vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xx
LIST OF APPENDICES
1
PAGE
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1. Introduction
1
1.2. Problem Statement
2
1.3. Objective
4
1.4. Scope of work
4
viii
1.5. Organization of the Thesis
2
HIGH ALTITUDE PLATFORM STATIONS
5
6
2.1 Introduction
6
2.2 Types of HAPS
9
2.5.1
Unmanned Airships
2.5.2
Solar-powered Unmanned Aircraft:
2.5.3
Manned Aircraft
2.5.4
Unmanned fueled aircraft
9
9
10
10
2.3 Placement Issues
11
2.4 Minimum operational elevation angle
13
2.5 On-board multi-beam antenna
15
2.5.1 Adapting the ITU Antenna Model to Fit
16
Measurement Data
2.5.2 System Performance
18
2.6 Services
18
2.7 HAPS UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
19
System)
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
22
3.1
22
Introduction
3.2 ARCHITECTURAL SCENARIOS
3.2.1 AN INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL-HAPSATELLITE SYSTEM
3.2.2 AN INTEGRATED TERRESTRIAL-HAP
23
23
23
SYSTEM
3.2.3
A STANDALONE HAP SYSTEM
25
ix
3.3
3.4
4
5
ITU Recommendations
26
3.3.1
HAPs-based System
26
3.3.2
Minimum Elevation Angles
28
Antennas
32
3.5 CAPACITY
35
3.6
36
Nth-POWER-OF-DISTANPCOEW ERC ONTROL
3.7 INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS
40
3.8
45
Optimum Power Control
METHODOLOGY
47
4.1
Introduction
47
4.2
Flowchart
48
4.3
Parameter Defining
4.4
HAPS System model
4.5
User location and direction
4.6
Radiation Angel
4.7
Forward power control
51
4.8
HAPS Interference calculation
51
49
49
50
50
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
52
5.1
52
Introduction
5.2 Energy per bit to noise ratio (Eb/No)
5.3
Optimum and No Power Control
5.4 nth-power-of distances power control
5.4.1
Voice users
5.4.2
Data user
53
54
56
56
58
x
5.5
6
Summary
60
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
61
6.1
Introduction
61
6.2
Conclusion
62
6.3 Future of work and recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES A and B
63
64
68-78
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Basic characteristics of Terrestrial Wireless, Satellite and
HAPS systems
8
2.2
A general comparison among Airships, Solar-powered
unmanned Aircraft and manned Aircraft
11
2.3
Typical gain assignment to the spot beams
15
3.1
Coverage zones
31
3.2
Main specifications of the multi-beam antenna prototypes
34
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Satellite, HAPS and terrestrial system
7
2.2
Unmanned Airship
9
2.3
Solar-powered Unmanned Aircraft
10
2.4
Manned aircraft (Proteus 9)
10
2.5
Altitude with respect to the wind velocity
12
2.6
Communication system using HAPS
14
2.7
Typical footprint illuminated by a multibeam antenna on-
16
board HAPS using 28/31 GHz (equal spot-beam footprint)
3.1
An integrated terrestrial-HAP-satellite system
24
3.2
Integrated terrestrial-HAP system
25
3.3
Standalone HAP system
26
3.4
Communication system using HAPs
28
3.5
A general architecture of a HAP system.
29
3.6
Radius of the maximum coverage area as a function of the
30
HAPs altitude
3.7
Coverage zones depended on minimum operational elevation
angle
31
3.8
Typical examples of multibeam footprints proposed in the
33
ITU-R recommendation: a) elliptical-beam uniform footprint
model(367 beams); b) circular-beam multizone footprint
model (397 beams)
xiii
3.9
Antenna radiation pattern mask
35
3.10
Minimum bandwidth required for a 10Mb/s user for a given
C/N0
36
3.11
Forward-link and reverse-link interference geometry.(upper
37
side view)
3.12
HAPS forward link interference geometry
41
4.1
Flowchart of Methodology
48
5.1
53
5.2
Eb/No as a function of the distance from the centre when h =
20 km and R = 1 km.
Forward link optimum power control law for HAPS
5.3
HAPS forward link capacity against normalized distance
55
54
from cell center
5.4
HAPS down link capacity profile against normalized distance
57
from cell centre for voice users ( I = 0).
5.5
HAPS down link capacity profile against normalized distance
58
from cell centre for voice users ( I = 0.5).
5.6
HAPS downlink capacity profile against normalized distance
59
from cell centre for data users ( I = 0).
5.7
HAPs down link capacity profile against normalized distance
from cell centre for data users( I = 0.5).
60
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
As
-
airship station
ATPC
-
Automatic transmitting power control
BFWA
-
Broadband Fixed Wireless Access
cm
-
Centimeter
C/N0
-
Carrier to Noise Density Ratio
dB
-
Decibel unite
DCA
-
Dynamic channel assignment
DCAAS
-
dynamic channel activity assignment system
EESS
-
Earth exploration-satellite service
ES
-
Earth station
ESA
-
European Space Agency
EIRP
-
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
e.i.r.p.s
-
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power s.
FS
-
Fixed Service
FSS
-
Fixed Satellite Service
FWA
-
Fixed wireless access
GHz
-
Giga Hertz
Gs
-
ground station
GTG
-
Ground Transmission Gateway
xv
GW
-
Gateways
HALO
-
High Altitude Long Operation
HAPs
-
High Altitude Platforms stations
HAPN
-
High Altitude Platform Networks
HAT
-
HAP Access Termination
HDTV
-
High Definition Television
IC
-
Interference Cancellation
IEEE
-
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
I/N
-
interference power to receiver thermal noise
IP
-
Internet Protocol
IPL
-
Interplatform Link
ITU
-
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R
-
International Telecommunication Union RadioBroadcasting
km
-
Kilometers
LANs
-
Local Area Networks
LMDS
-
Local Multipoint Distribution Systems
MCMC
-
Malaysia Communication and Multimedia Commission
MHz
-
Mega Hertz
mm/hr
-
Millimeter per Hour
MMS
-
Malaysia Metrological Services
NASA
-
National American Space Agency
PSL
-
platform to satellite links
PSTN
-
Public Switched Telephone Network
P-MP
-
Point to Multi point
xvi
P-P
-
Point to point
RAC
-
Rural area coverage
RAS
-
Radio astronomy service
RF
-
Radio frequency
SAC
-
Suburban Area Coverage
SAM
-
Simple Attenuation Model
SOHO
-
small office/home office
3G
-
Third Generation
USA
-
United State of America
UAC
-
Urban Area Coverage
UK
-
United Kingdom
UTM
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
WWRF
-
Wireless World Research Forum
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Gm
-
Maximum main lobe Antenna gain
C/N0
-
Carrier to Noise ratio
r
-
Distance between center of cells and user
R
-
Radius of cell
T
-
Direction of mobile user inside cell
d1
-
Distance between the home base station and tier-1
d2
-
Distance between the home base station and tier-2
d3
-
Distance between the home base station and tier-2
\n
-
Angles under which the mobile is seen from the antenna
boresights of BSj - BSo
G (\ j )dBi
-
Normalized antenna gains
f(r)
-
power control
ro
-
Distance at which the power control scheme changes the
law of the power control.
Preq
-
Power required
Pt
-
Power transmitted
U
-
User density
N
-
Number of user
xviii
PT
-
Total power transmitted
(C/I)
-
carrier-to-interference ratio
BSj
-
Base station (j=0 – J)
Pch
-
Power assignment for the users
lj
-
distances from the mobile to BSj
lo
-
distances from the mobile to BSo
j
-
Shadowing corresponding
o
-
Shadowing corresponding
S
-
path loss exponent
-
Source activity factor
I
-
Orthogonality factor
Eb
ND
-
Energy pit to noise ratio
Gp
-
W-CDMA processing gain
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
More information about the result of system capacity
68
B
Performance Normalized Antenna Gains
72