viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
1
1.2
Statement of the problem
3
1.3
Purpose of the study
6
1.4
Objective of the study
6
1.5
Research questions
7
1.6
Significance of the study
7
1.7
Scope of the research
8
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Flexible Housing
10
2.3
Exigency of flexibility
12
ix
2.3.1 Roots of neglecting human’s motivational
12
factors in living environment
2.4
2.3.2
Necessitates of flexibility within Malaysia
13
2.3.3
Demolition waste in Malaysia
16
Benefits of flexibility
17
2.4.1
18
Flexibility and sustainable housing
development
2.4.2
Promoting Person Environment Congruence
18
2.4.3
Being ready for demographic changes
19
2.4.4
Internal dynamic
20
2.4.5
Economical feature
20
2.4.6
User participation
21
2.4.7
Flexibility and sustainable construction
21
2.5
Windows and human needs
24
2.6
Windows evolutionary process
25
2.6.1
25
2.7
Evolution of windows design
The essential windows problem
26
2.7.1 Material
27
2.7.1.1 Vinyl (PVC)
27
2.7.1.2 Wood
28
2.7.1.3 Aluminum
28
2.7.2
Windows installation method
28
2.7.3
Neglecting Flexibility in windows design and
30
consequences
2.8
Design for disassembly as a mean of promoting
31
flexibility
2.8.1 Design for disassembly
32
2.8.2 Design for disassembly features
33
2.8.3 Disassembly
33
2.8.4 Design for ease of changing and disassembly
34
guidelines
x
2.9
3
4
Conclusion
35
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
37
3.2
Study Area
37
3.3
Methodological approaches
38
3.4
The research process
39
3.5
The methods of the study
41
3.5.1
41
The survey
3.5.1.1
Sampling procedure
41
3.5.1.2
Selection of the respondents
41
3.5.1.3
Sampling frame
42
3.5.1.4
Questionnaire
42
3.6
Instruments
44
3.7
Data analysis
44
3.7.1 Frequency
45
3.7.2 Cross tabulation
45
Data Analysis
4.1
Introduction
46
4.2
Respondents’ profile
47
4.3
Flexible windows and housing satisfaction
49
4.3.1 Flexible windows and housing satisfaction
50
cross different variables
4.4.4.1
Gender
51
4.4.4.2
Marital status
51
4.4.4.3
Age
52
4.4.4.4
Type of employment
54
4.4.4.5
Level of education
55
4.4.4.6
Income
56
4.4
User participation
58
4.5
Demand for flexible windows
62
xi
4.6
4.7
Users and windows replacement
64
4.8.1 Experience of windows replacement
65
4.8.2 Reasons of windows replacement
69
Desirable housing development
70
4.7.1 Flexible windows affordances
71
4.7.1.1
Physical
72
4.7.1.2
Psychological
74
4.8
Priorities of flexible windows advantages
78
4.9
Reasons of refusing flexible windows
79
4.10
Conclusion
79
4.11
Identifying deficiency of flexibility within the recent
80
windows
4.11.1 Problems as the obstacles of user
80
involvements
4.12
Priorities of modifying windows components
83
features for user encouragements
4.13
Required design improvement
84
4.14
The eligible flexible windows characteristic
85
4.16.1 Preferred windows type
86
4.16.2 Preferred material
89
Flexible windows
93
4.17.1 Product structure and its layout
93
4.17.2 Ease of disassembly efforts
96
4.15
4.17.2.1 Insert windows installation method
96
4.17.2.2 Full frame windows installation
97
4.17.2.3 Insert vs. full frame windows
98
installation
4.17.3 Parts
100
4.17.4 Material
101
4.17.5 Accessibility
102
4.17.6 Fasteners or joints
103
xii
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
104
5.2 Recommendation
110
BIBLIOGRAPHY
113
APPENDIX
120
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Tables NO.
Table 2.1
TITLE
Definitions of flexibility. Source: albostan
PAGE
11
(2009)
Table 2.2
Principles of sustainable construction and
23
design for disassembly as well as flexibility
Table 2.3
Percentage types of waste management
31
options. Source hurley (2003)
Table 3.1
Sampling frame
42
Table 4.1
Summarized demographic/housing
48
characteristic frequencies
Table 4.2
User motivations and tendency to be involved
62
the process of windows replacement
Table 4.3
Reasons of windows replacement
69
Table 4.4
Categories and expected consequences
77
Table 4.5
Priorities of flexible windows advantages
78
Table 4.6
Available problems and difficulties in the
81
current design in users’ opinions
Table 4.7
Level of importance for user influence in
83
the process
Table 4.8
Users’ agreement on windows improvement
84
Table 4.9
Windows type preferred to be done by the
86
users
xiv
Table 4.10
Reasons of preferences for the preferred
87
windows
Table 4.11
Reasons of preferring windows based on the
88
characteristics
Table 4.12
Preferred windows material
89
Table 4.13
Reasons of preferences for the preferred
90
material
Table 4.14
Reasons of preferring material based on the
92
characteristics
Table 4.15
Comparison of advantages and
99
disadvantages of full frame windows
replacement
Table 4.16
Comparison of advantages and
disadvantages of insert windows
replacement
99
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
Figure 2.1
TITLE
The diagram of sustainability in
PAGE
23
construction. Source: nazirah zainul abidin
(2005).
Figure 3.1
Data collection procedure
40
Figure 4.1
Flexible windows and increasing housing
49
satisfaction
Figure 4.2
Gender and increasing housing satisfaction
51
by use of flexible windows
Figure 4.3
Marital status and increasing housing
52
satisfaction by use of flexible windows
within
Figure 4.4
Respondents age and increasing housing
54
satisfaction by use of flexible windows
Figure 4.5
Type of employment and increasing housing
55
satisfaction by use of flexible windows
Figure 4.6
Percentage within the respondents’ level of
56
education and increasing housing satisfaction by
use of flexible windows
Figure 4.7
Percentage within the level of education
cross group age
56
xvi
Figure 4.8
Level of income and increasing housing
58
satisfaction by use of flexible windows
within
Figure 4.9
Do it yourself willingness and gender
59
Figure 4.10
Do it yourself willingness and marital status
59
Figure 4.11
Do it yourself willingness and age
60
Figure 4.12
User tendency to be involved in the process
60
of windows replacement
Figure 4.13
Do it yourself willingness and level of
61
income
Figure 4.14
Demanding flexible windows
63
Figure 4.15
Demanding flexible windows by percentage
64
within the level of respondents income
based on the type of dwelling
Figure 4.16
Experience of windows replacement
66
Figure 4.17
Level of respondents’ income and windows
66
replacement experience
Figure 4.18
Flexible windows as the assist of weak
68
group
Figure 4.19
Reasons of windows replacement through
70
three levels of dwelling
Figure 4.20
Sash installation as well as reinstallation by
95
means of self-locating in slider windows
Figure 4.21
Procedure of insert window replacement.
97
Source: renewal by Andersen 2002.
Figure 4.22
Procedure of full frame window
replacement.
Source: renewal by Andersen 2002
98
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
A
Questionnaire survey A
121
B
Questionnaire survey B
125