vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLE
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xvii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Statement of Problem
4
1.3
Research Issue
5
1.4
Aims and Objectives of Study
7
1.5
Research Question
8
1.6
Scope of Study
8
1.7
Significance of Study
9
1.8
Research Methodology
10
1.8.1 Subject and Data Source
12
viii
1.8.1 Subject and Data Source
1.8.1.1 Primary Data
12
1.8.1.2 Secondary Data
13
1.8.2 Data Analysis Technique
14
Anticipated Finding
16
LITERATURE REVIEW
18
2.1
Introduction
18
2.2
Urban Space and Microclimate
19
2.3
Terminology and Definition
21
2.3.1
21
1.9
2
12
Outdoor Space
2.3.2. Street
2.3.2.1 Street as Channel Movement
26
2.3.2.2 Street as Social Space
27
2.3.2.3 Street as Commercial Space
28
2.3.2.4 Street as Political Space
28
2.3.2.5 Street as Cultural Space
28
Pedestrian Mall
29
Environment Behavioral Study
33
2.4.1
Observing Environmental Behavior
37
2.4.2
Pedestrian Counting and Observation
39
2.4.3
Recording Devices
41
2.3.3
2.4
2.5
22
Urban Shade
43
2.5.1
44
Buildings and Trees Shade, and
Solar Radiation
2.5.2
2.6
Urban Blocks as Shade Device
Summary
46
48
ix
3
EXISTING CONDITION OF THE CASE
50
STUDY AND METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
50
3.1.1
51
Singapore Urbanization and
Microclimate
3.1.2
3.2
3.1.1.1 Singapore Urbanization
51
3.1.1.2 Singapore Microclimate
53
Orchard Road Profile
55
3.1.2.1 The Form of Orchard Road
60
3.1.2.2 The Pedestrian Mall
63
A Review of Master Plan
64
3.2.1
65
Existing Spatial Arrangement of
Neighborhood
3.2.2
Existing Spatial Arrangement of
71
Building Usage Pattern
3.2.3
Existing Pathway/Pedestrian Mall
75
3.3
Pilot Survey
77
3.4.
Information Obtained from the Pilot Survey
79
3.4.1
The Method of Measurement
79
3.4.2
The Activity Observation Results
80
3.5
Methodology and Procedures
81
3.5.1
The Variables
82
3.5.1.1 Observation to Inventory
82
Shade Variables
3.5.1.2 People’s Activity as
84
Dependent Variables
3.5.2
Instrumentation
85
3.5.3
Measurement Procedures
86
3.5.3.1 Shade and Typology Analysis
86
x
3.5.3.2 Counting the Behavior
93
Characteristics
3.5.4
3.6
4
Data Analysis Technique
Summary
94
99
DATA ANALYSIS
100
4.1
Introduction
100
4.2
Terminology and Definitions
101
4.3
Typology of Outdoor Spaces
101
4.3.1
Orientation of Outdoor Spaces
102
4.3.1.1 Sample Area 1 (SA-1)
103
4.3.1.2 Sample Area 2 (SA-2)
104
4.3.1.3 Sample Area 3 (SA-3)
105
4.3.1.4 Sample Area 4 and 5 (SA-4
106
and SA-5)
4.3.2
Geometry of Outdoor Spaces
108
4.3.2.1 Outdoor on the Side
108
4.3.2.2 Outdoor Surrounded by
111
Buildings
4.4
Shade Pattern Analysis
113
4.4.1
124
The Photographic Survey on People
Activities
4.4.2
4.5
4.6
4.7
Summary of Shade Analysis
131
Behavioral Characteristic
132
4.5.1
Period I
134
4.5.2
Period II
138
Correlation and Regression Analysis
143
4.6.1
Result
144
4.6.2
Output Analysis
145
Chapter Summary
147
xi
5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
149
5.1
Introduction
149
5.2
Summary of the Findings
150
5.3
Suggestion for Further Studies
153
5.4
Conclusion
154
156-162
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendices
A-H
160-181
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Street as a Channel Movement
26
2.2
Street as Social Space
27
2.3
Elements in Environmental Behavior Observation
36
2.4
Type of Activities can be expected in the public street
38
2.5
Type of user groups can be expected to use on the
39
public spaces
2.6
Elements on the studied site
43
3.1
Daylight Saving in Singapore (January 10, 2009)
54
3.2
Singapore Solar Energy and Surface Meteorology
54
3.3
Inventory of The Building Usage within The Study
73
Area
3.4
Observation Schedule
93
3.5
Definition of Operational Variables
99
4.1
Time Period of Field Investigation (randomly sampled)
113
4.2
Shade Pattern of SA-1 related to the Time Period
114
4.3
Shade Density of SA-1, Period I
115
4.4
Shade Density of SA-1, Period II
116
4.5
Shade Pattern of SA-2 related to Time Period
117
4.6
Shade Density of SA-2
118
xii
4.7
Shade Pattern of SA-3 related to The Time Period
119
4.8
Shade Pattern of SA-4 related to the Time Period
120
4.9
Shade Pattern of SA-5 related to the Time Period
121
4.10
Shade Density of SA-3
122
4.11
Shade Density of SA-4
122
4.12
Shade Density of SA-5
123
4.13
Density of Activity in Period I, Measuring between
135
10am to 11am
4.14
Summary on Density of Activity in Period I.
135
Measuring between 10am to 11am
4.15
Density of Activity in Period II. Measuring between
138
2pm to 3pm
4.16
Summary on Density of Activity in Period II
139
4.17
Codes and Definition of Operational Variables
142
4.18
Result of Regression Analysis to Shade and Frequency
145
of Human Activities
4.19
Result of T-Test
146
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Stage 1. Flow Chart of Research Design
12
1.2
Stage 2. Flow Chart of Data Analysis
14
1.3
Stage 3. Flow Chart of Data Collection
16
2.1
Ratio of Streetscape; Comparison of Distance (D) and
24
Height (H) of Adjacent Building
2.2
Ratio of Streetscape; Comparison of Width (W) and
24
Height (H)
2.3
Perception in Streetscape Characteristic According to
25
Pedestrians and Motorists
2.4
Environment-Behavior Research
35
2.5
Solar Azimuth and Altitude Angles in Auckland
46
3.1
3 Dimensional View of Singapore City Central
53
3.2
Singapore Sun path Diagram Taken on January 10,
55
2009
3.3
3 Dimensional View of Orchard Road
56
xiv
3.4
The Three-Zones Concept of Orchard Road
59
3.5
Streetscape of Orchard Road (Existing Condition)
60
3.6
Sign Board of Pedestrian Crossing no Allowed
61
3.7
Section of Orchard Road Streetscape (existing
62
condition)
3.8
Appearance of Pedestrian Mall (southern side)
63
3.9
Appearance of Pedestrian Mall (northern side)
63
3.10
2 Dimensional Plan of Urban Geometry at Study Area
66
3.11
Building Height Guide Line at Study Area
67
3.12
Actual Condition of the Building Height at Study Area
68
3.13
The Existing Arrangement of Angsana Trees within
69
Study Area
3.14
Angsana Trees at South side and North side along the
70
Orchard Road
3.15
The Building Usage Pattern within the Study Area
72
(existing condition)
3.16
Existing Condition of Services within Study Area
74
3.17
The Pedestrian Mall within Study Area
75
3.18
Urban Canyon, Ratio between Width and Height
76
(W/H) of the Pedestrian Mall
3.19
Method for Outdoor Spaces to Inventory and
83
Identification
3.20
The 3D Model of Building Blocks Arrangement in the
89
Study Area Generated through Computer Software
3.21
Orientation Typologies of Outdoors
91
3.22
Geometry Typologies of Outdoors
92
3.23
Positive and Negative Correlation Coefficient
98
4.1
Key Plan of Sample Spaces
102
4.2
Orientation Typology of SA-1
104
4.3
Orientation Typology of SA-2
105
xv
4.4
Orientation Typology of SA-3
106
4.5
Orientation Typology of SA-4 and SA-5
107
4.6
Geometry Typology of SA-1
109
4.7
Building Block Geometry of SA-1
109
4.8
Geometry Typology of SA-2
110
4.9
Building block Geometry of SA-2
110
4.10
Geometry Typology of SA-3
111
4.11
Geometry Typology of SA-4 and SA-5
111
4.12
Building Block Geometry of SA-3
112
4.13
Building Block Geometry of SA-4 and SA-5
112
4.14
Sky View Factor
113
4.15
The Level of Shade Density among Sample Spaces
124
4.16
Photographic Survey on SA-1 (January 13, 2009)
127
4.17
Photographic Survey on SA-2 (January 13, 2009)
128
4.18
Photographic Survey on SA-3 (January 13, 2009)
129
4.19
Photographic Survey on SA-4 and SA-5 (January 13,
130
2009)
4.20
Shade Density of each Sample according to Hourly in
131
Day
4.21
Sum of Shade Density by Hourly in Day
132
4.22
Density of each Activity (person/hour)
136
4.23
Density of each Activity among Sample Areas
137
(person/hour) in Period I
4.24
Density of each Activity among Sample Areas in
137
Period I
4.25
Density of each Activity (person/hour) in Period II on
139
SA-1 to SA-4
4.26
Density of Each Activity (person/hour) in Period II on
140
SA-5
4.27
Density of each Activity among Sample Areas
140
xvi
(person/hour) in Period II
4.28
Illustration of Density of each Activity among Sample
141
Areas in Period II
4.29
Comparison Density of Activity among Sample Spaces
142
5.1
The Level of Shade Density among Sample Spaces
150
5.2
Physical Setting of SA-5
151
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICES
TITLE
PAGE
A
Orchard Road Plan
163
B
Sample Areas Plan
164
C
Pedestrian Mall Plan
165
D
Pedestrian Connection Plan
E
166
0
Hourly Dry Bulb Temperature (C ) of Changi Met
167
Station in Singapore
F
The Measurement People’s Activities and Walking
168
Intensity on Sample Spaces
G
The Measurement of Shade Density on Sample Spaces
175
H
Correlation and Regression Analysis between Shades
178
and Activities