STATEMENT OF AWARD FOR THESIS
CHOICE AND FAMILIARITY OF USING CORRIDOR AND SPILL OVER
SPACE IN URBAN CENTRE
TAREG RAMADAN ALI BAKRA
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Urban Design)
Faculty of Built Environment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
NOVEMBER 2009
iii
DEDICATION
“To my beloved father Ramadan Ali Bakra and mother,
my lovely brothers and my dearest sisters.
For their eternal love, support and encouragement…”
With thanks for all the
years of caring, love, and support.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious.
Praise be to Almighty Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala) who gave me the courage
and patience to carry out this work. Pease and blessing of Allah be upon his last prophet
Mohammed (Sallulaho-Alaihe Wassalam) and all his companions (Sahaba), (RaziAllaho-Anhum) who devoted their lives towards the prosperity and spread of Islam.
In preparing this thesis, I was in contact with some people; they have contributed
towards my understanding and thoughts. In particular, I wish to express my sincere
appreciation to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Dilshan Remaz Ossen , for encouragement,
guidance and critics . I am also very thankful to my coordinated, Associate Professor
Syed Zainol Abidin Idid, for his guidance, critics and friendship.
Sincere thanks and gratitude to my beloved friends for all supports and
understandings they have given to me. I am grateful to all my colleagues, friends, staff,
and lecturers in Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
v
ABSTRACT
The Street corridors are nowadays one of the most important components of
urban space. As one element of the street, pedestrian plays significant role of enhancing
and sustaining the quality of an urban space. As an important element of urban form,
street function serves as social space, commercial space, cultural space, as well as
channels of movements. It is therefore very important to study and propose that how
these corridors could be maintained or adapted for future reference and uses. It is also
important to understand the underlying principles and design in order to be modified and
adapted to new and future settlements. In the process of change, existing situation will
be modified to meet new uses of these corridors. It was frequently found that many
traces of the existing characteristics are erased. This situation is of loss to the place
where traditional built environment is replaced by new with very little sense of
continuity from their past situation, depriving the place of its roots and hence their sense
of place. The corridors are directly related to the history and culture of the people living
in the town. The study established on the significant role of public active street corridors
as prerequisite for creating urban livable environments. Therefore it is important to
record and determine the urban pattern as well as the character of the urban space of the
street corridor for future references.
vi
ABSTRAK
Jalan Koridor yang sekarang ini salah satu komponen terpenting ruangan bandar.
Sebagai salah satu elemen dari jalan, pejalan kaki memainkan peranan penting untuk
meningkatkan dan mempertahankan sebuah ruangan bandar. Sebagai unsur penting
pembentukan bandar, fungsi jalan adalah sebagai ruangan sosial, ruangan komersil,
ruangan budaya, serta saluran gerakan. Oleh kerana itu sangat penting untuk mengkaji
dan mencadangkan bahawa bagaimana koridor ini dapat dipertahankan atau diadaptasi
untuk rujukan di masa depan dan menggunakannya. Hal ini juga penting untuk
memahami prinsip-prinsip asas dan reka bentuk agar dapat diubahsuai dan disesuaikan
dengan masa depan. Dalam proses perubahan, situasi yang ada akan diubahsuai untuk
memenuhi kegunaan baru koridor ini. Itu sering ditemui bahawa banyak jejak ciri yang
ada akan terhapus. Situasi ini hilang ke kawasan persekitaran binaan tradisional diganti
dengan yang baru dengan sangat sedikit rasa kesinambungan daripada situasi mereka
pada masa lalu, merampas tempat asal dan rasa tempat tersebut. Koridor secara langsung
berkaitan dengan sejarah dan budaya masyarakat yang tinggal di bandar. Kajian
dilakukan berperanan mengetahui signifikan awam koridor jalan aktif sebagai prasyarat
untuk mencipta persekitaran bandar yang layak dihuni. Oleh kerana itu, penting untuk
mencatat dan menentukan pola bandar serta watak ruangan bandar jalan koridor untuk
rujukan di masa depan
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
STATEMENT OF AWARD FOR THESIS
CHAPTER 1
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Research Gap
4
1.4
Aim of Study
5
1.5
Objective of Research
5
1.6
Scope of Study
6
1.7
Research Question
6
1.8
Significance of The Study
6
1.9
Anticipated Finding
7
1.10
Research Methodology
7
viii
CHAPTER2
1.10.1
Procedure for data collection
7
1.10.2
Primary data (Field Survey)
7
1.10.3
Secondary Data
9
1.10.4
Research instrument
9
1.11
Data Analysis
10
1.12
Study Area
10
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
12
2.2
Definition of the street corridors
13
2.3
Functional Aspect of street corridors
13
2.3.1
Social function
14
3.3.1.1
Congregation Space
15
2.3.1.2
Behavior Related to Place
16
3.3.1.3
Economic Aspect
16
Human Activities and Street Activities
17
2.4.1
Necessary activities
19
2.4.2
Optional Activities
20
2.4.3
Social Activities
20
2.4
2.5
2.6
Types of Corridors
23
2.5.1
Arcade
23
2.5.2
Storefront
24
2.5.3
Stoop
25
2.5.4
Forecourt
25
2.5.5
Dooryard
26
2.5.6
Residential
27
2.5.7
Front portion
27
physical Characteristics of Corridors
28
2.6.1
Corridor Design Strategies
29
2.6.1.1 Doors and Windows
30
2.6.1.2 Roof of Corridors
32
2.6.1.3 Distinctive Use of Materials
33
ix
2.6.2
Building form and character
33
2.6.3
Corridors Configuration
34
2.6.4
2.7
2.8
CHAPTER3
Corridors in an Urban Physical
Context
Corridors as Channels of Movement
36
2.7.1
Human Movement
37
2.7.2
Barriers in corridors
39
Summary
36
40
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MELAKA CITY
3.1
Introduction
42
3.2
43
3.3
Location of Melaka in the Context
of Regional
Historical Overview of Melaka City
3.4
Melaka during the period
45
44
of Morphologic Changes
3.5
The Physical Characteristics of Melaka Town
51
3.5.1
53
The Architectural Typology
3.6
Morphologic Context
57
3.7
Buildings along the Main Roads
60
in the Conservation and Buffer
Zones (Popular historical attractions)
CHAPTER4
3.8
Land Use
61
3.9
Economy
62
3.10
Summary
63
CASE STUDY AND ANALYSES
4.1
Introduction
64
4.2
Study Area (Conservation Zone)
65
4.2.1
67
4.3
Early Settlements in the Study
Area (Conservation Area)
The Corridors In Relation To
Conservation Area
68
x
4.4
4.3.1
Street Corridors
68
4.3.2
Pedestrian Movement
71
Functional Aspects of Street Corridors
72
4.4.1 Social Function
72
4.4.2
Behavior Related to Place
73
4.4.3
Economic Aspect
74
4.5
Activities According to Time
75
4.6
Types of Corridors
78
4.7
Physical Characteristics of Corridors
80
4.7.1
Design Strategies of Corridors
80
4.7.1.1 Doors and Windows
81
4.7.1.2 Roof of Corridors
82
4.7.1.3 Distinctive Use of Material
82
Building Form and Character
83
4.7.2
4.8
4.9
CHABTER5
Corridors as Channels of Movement
85
4.8.1
86
Issues Related to Behavior
Summary
87
CONCLUSION
5.1
Introduction
89
5.2
Review of Thesis Objectives
90
5.3
Review of Functional Aspect of Street
Corridors
Social Function
90
Behavior Related to Place
92
Economic Aspect
92
Review of Physical Characteristics
93
Design Strategies of Corridors
93
Building Form and Character
94
Type of Corridors
94
Corridors Configuration
95
5.4
91
xi
5.5
Suggestions for Further Research
96
5.6
Summary
97
Reference
98-100
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Types of activities can be expected in the public spaces
21
2.2
Types of user groups can be expected to use the public spaces
22
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Study Area at Conservation Zone in Melaka City
Showing Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan Kampung Panta
11
2.1
Activities of Various Kinds
15
2.2
Booths and Vendors Located on a Congregation Space Corridor
15
2.3
Necessary activities in the pedestrian area
19
2.4
Optional activities in the pedestrian area
20
2.5
Social activities in the pedestrian area
21
2.6
Section of Arcade
24
2.7
Section of Storefront
24
2.8
Section of Stoop
25
2.9
Section of Forecourt
26
2.10
Section of Dooryard
26
2.11
Section of Residential
27
2.12
Section of front portion
28
2.13
Photo. Building entrances and storefronts
31
Should be oriented to face the pedestrian.
2.14
Roofs corridors and shapes adds visual
Interest to this proposed design
32
xiv
2.15
Crossing distances for pedestrian
37
2.16
Insufficient Space for people, curb ramps
40
3.1
Melaka Conservation Areas
43
3.2
Map showing Malacca (just below Kuala Lumpur) positioned
45
3.3
Showing Drawing shows A Famosa or Porta de Santiago
46
Built by the Portuguese
3.4
show Illustration of the Melaka Fort circa in 1604
47
Showing inside details.
3.5
Sketch showing a view of Melaka River indicating the
47
fortification of Melaka and the bridge that connects
the east and west banks of the river - circa 1600
3.6
Melaka in 1764
49
3.7
(Left) Tan Kim seng Bride is located at the same place
49
As it is today (Right) Melaka Rive as an important
Communication route in the old days.
3.8
Transitional Shop house
56
3.9
Art Deco Shop houses
57
3.10
1613 the Portuguese Era
58
3.11
1753 the Dutch Era
58
3.12
British Era 1916
58
3.13
The present town centre (1987)
59
3.14
Historical buildings of Melaka
60
3.15
Source: Conservation Area Action Plan, 2001
61
4.1
Study Area (Conservation Zone)
66
4.2
View of Hang Jebat Street with Activities
67
4.3
Corridors View in Jalan Kampung Pantai
69
4.4
Corridors View in Jalan Hang Jebat
70
4.5
Normal movement for common vehicles and
71
Pedestrian Circulation
4.6
Social Amenity User (a) newspapers (b) window shopping
72
4.7
(Street Performers, Vendors)
73
xv
4.8
Traditional Chinese food and craft products
74
4.9
Corridors as Selling place, stalls, local Art and Foods Space
75
4.10
Photographic Survey in Jalan Kampung Pantai
76
4.11
Photographic Survey in Jalan Hang Jebat
77
4.12
Section of (Arcade) in Jalan Kampung Pantai
78
4.13
Section of (Store Front) in Jalan Hang Jebat
79
4.14
Section of (Forecourt) in Jalan Hang Jebat
79
4.15
Section of (Front portion) in Jalan Hang Jebat
80
4.16
The original Size of Windows and Doors
81
4.17
Architecture Details of Roofs
82
4.18
The Design of Canopy in poor Condition and lack of Colour
83
4.19
View in Jalan Kampung Pantai
84
4.20
View in Jalan Hang Jebat
85
4.21
Corridors Use for walking and carrying goods
86
4.22
Different Uses of Corridor spaces for motorcycle and Goods
87
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Corridors connect various landscapes by transporting materials, energy and
information. New corridors created by human activities are important factors leading
to landscape fragmentation. In the meanwhile, they are also barriers to the
connections of different ecosystems. The increase in the number of corridors is the
driving factor of landscape fragmentation. The canals and roads provide more
convenient conditions for human activity, and thus deteriorated the disturbance in the
wetlands. Apart from the transportation function of some corridors, such as canals
and roads, others may act as barriers for materials, energy, and species, such as dikes.
The corridors also have the ability to absorb and transform materials.
Corridors usually follow the most direct route between two or more major
population centers. Sometimes relatively large cities or a string of smaller cities may
be located up to 100 miles to one side of the primary corridor. It may be beneficial to
arrange for a spur off the main corridor to tap these markets and at the same time
justify more frequent schedules on a portion of the main corridor than would
otherwise be economically feasible. The spur(s) can be operated with connecting
2
shuttle service or with a selection of trains from one of the corridor terminals or a
combination of both options. As such spurs are complicating factors, the optimal
service concept and corridor configuration can only be derived on a site-specific
basis. Urban commercial corridors include many of the major roadways that pass
through urban areas.
The fact much of the human activities still take place on street corridors
which have made the street an important physical element of cities. The street
environment has a large role in identifying the city character; high quality streets
environments may create livable cities. Street corridors are one of the important
physical elements of cities. It is a place where human activities are concentrated. It
mainly functions as a channel of movement that connects one place to another.
Studies by (Jacobs 1961), recognized the street a communication space, a public
space, a place of social and commercial encounters and exchanges, a place to do
business, a political space and a symbolic and ceremonial space in the city
A corridor is considered as hallways in a building function. These hallways
are places of concentrated movement back and forth, and rooms, where people eat,
work, play, or sleep. The corridors serve to link the places of activity. People
confined to a single room cannot live in a comfortable or natural manner. In fact,
they may not be able to survive for very long at all.
The purpose of building corridor is to provide the following:1.
The safe movement of people during normal daily use.
2.
The safe transportation of goods and materials.
3.
A readily apparent, safe and adequate means by which building occupants
may exit from building in the event of fire or other serious emergency.
4.
Adequate access and use by emergency personnel like firefighters.
Corridors are used for different types of movements, depending on the
building type and purpose. In case of public buildings such as hospitals, the purpose
3
of corridors is to provide emergency evacuation for patients. This policy prohibits the
use of the place for temporary storage of construction material, equipment scheduled
for installation, supplies pending movement into lab and offices, surplus materials or
similar items which would serve to jeopardize area occupants. Corridor is a
significant element of the new urbanism movement because of its inherently civic
nature. In the age of metropolis where villages, towns, neighborhoods and districts
aggregated in unprecedented quantity, the most universally used public space is the
corridors that serve the connectivity and mobility.
The corridor is at the same time connector and separator of neighborhood and
districts. Corridors include natural and man-made elements, ranging from wild life
trail to rail lines. They are utilized by pedestrian and accommodate the frontage of
buildings. Therefore, all these should be landscaped to reinforce their continuity. In
addition, in low density area, the corridor may be the providing long distance
walking and bicycle trail, other recreational amenities and continuous natural habitat.
1.2
Problem Statement
The ability to predict the movement of people is valuable. Capturing the
behavior of occupant movement can be used for level of service analysis of building
spaces and in particular designing corridors in buildings. There has been little
research to date correlating the design of building corridors to the level of service
achieved. It is reasonable to mention that as the number of people traveling along a
corridor increases, the average speed of the pedestrians will tend to decrease. As
more people occupy the limited floor-space of the corridor, there will be more
tendencies for the slower pedestrians to impede the progress of the faster pedestrians
since a greater degree of congestion will restrict the lateral movement needed by the
faster pedestrians for passing and avoiding the slower walkers.
4
The way the city grows is directly related to the rules that regulation of land
development and the standards for the infrastructure that supports development.
These dictate things like the width of streets and sidewalks, the distance between
buildings and the street, how many parking spaces a business must have, what type
of landscaping must be added.
Each of these items may seem like a minor issue on its own, but when taken
as a whole, they create the world we live in and make the difference between having
communities we can walk in or where we have to drive everywhere. Changes to
regulations and standards can positively impact how growth is distributed, the way
the city looks, and how we get around.
The purpose of this research is to study the choice and familiarity of
using corridor in order to develop a method to evaluate the level of service of
occupants and users in corridors. On the other hand designers can understand how a
particular corridor accommodates occupants' and user’s movements and activities.
1.3
Research Gap
According to (Loukaitou-Sideris 1993) the numerous corridors which connect
these centers have been given only cursory attention, relegated to a role simply as
connectors of the centers. Despite their omnipresence and functional significance,
very little effort has gone into the studying and understanding of how these corridors
function, change, and develop over time, and how physical design and land use
changes can affect trip generation and traffic congestion. City planning policy has
often ignored the corridor environments. As a result, more often than not urban
arterial corridors represent fragmented pieces within the metropolitan region, with
poor connections to their surrounding context. Uncoordinated, haphazard, unsightly,
5
even unsafe development patterns too often characterize these commercial roadway
stretches. This is because street corridors in fact play a main role to the quality of life
of the people
1.4
Aim of Study
The main aim of this study is to find out significance of the corridor as
important part of city elements. This study is expected to enhance the economic and
commercial activity within the corridors. The findings will also reveal the view of
the pedestrians and users about corridors.
1.5
Objective of Research
1
To identify the functional aspects of the corridor.
1. To examine the physical characteristics of active corridors place with the
use of some case studies in Melaka city.
2. To find out the impact of a corridor on the activity of people in an area.
6
1.6
Scope of Study
This study investigates the resulting effects of the corridor on the movement of the
city residents. This study intends to find out the relation between corridors design
strategies and the urban resident’s activities, particularly on the physical and social
scale.
1.7
Research Question
The following are the questions that the research seek to provide answer for
1. What are the functional aspects of street corridors?
2. What are the physical characteristics of active corridors places with the use
of some case studies in Melaka city?
1.8
Significance of the Study
Corridors have significant importance for the movement of both occupants of
building and the users in case of places like the restaurant and parks. Different
activities take place in corridors for various reasons and the purpose. This research
will highlight the different activities that take place in these various corridors, the
different uses of these corridors. This research will also identify the impact on the
corridor activities due to its users and highlight economic and cultural aspects.
7
1.9
Anticipated Finding
It is expected that the study will determine those factors that influence the
choice of space in corridors and the various activities that take place. This research
will clarify the impact of the corridors on the activities and the movement of people
and reduce the risks that occur on the corridors.
1.10
Research Methodology
1.10.1 Procedure for data collection
The procedure of this study will be carried out by Rational-Deductive
Method, which start with the theoretical and literature review and other secondary
data connected with the primary data. Analysis of findings will be carried out to
examine the improvements to case study area.
1.10.2 Primary data (Field Survey)
Data collection will comprise of physical and non-physical information based
on the field survey of:
(i)
Physical characteristics of urban environment, in this case the
physical street environment of the street.
8
(ii)
Non physical information will be based on the kinds of street
activities, location of the activity, time of the activity etc.
The type of data will be based on records, words and also numbers. The
method of the field survey is on documentation and observation which can be
described as follows:
1
Inventory of street Corridors
The device to document each unit of the street activities is an Inventory
Form. This form is used to record the setting of unit activity and configuration of
unit, kinds of activity and also the time period of operation. In order to capture all the
street corridors activities in study area, Time Budget Method is used to observe the
street corridors activities in several time periods. The observation is divided into
several time periods to gain maximum outcome. Friday is equally a suitable day for
observation as Muslims and non- Muslims alike take advantage of the working
week's longest break for leisure, shopping and other social activities.
2
Physical Mapping
Documentation of the physical elements is extremely useful in the analysis of
field survey. This exercise is based on base-map, block plan map and land use map
of the street. It is conducted to find the basic data and understanding of the site
context and configuration of the informal street activities in the corridors. An
inventory of the activities and the street corridors will be used to document each unit
of the street corridors and activities along the street, at different times.
9
1.10.3 Secondary Data
The secondary data was gained from the reference studies of related matter
such as; governmental reports will helps to gain significant information to the study
area, literatures (books, journals, research papers, newspapers and magazine articles,
etc), local plans and other relevant physical plans and information.
1.10.4 Research instrument
The following instruments are used for data collection purposes:
x
Maps and local plan maps are used to understand study area in the context of
the city and to gain information on the usage of street. Maps are also useful to record
sequences of behavior in a setting where people have a choice of several paths: from
home to bus stop, from desk to desk. Analyzing map records in the light of an actual
setting can give an idea of the characteristics of popular paths.
x
Camera will be used to capture subtleties that other methods may not record,
to capture physical settings and behaviours at certain times, the atmosphere, kinds of
informal street corridor activities at certain times and places. Camera will be used
throughout the research process. At the beginning of the research, still photographs
will be used to provide initial overview of the area study. The examination of
photographs will help generating hypothesis about the possible issues for further
study.
x
Inventory Form; to record the setting of a unit, the dimension and
configuration, and other information such as kinds of activity and goods, time period
of operation, etc.
10
x
Notebook and sketchbooks; to record and produce sketches on the spot during
the observation
1.11
Data Analysis
The analysis of the data will be mainly using descriptive analysis. The
descriptive analysis will analyze the frequency of the activities of the corridors, the
types of activities and location. A correlation analysis between the strategic design of
the corridors, frequency and types of activities can show the relationship of the
corridor function and its activities.
1.12
Study Area
The study area will focus on two main street corridors in the old conservation
area. The people and community in the area are very much influenced by the
activities on the corridors. The site context of the propose case study is at the
corridors, referring to the impact of the corridors on the activities and the movement
of people.
11
Figure1.1: Study Area at Conservation Zone in Melaka City
Showing Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan Kampung Pantai
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
This study will focus on the problems related to corridor user’s environment and
orientation with various responses to these problems. This study also briefly summarizes
the principles of downtown revitalization in an effort to demonstrate the needs of
corridor user network and planning strategy.
The purpose of the Corridor is to establish community design principals and
standards along the major urban corridors of the City, and is deemed necessary to
develop land use compatibility among the diverse zones along such corridors. Council
has categorised walkways by assessing the impact a closure would have on pedestrian
access to various types of public and private facilities such as shops, schools, bus stops
etc.
13
2.2
Definition of the street corridors
Forman and Michael, (1986) sated that corridors are special patches with narrow
and long shape, and often have the functions as transportation, protection, resources and
aesthetics. Corridors connect various landscapes by transporting materials, energy and
information. Crossing street is one of activity going around such places. “Street
corridors” means such corridors independent of parking lot.
2.3
Functional Aspect of street corridors
Corridors are essential part in urban space therefore they should be designed
properly and carefully. Moves that lead to the revival and revitalized the areas around
the corridors bring economic vitality and civic pride back to the city. Street can become
focal points and plays an important role in order to bring back pedestrians and street life
where people always want to come and spend their time. The design and standards of
corridors have some relationship to the human aspects which reflects the importance of
the corridors.
A corridor serves many functions:
1
Corridors Street is the primary location for the pedestrian crossing of streets i.e.
an act as focal points for pedestrian activities.
2 To encourage mixed-use three-story development in town squares.
3
To protect historic buildings and ensure that new development is consistent with
local architecture and building scale.
14
4
To balance parking requirements with the desire to create an attractive and
vibrant main street atmosphere that takes advantage of the proximity to transit.
5
To expand housing opportunities to meet the needs of a diverse population.
6
To encourage evening activity in town squares.
7
To coordinate new development with sidewalk, road, and public space
improvements.
Functional aspect of corridor can be classified as follows:
2.3.1
Social Function
Gehl (1987) defines social activities as all activities that depend on the presence
of others in public spaces. Social activities include children at play, greetings and
conversations, communal activities of various kinds and finally as the most widespread
social activity passive contacts, that is, simply seeing and hearing other people. The
activities vary according to their age and time. In addition some people use them for
privacy or to support a sense of place. This particularly applies to groups of young
people and marginalized groups. These aspects can positively change reputation and
overcome the physical barriers experienced by some users.
15
Figure 2.1: Activities of Various Kinds
2.3.1.1 Congregation Space
The space in corridor is useful if some identity is given to the place because the
special names of places normally attract people. At this place the friends use to meet,
gather and practice different activities such as sale and purchase. Improve accessibility
spaces to accommodate a range of users. Many people can sit there depend on the size of
the place.
Figure 2.2: Booths and Vendors Located on a Congregation Space Corridor
16
2.3.1.2
Behavior Related to Place
Culture defines activities which are irrespective of any environmental settings
and also determines human behavior. The study of human activities in a given physical
environment can lead to a better understanding of the society's culture. Human activity is
one of the key components that contribute to the character of place.
Pocock (1978) argued that the attributes of physical form are more meaningful
when they reinforce activity patterns. He suggested that the congruence between form
and activity is important in terms of general orientation and comfort. (Canter, 1977) saw
places as function of activities, physical attributes and conceptions.
2.3.1.3
Economic Aspect
The economic-based informal corridor activities (also called "the underground
economy” and "the shadow economy") taking place in a small space outside a building,
like the business of corridor vendors, hawker, street artist (singer, painter, corridor
comedian, and street entertainer) can be noticed. The informal activity is obviously not a
temporary feature of the third World cities, but a characteristic of highly developed
cities as well, as the studies of New York and other European cities indicated,(Castells,
1989). Some corridors function as a place for exchange of goods or a place to do
business. People use corridors as a place to offer goods and place for display 1993.
17
In Malaysian cities corridors besides being a public space also work as a
commerce place. There are stalls selling food, merchandise and clothes. They occupy
part of sidewalks, corridors, and other public spaces along the street for trading. They
are situated side by side with the formal activities in modern buildings, such as high-rise
towers, department store and shopping complexes. These formal and informal corridor
activities complement each other in the terms of corridor life. There is distinctive feature
of the Malaysian shopping landscape; the night market is weekly routine where corridor
hawkers sell everything from household items to food. This phenomenon has given the
corridors the large role in the city. Corridor is a place where people sell, buy and enjoy.
It is the place to learn about the commerce.
Main streets commercial corridors that tend to serve as neighborhood centers are
often designed to provide pedestrian-oriented experience thought to encourage the
quantity and quality of social interaction necessary for a sense of community to emerge.
This has prompted numerous architects, urban planners and designers to look to
successful main street towns and city neighborhoods with main street characteristics as
models for the development of brand new main streets and town centers. This meets the
need of building the access corridors.
2.4
Human Activities and Street Activities
These activities are the indispensable activities in the street. There are also many
well known corners in world because of their activities of people around them as stated
in the description of (Danish architect). He has written interestingly about the patterns of
pedestrian life in a book “Life between Buildings” (2001). He simplifies and divides
outdoor activities in public spaces in a city into three categories each of which places
18
very different demands on the physical environment. Activities are highly varied even
when considered at their manifest level in any one culture and among cultures. Equally
or even more varied are the ways in which they are carried out-as well as where, when
and including or excluding whom. The association of any given activity with others-in
other words, how it forms an activity system-varies even more. Most variable of all is
the most latent aspect-what activities mean (Rapoport, 1977). However, with regard to
streets, even the most highly varied set of activities and their characteristics, manifest
and latent can be discussed in terms of three broad classes:
1 Non pedestrian Movement. This consists mainly of wheeled vehicles (in our own
culture, mainly motorized vehicles). In other cultures and periods, animals may
be involved-either carrying riders or on their own (for example, cows in India).
2
Pedestrian activities, which can further be subdivided into two principal types
I.
Dynamic pedestrian behavior, walking and strolling. these comparatively
constant in nature, culture influences how acceptable walking is, who walks,
where, when, how fast, and with whom
II.
Static pedestrian activities-sitting and standing, squatting, lying down eating,
playing, working, sleeping, and so on. These tend to vary greatly with culture
and many of those acceptable in India, for example, would not be acceptable in
the United States.
Among the three distinct categories of people activities, According to Gehl there
are three categories of pedestrian activities . Necessary activities, optional
activities and social activities
19
2.4.1
Necessary Activities
These activities are those things which are needed to be done. Going to school,
waiting for the bus and going to work are some of examples. In the short term these
types of activities occurs regardless of the quality of the physical environment because
people are compelled to carry them out. A good city provides good conditions for the
many necessary activities and will retain and strengthen these activities over time. These
activities are more or less independent of the exterior environment so participants have
no choice. (Idid, Syed Zainol Abidin, 2004).
Figure 2.3: Necessary activities in the pedestrian area; people use pedestrian area for
daily. Source: City of Adelaide (2002)
20
2.4.2
Optional Activities
These are such activities which people are tempted to do in different climatic
conditions. These activities are especially sensitive to quality. They only occur when
quality is high. A good city is characterized by a multitude of optional activities. People
come to town, find the places attractive and stay for a long time. A great, attractive city
can always be recognized by the fact that many people choose to spend time in the
public spaces. ( Marcus, C. & Francis, C. Ed, 1990).
Figure 2.4: Optional activities in the pedestrian area
2.4.3
Social Activities
These activities occur whenever people move about in the same spaces.
Watching, listening, and experiencing other people, passive and active participation. A
good city offers a wide range of attractive because so many people are present in the city
and there are many people to experience. The city becomes lively and wonderful city.
These activities can be expected in the public space depending on the environment
21
because people are compelled to carry them out. (Carr, S., Francis, M., Gavin, L. &
Stone, A, 1992).
Figure 2.5: Social activities in the pedestrian area; active and passive activities occur
along pedestrian area Source: City of Adelaide, 2002
Table 2.1: Types of activities can be expected in the public spaces. Source: City of
Adelaide, 2002
To walk to and from
Daily necessary activity
or walk through
22
Daily recreational activity:
Breaks and pauses
Recreational activity:
Recreation and play
Planned activity:
To be a spectator
/participant
Table 2.2 below shows different kinds of users that can be expected to the Street
Corridors.
Table 2.2: Types of user groups can be expected to use the public spaces Source: City of
Adelaide: 2002
The
People that live and work in the area or
everyday
walk through.
users:
23
The visitors
People that visit the functions in the
/customers;
The
People that visit the area because the
recreational
public space is delightful or use the
Visitors:
public space in relation to recreation,
pleasure, exercise, play etc.
2.5
Types of Corridors
2.5.1
Arcade:
The visitors
People that visit the public space
to events
because of special events.
An arcade is a covered passage with shops on one or both sides that may have a
series of arches with columns or piers. Generally, the façade overlaps the sidewalk while
the storefront remains setback. Sidewalk is fully covered with overhang.
24
Figure2.6: Section of Arcade
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
2.5.2
Storefront:
A storefront is an area where the façade is aligned directly on the frontage line
with the entrance at grade, typical of sidewalk retail. Storefronts often have awnings or a
series of columns. A transition line should separate the signage from the façade below.
Figure2.7: Section of Storefront
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
25
2.5.3
Stoop:
The façade is aligned directly on the frontage line with the first floor elevated to
secure privacy at window height. This type is suitable for residential uses such as row
houses and apartment buildings. An easement may be necessary to accommodate an
encroaching stoop.
Figure2.8: Section of Stoop
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/p)
2.5.4
Forecourt:
The façade sets back and is replaced by a low wall at the frontage line. The
forecourt is suitable for gardens and car drop offs. It should be used sparingly and in
conjunction with a storefront or stoop. Trees within the forecourt should be placed to
have their canopies overhanging the sidewalks.
26
Figure2.9: Section of Forecourt
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
2.5.5 Dooryard:
The façade is set back from the frontage line with an elevated garden or terrace
between. This type effectively removes the front yard from the sidewalk and reinforces
privacy. A roofed and elevated terrace is especially suitable for restaurants and cafes.
F
Figure2.10: Section of Dooryard
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
27
2.5.6
Residential:
The façade is set back substantially from the frontage line with an encroaching
porch. The porch should be within conversational distance of the sidewalk. The fence at
the frontage line establishes the demarcation of private from public use. The fence row
may be designated by a vegetative hedge or structural material, but should not be less
than feet or more than feet in height.
Figure2.11: Section of Residential
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
2.5.7
Front Portion:
The façade is set back substantially from the frontage line. The front lawn should
be visually continuous with adjacent yards and should be unfenced. The large setback
provides a good buffer from heavy traffic volumes and is an appropriate design in areas
where large lot single family homes are placed along a boulevard.
28
Figure2.12: Section of front portion
(Source.www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/repp)
2.6
Physical Characteristics of Corridors
The structure of corridors is an important physical characteristics while identify the
building. Many aspects including size general outlook shape and of building refers to the
sense of building. Sometimes the corridor gives as cultural view with modern design,
architecture and the identification of building. So such corridors which give as the sense
of place are considered to be occupied by maximum number of people.
Create visual connections to existing green spaces. The strategic views about
corridors mentioned by (Moughtin, 2003) tell us about the building massing and visuals
of orientation place. There are many of these assets that are hidden from drivers and
pedestrians along the corridor. Improving accessibility of parks and spaces can help to
accommodate a range of users for the people.
29
The term sense of place has been defined and utilized in different ways by different
people to some. The sense of place and attractions preserve the special characteristics of
a place which requires depth of understanding the natural systems and immersion into
the time tested cultural responses to that environmental assets and liabilities. In meeting
the needs of the human community development must be designed and built with an
awareness of the interrelationships between natural, cultural, social, and economic
resources both locally and globally (Shuhana Shamsuddin, 2002).
2.6.1
Corridor Design Strategies
Buildings at corridors define the identity of the streets. The buildings play a
critical role in establishing the character and sense of place for the district. Buildings at
corridors give spatial definition to the public realm. It is also critical to support
pedestrian activity. It establishes a visual connection between businesses on opposite
sides of the corridor (Gehl, Jan, 1987).
Buildings form is a major part of the public realm and provide edges to corridors
and public spaces. According to LIewelyn-davies (LIewelyn-davies, 2000) minimizing
setback distances increases the ability of a building to interact with the public realm. A
high quality building design is an important component of attractive streetscapes and site
development. Building design must consider the site context, proposed uses, and major
components of the building. A subtle detail also creates character and charm in the
building. These guidelines do not advocate a particular architectural style; in fact they
provide many architectural styles. They designers are required to consider the key
building elements. The building form should provide an urban edge to the corridors and
street. Building should be established to define the pedestrian environment at street
30
level. It should provide adequate sidewalk spaces for pedestrian circulation and
development of streetscape appropriate to the building uses.
The visibility gives a sense of clarity and order, while allowing the necessary
corporate activities. The corridor is neither a main Street, nor a place of entertainment or
historic district, but it acts like a fast developing commercial gateway. In keeping with
land development ordinances, commercial structures should be built in such a way to
create visual relationships with sidewalks, street alignments and neighboring businesses
to create a visual anchor at entries. It should also provide interesting architectural
perspectives featuring appropriate facade treatments with maximizing the pedestrian.
The following are strategies on designing corridors
1. The corridors should be inspired and replicate classic and traditional forms of
building.
2. The corridors should be built by assuming urban massing and configurations keeping
with the building size.
3. The corridors should not be proposed in a simplistic linear commercial strip mall
design or form useless architecturally articulated and embellished manner so as to
enhance the pedestrian interface and commercial shops.
2.6.1.1 Doors and Windows
Doors and windows help to define the architecture of historic downtown and
First Avenue. Storefronts with their large glass areas open the buildings to the street
inviting pedestrians to look and possibly come inside. Most storefront doors in the areas
are made of wood frames with a large glass area to match the openness of the storefront
31
as a whole. Upper story windows can establish a visual rhythm in the streetscapes that
tie facades together.
Windows and doors of buildings reflect the people’s movement, vision, character
and much depends on the buildings use (Alexander, 1977). The shop windows provide
greater sense of division between inside and outside. It also encourages window
shoppers to approach more closely to enhance the visibility of commercial uses from the
street. Thus bay window is a significant element to be account for building around
corridors.
Figure 2.13: Photo. Building entrances and storefronts should be oriented to face the
pedestrian.
32
2.6.1.2
Roof of Corridors
Roof of corridors provide visual interest which can be a positive addition to the
interior of the building. Corridors may vary in shape and size. Use of similar corridor
roof forms will create a more unified and cohesive development. The height of the
sloping should be appropriate to the architectural style of development. Varying roof
forms and heights can be interesting addition to building.
Desirable
Undesirable
Figure 2.14: Roofs corridors and shapes adds visual interest to this proposed design.
(Source: www.racog.org/RACOG/Ad%20Hoc/.../Design_guidelines_A.pdf - Similar)
33
2.6.1.3
Distinctive Use of Materials
The building materials and colors used in corridors can play important part in
identifying the building. Any reflections created by the wall or materials adversely
impact the surrounding buildings. Colors, texture and tone can be very helpful in
unifying a new design of corridors.
Artwork enhance the features and expresses aesthetic quality of the corridors. It
also reflects the attractiveness of pedestrians towards the corridors. Examples of artwork
include sculpture, wall paintings, specially crafted lighting, furniture, pavements,
landscaping and architectural treatment.
2.6.2
Building Form and Character
New corridors that exceed the scale and volume of existing building demonstrate
compatibility with original building by varying the capacity of buildings. This can be
done by reducing the scale and volume by integrating larger buildings with pre-existing
smaller buildings.
There is some evidence for public preference for certain building skyline
arrangements (Smith et al., 1995). In this case people preferred a certain spacing and
height of buildings in an urban skyline, using as stimuli a hand-painted set of
hypothetical building arrangements. If people are making distinct choices in terms of
34
combinations of building shape, color and arrangement, they may also be capable of
making choices that include natural elements in combination with buildings.
2.6.3
Corridors Configuration
These corridors tend to have well-defined travel zones. Right-of-way is provided
for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles. Sidewalks are wider than those found in other
types of corridors. Pedestrian amenities such as street trees, street furniture, good
lighting, and special paving in crosswalks are also provided. The street tends to be
narrower than other commercial corridors, with a maximum number of two travel lanes
in each direction.
High density mixed-use corridors are necessarily wide, having up to four lanes in
each direction dedicated to automobile travelling. Some corridors have wide medians,
sidewalks, and other pedestrian amenities. In some cities these corridors become "grand
boulevards" and serve as social focal points for the urban residents. In some cases,
sidewalks and/or the median are well shaded by street trees and have sufficient space for
street furniture and social gatherings.
a) Furniture
Street furniture should be carefully placed to create an unobstructed path for
pedestrians; walking areas should also be interesting for pedestrians and provide a
secure environment. Storefronts should exist at street level and walking. Areas should be
well lit and have good sightlines. Every piece and type of street furniture should be
35
easily detectable and avoidable by the vision impaired, enhance the pedestrian
environment and enliven commercial districts.
b) Landscaping
Landscaping can create an attractive visual environment and a 'buffer' between
the footpath and the roadway. This species should be selected with care: Root systems
do not damage buried utilities or buckle the footpath surface. Canopies do not interfere
with overhead lighting and Plants do not obscure pedestrian or driver visibility when
installed or when mature, at any time of the year.
c) Lighting
Lighting scheme design lamps should be shielded to ensure light is mainly
directed downwards to both improve energy deficiency and minimize light pollution.
There should be an element of 'redundancy', so that if one lamp fails, another will
continue to provide at least some light in the affected area. Where footpaths are within
road reserves, placing lights along both sides of the road is better for pedestrians than
putting them within the roadway median.
36
2.6.4
Corridors in an Urban Physical Context
Streets are natural places for the activities and lives of the people .The corridors
are part of the streets where there are many aspects and characteristics that can be seen.
In the context of urban physical form, streets plays significant role in determining urban
form more than any other elements of urban form (Jacobs, 1993). It is the backbone of
the city as corridors contain some characteristics that distinguished by its geographical
characteristics. The underlying functions constitute design, political philosophies,
technological demands and the local culture. The various activities occur according to
the nature of the place and different time. According to (Lynch and Kevin, 1960), street
is the first most significant element which forms the image of a city amongst the nodes,
landmarks, edges and districts. Streets are the most noticeable and memorable features
in a city. Corridors thus form the point of significance along streets.
2.7
Corridors as Channels of Movement
As channels of movement, street connects one place to another. The street
provides a link between buildings, both within the corridor and in the city at large. As a
link, it facilitates the movement of people, as pedestrians or within vehicles, and the
movement of goods. In correlation to this function (Eichner and Tobey,1987) have
identified various activities regarding the use of corridor as a channel of movement.
Many corridors have become inundated with motorized vehicles to such an
extent that the pedestrian and public life have almost squeezed out. Furthermore, in
many corridors in North America walking and public life has been completely phased
37
out from the nature of street activities. Whereas streets such as in Barcelona,
Copenhagen, Curitiba in Brazil and Melbourne in Australia have striven to regain a
reasonable balance between traffic, market and meeting places (Gehl, 2002).
Street is a channel of movement, a communication space, a public space, a place
of social and commercial encounter and exchange, a place to do business, a political
space and also a symbolic and ceremonial space in the city (Rapoport, 1987).
Figure 2.15: Crossing distances for pedestrian
2.7.1 Human Movement
1.
Social Movement
Social movements by persons occur as a result of the actions taken by the
existence of social movements (Hall and Clover, 2005). A social movement often takes
38
place in space by informal or incidental ways because of the stimulation and
requirements of participation in a movement. Social movements are informal or
incidental in nature and have a direct result of educational activities organized within the
movement itself.
2.
Sidewalk or Corridors around Street Corners
A sidewalk corridor is the portion of the transportation system from the edge of
the roadway to the edge of way generally along the sides of street between street
corners. These corridors can provide a comfortable environment for walking with
separation from automobiles, buses, and bicycles if well designed. So it should not be
limited to only a single type of pedestrian users. A variety of users need to access the
sidewalk system. Their abilities vary in agility, balance, cognition, coordination,
endurance, flexibility, hearing, problem solving, strength, vision, and walking speed.
3.
Pedestrian Circulation
The pedestrian circulation and vehicular area design regulations are designed to
promote high visual aesthetics and functional pedestrian access in and around the
developments.
Safe pedestrian corridors by design given in Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design especially in the corners of the street by construction and
maintenance to appropriate standards required to identify future directions.
39
Sidewalk condition has a problem. The current condition of sidewalks in
downtown can be characterized as follows:-
1.
Pedestrian indications at some signalized intersections are poorly maintained.
2.
The sequence of traffic and pedestrian signals is often confusing, since many but
not all intersection signals provide an exclusive phase for pedestrian walks that
occurs when all signals are red. At other intersections however walk lights show
simultaneously with green lights.
3.
2.7.2
Some of the openings for trees and planters create unnecessary obstructions.
Barriers in Corridors
A movement barrier is a hurdle that restricts an individual's ability to physically
move. This can cause a conflict on the region surrounding. The movement barrier
includes long crossing distances between corridors and other parts of the street (Curbs
without curb ramps). Pedestrian who actuated with signal devices are difficult to activate
or hard to reach locations due to lack of information (Michael South worth, 2005).
40
Figure 2.16: Insufficient Space for people, curb ramps
2.8
Summary
This chapter discussed human behavior in urban street corridors. Human behavior
was discussed in the light of spatial behavior and urban culture. It was apparent that a
human activity in any given place is promoted by the availability of appropriate
atmosphere for the conduct of such an act. The physical environment is associated with
personal, social and latent values for various behaviors. Theory of environment –
behavior indicates that the design of street corridors determines the functional and social
aspects of the built environment affords. This is to enable the provision of spatial quality
appropriate for the community. These aspects influence behavior which would
determine the physical characteristics of the environment. Hence, the study of human
spatial behavior within the traditional Malaysian in the urban street corridors will
provide indicators of the real function of space which can be used as valid data for urban
41
renewal. The literature review established conceptual framework of street corridors as a
major component of urban space; and its typical features in terms of activities and
physical quality
CHAPTER 3
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MELAKA CITY
3.1
Introduction
This chapter discusses historical background, culture and heritage of Melaka city
and its role over the past years. The value of a place can be measured by the function
that makes up the place. The history and the physical development of the city is inherent
in identifying the formation of the city itself as it can be seen now. This in turn can be
related to the need for conserving the physical elements that make up the city and how
these elements can contribute to ensuring that the city is liveable and once more filled
with life.
In order to understand the historical development of the city, this chapter
discusses the background of the study area. It reviewed the heritage value and
significance of Melaka city. A brief history revealed the influence of different
administrative era on the evolution and structure of the city.
43
Furthermore the chapter described the conservation area and the nature and
heritage significance of the buildings of the study area. It also focused on street corridors
which is the nerve of the old historic cities.
3.2
Location of Melaka in the Context of Regional
Figure3.1 Melaka Conservation Area
44
3.3
Historical Overview of Melaka City
Melaka City set the stage of a unique multi-cultural historic past of the glorious
Melaka Malay Sultanate in the times of the 14th and 16th Century. The state experienced
a unique culmination of cultural and historical influences from Malay Sultanate (14001511), Portuguese colonial (1511-1641), Dutch colonial (1641-1795), English colonial
(1795-1942, 1945-1957) and Japanese occupancy (1942-1945). Today independent
Melaka (since 1957) is a modern state that offers intriguing historical reminders of its
past.
Melaka is geographically located along East-West trading route at the busiest and
narrowest points of the Straits of Malacca. It is a natural location for a myriad of
‘melting-pot’ cultures of the indigenous Malays, the European, the migrant Chinese, the
Arabs and the Indians. This was evident in the cultures of the Baba-Nyonya, Portuguese
mix, the Peranakan and the indigenous ethnic Malays. Noticeable are the public
buildings like mosques, churches, business guilds, go downs, town halls, residential
quarters, courtyards, and streets that make-up the physical fabrics of the town. The
setting of Melaka city is typical of a mix port, administrative centre, a market and retail
outlets of shop-houses of pronounced races and ethnicity. The study area lies in the
nerve of the old city’s historic centre now acknowledge by the “UNESCO” as a part
conservation area. The following are further narration and illustration of the historical
scenario of the city based on the differing eras.
45
Figure3.2: Map showing Malacca (just below Kuala Lumpur) positioned strategically in
the middle of East-west trading route, at the narrowest part of the straits.
3.4
Melaka during the period of Morphologic Changes
As mentioned before from the previous chapter it is evident that Melaka
development has been influenced by the periods of colonization witnessed a lot of
changes in its structure and nature. The major changes in the structure of the built
environment can be summarized into four categories, namely:
a. Portuguese Era-1511 to 1641
b. Dutch Era-1641 to 1824
c. British Era - 1824 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957
d. Japanese Occupation 1942 to 1945
46
a
Portuguese Era- 1511 Until 1640
The colonial powers that ruled Malacca from 1511 to 1957 had great influence
on the economy, culture and architecture. Under Alfonso de Alburqueque a Portuguese,
conquered Malacca in 1511 and consolidated their position by building a fortress at the
foot of St.Paul’s Hill called A Famosa (Porta de Santiago). They later converted
Malacca into a Christian town with masonry buildings of churches, chapels, monasteries
and introduced literate titles of building materials.
Figure3.3 Showing Drawing shows A Famosa or Porta de Santiago built by the
Portuguese
47
Figure 3.4: show Illustration of the Melaka Fort circa in 1604 showing inside details.
Figure 3.5 Sketch showing a view of Melaka River indicating the fortification of
Melaka and the bridge that connects the east and west banks of the river - circa 1600
48
b
Dutch Era- 1640 until 1824
After 130 year of Portuguese rule the Dutch wrested control of Malacca in 1641
to monopolize spice trade in Indonesian waters through Dutch East India Company
world’s first global trade company. The 185 years of Dutch rule (until 1826) had
monopolized the trade & economy, brought in more Chinese to develop agriculture,
rebuilt the city and occupied it largely as a military base to control the Straits of Melaka.
The Portuguese had concentrated on the construction of fortification and churches, the
Dutch on the other hand planned Malacca well. They built comfortable brick houses
(along Heeren Street and Jonker Street), protestant churches and large administrative
buildings such as the Stadthuys.
The Dutch introduced the "title deeds" for all the properties acquired during the
occupation. This has brought considerable changes to the system of land ownership and
especially in regards to the residential quarters near the river that was acquired by the
displacement of Kampong Kling and other traditional settlements that was previously
occupied by the local community or long time residents who could no longer claim their
right as the new title deeds had been allocated to Dutch subjects residing in Melaka.
(Conservation Area Action Plan, 2002).
49
Figure 3.6: Melaka in 1764
Figure 3.7 (Left) Tan Kim seng Bride is located at the same place as it is today (Right)
Melaka Rive as an important communication route in the old days.
Source: Conservation Area Action Plan, 2002
50
c
British Era - 1824 to 1942 and 1945 to 1957
Urban settlement in Melaka town was almost completed during the early period
of British occupation. Majority of the houses along Heeren Straase and Jonker Straase
had transformed into linked houses, typical one or two storey units with common "party
walls” separating each unit based on a compressed "minan" courtyard houses style of
south China.
During the "Napoleonic War" in Europe, the Dutch requested the British to
provide protection to all their trading posts. The short occupation, of Malaka by the
British was an important turning point in Malaysian history. In 1807 the British
destroyed the historic fort "A-Famosa" to what remained and can still be seen today, that
is the bastion gate "Porta de Santiago" at the south eastern part of the wall. Evidently,
the British did not lay much emphasis on developing Melaka since their focus was based
on developing Singapore and Penang as their main ports in the region.
However, Melaka town was at that time divided into two parts; the "European
town" and the "Native town". The "Native town" referred to parts of the town near the
west bank of Melaka River predominantly occupied by the locals and other immigrant
traders, while the "European town" was the administrative centre of the Dutch/British
covering the area around Saint Paul's hill. (Conservation Area Action Plan, 2002) .
51
d
Japanese Occupation 1942 to 1945
Melaka like the rest of other Malayan towns fell under Japanese rule in 1942
when the Japanese invaded Malaya. The period of occupation was very short for any
major reformation to be effected. However Japanese merely adopted what the British
had left and only made reformation to the administrative and education system. The war
ended in 1945 and the British resumed its occupation until Malaysia gained its
independence in 1957.
3.5
The Physical Characteristics of Melaka Town
Base on sketches and other related references made during the periods of
Portuguese and Dutch occupations, there are no clear evidences that would substantiate
the actual formation of the study area precisely. The following explanation roughly
indicates the morphological context of the study area as translated by the author.
According to the map redrawn by Mauric low in July 1933, translation of text
derived from “Description of Melaka and Meridional India and Cathay “by Manuoel
Godinho de Eredia published in1613, there was a street that started from Bazaar de Laos
“that ended at “Porta de Tranqueyre”in the west of town. There was also another street
close to the coastline that ran parallel to the street mentioned earlier. Between these two
streets was the ”Kampung King” (Campon Cheline).Near to the inner road and “Porta
Tranqueyra” was a mud wall propped-up with wood for the purpose of protection. A
Malay village was located here where the officials from the courts of the previous
Sultanate resided and was called”Kampung Bendahara”.
52
The shoreline opposite to the coast was irregular and the distance from the road
varied accordingly towards the seafront however this feature was not apparent in the
later maps drawn. This indicates that several changes may have occurred on the
shoreline.
In an undated map from the collection of drawing of Melaka town during the
Portuguese era kept in the British museum (Sloane M.S., 197), showed part of Melaka
coastline which curved inwards and appears different from that of Maurice Lowe’s map.
“According to the map the end of a street towards southeast terminated at a “piazza”
(market square). Similar characteristic was found in map entitled “Fortaleza do Melaka”
where it is showed the fort and part of the outskirt of the port similar to that was found in
1630. However in the Sloane’s sketch, the link houses showed a cross street that linked
the main street to the riverbank at a point where the main road connects the other side of
the river. Sloane’s sketch also shows that the end of a street at southwest point
connected to the “Porta do Tranqueyra”i and the west. However it does not
shows”Tranqueyra Gate “at the end of the mud wall as indicated in Maurice Lowe’s
map.
According to another map published by hotel regal of Melaka, showed the “
porta de tranqueyra” at the intersection between jalan kubu and heeeren street. The map
is possibly based on the map provide by the federated malay states, survey department
number 117-1958. The map drawn by Sloane is not to scale, therefore the comparison
cannot be done based on the streets length. However, based on the three maps mentioned
earlier, it can be summarized that the inner road that starts from (bazaar de jawa) and
ended at the “porta de tranqueyra” starts is actually the early part of heeren street or the
present day Jalan Tun Tan cheng lock before 1604 or 1613.
53
3.5.1
The Architectural Typology
The types of building illustrated in the maps and sketches over the period of
colonization are inconsistent and differs from one another. In one of the sketches in a
document entitled as”Recueil des voyages qui oft servi a l- tablissment de to compagnie
des indes orientales”. That was written by a French write R.A.constantin de Renneville
in (1702-7, page 277, Vol .3). It shows a group of free standing building in the study
area 1606 before the Dutch invasion. The book written by Wouter Schouten “OostIndisch Voyagie also shows several sketches of the study areas with free standing
building along the Melaka coastline in the year 1665. At the same time the sketch of
Gaspar Correa in “Lendas de India “(Vol.2, page 250) shows the similar type of building
during the 15th Century Melaka.
However, in the watercolour drawings of Melaka by Pierre Berthelot in 1628 and
1629, along with Sloane’s show row type of building fronting the waterfront in the
southwest part of the Melaka River mouth? Pierre Valentine’s drawing in “Ond en
nieuw Oost Indian (vol.5) also shows type of building with gables.
All the Portuguese buildings that were drawn in the map by Sloane are the row
type. This could also be a symbolic representation, guesswork or conjecture of Sloane in
depicting the types of building in that era. This is also reflecting in Valentine’s drawing
in 1720 seventy nine years after the Dutch conquered Melaka. The accuracy of these
drawings are debatable even though Valentine’s general depiction of Melaka
reemphasized the observation made by Friar Domingo Navarrete that Melaka town was
literally covered with jush coconut palms.
From these drawings, the debatable are even though Valentine’s general
depiction of Melaka.
54
A. Building Style or Architectural Typology
According to the history of Melaka especialy in core zone many buildings have a
mix architectural style. In porttuguese era many buildings made by timber, stone and
brick did not allowed beacuse of continous war.
Stone and brick was allowed after Dutch arrival in Melaka. In 1830 to 1840
chinese begun to have the properties in Hereen street from Dutch and european. Shortly
many buildings having much influance by chinese architecture two mosques were built
in the area both are Kg. Hulu Mosque and Kg. Kling Mosque. Thus it consist of many
rows of brick masonry with Straits Eclectic combination of western classical, Chinese
and Malay elements.
x
Early Town / Shop House Style (1850s to 1880s)
The early town or shop houses styles were built in the mid 1800s up to early
1900. This type of shop houses are lower in height as compared to the other styles. They
are generally 1 or 2 storey high. Melaka shop houses and town houses easily
distinguishable by the lower floor having elongated window with "top and bottom hung"
made of timber strips and a heavy timber door by its side.
55
x
Early Transitional Shop / Town Houses (1900s to1940s)
The early transitional type of shop or town houses was built from 1900 to 1940.
They are different from the early period of buildings. This is prevalent in the character
that the upper floors of these buildings were much taller compared to the early shop and
town houses style. Other characteristics are 2 timber casement windows on the upper
floor decorated with rectangular or semi circular shaped transom. On the windows the
timber lowered shutters allow additional ventilation for the living area even when the
windows were closed.
x
Early Transitional Shop / Town Houses (1900s to1940s)
The early transitional type of shop or town houses was built from 1900 to 1940.
They are different from the early period of buildings. This is prevalent in the character
that the upper floors of these buildings were much taller compared to the early shop and
town houses style. Other characteristics are 2 timber casement windows on the upper
floor decorated with rectangular or semi circular shaped transom. On the windows the
timber lowered shutters allow additional ventilation for the living area even when the
windows were closed.
56
Figure3.8 Transitional Shop house
x
Late Transitional or the Straits Eclectic Shop/Town Houses (1930s
1950s)
From many variations in the styles of houses the late transitional style were more
commonly identified as the straits eclectic shop. Town houses were most elegant. The
style evolves from a 2 bay unit to a 3 - 4 unit thus having 3 sets of panel windows in the
upper floors. From the basic 2 storey it has evolved to 3 and sometime 4 storey units.
The amount of wall surface of the facade is mainly decorated with many pilasters for
decoration.
57
x
The Art Deco (1930s Till early1960s)
The art deco style is the most simplistic of all shop or town houses styles but yet
it is visually and elegantly attractive to the sight. Although this feature was popular in
Europe during 1920' to 30s but in Melaka it was popular in the 1930s until the early
1960s.
Figure3.9 Art Deco Shop houses
3.6
Morphologic Context
From the brief history above, the formation of melaka can be described in the
context of its morphology
58
F
Figure 3.10: 1613 the Portuguese Era
Figure 3.11:1753 the Dutch Era
Figure3.12: British Era 1916
59
Figure3.13: The present town centre (1987)
The Core Zone started from the sultanate era. There is no evidence that how it
was formed. From the morphologic context above it can be conclude that the changing
of Melaka town can be separate into two parts. The first was during colonization’s time
when change was brought in Melaka River as trading post, and after independence the
changing has been caused by the development growth. Shortly Melaka River was the
main role of Melaka town.
60
3.7
Buildings along the Main Roads in the Conservation and Buffer Zones
(Popular historical attractions).
The varieties of cultures in Melaka are clearly manifested in the building styles.
These building styles make up the character of the Conservation Zone.
Figure 3.14: Historical buildings of Melaka
61
3.8
Land Use
The land use distributions that have direct impact on the traffic generations in the
Conservation Zone. The distribution of inappropriate building use activities further
exaggerate the situation and must be remedied.
Figure3.15: Source: Conservation Area Action Plan, 2001
62
3.9
Economy
Melaka was formerly the location of one of the earliest local sultanates (c.1402
A.D) and a focal point for both local and international trade. From the early sixteenth
century the area was increasingly penetrated by European trading interests. First the
Portuguese from 1511, then the Dutch East India Company “VOC,1602” came in
competition with the English East India Company “EIC,1600” for the trade in pepper
and various spices. By the late eighteenth century the VOC was dominant in the
Indonesian region while the EIC acquired bases in Malaysia, beginning with Penang
1786, Singapore 1819 and Melaka 1824. These were major staging posts in the growing
trade with China and also served as footholds from which to expand British control into
the Malay Peninsula from 1870 and northwest Borneo (Sarawak from 1841 and North
Borneo from 1882. Over these centuries there was an increase inflow of migrants from
China attracted by the opportunities in trade and as a wage labour force for the
burgeoning production of export commodities such as gold and tin. The indigenous
people also engaged in commercial production (rice, tin) but remained within a
subsistence economy. It was reluctant to offer them as permanent wage labour. Overall
production in the pre-modern economy was relatively small in volume and
technologically undeveloped.
The expanding British power brought stability to the region. Chinese migrants
started to arrive in large numbers and quickly becoming the major point of entry. Most
of the migrants arrived with few funds but those able to get profits from trade (including
opium) used these profits to finance ventures in agriculture and mining especially in the
neighboring Malay Peninsula. Crops such as pepper, gambier, tapioca, sugar and coffee
were produced for export to markets in Asia (e.g. China) and later to the west after 1850
when Britain moved toward a policy of free trade. These crops quickly exhausted soil
fertility and required periodic movement to virgin land (Jackson, 1968).
63
3.10
Summary
In conclusion, as seen from the history, Melaka at one time played an important
role to shape the character of the city. However, in the 20th century the city was shaped
in relation to the change in transport mode which evidently affected the current character
of the city of Melaka.
As seen from the historical typology of the old city, the city is made up of
sensitive design in terms of the space use, and building and activities around area and
Melaka River of great importance in creating attraction. In relation to the study, this is
apparent in the context that there is historical evidence that show that the understanding
of the city historical In terms of land use, buildings and activities of different and human
behaviour.
This is crucial in terms of establishing the importance of the area study as
identity of Melaka city.
CHAPTER 4
CASE STUDY AND ANALYSES
4.1
Introduction
This chapter presents the findings of the study in terms of the activities
associated with pedestrian. These activities flow along key corridors due to the presence
of numerous shopping streets and large-scale shopping centers. The purpose is to
establish the respondent's behaviour and physiological response to the physical make-up
usually found around corridors. This study also creates an opportunities and measures to
make the corridors as part of important urban space and street function. This is followed
by highlighting the background activities of the corridors including Commercial and
administrative buildings located along the corridors. As extensively discussed in Chapter
Two, there are some corridors that are inevitable and play essential ingredients in street
functions. A survey is conducted to test and reaffirm the literatures at a site in the
Historical City of Melaka. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the corridor function
and its role in the development of the conservation area.
65
4.2
Study Area (Conservation Zone)
The image of Conservation area in Melaka Historic City plays an important role
for uniqueness that contributes to World Heritage City listing. This place had special
attributes in the past. It also pays particular attention and gives proposals to ensure the
continuation of its present significance.
The study area will focus on corridor in the old conservation area. The study area
contains building inherited by the history of Melaka town. It is an old commercial
district covering all the important historic streets of Jalan Kampung Pantai and Jalan
Hang Jebat. This area contains building of high traditional and cultural values.
There are some villages which represent very high value of heritage and
traditions. Majority of these are outside the main conservation area but have been
designated for the purpose of conservation and lie within the boundary of conservation
zone. The three isolated areas are Kampung Chitty (Straits Indian community),
Kampung Morten (the urban Malay community) and Kampung Portuguese (Portuguese
community of Melaka).
66
Figure4.1: Study Area (Conservation Zone)
67
4.2.1
Early Settlements in the Study Area (Conservation Area)
During the Portuguese rule, the area along the shorelines was known as
“Kampung Kling”. This area was destroyed entirely by the Dutch during its invasion. It
was reconstructed and reallocated as residential quarters for the Dutch occupiers and
renamed the streets. The writing of TJ Newbold in 1830 explains about the areas (in
present day Jalan Tokong and Jalan Pantai)
“There are many building in good conditions that are occupied by people of high
stature of Dutch origin, Portuguese, Chinese, Chulliah, Kling and the local Malays.
There is also Anglo-Chinese College, Mission Chinese temple and two Moslem
Mosques situated in that area.
The Chinese temple is the present day Ching Hong Teng Temple and the two
mosques are named as Kampung Kling and Kampung Pantai Mosques. In 1834, PJ
Begbie also describes the Melaka town and explains that the area towards the right of the
riverbank was inhabited by the Dutch, Portuguese, Malays, Chinese, Chuliahs and other
races.
Figure 4.2 View of Hang Jebat Street with Activities
68
4.3
The Corridors In Relation To Conservation Area
The corridors are part of the streets and should not be ignored. It has an
important role in improving the quality of life of pedestrians. A very strong relationship
exists between local residents and outlook of the area. The buildings around corridors
also serve as to accommodate the thriving commercial and other activities which
encouraged the development of old city. However this requires a lot of support in terms
of population and the government.
Over the past few years the government has organized efforts to revitalize the
places in the form of beatification of the area for tourism purposes. Similarly, this
project is an attempt to reduce vehicular traffic problem and make it an important and
vital avenue for people, based on the historical context of Melaka city and original
function of street corridors.
4.3.1 Street Corridors
Street Corridors 1: Jalan Kampung Pantai
These corridors lying in this street are well known for having hub for people
around the area. Around these corridors the combinations of commercial and residential
buildings give a sense of peacefulness for this area. It also somehow isolated from
outside activities. The old market is famous site of the place and also offers
opportunities as a social space. The most interesting part of the area is along to Lorong
69
Jambatan that contains metal and goldsmith businesses, Remnants of the traditional
enterprise of the site. This area is full of wholesale activity thus makes it an active area.
There are open spaces in front of the Chinese temple at Jalan Kampung Pantai now not
fully utilized and now used as parking area.
Figure 4.3: Corridors View in Jalan Kampung Pantai.
Source: Field survey, 2009
70
Street Corridors 2: Jalan Hang Jebat
This area can be considered as the main spine of the human movement Jalan
Hang Jebat is famous for its numerous activities. Retail business is one of the most
dominant figures in this area. There is a lack of good visual connection in this area with
no interesting activities to offer even if the location is adjacent to the precious natural
features.
Figure 4.4: Corridors View in Jalan Hang Jebat
Source: Field survey, 2009
71
4.3.2
Pedestrian Movement
The Pedestrian movement in the Melaka city is one of the major design elements
of this study. This study focuses on the new urban amenity to provide improved traffic
Operations in conservation area.
Figure 4.5: Normal movement for common vehicles and Pedestrian Circulation
72
4.4
Functional Aspects of Street Corridors
The optional and the social activities are the important aspect for street quality.
In poor quality street spaces only necessary activities can be found. In streets, most of
the social interactions take place in the pedestrian area. The three distinct categories of
activities are given below.
4.4.1
Social Function
Social based Informal Street Activities in Jalan Hang Jebat are different from the
activities in Jalan kampong Pantai. Social based informal street activities in Jalan Hang
Jebat are formed by a number of social activities along western and eastern sidewalks.
Instead of using as place to trade, people also use the street space as a place for and
social interaction.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.6: Social Amenity User (a) newspapers (b) window shopping
Source: Field Survey, 2009
73
Figure 4.7: (Street Performers, Vendors)
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.4.2 Behavior Related to Place
The area under study has emerged as a cultural stage of the city. Local artists use
the corridor space as a place for social gatherings. The cultural based corridor activities
in Hang Jebat Street usually related to food stalls and restaurants. Activities in hang
Jebat Street include various souvenirs like traditional art, leather products, puppets and
other silver products.
74
Figure 4.8: Traditional Chinese food and craft products.
4.4.3 Economic Aspect
The activities along Jalan Kampung Pantai are mostly based on transport services
as well as wholesale activities. They occupy part of the corridors in the side of the street
space. The majority of economic-based informal street activities in Jalan Hang Jebat
Street are of street vendors. Jalan Hang Jebat is the first retail street in Melaka. There are
also several buildings located along the road. The dominant activity at night time and
weekends is the Jonker Walk night market. At the junction of Jalan Tokong and Jalan
Hung Jebat, the place is used for the activities such as Chinese opera and dancing. The
street is an active space and predominantly promoted for walking,
75
Figure 4.9: Corridors as Selling place, stalls, local Art and Foods Space.
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.5
Activities According to Time
The photographic observations were taken at the same places during the different times.
The data was taken in different times; the way people move and use the urban outdoor spaces in
the daytime and the importance of activities on their behavior are also collected. The
photographs presented below were taken on 1st October in Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan kampung
Pantai. These images confirmed people’s preference for activities walkway spots and show that
the occupancy changes along the day according to available activities.
76
x
Jalan Kampung Pantai
Figure 4.10: Photographic Survey in Jalan Kampung Pantai, October 1st, 2009
Figure 4.10 showing street activities in Jalan Kampung Pantai for wholesale
activities. Even though, some stakeholders still mention some concerns, such as
77
hindrance in pedestrian movement as well as occupying public space and degrading the
cleanliness of the area.
x
Jalan Hang Jebat
Figure 4.11: Photographic Survey in Jalan Hang Jebat (October1st, 2009)
78
Informal Street corridor activities in Jalan Hang Jebat and the diversity of
activities, products sold by vendors contribute mostly in activating the public life of the
street. These activities have various forms namely, walking, tourism, trading, eating,
relaxing, chatting, gathering, performing, and protesting along the street space. As
discussed in field surveys and previous study (Timothy and Wall, 1997), there is a
strong relationship between informal street activities in Melaka and tourism industry
4.6
Types of Corridors
The corridors in conservation area could be classified two types:
Figure 4.12: Section of (Arcade) in Jalan Kampung Pantai .
Source: Researcher, 2009
79
Figure 4.13: Section of (Store Front) in Jalan Hang Jebat
Source: Researcher, 2009
Figure 4.14: Section of (Forecourt) in Jalan Hang Jebat
Source: Researcher, 2009
80
Figure 4.15: Section of (Front portion) in Jalan Hang Jebat
Source: Researcher, 2009
4.7
Physical Characteristics of Corridors
Physical features and appearance of Melaka corridors can be seen in its
buildings, structure of the street, landscape, and other aesthetic places. People perceive
these physical features as memorable features of the corridors.
4.7.1 Design Strategies of Corridors
The understanding and the characteristics of existing building façade will help in
making the right decisions that can be followed in maintaining and rearranging building
façade to cope with conservation efforts. Typology of buildings in the study area must
81
be considered to determine the rate of change that has happened to the building façade
and to what extent can affect its design features.
4.7.1.1 Doors and Windows
The function of windows is to let air and light in as well as the interface between
the internal and external environment. There are a lot of window types ranging from
traditional to modern types. Some of the buildings display improper outlook to the
context of the urban fabric of the historical city. Some are poor in terms of their
maintenance.
Doors in the study area have either one or two leaves. Some of the types are
made of material such as wood or metal. The doors of the buildings are mostly closed.
Some changes in the materials of the doors lead to deterioration of the building
appearance and may add to the decline of the urban history.
Figure 4.16: The Original Size of Windows and Doors
82
4.7.1.2 Roof of Corridors
Roof is the top cover of the corridor. Some roofs in the corridors are slope and
flat. Roof balcony elements have some value in terms of function for some shop houses.
They act as the external and internal connector for shop houses and one of the important
architectural elements in the study area. Some roofs have problems due to the change of
use and lack of maintenance that leads to the loss of its attractiveness.
Figure 4.17: Architecture Details of Roofs
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.7.1.3 Distinctive Use of Material
The building material and Colours are very important in the building’s visual quality.
Colors add to vitality for the building. Some of these colors are used to protect materials
against climatic influences.
83
Figure 4.18: The Design of Canopy in poor Condition and lack of Colour
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.7.2
Building Form and Character
Buildings in Jalan Kampung Pantai tend to be two stories commercial, with
setbacks of sufficient depth to allow parking in front of the stores. Some of the building
uses in Jalan Kg Pantai are not appropriate e.g. (whole sale, stores.) This is because the
usage of the first floor is related to the external environment. The internal activities
(whole seling) affect the traffic flow outside of the shops loading and unloading
activities creating a hindrance to the traffic movement.
84
Figure 4.19: View in Jalan Kampung Pantai
Low rise buildings are predominating in these corridors of Jalan Hang Jebat
because retail uses are targeted to pedestrian shoppers. Considerable attention is paid to
these buildings facades and aesthetic appearance. The corridors here have a tendency to
have well defined travel zones. Sidewalks are wider than street corridors in Jalan
Kampung Pantai.
85
Figure 4.20: View in Jalan Hang Jebat
4.8
Corridors as Channels of Movement
Public movement in these corridors involves walking. Heavy vehicles movement
dominates the streets more so that junctions or node represents the physical feature of
the streets.
86
Figure 4.21: Corridors Use for walking and carrying goods
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.8.1
Issues Related to Behavior
Even though one can encounter some appealing buildings (especially along Sunset
Blvd.), the majority of the corridor space is overwhelmed with poorly maintained
facades, fragmentation of the building edges, chaotic signage, absence of open spaces,
and landscaping. With no exception, mid and south-central city corridors represent
transit unfriendly environments. Design and development is very important in any area
for example presentation of high and low pavement. These changes in designs also give
accessibility issues.
87
Figure 4.22: Different Uses of Corridor spaces for motorcycle and Goods
Source: Field Survey, 2009
4.9
Summary
The finding of this study shows the relationship between types of corridors
behaviour and activities around street corridors. It also develops concept to describe
street corridors to advocate as an integrated part, defining achievable strategy for
upgrading the historic city and streets corridors. The survey purposed a future strategic
planning and growth for the area to determine the requirements. The activities in street
corridors continue to occur in many parts of the street for almost fourteen hours per day.
There is an indeed a strong relationship between the street activities and human
behaviour in its physical settings. The sidewalks are predominantly used as a place for
street trading. Street vendors use the sidewalks facing the front of shops as their trading
space. Their business also flourishes by the activity of pedestrians.
88
In some spaces like integrative space particularly in front of the buildings, social
and cultural based street activities intermingle with each other thus creating lively public
spaces. Events in street corridors, social gatherings and stalls predominantly occupy the
spaces. In a certain way it can be said that a balance of usage exists amongst those
activities and can be considered as an ‘ideal’ usage of spaces around corridors.
Furthermore, the relationship between buildings, street corridors and physical settings
should be enhanced in parallel to the meaning of the area. The study indicates that
throughout its history, conservation area represents number of functions and meanings
including economic, social, cultural, political and symbolic meaning.
CHABTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1
Introduction
The study has accomplished to reveal the role of street corridors function as a
public space in the city. Human activities taking place in Melaka conservation zone are
significant element, which contribute to the street character in particular, and urban
image in general. On the other hand it provides reconstruction and rehabilitation of
buildings in street corridors. It explains the concept about appropriate types of activities
in street corridors as an attractive setting for businesses, historic preservation activities
and street functions. The relationship of the street corridors with the surrounding
environment is very important. The buildings have strong relationship with the corridors,
trading activities, other affects and those elements which are explained in Chapter (2)
help us to understand relationship for corridors between activities. It also explains
human relationship with environment, buildings and street corridors.
90
In order to achieve the main goals it is important to create a form of streets
corridors which will maintain the original character and needs of the local community.
The main aim from the concept of street corridors is to describe the elements which
enrich the experience of those who spend much time in corridors. It will also assist us to
revitalize the city and community to shape streets corridors with an awareness and
understanding of the factors which shape these environments.
5.2
Review of Thesis Objectives
The functional aspects of the corridors identified by many functions consist of
not only the circulation of traffic but social, economical and cultural function also. This
research aims to establish the functional characteristics associated with corridors. This is
done by encouraging different type activities in street corridors in Jalan kampung Pantai
and Jalan Hang Jebat. The physical aspect of street corridors is examined with the help
of case studies. This is achieved by examining build form and sense of place with the
use of some case studies.
5.3
Review of Functional Aspect of Street Corridors
It can be concluded from the argument below that street corridors are most
important public spaces. Corridors serve many functions like multi functional spaces and
there is always the risk of conflict between uses. The key issue is to design the corridors
91
for all types of uses and users. Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan Kampung Pantai emphasizes
the following functional aspects:
1
Social Function
The most important social aspects that can be observed in the street corridors are
eating and shopping. However other social aspects occur at different times of the day.
People use pedestrian area as a place to see and to be seen. Some of users like to sit and
read newspaper. These activities can be found in the Jalan Hang Jebat in pedestrian
space of street more than in Jalan Kampung Pantai.
The following points offer general guidelines for treating street corridors:x
Improving the relationship of buildings and spaces that are evident by the
corridors in Jalan kampung pantai and Jalan Hang Jebat.
x
Develop an overall lighting for the street Pavements and gap site of street.
Ensure the street is free of dark areas. Good and beautiful lighting
contributes to the feeling of safety and creates a lively and safe street at
night time.
x
Improving the circulation of the Jalan kampung pantai and Jalan Hang
Jebat to ensure non conflicting use between vehicles and pedestrians.
92
2
Behavior Related to Place
The behaviour of the people is directly proportional to the geometric design of
the place. The open and wide space in corridors has significant impact on the minds of
people. Cultural activities help us to explain the use of street corridors and other urban
spaces. Cultural streets activities in Melaka City include traditional foods, cultural-based
items such as crafts, traditional art and sometimes street musicians.
3
Economic Aspect
This economic aspect involve buying and selling of a variety of goods such as
food, arts, crafts, clothes, shoes, and bags. There are stalls selling food, local art,
merchandise and clothes. Good quality pedestrian routes can increase the number of
pedestrians and create better chances of business in the street corridors. A variety of
informal street activities should be encouraged. Economic, social, and cultural informal
street activities should create balance to encourage people to come and use corridors
more often. The number of street events and performances should be increased, so that
more people will visit the street and take good memories from the nice events in the
street corridors in which they have participated.
93
5.4
Review of Physical Characteristics
The concept of the street corridors in area under study could then be summarized
as shape of buildings and structure of streets. The physical aspects of street corridors are
places that are examined on Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan Kampung Pantai. This can be
further summarized as follows:
1
1
Design Strategies of Corridors
2
Building form and Character
3
Type of Corridors
4
Corridors Configuration
Design Strategies of Corridors
The restoration of the buildings to their original design can be done by giving
open access to the street and allow informal activities to be taken place. This clarifies the
visual significance of the building. The addition of art and design represents the building
to be serving as historical monument. It will make a strong relationship between the
building and the visitors by providing the appropriate needs. Harmony should be created
with colors that generate feelings of comfort and joy.
By doing this the visual
attractiveness and architectural details of the buildings should not be spoiled. The
buildings should be colored differently to define its boundaries and identification.
94
2
Building form and Character
The historical front of the buildings faces around the street corridors should be
restored. This can be achieved by restoring the buildings to their former architectural
shape and design by removing all the accreditations. This will help to give the building
an additional attraction and unique character. This will also help in preserving the spirit
of original architecture.
3
Type of Corridors
Different types of corridors plays vital role in the visual outlook of the building.
These corridors are divided into different types according to their functions. The Street
corridors are designed for the movement of large number of people in crowded areas.
Melaka City street corridors could be classified as high ratio of pedestrians because of
the mixed uses and active frontages. It could also be termed as pedestrian dominant area
because of having large number of tourists.
The corridors can be further classified according to Jalan Kampung Pantai and
Jalan Hang Jebat as:
Jalan Kampung Pantai
x
Arcade
x
Store Front
95
Jalan Hang Jebat
x
Arcade
x
Store Front
x
Forecourt
x
Front portion
4
Corridors Configuration
The corridor configuration constitutes different factors that can be helpful in
highlighting the general outlook of the building. These factors distinguish the corridors
from other corridors and plays important role in attracting people. These configurations
sometimes help the people to identify the right place. This can be further elaborated as
follows.
Lighting
Lighting can increase the visual attractiveness of an area. Historic details can be
drawn out by suitable lighting exposure. It also creates night time attraction by providing
the area with lighting facilities that suit the buildings and the spaces between them. An
evening lighting around building especially at locations on the street corridors is very
attractive. The lighting must be appropriate and should resembles with the design and
the history of the area.
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Landscaping
A good landscape can be made by adding small garden with Asian-style trees.
Flowers make the place more beautiful and attractive which give rise to a good
surrounding. This is also recommended that if some space is left vacant, a valuable
addition of landscape must be taken into account so that the pedestrian traffic and
feature of the region remains historical.
5.5
Suggestions for Further Research
This study investigates the characteristics of street corridors in terms of activities
taking place in different timings. Based on this investigation, areas of further research
are proposed as follows:
A study should be carried out on the urban design of buildings comprising all the
aspects of urban heritage tangible and intangible in conservation area. This study should
provide a complete urban design and guidelines on urban cultural entity without
neglecting the significance activities of street corridors. To some extent, this study
involves the different types of activities the multiplicity functions and a wide range of
attractive public activities. The fact that all the people respond eagerly and
enthusiastically to these new opportunities for walking and participating in public life in
public spaces, indicates that walking environments and other types of public spaces
where people can meet are important assets in present day society.
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5.6
Summary
The study has accomplished to reveal the role of street corridors activities as a
significant element. This study provides a critical overview of a street corridor which
may have remained untouched in previous studies. In this study different factors have
been highlighted and given the recognition in the quest for a better city image for
Melaka city.
This study illustrates the physical properties of corridors including social
interaction, culture, customs and belief. People actions and activities in corridors can be
affected by number of ways. Melaka City and have great potential for reviving economic
growth in the surrounding neighborhoods, yet the local government seems to have no
special regulations that help these places maintain their special qualities or help restore
those unique design aspects.
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