vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES
PAGE
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
xi
xiii
xv
xvi
xvii
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Overview
1.2
Research Background
1.3
Problem Statement
1.4
Research Goal
1.5
Research Objectives
1.6
Scope of Study
1.7
The Significance of Research
1.8
Thesis Organization
1.9
Summary
1
1
2
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
2
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Public Art
9
9
9
viii
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
Types of Public Art
The Contributions of Public Art in Public
Spaces
2.2.3
Successful and Unsuccessful Public Arts
2.2.4
Evaluation of Public Art
2.2.5
The Urban Sculpture as Public Art
Environmental Measurement Models
Theoretical Construct of Aesthetic Value
2.4.1
Goldman Aesthetic Theory
2.4.2
Formal’ and ‘Symbolic’ Aesthetics
Aesthetic Measurement Criteria
2.5.0.1 Physical Measurement
2.5.0.2 Conceptual Measurement
2.5.0.3 Emotional Measurement
Effecting Indicators in Environmental Measurement
2.6.1
Socio-economic Factors
2.6.2
Familiarity
2.6.2.1 Concept of Familiarity
2.6.2.2 Level of Familiarity
Designers versus Non-designers
2.7.1
Differences between Designers and Nondesigners
2.7.2
Base of Differences in Evaluation
2.7.3
Different Evaluation of Architectural
Designs
Mode of Presentation
2.8.1
Validity of Photograph
2.8.2
Photograph Control Variables
Measurement of Affect
2.9.1
Long Questionnaire
2.9.2
Short Questionnaire
2.9.3
Single Item Questionnaire
2.9.4
Circumplex-based Models
2.9.5
Affect Circumplex
2.9.6
Affect Grid
Lens Model
2.10.1 Lens Model Definition
2.10.2 Lens Model Structure
Summary
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
24
26
27
27
28
29
29
30
31
32
32
33
34
35
36
37
ix
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Research Design
3.3
Study Area
3.4
Measurement Criteria
3.4.1
Measurement Methodology
3.4.2
Lens Model Approach
3.5
Validity and Reliability of Research
3.6
Presentation of Stimuli
3.6.1
Selecting Urban Sculptures Photos
3.7
Selection of Participants
3.7.1
Population
3.7.1.1 Sampling
3.7.1.2 Sampling Procedure
3.7.1.3 Sample Size
3.7.1.4 Sample Error
3.7.2
Sample Design for Final Survey
3.8
Measurement Tool
3.8.1
Pilot Test
3.8.2
Final Survey
3.9
Data Processing Analysis
3.9.1
General Analysis
3.9.2
Measuring of Emotion
3.9.2.1 Circumplex Analysis
3.9.3
Lens Model Analysis
3.10
Summary
38
38
39
39
42
43
44
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
52
53
54
54
54
56
60
4
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
General Analysis
4.1.1
Participants Information
4.1.1.1 Sampling Error
4.1.1.2 Sample Reliability
4.1.2
Categorization of Selected Sculptures
4.2
Emotional Analysis
4.2.1
Circular Plot
4.2.2
Circular Profile
4.3
Lens Model Analysis
4.3.1
Objective 1, Consensus Within Groups
4.3.1.1 Ratings of Cues
61
61
61
62
62
64
64
66
66
68
71
71
x
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.4
5
4.3.1.2 Cues’ Reliability
Objective 2, Similar and Dissimilar
Interpretation
4.3.2.1 Cues’ Definition
Objective 3, Groups’ Similarity and
Dissimilarity
4.3.3.1 Cues’ Correlation (Symbolism)
4.3.3.2 SBW, Accuracy,
General
Agreement (Symbolism)
4.3.3.3 Cues’ Correlation (Physical)
4.3.3.4 SBW, Accuracy,
General
Agreement (Physical)
4.3.3.5 Cues’ Correlation (Conceptual)
4.3.3.6 SBW, Accuracy,
General
Agreement (Conceptual)
Summary
CONCLUSION
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Consensus Within Groups
5.3
Groups’ Interpretations of Cues
5.4
Lens Model findings
5.5
Suggestion
5.6
Summary
REFERENCES
Appendices A – I
72
79
79
81
82
85
96
99
102
105
109
111
111
112
114
114
115
115
117
129 – 160
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
TITLE
Major permanent public art forms (Remesar, 1997)
Valuable parameters proposed by Remesar (1997)
Familiarity and Preference Matrix by Kaplan and Kaplan
(1982)
Previous Studies on Exploring Designers and Nondesigners Similarities and Differences
List of Symbolism, Physical, and Conceptual Variables
Participants Information
Sampling Error for Participants
Sampling Reliability for Participants
Most Preferred Sculptures By Designers and Nondesigners
Least Preferred Sculptures By Designers and Nondesigners
The mean values of symbolism, physical, and conceptual
properties by designers’ judges
The mean values of symbolism, physical, and conceptual
properties by non-designers’ judges
Reliability analysis for symbolism, physical, and
conceptual properties by designers’ judges
Reliability analysis for symbolism, physical, and
conceptual properties by non-designers’ judges
Definition of symbolism, physical, and conceptual
properties between designers and non-designers
Cue’s Correlation Symbolism
Designers Correlation Matrix
Designers Correlation Matrix (cont.)
PAGE
10
13
22
25
43
62
62
62
64
65
73
74
77
78
80
86
87
88
xii
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
Non-designers Correlation Matrix
Non-designers Correlation Matrix (cont.)
Correlation on Judges’ Average Values for Designers
Correlation on Judges’ Average Values for Designers
(cont.)
Correlation on Judges’ Average Values for Nondesigners
Correlation on Judges’ Average Values for Nondesigners (cont.)
Standardized Beta Weight, Accuracy of Prediction
Model, and General Agreement of designers and nondesigners for Symbolism Cues
Cue’s Correlation Physical
Standardized Beta Weight, Accuracy of Prediction
Model, and General Agreement of designers and nondesigners for Physical Cues
Cue’s Correlation Conceptual
Standardized Beta Weight, Accuracy of Prediction
Model, and General Agreement of designers and nondesigners for Conceptual Cues
General Agreement - Parameters’ Values
89
90
91
92
93
94
96
99
102
105
107
108
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
E.1
E.2
TITLE
An Affect Circumplex Format (Russell et al., 1981)
Affect Grid Sample By Russell et al. (1989)
Structure of a Lens Model
Method Framework
Tehran Map
Tehran Map
A Sample View of Lens Model
Data Processing Analysis Flowchart
Distribution of participants according to background
information
Emotional Circular Plot
Emotional Spider Diagram
Emotional spider diagram for top most and least
preferred sculptures
Frequencies of symbolism, physical, and conceptual
properties
Preference and symbolism characteristics
Pleasure and symbolism characteristics
Arousal and symbolism characteristics
Preference and physical attributes
Pleasure and physical attributes
Arousal and physical attributes
Preference and conceptual properties
Pleasure and conceptual properties
Arousal and conceptual properties
Abstract Form
Without Name
PAGE
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34
36
38
40
41
45
54
63
67
69
70
75
83
84
85
98
99
100
104
105
106
140
140
xiv
E.3
E.4
E.5
E.6
E.7
E.8
E.9
E.10
E.11
E.12
E.13
E.14
E.15
E.16
E.17
E.18
E.19
E.20
E.21
E.22
E.23
E.24
Mother and Child
Karim Saaei
Khajoye Kermani
Reza Abbasi
Mother and Child
Flowers Growing in The Wind
Abo Saeid Abolkheir
Gardener
Veteran
Martyrs Mausoleum
Lion
Sanctification
Imam Ali
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
Mother of Martyr
Magical Horses
Aboreyha Imagination of Earth
Simon Bolivar
Freedom
Bahonar Martyr Memorial
Peacock and Brids
Snail
141
141
142
142
143
143
144
144
145
145
146
146
147
147
148
148
149
149
150
150
151
151
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AF
–
Affect Grid
BA
–
Bipolar Adjectives
EPA
–
Evaluation, Potency, Activity
ICC
–
Inter-Class Correlation
IRA
–
Inter-Rater Agreement
IRR
–
Inter-Rater Reliability
LME
–
Lens Model Equation
MST
–
Multiple Sorting Techniques
SBW
–
Standard Beta Weight
SD
–
Semantic Differential
STD
–
Standard Deviation
Sig
–
Sigmoid Value
xvi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
β
–
Standard Beta Weight
ICC(1, k)
–
ANOVA, One Way Random
ICC(2, k)
–
ANOVA, Two Way Random
ICC(3, k)
–
ANOVA, Two Way Mixed
R
–
Multiple Correlation Coefficient
R2
–
Coefficient of Multiple Determination
r12
–
General Agreement
ρ
–
Sigmoid Value
r
–
Pearson Correlation
SDs
–
Standard Deviation of Samples
SE
–
Sample Error
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
TITLE
Instruction of Using Affect Grid
Section A: Individual Information
Section B: Judges’ Questionnaire
Section C: Respondents’ Questionnaire
Urban Sculpture Photos
Instruction of Using Affect Grid (Farsi)
Section A: Individual Information (Farsi)
Section B: Judges’ Questionnaire (Farsi)
Section C: Respondents Questionnaire (Farsi)
PAGE
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131
132
134
136
152
157
158
160