link Layer “40 ms”)
133
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Multicast scheme in intra-domain and inter-domain
6
1.2
Inter-domain tunnel establishment issues
9
2.1
Taxonomy of the literature on mobility and handover
17
management protocols
2.2
General vehicular networks model
18
2.3
Mobility Management over Wireless Network
19
2.4
Vehicle Mobility Management Requirements
20
2.5
Taxonomy of mobility management solutions for
22
vehicular network
2.6
MIPv6 Standard Handover
23
2.7
MIPv6 Handover Latency Time Line
26
2.8
FMIPv6 Standard Handover
27
2.9
FMIPv6 Handover Latency Time Line
29
2.10
Simplified View of HMIPv6
30
2.11
HMIPv6 Handover Latency Time Line
31
2.12
Media Independent Handover Structure
32
2.13
MIH Protocol Frame Format
40
2.14
Basic PMIPv6 Domain Terminologies
41
2.15
PMIPv6 Initial Attachment Signalling Flow Phase
43
2.16
PMIPv6 Handover Procedure Signalling Flow Phase
44
2.17
PMIPv6 Handover Latency Time Line
44
2.18
PMIPv6 Deployment in VANET
45
2.19
Inter-Domain PMIPv6 Handover Procedure and Timing
47
Diagram
2.20
I-MAG Handover Schemes
49
xiv
2.21
I-MAG Network Architecture
49
2.22
Handover Analysis
50
3.1
Research framework
58
3.2
Mobility manager modules
64
3.3
Modified PBU Message
65
3.4
Proposed vehicle extension
66
3.5
Proposed Inter-Domain Network Architecture
67
3.6
Proposed Intra-Domain Network Architecture
68
3.7
Relationship between the overlapping areas
71
4.1
PMIPv6 Handover Process Modified with MIH (IEEE
76
802.21)
4.2
Proposed Extension for LMA process
77
4.3
Proposed Extension for nMAG LMA process
80
4.4
Proposed handover mechanism using MIH
84
4.5
Homogeneous Network Information (HNI) Request
85
4.6
HNI response message
85
4.7
PMIPv6 Handover timing diagram
91
4.8
Proposed Inter-domain PMIPv6 handover timing diagram
95
4.9
Handover estimation engine diagram
107
4.10
Vehicle movement within the network between PMIPv6
108
domains
4.11
Markov Model for vehicle mobility direction
109
5.1
A Proposed Process Flow for Handover in the Proposed
114
Inter-PMIPv6
5.2
PMIPv6 Overlapping Domains
115
5.3
Inter-Domain Network Architecture
118
5.4
Proposed Process Flow for handover in the Proposed
120
Intra-PMIPv6
5.5
Proposed inter-domain handover signaling
122
5.6
Proposed inter-domain handover signaling with logical
125
interface
7.5
Logical Interface Implementation
127
5.8
Proposed Intra-Domain PMIPv6 handover signaling
127
xv
5.9
Effect of speed on the handover latency Data Link Layer
130
(200-400 ms)
5.10
Effect of speed on the handover latency Data Link Layer
132
(40 ms)
5.11
Figure 5.11 Handover Latency versus Wireless Link
134
Latency (a) DL= 200-400 ms, (b) DL= 40 ms
5.12
Effect of speed on the communication overhead
136
5.13
Packet loss when
(a) E (S) = 10, (b) E (S) = 20
138
5.14
Packet loss when
(a) E (S) = 10, (b) E (S) = 20
139
5.15
Packet delivery cost
140
5.16
Performance evaluation of the inter-domain PMIPv6
141
5.17
Effect of speed on the handover latency/with Fixed Data
142
Link Layer
5.18
Effect of speed on the handover latency Data Link Layer
143
(200-400 ms)
5.19
Packet delivery cost
144
5.20
Handover Performance Evaluation
144
5.21
Effect of speed on the handover latency
145
5.22
Effect of speed on the communication overhead
146
5.23
Intra-domain Packet loss when
(a) E (S) = 10,
148
(a) E (S) = 10,
149
Intra-Domain Handover Latency versus Wireless Link
150
(b) E (S) = 20
Intra-domain Packet loss when
5.24
5.25
(b) E (S) = 20
Latency
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AAA
–
Authentication Authorization and Accounting
AN
–
Access Network
AP
–
Access Point
AR
–
Access Router
ARP / ND
–
Address Resolution Protocol / Neighbor discovery
BA
–
Binding Acknowledgement
BCE
–
Binding Cash Entry
BS
–
Base Station
BU
–
Binding Update
BUL
–
Binding Update List
CALM
–
Continuous Air Interface for Long and Medium Range
CN
–
Correspondent Nodes
CoA
–
Care-of-Address
CoT
–
Care-of Test
CoTI
–
Care-of Test Init
CS
–
Command Service
DAD
–
Duplicate Address Detection
DHCPv6
–
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv 6
EE
–
Estimation Engine
ES
–
Event Service
FBU
–
Fast Binding Update
xvii
FMIPv6
–
Fast Mobile IPv6
FQDN
–
Fully Qualified Domain Name
GPS
–
Global Positioning System
GSM
–
Global System for Mobile communications
HA
–
Home Agent
HMIPv6
–
Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
HNI
–
Homogeneous Network Information
HNP
–
Home Network Prefix
IE
–
Information Element
IEEE
–
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF
–
Internet Engineering Task Force
I-MAG
–
Intermediate Mobile Access Gateway
Interface ID
–
Interface Identifier
IP
–
Internet Protocol
IP
–
Internet Protocol
I-PMIPv6
–
Inter domain PMIPv6
IPv6
–
Internet Protocol version 6
IPv6S
–
IPv6 stack
IS
–
Information Service
ISP
–
Internet Service Provider
ITU-T
–
The International Telecommunication Union
L2
–
Layer 2
L2 trigger
–
Information from L2 that informs L3 of particular events
before and after L2 handover
L3
–
Layer 3
LAN
–
Local Area Network
LCoA
–
On-Link Care of Address
xviii
LI
–
Logical Interface
LI
–
Logical Interface
LLC
–
Logical Link Control
LMA
–
Local Mobile Anchor
LMAA
–
Local Mobile Anchor Address
LMD
–
Local Mobile Domain
LTE
–
Long Term Evolution
MAC
–
Media Access Control
MAG
–
Mobile Access Gateway
MANET
–
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
MAP
–
Mobility Anchor Point
MICS
–
Media Independent Command Service
MIES
–
Media Independent Event Service
MIH
–
Media Independent Handover
MIHF
–
Media Independent Information Function
MIH-PrefixInfo
–
Media Independent Handover Prefix Information
MIH-PrefixInfo
–
Media Independent Handover Information Prefix
MIIS
–
Media Independent Information Service
MIPv6
–
Mobile IPv6
MN
–
Mobile Node
MPR
–
Multipoint Relay
–
Binding Update Message Sent from MN to HA
–
Binding Acknowledgement Message
–
Binding Update Message Sent from MN to CN
–
Fast Binding Update Message
–
Fast Binding Acknowledgment Message
–
Binding Update Message Sent from MN to MAP
xix
–
Binding Acknowledgment Message Sent by MAP
–
Proxy Binding Update message sent from MAG to LMA
–
Proxy Binding Acknowledgment Sent by LMA
–
Route Solicitation for Proxy Message
–
Proxy Rout Advertisement Message
– Handover Initiation Message
–
Handover acknowledge
–
IPv6 Header
nCoA
–
New Care-of-Address
NEMO
–
Network Mobility
NetLMM
–
Network-based Localized Mobility Management
NGN
–
Next Generation Networks
NIMM
–
Network Information Management Module
nLMA
–
New LMA
nMAG
–
New MAG
NUD
–
Neighbor Unreach-ability Detection
OSI
–
Open Systems Interconnection
PAR
–
Previous Access Router
PBA
–
Proxy Binding Acknowledgment
PBU
–
Proxy Binding Update
pLMA
–
Previous LMA
pMAG
–
Previous MAG
PMIPv6
–
Proxy Mobile IPv6
PoA
–
Pont of Attachment
PrRtAdv
–
Proxy Router Advertisement
RA
–
Router Advertisement
xx
RCoA
–
Regional Care of Address
RR
–
Return Routability
RS
–
Router Solicitation
SAP
–
Service Access Points
TCP
–
Transmission Control Protocol
TLV
–
Type Length Value
TTL
–
Time To Live
UDP
–
User Datagram Protocol
V2I
–
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2V
–
Vhicle-to-Vehicle
VANET
–
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks
VMA
–
Virtual Mobility Anchor
VoIP
–
Voice over IP
WiFi
–
Wireless-Fidelity
WiMAX
–
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
xxi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
–
Intra-Domain Crossing Rate
–
Inter-Domain Crossing Rate
–
Inter-Intra Domain Crossing Rate
–
Average Number Of Intra-Cell Crossing
–
Average Number Of Inter-Cell Crossing
–
Average Number Of Cell Crossing Rate
–
Average Number Of Intra-Domain Handover
–
Messaging Exchange
–
PBU Messaging Exchange
–
Data Link Layer Latency
–
Delay of Delay Before Sending Initial RS Message
–
Location Registration
–
Message Size
–
Arrival Delay
–
Connection Range
–
RS Delay
–
Authentication Delay
–
Duplicate Address Detection Delay
–
Inter PBU
–
Intra PBU
xxii
O
V
–
Route Advertisement
–
Negotiation Time
–
Relative Gain for Handover Performance
–
Celle Overlap Area
–
Probability of Failure Handover
–
Velocity of the vehicle
xxiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Mathematical Analysis
163
B
Publications
169