vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ADKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
SHORT LIST
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Aim and Objective of Study
4
1.4
Significant of Study
5
1.5
Scope of Study
5
1.6
Research Methodology
6
1.7
Summary of Chapter
6
viii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Green Highway
9
2.2
Green Highway Rating System
11
2.2.1 Greenroads
11
2.2.2 Livable and Sustainable Transportation and Rating
System (I-LAST)
13
2.2.3 Leadership in Transportation and Environmental
Sustainability (GreenLITES)
14
2.2.3 Sustainable Transportation Access Rating System
(STARS)
2.3
Storm Water Management for Highway
2.4
Storm water Management Criteria in Existing Green
2.5
3
15
16
Highway Rating System
18
Summary
19
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
20
3.2
Framework Design
21
3.3
Research Design
22
3.3.1 Phase 1: Green Highway Review
22
3.3.2 Phase 2: Expert Discussion
23
3.3.3 Phase 3: Questionnaire Survey
23
3.3.3.1 Questionnaire Design
24
a) Demographic Respondent
24
b) Storm Water Management Criteria for
Malaysian Highway
3.2.3.2 Questionnaire Distribution
3.4
25
26
3.2.4 Phase 4: Analyzing Data
26
Data Analysis
27
3.4.1 Pilot Study
27
3.4.2 Parametric and Non Parametric Statistic
28
ix
3.4.3 Average Index
29
3.4.4 Factor Analysis using Statistic Packages for Social
3.5
4
Science
30
3.4.4.1 Factor Analysis Descriptive
30
3.4.4.2 Factor Analysis Extraction
30
3.4.4.3 Factor Analysis Rotation
32
3.4.4.4 Factor Score for Point Rating System
33
Summary
35
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
36
4.2
Demographic Respondents
36
4.2.1 Company Background
37
4.2.2 Position in Company
38
4.2.3 Title of Respondents
41
4.2.4 Level of Education
42
4.2.5 Working Experience
43
4.3
4.4
Identification of Awareness Level on Green Development 44
4.3.1 Level of Awareness on Green Development
44
4.3.2 Involvement in Green Development
46
Identification of Storm Water Management Criteria and
Element which Contribute to New Green Highway
Development
4.5
4.6
4.7
47
Agreement Level those Responses to the Storm Water
Management Criteria
50
4.5.1 Frequency of Each Element Criteria
52
Determination of Factor Score
63
4.6.1 Extraction of Data
64
4.6.1.1 Physical Component Analysis
64
4.6.1.2 Scree Plot Test
65
4.6.1.3 Rotation and Interpretation
66
4.6.1.4 Factor Score
69
Summary
71
x
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Introduction
73
5.2
Conclusion
74
5.2.1 Objective 1
74
5.2.2 Objective 2
75
5.2.3 Objective 3
75
5.3
Recommendation
76
5.4
Summary
77
REFERENCES
78
APPENDIX A
80
APPENDIX B
82
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
PAGES
3.1
Template for Questionnaire Design
25
4.1
Company Background of Respondents
37
4.2
Position of Respondents in the Company
39
4.3
Title of Respondents
41
4.4
Respondent‟s Educational Level
42
4.5
Respondents Working Experience
43
4.6
Level of Respondents Awareness in Green Highway
45
Development
4.7
Respondents Involvement in Green Development
4.8
Storm Water Management Criteria for Green
46
Highway
49
4.9
Statistic from SPSS
51
4.10
Frequency of Reduce Runoff Quantity during Design
and Construction Stage
4.11
Frequency of Storm Water Control Facilities
(Detention or Retention)
4.12
52
53
Determine the Critical Volume of Water to be stored by
Hydrograph
54
4.13
Minimize the Increase of Impervious Area due to the Project 55
4.15
Conduct Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) for storm-water
impact in design stage
4.16
56
Manage Water Flow Dissipation on the Road Surface
during Design Stage
57
xii
4.17
Drainage Design for Public Safety Following MSMA
Guidelines
4.18
58
Use of LID Best Management Practices Wet or Dry
Swales, Sand Filters, Bioretention
59
4.19
Firm Shall Meet the Requirement of ISO 14001
60
4.20
Firms Shall Establish, Document, Implement,
Maintain and Continually Improve an EMS for the Entire
Duration of the Project
61
4.21
Mean Index for Element Criteria
62
4.22
Agreement Level in the Range of Mean Index
63
4.23
Factor Analysis
64
4.24
Total Variance Explained
65
4.25
Pattern Matrix
68
4.26
Factor Score for Element‟s Description, Sub Criteria and
70
Criteria
4.27
Total Score Point for each Criterion
71
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
PAGES
1.1
Water Ponding on the Road Surface
3
1.2
Road Congestion due to effect of Storm Water
4
1.3
General Methodology Flow Chart of the Research
8
2.1
Green Road Certification Level
12
2.2
GreenLITES Certification Level
15
2.3
Sustainable Transportation Access Rating System
16
3.1
Phases Method of the Research
22
3.2
Likert Scale
26
3.3
Green Highway Expert Discussion
27
3.4
Green Highway Expertise
28
3.5
Scree Plot Test
32
3.6
Research Methodology Flowcharts
34
4.1
Company Background of Respondents
37
4.2
Position of Respondents in the Company
40
4.3
Title of Respondents
41
4.4
Respondent‟s Educational Level
42
4.5
Respondents Working Experience
43
4.6
Level of Respondents Awareness in Green Highway
45
Development
4.7
Respondents Involvement in Green Development
47
4.8
Storm Water Management Criteria for Green Highway
48
xiv
4.9
Statistic from SPSS
51
4.10
Frequency of Reduce Runoff Quantity during
52
Design and Construction Stage
4.11
Frequency of Storm Water Control Facilities
(Detention or Retention)
4.12
53
Determine the Critical Volume of Water to be stored by
Hydrograph
54
4.13
Minimize the Increase of Impervious Area due to the Project 55
4.15
Conduct Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) for storm-water
impact in design stage
4.16
56
Manage Water Flow Dissipation on the Road Surface
during Design Stage
4.17
Drainage Design for Public Safety Following MSMA
Guidelines
4.18
58
Use of LID Best Management Practices Wet or Dry
Swales, Sand Filters, Bioretention
4.19
Firm Shall Meet the Requirement of ISO 14001
4.20
Firms Shall Establish, Document, Implement,
60
Maintain and Continually Improve an EMS for the Entire
4.21
Duration of the Project
61
Scree Plot
66
xv
SHORT LIST
BMP
-
Best Management Practice
EMS
-
Environmental Management System
LID
-
Low Impact Development
LCCA
-
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
MSMA
-
Manual Saliran Mesra Alam