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Understanding the Knowledge Transfer Opportunities
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Arising from the Innovation Taskforce Report (March,
2010), it was decided to develop this booklet to
illuminate your knowledge transfer journey. You are on
a pathway of discovery and you will make significant
contributions to new knowledge and develop insights
in your chosen research area; it is your responsibility
to share this knowledge. Each of the routes of
knowledge transfer is important and valued. Most of
you will communicate your research findings through
conferences and publications, through teaching and
mentoring and some of you will develop ideas which
can be exploited and commercialised. In developing
this booklet, we want to ensure that at the beginning
of your journey you are aware of all the possibilities
and the supports that exist within NUI Galway for
knowledge transfer.
Progressing from the idea for the development of this
booklet to the final product required deep insights,
research, brainstorming, considerable energy, and
determination. The authors, Niamh Corcoran, Maebh
Coleman and Michelle Bradley from the Technology
Transfer Office, NUI Galway embody these skills and
attributes and all credit for this publication lies with
them.
Welcome
I hope that you find and use the resources outlined
in this booklet and I wish you every success on your
research and the generation and sharing of knowledge.
Dr Pat Morgan, Dean of Graduate Studies
October, 2010
This initiative has been funded by the HEA under the
Strategic Innovation Fund 1.
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Welcome
Welcome
3
Welcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Effective Channels for Knowledge Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Knowledge Transfer Journey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Knowledge Transfer Word Cloud. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Knowledge Dissemination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conference Attendance & Presentations. . . . . . . . . . . 10
Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Publishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Knowledge Relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Academic Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Industry and Social Involvement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Knowledge Engagements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Community/Civic Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Knowledge Commercialisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
NUI Galway Commercialisation Process. . . . . . . . . . . 21
Technology Transfer Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Glossary of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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COntents
Welcome
44
Table of Contents
Sharing knowledge will be a significant activity
throughout your PhD journey. Not only will this help
you to prepare for your viva and achieve the award of
PhD, it will also help you gain key skills to use in your
career in academia, industry or public service.
To be awarded your PhD, you must demonstrate that
you have met the following criteria:
• made a significant contribution to understanding and
knowledge in your chosen area
• completed work that is suitable for publication in
whole or in part
• displayed an appropriate depth and breadth of
knowledge and understanding of your relevant
field(s) of study
• gained significant expertise with respect to basic and
advanced methodologies and techniques.
This booklet aims to help you decide how best to
achieve this as you work towards your PhD.
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As a research student, you have a vital role to play in
the university community. You will be uncovering new
knowledge and information, discovering new ways of
seeing the world, new ways of doing things and perhaps
even creating new products and services.
introduction
Introduction
It is im po rt an t th at
yo u ta ke pa rt in th e
kn ow le dge step s
appl ic able to yo ur PhD
e
re se arch an d be awar
of th e caut io na ry
po in ts al ong th e way
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KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER channels
Welcome
Effective Channels for
Knowledge Transfer
There are several steps in your knowledge transfer journey. All research students are involved in:
• knowledge dissemination
• knowledge relationships
• knowledge engagements Although not a necessity for your PhD qualification, some
research students in specific areas will aim to develop their ideas
into new technologies and potential products through:
• knowledge commercialisation
These four channels will be further explored in this booklet. Some well-proven methods will be demonstrated to help you on
your knowledge transfer journey.
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Remember as you transfer your knowledge to the wider
communities, you will in return receive feedback. Whilst positive
feedback is very encouraging, don’t become disillusioned with
negative feedback. It will make your research stronger.
Every PhD project and each PhD student is unique.
In this booklet we use the analogy of ‘Snakes and
Ladders’ as a way of demonstrating how knowledge
transfer activities can help and enhance your PhD
journey.
The ladders are various opportunities along the way
to encourage, explore and support the transfer of your
knowledge to academia, industry and the public.
The snakes represent issues or concerns to watch out
for as the knowledge is transferred along your PhD
journey.
As you climb the ladders and take heed of the snakes,
you will have gained the invaluable skills necessary to
excel at your research and indeed your viva as well as
helping you to progress your career.
Completed PhD and
Life Competencies
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KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER JOURNEY
The Knowledge Transfer Journey
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Start PhD
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Knowledge transfer word cloud
Welcome
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Knowledge Transfer Word Cloud
What is Knowledge Dissemination?
Knowledge dissemination is the sharing
of the knowledge generated during your
PhD to academia and the wider community
through the media of graduates,
publications, conferences and seminars.
Below are some well proven ways to disseminate your
knowledge throughout your PhD journey and they are
essential components that must be completed (in some
form) before you gain your PhD degree qualification.
There are many resources available in NUI Galway to
help you in the area of knowledge dissemination such as:
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• Research methods in Literature Review (Epigeum
course on Blackboard: 1GST1 Graduate Studies
Training)
• Getting published in the Arts (Epigeum course on
Blackboard: 1GST1 Graduate Studies Training)
• Getting published in the Sciences (Epigeum course
on Blackboard: 1GST1 Graduate Studies Training)
• Intellectual Property in the Research Context
(Epigeum course on Blackboard: 1GST1 Graduate
Studies Training)
• Selecting a Conference, Presenting & Networking
(Epigeum course on Blackboard: 1GST1 Graduate
Studies Training)
• Writing for Publication (video on Blackboard:
1GST1 Graduate Studies Training)
• Poster Design (online module on
www.nuigalway.ie/remedi/poster/index.html )
• Graduate Information Literacy (online module
on www.informationliteracy.ie )
• For publishing in Science, Technology, Engineering
& Medicine – rosarie.coughlan@nuigalway.ie
• For publishing in Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences
– gwen.ryan@nuigalway.ie
Knowledge Dissemination
Knowledge Dissemination
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KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION
Welcome
Conference Attendance & Presentations
How Can I Do This?
• Be prepared for verbal presentations both
formally and ad-hoc
• If presenting a poster, make sure it has maximum
impact
• Host or participate in round-table discussions
• Check out the internal courses and structure
there to support you e.g., internal presentation
skills course
Steps To Progress
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• Start off presenting to your own research group
• Build up confidence by presenting to your discipline
• Try poster presentations before oral presentations
• Ask questions at conferences
• Engage in conversation with experts
• Get involved in student-led research conferences
Know who is in the room and
don’t be afraid to introduce yourself
to new people
What are the Benefits for Me?
• Get exposure to different dissemination styles and
determine the best channel for you
• Observe how others react and respond to questions
• Learn to ask clear and concise questions
• Gain confidence to engage in discussions
• Justify, defend and clarify your thinking
• Reflect critically on your work
• Get to know work in your field and what new
ideas you have
• Establish networks
• Build skills for your viva
How Can I Do This?
• Reflect on your own student days and think
about what you enjoyed most
• Make your teaching engaging and informative
- read the teaching booklet “In at the Deep
End – Starting to Teach in Higher Education”
developed by NUI Galway, UCC and TCD
• Embed practical examples into existing teaching
modules and student exercises/assessments
• Encourage use of your research as a building
block for future learning
Be sure to continuously update
your teaching modules with your
research results
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• Speak about real facts – your own effective examples
and experiences
• Empower students with latest research findings and
up-to-date module content
• Gain experience for career in academia
• Gain experience for training in industry
KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION
Teaching
Steps To Progress
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• Organise Tutorials
• Use Web-based tools
• Attend and organise information sessions
• Sow seeds for good research in your students
• Incorporate findings into teaching and defining new
creative methods to do this
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How Can I Do This?
• Why publish - Ask yourself if you have
“something new to say” that adds to the existing
body of knowledge in your research area
• What to publish – can you publish your PhD
research as an article or your doctoral literature
review as a review article?
• Gain practical experience of the publication
process by volunteering to write book reviews
• Where to publish –talk to your supervisor, look at
reference lists and identify applicable journals • Develop a publications portfolio by publishing
early and often
• Maximise the exposure and impact of your
research via Open Access publishing
• Publish a version of your research in the
University’s institutional repository, ARAN
www.aran.library.nuigalway.ie
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Knowledge Dissemination
Welcome
12
Publishing
Steps To Progress
• Decide where to publish
• Follow the rules for Writing for Publication
• Structure articles with search engines in mind
• Avoid unnecessarily flowery language
• Rules for preparing your manuscript – follow them to
the “t”
• Undergo review and approval of publication from
your peers
• Ensure your publication is counted
• Authors rights - Retain the rights that serve your
needs
• After publication, set up RSS feeds to track papers
that cite your work
• Keep up to date on funding and grants available
What are the Benefits for Me?
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• Communication of knowledge within your research
community
• Dissemination of knowledge
• Opportunity to secure funding is enhanced
• Ability to compete seriously in the Academic job
market, as a publication record is the main criterion
sought for jobs and promotion in research and
academia
• Securing grant money, which is vital to continue
research and publications
Knowledge Dissemination
Ensure your publications have the
maximum impact on the intended
audience
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KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS
Knowledge Relationships
What are Knowledge
Relationships?
Knowledge relationships are forged by
strategic alliances and collaborations with
academic, industrial and social partners.
These are driven at the institutional
level and have many benefits for you as a
researcher.
Through existing Knowledge Relationships
and the array of strategic alliances with
internal academics and other external
partners, NUI Galway researchers can
influence community development and
public policy.
www.whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci932596,00.html
Therefore, forming strong relationships is imperative in
transferring your knowledge during your PhD journey.
There will always be someone who knows someone
who knows someone who will benefit from or help you
with your research. Establish professionalism in your
relationships and remember first impressions last!
Examples of these relationships can be described in the
following pages.
Six degrees of separation is the theory that anyone on
the planet can be connected to any other person on
the planet through a chain of acquaintances that has no
more than five intermediaries.
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Image © 2007 Laurens van Lieshout reproduced under GNU licence
How Can I Do This?
• Talk to people – start with your supervisor,
personal contacts, Graduate Research Committee
• Keep abreast of all the events taking place in your
research field
• Use existing contacts at NUI Galway and in other
higher education institutes both nationally and
internationally
• Offer introductions and ask people for
introductions to build your network
• Join the post-graduate research society
• Get feedback, review and integrate this into your
research path and direction (if it makes sense)
Steps To Progress
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• Talk to academics interested in what you do and say
• Introduce yourself to people you don’t know yet but
need to know now!
• Keep the contacts going with the academics you
already know
• Check out the strategic relationships NUI Galway
already has nationally and internationally. Some
examples include University of Limerick, GeorgiaTech,
University of California, Mayo Clinic, Makerere
University, Uganda and University of Malawi
Be sure to embrace the academic
community internally and externally
and remember first impressions count!
KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS
Academic Community
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• You are now ‘on the scene’
• Increase knowledge transfer both ways as more
people participate in your academic circle
• Gain external exposure for your research
• Close the loop: send information out → get feedback
from your academic contacts
• Expand your contacts for the future if you decide to
pursue a career in the academic community
• Gain exposure to different people and cultures
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KNOWLEDGE RELATIONSHIPS
Industry and Social Involvement
How Can I Do This?
• Discuss your thoughts with your supervisor and
Graduate Research Committee
• Prepare a brief – present the unique aspects of
your research
• Form relationships with the most relevant
stakeholders, their input can be of immense value
• Use existing NUI Galway strategic relationships
e.g. Druid Theatre, patent searches, literature and
web to identify your industry and social experts
• Make the contact – use conferences, your
supervisor, LinkedIn, academics, cold call and
email friends and contacts
• Get feedback, review and integrate this into your
research path and direction (if it makes sense)
Steps To Progress
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• Become a Mentor to industry/community
• Organise Focus groups consisting of experts
• Be sure to get Industry input and their thoughts
• Keep in touch regularly; join groups, online forums
and more
• Update or start a LinkedIn profile to keep in touch
with professional contacts
After your hard effort in finding the
right contacts, keep in touch with
them regularly
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• Gain research feedback
• Become aware of real life situations
• Apply knowledge to real life situations
• Make contacts for the future - when your PhD is
completed
• Communicate your ideas – invaluable for you, your
research and viva
• Improve ability to talk about your research
• Gain a sense of community
• Grow your external industry and social contacts
beyond your immediate peer group
What are Knowledge Engagements?
Knowledge engagements are the twoway interactions between the university
and society to the mutual benefit of both. Research students work together with civic
and industrial partners to achieve benefits
and defined outcomes. At NUI Galway,
the major strands of this activity are civic
engagement (volunteering and service
learning) and placement (participation
with key partners, both industrial and
social).
KNOWLEDGE ENGAGEMENTs
Knowledge Engagements
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The next few pages will outline some, but not all,
avenues of engagement that will be of use to you
throughout your PhD journey. Be sure to explore other
new avenues and share these with your peers.
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KNOWLEDGE ENGAGEMENTs
Community/Civic Engagement
How Can I Do This?
• Need to determine the value of your research/
social benefit in community (online search, talk
to others)
• Identify community groups that have interest in
your research
• Contact the Community Knowledge Initiative
(CKI) in NUI Galway at www.nuigalwaycki.ie
• Be prepared to get your hands dirty
• Keep in touch – build contacts, networks
• Talk internally about your research
Steps To Progress
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• Attend public engagements
• Get involved in debates – public/online
• Develop summer camps for local communities
• Service industry
• Involvement in workshops and exhibitions
Be sure to protect your idea/research
before talking externally
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• Attend public engagements
• Share knowledge
• See your expertise used for social benefit
• Build up networks
• Increase communication and presentation skills
• Become able to communicate ideas and skills
effectively
• Support the community
• Gain experience content for your CV
• Increase personal satisfaction
• Apply research/knowledge externally
• Have an impact on your research and feedback to
your teaching
• Get an ethical stamp of approval for your research
• Makes your knowledge accessible to communities
How Can I Do This?
• As part of your structured PhD, you may enrol in
modules that provide an industry placement
• You may be aware of a company or organisation
you admire in the government or industry sectors
where you can make a contribution and share
your research knowledge
Steps To Progress
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• Enrol in modules that enable an industrial placement
• Be professional and punctual, present yourself well
and take pride in doing your best
• Keep in touch with your co-workers once the
placement is over – send a letter of thanks to your
boss
• Provide a professional report to your placement
company and supervisor upon your return
Keep those industry contacts safe
for a rainy day – they could prove
invaluable
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• Professional experience in a structured industry
environment provides depth and breadth of learning
• Develop and hone your business and communication
skills
• Gain a greater understanding of how your research fits
with the wider world
• On return from placement ask yourself how this
experience will help to focus your research.
• Gain key contacts to feed your network of allies going
forward in your career
• Use the placement as a testing platform to ensure
your ideas are right
• Strengthens your research
KNOWLEDGE ENGAGEMENTs
Welcome
Placement
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KNOWLEDGE COMMERCIALISATION
Knowledge Commercialisation
What is Knowledge
Commercialisation?
Knowledge commercialisation is the
translation of ideas from research into new
technologies and products for commercial
offerings. This involves moving from ideas
to the development of intellectual property
and the investigation of the commercial
potential of these ideas.
As mentioned earlier in the effective channels for
knowledge transfer, not all research ideas will develop
into new technologies and potential products.
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For those research students who wish to progress their
ideas from concept into a commercial opportunity, the
next few pages will describe the commercial process
and key terminology you will hear as your idea moves
through the process into the commercial environment.
nd
M ak e su re yo u su rrou
yo urse lf w it h pe op le
is
w ho ca n he lp yo u in th
ph as e. It is th e ro le of
n
th e Commerci al is at io
to
Exec ut ives in th e TTO
he lp yo u.
Due Dilligence
& Legal Research
TECHNICAL EVALUATION
Is the Product
Novel & Unique
MARKET EVALUATION
Technical
Description
Four steps have been developed for the
commercialisation process and are as follows:
Product
Description &
Market Report
1.Invention Disclosure
2.Invention Evaluation
3.Commercial Strategy Development
4.Commercial Strategy Execution
DEVELOPE STRATEGY TO MARKET
Commercial
Strategy
BRING NEW PRODUCT TO MARKET
IP Protection
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Collaboraative R&D
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INVENTION DISCLOSURE
EVALUATION
IP PROTECTION & COMMERCIALISATION
21
Invention
Disclosure
Process
The process map to the left shows the steps required
to translate your ideas from research into new
technologies and products. These steps will be carried
out with the assistance of the Commercialisation
Executives in the Technology Transfer Office (TTO).
License
Spin-off
KNOWLEDGE COMMERCIALISATION
Welcome
NUI Galway Commercialisation Process
Descriptions of these four steps can be found in the
next few pages or else at www.nuigalway.ie/tto
to help you understand the steps.
21
Step 3 - Commercial Strategy Development
This phase provides a formal procedure for the timely
disclosure of new ideas or disclosures (Inventions)
with potential commercial applicability by the inventor
to the TTO. Both the Invention Disclosure and Due
Diligence forms are used to capture the necessary
information and to start the commercialisation process.
The output of the evaluation phase will be used to
develop a commercialisation plan for the invention. The
plan will be developed by experts from the area as well
as the Inventor, TTO representatives and the research
funding agency.
Step 2 - Invention Evaluation
The final phase in the commercial process is the
execution of the commercialisation plan. Each plan will
contain a set of actions, deliverables and milestones.
An internal project management system will be
used to manage each plan and continuously provide
feedback to the Strategy Development phase ensuring
traceability and flexibility.
Once the Invention is disclosed and presented to
the TTO, the next phase evaluates the technical and
commercial applicability of the invention. The technical
evaluation includes a technical description of the
invention as well as a review of the patent literature
searches to determine the invention’s novelty. This is
important to determine the most appropriate form of
Intellectual Property (IP) protection.
The commercial evaluation identifies and defines the
market segment in which the invention will operate.
The potential market size as well as the key competitors
(both Irish and International) is also identified.
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KNOWLEDGE COMMERCIALISATION
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Step 1 - Invention Disclosure
Step 4 - Commercial Strategy Execution
How Can I Do This?
• Use the Technology Transfer Office expertise
and learn about the Commercialisation process
Steps To Progress
• Always discuss technology transfer with your
supervisor in the first instance
• Contact the TTO staff to discuss your research
with them
• Get to know the commercialisation terminologies
e.g. IP, patents, invention disclosures etc.
• Be aware of the commercialisation routes suitable for
your research e.g. Spin-outs or licenses
What Are The Benefits For Me?
• Gain tangible benefits – royalties from patents and
licences.
• Apply your research into real life situations for social
benefit
• Become aware of market needs and your future users
of your research
• Be aware of the steps involved in commercialising
research – legal, financial, strategy etc. and learn who
is on your team
KNOWLEDGE COMMERCIALISATION
Talk to your supervisor before you
make contact with industry as your
idea may need to be protected
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Welcome
Technology Transfer Process
23
GLOSSARY
Glossary of Terms
Copyright - Copyright is the legal term, which
describes the rights given to authors/creators of certain
categories of work.
www.patentsoffice.ie/en/copyright_whatis.aspx
Due Diligence - A process undertaken before the
acquisition of a business to ensure all significant risks,
rewards and issues are identified and considered before
any offer is made to the vendor or an acquisition takes
place. www.ipplc.com/ipr/siteservices/glossary/
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Entrepreneur - An innovator of business enterprise
who recognizes opportunities to introduce a new
product, a new process or an improved organization,
and who raises the necessary money, assembles the
factors for production and organizes an operation to
exploit the opportunity.
www.powerhomebiz.com/Glossary/glossary-E.htm
Innovation – the introduction of something new,
a new idea, method or device. An innovation can
be big or small. Brand-new or just a bit different, it
doesn’t matter. An innovation can be clearly complex
or seemingly simple. Innovations are often thought
of in terms of technical achievement, but can also be
a design. The type, industry and style of innovation
are irrelevant; an innovation’s impact determines its
qualification.
www.realinnovation.com/content/what_is_innovation.asp
Intellectual Property - Intellectual property (IP) is
any form of original creation that can be bought or sold
- from music to machinery. The four main types of IP
rights are patents, trade marks, designs and copyright
but there are many other ways to protect your IP.
www.ipo.gov.uk/whyuse.htm
Patent - A patent confers upon its holder, for a limited
period, the right to exclude others from exploiting
(making, using, selling, importing) the patented
invention, except with the consent of the owner of the
patent.
www.patentsoffice.ie/en/patents.aspx
Knowledge Transfer - Knowledge transfer is about
exchanging good ideas, research results, experiences
and skills between universities, other research
organisations, business, government, the public sector
and the wider community to enable innovative new
products, services and policies to be developed.
www.rcuk.ac.uk/innovation/ktportal/default.htm
Research - In the broadest sense of the word, the
definition of research includes any gathering of
data, information and facts for the advancement of
knowledge.
www.experiment-resources.com/definition-of-research.
html#ixzz11Pdjnb00
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Licence - A legal document giving official permission
to do something
www.thefreedictionary.com/licence
GLOSSARY
Welcome
Invention - An invention is “the discovery or creation
of a new material (either a new manufactured product
or a new composition or matter), a new process, a new
use for an existing material, or any improvements of
any of these.”
www.tco.usu.edu/htm/inventors/whatisinvent/
Trade Marks - A trade mark is the means by which
a business identifies its goods or services and
distinguishes them from the goods and services
supplied by other businesses.
www.patentsoffice.ie/en/trademark.aspx
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Notes
Welcome
Notes
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Graduate Studies Office
National University of Ireland, Galway
University Road, Galway
www.nuigalway.ie/graduatestudies