vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Research Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
2
1.3 Objectives
3
1.4 Research Scope
3
1.5 Outline
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Sea Turtle
5
2.2.1 Green Turtle Morphology
9
2.2.2 Evolutionary Trends and Conservation
9
2.2.3 Green Turtles Distribution in Malaysia
10
viii
3
2.3 Underwater Acoustic Units of Measurement
13
2.4 The decibel Scale in Underwater Acoustics
14
2.5 Turtle Auditory System
17
2.6 Turtle and Fish Hearing Threshold
20
2.7 Turtle Excluder Devices (TED)
25
2.8 Long Line and Gill Net
28
2.9 Sound Classification
31
2.10 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithm
33
2.11 FFT Application on Spectral Analysis
34
2.12 Summary
35
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
36
3.1 Introduction
36
3.2 Design of Study
36
3.3 Research Materials and Life Specimens
37
3.3.1. Research Tank
37
3.3.2. Green Turtle
40
3.3.3. Targeted Fish
42
3.3.4. SmartEp Software
43
3.3.5. Hydrophone for Recording Underwater
45
sound
3.3.6. Sound Generator
46
3.3.7. Underwater Speaker
48
3.3.8. Sound Recorder Software
49
3.3.9. Matlab Software
50
3.4 Measurements Procedures
50
3.4.1 Types of Measurement
50
3.4.2 ABR Response Measurement
50
3.4.3 Seawater Quality Measurement in Life
52
Habitat
3.4.4 Seawater Quality Measurement in the
53
Research Tank
3.4.5 Sound Profile Measurement
54
ix
3.4.6 Turtle and Fish Response Towards Sound
3.5 Spectral Analysis of The ABR Waveforms and
55
56
Sound Profile
4
3.5.1 ABR Waveforms Data Extraction
56
3.5.2 Sound Calibration Method
58
3.5.3 Sound Profile Data Extraction
58
3.5.4 Program Implementation and Analysis
60
3.6 Summary
61
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
62
4.1 Introduction
62
4.2 Turtle Auditory Brainstem Response
62
4.2.1 Turtle Age 2 years
64
4.2.2 Turtle Age 5 years
67
4.2.3 Turtle Age 9 Years
69
4.2.4 Turtle Age 30 Years
71
4.3 Seawater Profile
77
4.3.1 Life Habitat Water Quality
77
4.3.2 Portable Instrument
78
4.3.3 Fixed Instrument
79
4.4 Sound Profile
81
4.4.1 Seawater Sound Profile
81
4.4.2 Research Tank Sound Profile
83
4.5 Sound Characterization
85
4.5.1 LFM Sound Profile
85
4.5.2. Sinusoidal Sound Profile
86
4.5.3. White Noise Sound Profile
88
4.6 Turtle and Fish Response
90
4.6.1 Turtle Response
90
4.6.2 Fish Response
91
4.7. Problem Encountered
91
4.8. Key Contributions
92
4.9. Summary
92
x
5
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
93
5.1
93
Conclusion
5.2 Future Works
REFERENCES
Appendices A – F3
94
95
100-137
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Sound speed in some medium
14
2.2
The hearing ranges of fish
20
3.1
Hydrophone C304 Technical specification
45
3.2
Underwater Speaker Lubell 3400 Technical Specification
48
4.1
Turtle’s morphology in ABR measurement
61
4.2
ABR setup for green turtles ages 2 years
62
4.3
ABR response green turtles ages 2 years
64
4.4
Water quality recorded by using portable meter in life
habitat
4.5
Water quality recorded by using portable meter in the tank
4.6
Water quality recorded by using automatic meter (Half
Day)
4.7
Water quality recorded by using automatic meter (Two
days)
4.8
Water quality recorded by using automatic meter (Three
days)
76
76
77
78
79
4.9
Seawater sound profile in the life habitat
80
4.10
Seawater sound profile in the research tank
82
4.11
Frequency and magnitude of LFM sound profile
84
4.12
Frequency and magnitude of Sinusoidal Sound profile
85
4.13
Frequency and magnitude White Noise Sound profile
87
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Green turtle (chelonia midas)
5
2.2
The hawksbill turtle
6
2.3
The leatherback turtle
7
2.4
Lipas turtle
7
2.5
Sites of green turtle for hatchling in Malaysia Peninsula.
10
2.6
Maps of east Malaysia for egg and hatchling
11
2.7
The post breeding migration of three C.midas Female
(a,b,and C) and one C.midas (D) release from Ma’Daerah
12
Turtle Sanctuary Terengganu Malaysia
2.8
ABR waveforms
2.9
Diagrammatic representation of a Turtle Excluder Device
fitted to a trawl
17
25
2.9
Senangin II, research vessel, equipped with trawl net
28
2.11
Trawl net at senangin II
29
2.12
Trawl operation at Senangin II
29
2.13
Diver filming TED
30
3.1
The main site of research
36
3.2
Primary research tank with square shape
37
3.3
The second tank with round shape
37
3.4
The third tank with square shape
38
3.5
Research tank arrangement
38
3.6
Tank in cleaning
39
3.7
The species of research in the main tank
40
3.8
The green turtle places in stable condition
40
xiii
3.9
The weight measurement of turtle
41
3.10
The fish in the second tank
42
3.11
SmartEp main screen
43
3.12
Hydrophone C304
44
3.13
Generated sound software
46
3.14
Speaker type Lubell 3400
47
3.15
Sound recorder using edit audio software
48
3.16
Green turtle in ABR measurement
50
3.17
Green turtle was stationed by jacket for ABR measurement
51
3.18
Quality of Seawater measurement in life habitat
52
3.19
Quality of Seawater measurement in tank
53
3.20
Sound profile in the research tank
54
3.21
Acquired ABR data analysis flow
56
3.22
Reference sound analysis software
57
3.23
Monitored signal of water in tank profile
58
3.24
Extracted monitored signal in the tank
58
3.25
Acquired sound profile analysis
59
4.1
Green turtle morphology
61
4.2
ABR signal spectral of green turtle ages of 2 years
63
4.3
Turtle ages of 2 years hearing sensitivity
65
4.4
ABR signal spectral of green turtle ages of 5 years
66
4.5
Turtle ages of 5 years hearing sensitivity
67
4.6
ABR signal spectral of green turtle ages of 9 years
68
4.7
Turtle ages of 9 years hearing sensitivity
69
4.8
ABR signal spectral of green turtle ages of 30 years
70
4.9
Turtle ages of 30 years hearing sensitivity
70
4.10
Minimum frequencies of turtle’s hearing
72
4.11
Maximum frequencies of turtle hearing
72
4.12
Green turtle’s hearing bandwidth
73
4.13
Green turtle’s hearing range
74
4.14
Hearing ranges constellation
75
4.15
Noise floor in the life habitat(distance=200m,depth=2m)
79
4.16
Research tank sound profile
81
xiv
4.17
LFM sound profile
83
4.18
Sinusoidal sound profile
85
4.19
White noise sound profile
86
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABR
-
Auditory Brainstem Response
AEP
-
Auditory evoked potentials
ANSI
-
American National Standard for Institute
ASCII
-
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASSR
-
Auditory Steady State Response
AULS
-
Autonomous Underwater Listening Station
CWT
-
Complex Wavelet Transform
dBnHL
-
dB scale relative to normal hearing level
DO
-
Dissolved Oxygen
EEG
-
Electro EnchepaloGraph
EFR
-
envelope following response
EFR
-
envelope following response
FFT
-
Fast Fourier Transform
hh
-
Hour
IHS
-
Intelligent Hearing System
L
-
length
LFM
-
Low Frequency Modulation
mm
-
Minute
MRTF
-
modulation rate transfer function
NMFS
-
National Marine Fisheries Service
NN
-
neural network
NOAA
-
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPF
-
Northern Prawn Fishery
PTT
-
push to talk
RMS
-
Root Mean Square
xvi
RMSE
-
The Root Mean Squared Error
Sal
-
Salinity
sd
-
Stimulus Duration
SEAFDEC
-
South East Asian Fisheries Development Center
SNR
-
signal to noise ratio
SpCond
-
Sound propagation Conductivity
SPL
-
Sound Pressure Level
ss
-
Second
SSE
-
The Sum of Squares due to Error
Std
-
Standard Deviation
STFT
-
Short Time Fourier Transform
STFT
-
short time Fourier Transform
T
-
tall
TED
-
Turtle Excluder Devices
Temp
-
Temperature
TUMEC
-
Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Center
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
W
-
width
WN
-
White Noise
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
μ
-
micro
W
-
watt
m2
-
meter square
ms
-
mili second
re
-
relative
Pa
-
Pascal
L
-
liter
mg
-
mili gram
C
-
celcius
d
-
depth
ºC
-
degree celcius
Ω
-
ohm
Vdc
-
volt direct current
(Lx WxT)
-
LenghtxWidthxTall
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
List of Author’s Publication
100
B
Source Code
101
C1
First measurement Procedure
107
C2
Second measurement Procedure
108
C3
Third measurement Procedure
109
C4
Fourth measurement Procedure
110
C5
Fifth measurement Procedure
111
C6
Sixth measurement Procedure
112
C7
Seventh measurement Procedure
113
C8
Eight measurement Procedure
114
D1
ABR and sound profile recording
115
D2
ABR System Setup and resulted data
116
D3
ABR spectral in smartEp
122
E1
Sound Profile in Life Habitat (distance=100m)
124
E2
Sound Profile in Life Habitat (distance=200m)
125
E3
Sound Profile in Life Habitat (distance=400m)
127
E4
Sound Profile in Life Habitat (distance=800m)
129
E5
Noise Floor in the life habitat (distance=200m)
131
E6
Noise Floor in the life habitat (distance=400m)
132
E7
Noise Floor in the life habitat (distance=800m)
133
E8
Peak of Magnitude for Life Habitat Noise Floor
134
F1
Sound Characterization Measurement
135
F2
Turtle response towards sound
136
F3
Fish response towards sound
137