2 LITERATURE INTERVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Accident in Construction
7
8

2.2.1 Causes of Accident
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
Direct Causes
Indirect Causes
Basic Causes
2.2.1.3.1 Lack of Attention to Personal Safety
Protection by Worker
Construction Materials and Equipments
2.2.2 Cost of Accident
2.2.2.1 The Cost of Accident to An
2.2.2.2
2.2.3 Construction’s Relationship to Safety
2.2.3.1
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.3
2.2.1.3.2
2.2.1.3.3
2.2.1.3.4
2.2.1.3.5
2.2.1.3.6
Employee
The Cost of Accident to An
Employer
Hazards
Risk
Safety
Lack of Attention to Safety Management by Main Contractor/
Project Managers
Insufficient Safety
Training
Inadequate Setting of
Safety Level
Tiredness of Workers
Poor Quality of
2.2.3.4
2.2.3.5
2.3 Accident Prevention
2.3.1 Introduction
Risk Management and Safety
Program
Safety and Health Regulations in Malaysia
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
17
18
19
19
20
15
16
16
21
22
22

2.3.2 Reasons for Preventing Accident
2.3.2.1
2.3.2.2
2.3.2.3
23
Legal Reasons for Accident 23
Prevention
Humanitarian Reasons for Accident 24
Prevention
Economic Reasons for Accident
Prevention
25
2.3.3 Benefits of Accident Prevention
2.4 Accident Prevention Techniques
2.4.1 Hazards Identification, Evaluation, and Control
2.4.1.1 Hazards Identification
26
27
27
28
2.4.1.2
2.4.1.3
2.4.2 Fire, First Aid, and Emergency Procedures
2.4.2.1 Fire
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.4.1
2.4.4.2
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
Hazards Evaluation and Assessment 31
Hazards Control
First Aid
2.4.3 Safety Training
2.4.4 Risk Management
Risk Retention
Risk Transfer
Risk Avoidance
Emergency Procedures
Risk Management Techniques
32
34
34
35
36
38
39
39
40
41
41
2.4.4.5 Risk Reduction
2.5 Accident Investigation and Reporting
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2.1
2.5.2 Statutory Requirements
42
42
42
44
Notification of Accident, Dangerous 44
2.5.2.2
Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning
And Occupational Disease
(NADOOPOD)
Social Security Act
2.5.3 Accident Reporting
2.5.4 Accident Investigation
46
48
49

2.5.4.1 Investigation Report 50
2.5.4.2
2.6 Accident Costs
Accident Investigation Checklist
2.6.1 Workplace Accidents and Its Cots
2.6.2 Types of Accident Costs
51
54
54
55
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
Direct Costs
Indirect Costs
56
57
2.6.2.3 Quality of Life Costs
2.6.3 Accident Cost Diminution
2.7 Safety Enforcement and Regulations
2.7.1 Introduction
59
60
62
62
63 2.7.2 The Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH)
2.7.3 Enforcement
2.7.3.1 Approval
2.7.3.2
2.7.3.3
Registration
Accreditation
64
64
65
65
65
66
2.7.3.4
2.7.3.5
Inspection
Investigation of Accident and
Complaints
2.7.4 Factories and Machineries Act (FMA) 1967
2.7.5 Building Operations and Work of Engineering
Construction (BOWEC) 1986
66
66
2.7.6 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 67
2.7.6.1 Introduction 67
2.7.6.2
2.7.6.3
Objectives of OSHA 1994
Salient Provisions under the
OSHA 1994
69
70
2.7.6.3.1
2.7.6.3.2
2.7.6.3.3
National Council for
Occupational Safety and
70
Health
General Duties of Employers 71
And Self-Employed Persons
General Duties of Designers, 72

3
4
2.7.6.3.4
2.7.6.3.5
2.7.6.3.6
Manufacturers, and Suppliers
General Duties of Employees 74
Safety and Health 76
Organizations
Notification of Accident, 77
Dangerous Occurrence,
Occupational Poisoning And
2.7.6.3.7
2.7.6.3.8
2.7.6.3.9
2.7.6.3.10 Liability for Offences
2.7.6.3.11
2.7.6.3.13
Occupational Disease
(NADOOPOD) and Inquiry
Prohibition against use of 78
Plant and Substance
Industry Codes of Practice 79
Enforcement and 79
Investigation
Appeals
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptualization
3.3 Literature Review
3.4 Data Collection
3.4.1 Document Studies
3.4.2 Interview
3.5 Data Analysis
3.4.3 Questionnaires Survey
3.5.1 Likert Scaling Method
3.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
2.7.6.3.12 Regulations
Miscellaneous
81
82
83
83
87
88
88
89
89
85
86
87
90
91
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Safety and Health Requirements in Construction Site
4.2 Level of Compliance with Safety and Health
92
107

Requirements in Construction Site
4.3
4.2.1 Level of Compliance with Safety and Health 107
Requirements in Construction Site in Selangor
4.2.2 Level of Compliance with Safety and Health 121
Requirements in Construction Site in Terengganu
Cost of Compliance with Safety and Health
Requirements in Construction Site
136
4.3.1 Cost of Compliance with Safety and Health 136
Requirements in Construction Site in Selangor
4.3.2 Cost of Compliance with Safety and Health 151
Requirements in Construction Site in Terengganu
4.4 Comparison of Level of Compliance with Safety and 167
Health Requirements in Construction Site
4.4.1 Comparison of Level of Compliance with Safety 167
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Selangor
4.4.2 Comparison of Level of Compliance with Safety 181
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Terengganu
4.4.3 Comparison of Level of Compliance with Safety 195
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Big Project
4.4.4 Comparison of Level of Compliance with Safety 209
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Small Project
4.5 Comparison of Cost of Compliance with Safety and 224
Health Requirements in Construction Site
4.4.1 Comparison of Cost of Compliance with Safety 224
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Selangor
4.4.2 Comparison of Cost of Compliance with Safety 238
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Terengganu
4.4.3 Comparison of Cost of Compliance with Safety 253

5
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Big Project
4.4.4 Comparison of Cost of Compliance with Safety 268
Health Requirements in Construction Site in
Small Project
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion based on Objective 1
5.2 Conclusion based on Objective 2
5.3 Conclusion based on Objective 3
5.4 Conclusion based on Objective 4
5.5 Conclusion based on Objective 5
5.6 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
285
291
292
293
294
294
295
299

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
TITLE PAGE
Sources of direct causal agents.
Unsafe acts and conditions.
Hazard rating and urgency actions.
Accident investigation checklist.
10
11
32
52
Scale indicator of Likert Scaling method used in the research. 90
Example of index scale of frequency level. 91
Safety and health requirements from Occupational Safety 93 and Health Act (OSHA) 1994.
Safety and health requirements from Factory and Machinery 100
Act (FMA) 1967.
Safety and health requirements from Building Operations 102
And Work of Engineering Construction (BOWEC) 1986.
Safety and health requirements in construction site 286

LIST OF FIGURES
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.6
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
Statistic of fatal accidents in construction
Flow chart of research methodology
Basic procedures for job safety analysis
Action to be taken on learning of an accident
Approach of an accident investigations
Dangerous occurrences of an accident investigations
Stages in research methodology 86
Safety and health requirements in construction site from 96
OSHA 1994
Safety and health requirements in construction site from 101
FMA 1967
Safety and health requirements in construction site from 105
2
6
30
48
53
53
BOWEC 1986
Level of compliance with safety and health management 108 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
108
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 109
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 110
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
110
111
Level of compliance with opening at building edge requirements
112

4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 112
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 113
Level of compliance with public safety and health 114 management requirements
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 114
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 115 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 116 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage requirements
116
Level of compliance with site health and welfare requirements117
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 118
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 118 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 119 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 120
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 120
Level of compliance with safety and health management 122 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
123
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 123
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 124
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
Level of compliance with opening at building edge
125
125
126 requirements
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 127
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 127
Level of compliance with public safety and health 128 management requirements
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 129

4.47
4.48
4.49
4.50
4.51
4.52
4.53
4.54
4.43
4.44
4.45
4.46
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 129 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 130 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage 131 requirements
Level of compliance with site health and welfare requirements131
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 132
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 133 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 134 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 134
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 135
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 137 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee 138 requirements
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 139
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 139
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge
140
141
141 requirements
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 142
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 143
Cost of compliance with public safety and health 143 management requirements
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 144
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 145 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 145 requirements
Cost of compliance with site material storage 146

4.71
4.72
4.73
4.74
4.75
4.76
4.77
4.66
4.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.64
4.65 requirements
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 147
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 147
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 148 requirements
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 149 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 149
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 150
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 151 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
152
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 153
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 153
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements 154
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements 155
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge requirements
Cost of compliance with public safety and health management requirements
155
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 156
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 157
157
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 158
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 159 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping requirements
160
Cost of compliance with site material storage requirements
160
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 161
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 162
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 163 requirements

4.95
4.96
4.97
4.90
4.91
4.92
4.93
4.94
4.98
4.99
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
4.104
4.105
4.82
4.83
4.84
4.85
4.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 164 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 165
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 166
Level of compliance with safety and health management 168 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee 169 requirements
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 169
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 170
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements 171
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
Level of compliance with opening at building edge
171
172 requirements
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 173
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 173
Level of compliance with public safety and health 174 management requirements
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 175
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 175 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 176 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage requirements
177
Level of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 177
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 178
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 179 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 179 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 180
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 181
Level of compliance with safety and health management 182

4.118
4.119
4.120
4.121
4.114
4.115
4.116
4.117
4.122
4.123
4.124
4.125
4.126
4.127
4.128
4.106
4.107
4.108
4.109
4.110
4.111
4.112
4.113 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
183
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 183
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 184
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
185
185
Level of compliance with opening at building edge requirements
186
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 187
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 187
Level of compliance with public safety and health management requirements
188
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 189
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 189 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 190 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage 191 requirements
Level of compliance with site health and welfare requirements191
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 192
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 193 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 194 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 194
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 195
Level of compliance with safety and health management 196 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
197
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 197
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 198

4.141
4.142
4.143
4.144
4.137
4.138
4.139
4.140
4.145
4.146
4.147
4.148
4.149
4.150
4.151
4.152
4.129
4.130
4.131
4.132
4.133
4.134
4.135
4.136
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements 199
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
Level of compliance with opening at building edge
199
200 requirements
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 201
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 201
Level of compliance with public safety and health 202 management requirements
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 203
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 203 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 204 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage requirements
205
Level of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 205
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 206
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 207 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 207 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 208
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 209
Level of compliance with safety and health management 210 requirements
Level of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
211
Level of compliance with machinery requirements 211
Level of compliance with working platforms requirements 212
Level of compliance with scaffolding requirements 213
Level of compliance with floor opening requirements
Level of compliance with opening at building edge
213
214 requirements
Level of compliance with working at heights requirements 215

4.160
4.161
4.162
4.163
4.164
4.165
4.166
4.167
4.168
4.169
4.170
4.171
4.172
4.173
4.174
4.175
4.153
4.154
4.155
4.156
4.157
4.158
4.159
Level of compliance with access to workplace requirements 215
Level of compliance with public safety and health management requirements
216
Level of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 217
Level of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 217 welfare requirements
Level of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 218 requirements
Level of compliance with site material storage requirements
Level of compliance with site health and welfare
219
219 requirements
Level of compliance with formworks requirements 220
Level of compliance with personal protective equipments 221 requirements
Level of compliance with excavation and shoring works 222 requirements
Level of compliance with piling works requirements 222
Level of compliance with demolition works requirements 223
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 224 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
225
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 226
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 227
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge
228
228
229 requirements
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 230
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 230
Cost of compliance with public safety and health 231 management requirements
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 232

4.187
4.188
4.189
4.190
4.191
4.183
4.184
4.185
4.186
4.192
4.193
4.194
4.195
4.196
4.197
4.198
4.176
4.177
4.178
4.179
4.180
4.181
4.182
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 232 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping requirements
Cost of compliance with site material storage
233
234 requirements
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 234
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 235
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 236 requirements
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 236 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 237
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 238
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 239 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee 240 requirements
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 241
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 241
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge
242
243
243 requirements
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 244
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 245
Cost of compliance with public safety and health 245 management requirements
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 246
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 247 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping 247 requirements
Cost of compliance with site material storage 248

4.211
4.212
4.213
4.214
4.206
4.207
4.208
4.209
4.210
4.215
4.216
4.217
4.218
4.219
4.220
4.221
4.199
4.200
4.201
4.202
4.203
4.204
4.205 requirements
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 249
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 250
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 250 requirements
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 251 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 252
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 253
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 254 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee requirements
255
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 255
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 256
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements
257
257
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge requirements
Cost of compliance with public safety and health management requirements
258
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 259
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 259
260
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 261
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 261 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping requirements
262
Cost of compliance with site material storage requirements
263
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirement 264
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 264
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 265 requirements

4.235
4.236
4.237
4.230
4.231
4.232
4.233
4.234
4.238
4.239
4.240
4.241
4.242
4.243
4.244
4.222
4.223
4.224
4.225
4.226
4.227
4.228
4.229
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 266 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 266
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 267
Cost of compliance with safety and health management 278 requirements
Cost of compliance with safety and health committee 269 requirements
Cost of compliance with machinery requirements 270
Cost of compliance with working platforms requirements 270
Cost of compliance with scaffolding requirements 271
Cost of compliance with floor opening requirements
Cost of compliance with opening at building edge
272
272 requirements
Cost of compliance with working at heights requirements 273
Cost of compliance with access to workplace requirements 274
Cost of compliance with public safety and health 275 management requirements
Cost of compliance with site electrical safety requirements 276
Cost of compliance with workers’ accommodations and 277 welfare requirements
Cost of compliance with cleanliness and housekeeping requirements
278
Cost of compliance with site material storage requirements
278
Cost of compliance with site health and welfare requirements 279
Cost of compliance with formworks requirements 280
Cost of compliance with personal protective equipments 281 requirements
Cost of compliance with excavation and shoring works 282 requirements
Cost of compliance with piling works requirements 283
Cost of compliance with demolition works requirements 283

SHW
SOCSO
DOSH
FMS
FMA
NADOOPOD
PPE
SHC
OSH
OSHA
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION
BOWEC
TITLE
Factories and Machinery (Building Operations & Work of
Engineering Construction
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety)
Regulations 1970
Factories and Machinery Act 1967
Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident,
Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and
Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004
Personal Protective Equipment
Safety and Health Committee
Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health, and Welfare)
Regulations 1970
The Social Security Organisation

APPENDIX
A Questionnaires
LIST OF APPENDICES
TITLE PAGE
299