Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: J0422 / Manajemen E-Corporation
: 2005
:1/2
MODULE 8 :
Understanding Internetworking Infrastructure
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Learning Outcomes
 In this chapter, we will study:
 What are the basic components of Internetworking
Infrastructures?
 What Business Implications do they bring?
 The Future – given rapid rates of change and new
business models
 Decision making when the issues are both business
critical and technology critical
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Outline Topic
 The Drives of Change.
 The Basics Component of Internetworking
Infrastructures.
 The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications.
 The Future of Internetworking Infrastructure.
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Content
 Information Technology Infrastructure lies at the heart
of the most companies operating capabilities. For that
reason, changes in information technologies lead to
fundamental changes in how businesses operate.
 The rise of Internetworking technologies, which
provide a low-cost way to connect virtually everyone
on the same network, offers new possibilities for
addressing business computing needs.
 IT infrastructure greatly determines a company’s
differentiating capabilities; effective infrastructure
enhances those capabilities, while ineffective
infrastructure destroy them.
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The Drivers of Change : Better Chips, Bigger Pipes
 In 1965, Gordon Moore, who would later cofound Intel,
noted that the performance of memory chips doubled
every 18 to 24 months, whereas their size and cost
remained roughly constant.
 Nearly four decades later, most people are familiar with
changes wrought by the continuing downward slope in
the cost of processing power predicted by Moore’s law.
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The Drivers of Change : Better Chips, Bigger Pipes
A Graphical Representation of Moore’s Law
Moore's Law
Transistors per Chip
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Adapted by author from Microprocessor Report 9(6), May 1995 and “ChipList 9.9.5,” by Aad Offerman, July 1998.
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Source: Applegate, Lynda M., Robert D. Austin, and F. Warren McFarlan, Corporate Information Strategy and Management. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002.
Chapter 5 Figure 5-1
The Drivers of Change : Better Chips, Bigger Pipes
The Evolution of Corporate IT Infrastructure
Source:
Applegate, Lynda M., Robert D. Austin, and F. Warren McFarlan, Corporate Information Strategy and Management. Burr Ridge, IL:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002.
Chapter 5 Figure 5-2
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The Drivers of Change : Better Chips, Bigger Pipes
The Bandwidth Explosion
Network Bandwidth Growth
2001+
1999-2000
True voice-over-IP telephony, high res olution Internet televis ion,
m us ic and m ovies on dem and, virtual workplaces , broadband
wireles s
Live audio and video s tream ing events , digital
com m erce, Internet radio and televis ion, vioce chat
applications
1997-1998
Stream ing audio and video, advanced ecom m erce, live s tock quotes , 1,000M Bps
1996-1997
Mas s WWW adoption, graphic
intens ive, ins tant m es s aging
1994-1996
Mas s e-m ail adoption,
bas ic WWW s ites
1990-1994
Large file
trans fer, e-m ail
1960-1990
File
trans fer
Incre asing Ne twork Bandwidth
Source: Adapted from: http://www.stanford.edu/~yzarolia/Challenges.htm
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Chapter 5 Figure 5-4
The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
 Networks
 Processing systems
 Facilities
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The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
 The Technological Elements
 Local Area networks
 Hubs, switches and Network Adapters
 Wide Area Networks
 Routers
 Firewalls and other security systems and devices
 Caching, content acceleration and other specialized
devices
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The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
 The Technological Elements of Processing Systems
 Client Devices and Systems
 Server Devices and Systems
 Mainframe Devices and Systems
 Middleware
 Infrastructure Management Systems
 Business Applications
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The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
 The Technological Elements of Facilities
 Building and Physical spaces
 Network Conduits and connections
 Power
 Environmental controls
 Security
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The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
Fundamental Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
Core Technologies
Fiber op tics, cable systems, DSL,
satellite, w ireless, Internetw orking
hard w are (rou ters, sw itches,
firew alls), content d elivery
softw are, id entity and p olicy
management, net monitoring
Key Management Issues
 H ow to select technologies and
stand ard s
 H ow to select p artners
 H ow to m anage p artner relationship s
 H ow to assu re reliability
 H ow to m aintain secu rity
Processing
Systems
Transaction softw are (enterp rise
systems offered by comp anies su ch
as SAP or Oracle; or more targeted
solu tions offered by comp anies
su ch as Trilogy and i2), servers,
server ap p liances, client d evices
(PCs, hand held s)
 What to keep internal and w hat to
ou tsou rce
 H ow to d ep loy, grow , and mod ify
 Enterp rise system or best-of-breed
hybrid ?
 Relationship s w ith legacies
 H ow to m anage incid ents
 H ow to recover after a “d isaster”
Facilities
Corp orate d ata centers, collocation
d ata centers, m anaged services d ata
centers, d ata closets
 Internal or external m anagement?
 Choosing a facilities mod el su ited to
you r comp any
 H ow to assu re reliability
 H ow to m aintain secu rity
N etw ork
Source: Applegate, Lynda M., Robert D. Austin, and F. Warren McFarlan, Corporate Information Strategy and Management. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002.
Chapter 5 Table 5-1
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The Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructure
 The Operational Characteristics of Internetworks:
 Open Standards (TCP/IP)




Asynchronous Operation
Inherent Latency
Decentralization
Scalability
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The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications
 The emergence of Real Time Infrastructures
 Broader Exposure to Operational Threats
 New Models Of Service Delivery
 Managing Legacies
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The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications
 The emergence of Real Time Infrastructures
 Better Data, Better Decisions
• In most large organizations, people in different locations
need access to the same data. Until recently, organizations
had to keep copies of the same data in many places. But
keeping the data synchronized was difficult and frequently
did not happen.
 Improved Process Visibility
• Older IT systems based on proprietary technologies often
communicated poorly with each other. Consequently, viewing
the progress of orders or other transactions across system
boundaries was difficult.
 Improved Process Efficiency
• Many efficiency improvements result directly from enhanced
process visibility.
 From make-and-sell to sense-and-respond
• Real time infrastructures are a prerequisite for achieving
highly responsive operations, those based on “sense-andrespond” principles rather than make-to-sell principles.
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The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications
 Broader Exposure to Operational Threats
 IT Infrastructures of the 21st century therefore must be less
prone to malfunctions and error that might trigger a chain
reaction and more tolerant of them when they occur. Real
time operations demand 24X7 availability.
 Technologies of the past were designed to deny access to
systems unless someone intervened specifically to
authorize access.
 The average computer is connected to the internet for only
a few minutes before it is “port scanned”, or probed for
vulnerability to intrusion or attack.
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The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications
 New Models of Service Delivery
 In the early days of electric power generation, companies owned
and managed their own power plants. Later, as standardization
and technological advances made it possible to deliver reliably
via a more centralized model, companies began to purchase
electric power from external providers.
 As IT service models proliferate, service delivery depends on a
growing number of service providers and other partners. One
implication is that the reliability of vital services is only as good
as the weakest link in the service provider chain.
 Managing Legacies
 Few companies are so new that they have no artifacts left over
from earlier eras that must be managed even as the companies
move forward with new technologies.
 Legacies systems present one set of challenges. They are often
based on outdated, obsolete, and proprietary technologies.
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The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implications
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The Future of Internetworking Infrastructure
 Client-Server model became popular
• LANs, WANs, VANs
• Less dependence on Mainframe computers & MIS
 Electronic communication/workgroup computing tools
support group work
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Chapter Summary
 Internetworking infrastructures include the totality of existing
client-server systems, new externally provided services, and
older legacy systems.
 The overall effect on a company’s business is that there is
more inherent uncertainty in the operational environment.
This is at least partially offset by more incremental options
for managing that uncertainty.
 Executives can use the following questions to assess the
implications of the emergence of new technologies and
infrastructures for their companies’ operational capabilities :
• What does the public infrastructure of the internet mean to our
business operations? Are we leveraging this infrastructure to
maximum advantage? How dependent are we still on
proprietary technologies?
• How close do our company operations come to running in real
time? What value creation opportunities can still be obtained
by moving more in the direction of real-time value capture?
• Are we exploring new service delivery models aggressively
enough?
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