vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction and Background
1
1
1.1.1
Background of Prevention through Design
4
1.1.2
Factors Impacting Implementation of PtD Concept
5
1.2
Problem Statement
6
1.3
Aims and Objective of Study
7
1.4
Objectives of Study
8
1.4.1
Objective 1
8
1.4.2
Objective 2
9
viii
1.4.3
2
9
1.5
Research Scope and Limitations
10
1.6
Significant of Study
11
LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.0
Introduction
12
2.1
Definition of Prevention through Design (PtD)
12
2.2
The Building Design Process
15
2.3
2.4
3
Objective 3
2.2.1
History of Design Process Models
17
2.2.2
Definitions of Design and Process
18
2.2.3
Architectural Design Process Models
19
2.2.4
RIBA Plan of Works (2007)
20
2.2.4.1
Preparation/Pre-Design Process
22
2.2.4.2
Design Process
23
The factors affecting the Design Process
26
2.3.1
Integrated Design Team Process
28
2.3.2
Procurement method
28
2.3.3
Communication
28
2.3.4
Adverse Attitude
28
2.3.5
Competency of Designer
29
2.3.6
Time for design work
29
2.3.7
Knowledge of owner about construction
30
Study of Proposed Conceptual Design Process
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
31
36
3.0
Introduction
36
3.1
Phase One
36
ix
3.1.1
3.2
3.3
Phase Two
4
5
36
37
3.2.1
Establishing the Aims and Objectives
37
3.2.2
Literature Review
37
Phase three
3.3.1
3.4
Identification of Problem and Scope of Project
Data Collection
Phase four: Data Analysis and Conclusion
38
38
38
3.4.1
Data Analysis
38
3.4.2
Conclusion and Recommendations
38
3.5
Research Methodology Flow Chart
39
3.6
Research Model
40
3.7
Layout of Questionnaire
41
3.8
Results and Findings
41
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
42
4.1
Data Collection
42
4.2
Respondent Selection Criteria
42
4.3
Respondent Analysis
43
4.5
Reliability tests (Validity Assessment)
45
4.6
Relative Importance Index
45
4.7
Likert scaling method
46
4.8
Building Design Process
47
4.9
Factors Affecting the Design Process
59
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Achievements on Objective One
5.1.1
Pre-Design Phase
64
64
64
x
5.1.1.1
Feasibility Study or Project Appraisal
64
5.1.1.2
Procurement Method
65
5.1.2
Design Phase
66
5.1.2.1
Design Brief
66
5.1.2.2
Conceptual Design
68
5.1.2.3
Design Development
69
5.1.2.4
Detail/Technical Design
70
5.1.3
Important aspects of Building Design Process
71
5.1.3.1
Types of Design Firms
72
5.1.3.2
Who lead the design process
72
5.1.3.3
Design Process Approvals
72
5.1.3.4
Role of Authority
73
5.1.3.5
Time taken to each design process
73
5.2
Achievement on Objective Two
73
5.3
Conceptual Framework for Implementation of PtD
75
5.3.1
78
Design Brief Work Stage
5.3.1.1
PtD Inputs for Design Brief work stage
78
5.3.1.2
Tools and Techniques
78
5.3.1.3
Outcome of Design Brief work stage
79
5.3.2
Conceptual Design work stage
80
5.3.2.1
Input for Conceptual Design
81
5.3.2.2
Tools and Techniques
81
5.3.2.3
Outcome of Conceptual Design
82
5.3.3
Design Development Work Stage
82
5.3.3.1
Inputs for Design Development
82
5.3.3.2
Tools and Techniques
83
5.3.3.3
Outcome of Design Development
83
xi
5.3.4
83
5.3.4.1
Input for Detail Design
84
5.3.4.2
Tools and Techniques
85
5.3.4.3
Outcome of Detail Design
86
5.3.5
6
Detail Design Work Stage
Construction Phase
87
5.3.5.1
Input for construction phase
88
5.3.5.2
Tools and Techniques
88
5.3.5.3
Outcome of construction phase
89
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
90
6.1
Conclusion
90
6.2
Recommendations
91
REFERENCES
APPENDICES A-D
92
95-111
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007 (Amended Nov. 2008)
25
2.2
Critical Success Factors collaborative multi-disciplinary
27
design Projects.
4.1
Ranges of Reliability Coefficients
45
4.2
Classification of Rating Scale (Section B & C - Questionnaire)
46
4.3
Analysis of most common procurement method
47
4.4
Analysis of who lead the design process
48
4.5
Analysis of which design process takes more time and
49
difficult to manage
4.6
Analysis of design process input
50
4.7
Analysis of collaboration tools used by designers
52
4.8
Analysis of role of authority in design process
53
4.9
Analysis of main design approving authority
54
4.10
Showing analysis when design required client approval
55
4.11
Showing analysis firm’s design priority
56
4.12
Showing analysis client’s design priority
57
4.13
Analysis of factors affecting the design process by mean,
62
RII, ranking, category and design process.
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Time/Safety/cost Influence Curve
3
2.1
Integrated Design Process Elements
17
2.2
RIBA Plan of Works (2007) Bar Chart
21
2.3
RIBA Plan of Work (2007) Life Cycle with Internal
and
External Factors affecting the design Process
30
2.4
The factors affecting the Design Process
31
2.5
Moving prevention from an afterthought (during
execution) to a forethought (design) in process
32
2.6
CHAIR review process.
33
2.7
The Hazard Elimination and Risk Reduction Process at
Design Stage
34
2.8
The ERIC model
35
3.1
Research Methodology Flow Chart
39
3.2
Research Methodology Model
40
4.1
Respondent Analysis
43
4.2
Level of Management
44
4.3
Respondent Experience
44
4.4
Analysis of most common procurement method
48
4.5
Analysis of who lead the design process
49
xiv
4.6
Analysis of which design process takes more
time
and difficult to manage
50
4.7
Analysis of design process input
51
4.8
Analysis of collaboration tools used by designers
52
4.9
Analysis of role of authority in design process
53
4.10
Analysis of main design approving authority
54
4.11
Showing analysis when design required client approval
55
4.12
Number of times approvals are required from client
56
4.13
Showing analysis firm’s design priority
57
4.14
Showing analysis client’s design priority
58
4.15
Cost of project is considered during the design process
58
4.16
Factors Affecting the Design Brief
59
4.17
Factors Affecting the Conceptual Design
60
4.18
Factors Affecting the Design Development
61
4.19
Factors Affecting the Detail Design
61
5.1
Factors Affecting the Design Process on each work stage
75
5.2
Design Process Technique
77
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Sample of Questionnaire Form
95
B
Sample of Interview from Design Professionals
105
C
Design Process Flow Chart
108
D
Proposed PtD Conceptual Framework
110
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASSC
=
American Society of Safety Consultant
ASSE
=
American Society Of Safety Engineers
BAA
=
British Airports Authority
BS
=
British Standards
CAD
=
Computer Added Drawing/Design
CDM
=
Construction Design and Management
CHAIR
=
Construction Hazard Assessment Implication Review
CHPtD
=
Construction Hazard Prevention through Design
CIRIA
=
Construction Industry Research and Information
Association
CSF
=
Critical Success Factors
DESIGN ASSOCIATES =
Electrical, HVAC, Public Health Engineers (not
part of design firm)
DFS
=
Designing for Safety
ERIC
=
Elimination, Reduce, Inform and Control
GDP
=
Gross Domestic Production
MEP
=
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing
NIOSH
=
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NZCIC
=
New Zeeland Construction Industry Council
xvii
OSHA
=
Occupational Safety and Health Act
PMBOK
=
Project Management Body Of Knowledge
PMI
=
Project Management Institute
PtD
=
Prevention through Design
RIBA
=
Royal Institute of British Architects
UK
=
United Kingdom
USA
=
United States of America
WBDG
=
Whole Building Design Guide