vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY
1
2
PAGE
xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xx
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Preface
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Aim of Study
3
1.4
Objective of Study
3
1.5
Significance of Study
4
1.6
Scope of Study
4
1.7
Constrain and Limitation
5
1.8
Thesis Organization
5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
8
2.1
Research Design Methodology
8
2.1.1 Selection of Study Subject
11
viii
3
4
2.1.2 Resources of Data
12
2.1.3 Data Collection and Analysis
13
2.2
Problem and Solution
15
2.3
Summary
16
SHAPE GRAMMAR FORMALISM
17
3.1
Introduction to Shape Grammar
17
3.2
Shape Grammar Applications in Architecture
26
3.3
Shape Grammar Computer Implementation
31
3.4
Shape Grammar Experiments Using Autodesk 3ds Max
33
3.4.1 Experiment 1
34
3.4.2 Experiment 2
38
3.5
Benefits and Advantages of Shape Grammar
41
3.6
Summary
43
REVIEW ON PREVIOUS PROJECTS
45
4.1
Introduction
45
4.2
Three Previous Shape Grammar Projects
46
4.2.1 The Language of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie
47
Houses
5
4.2.2 The Japanese Tearooms Shape Grammar
63
4.2.3 The Grammar of Queen Anne Houses
75
4.3
Conclusion
90
4.4
Summary
91
THE EXISTING RUDINARA DESIGN
92
5.1
Introduction to Rudinara Residence
93
5.2
Review on the Existing Design
94
5.3
Design Analysis
106
5.3.1 Space System
107
5.3.2 Structure System
109
5.3.3 Envelope System
112
5.3.4 Circulation System
114
ix
5.4
6
7
115
THE SHAPE GRAMMAR OF RUDINARA
116
6.1
The Shape Grammar of Rudinara
116
6.1.1 Rules for Creating Basic Composition
120
6.1.2 Rules for Creating Ornamentations
133
6.2
The Process of Generating a Design
149
6.3
Summary
154
NEW RUDINARA-STYLE HOUSES
155
7.1
Detail Design of the New Rudinara-Style Houses
155
7.1.1 New Generated Design 1
156
7.1.2 New Generated Design 2
161
7.1.3 New Generated Design 3
167
7.1.4 New Generated Design 4
172
7.1.5 New Generated Design 5
177
7.1.6 New Generated Design 6
182
Summary
188
7.2
8
Summary
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
189
8.1
Conclusion
189
8.1.1 Response to Research Question
189
8.1.2 Contributions of the Thesis
191
Discussion
192
8.2.1 Thesis Introduction
192
8.2.2 Methodology of the Research
193
8.2.3 Introduction Towards Shape Grammar
193
8.2.4 Examples of Previous Projects
194
8.2.5 Existing Rudinara Design
194
8.2.6 Shape Rules Design
194
8.2.7 New Rudinara-Style Designs
196
Recommendation
197
8.2
8.3
x
REFERENCES
Appendices A – B
198
202 - 204
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
List of shape grammar computer implementations and the
programs used to develop them.
32
5.1
Window and door schedule
101
6.1
Shape rule schemata for creating basic compositional form
128
6.2
Shape rule schemata for creating ornamentations
143
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
The Rudinara residence (2005 Afaizal photography)
7
3.1
An example of a shape rule (left) and a design generated by
applying the rule (Knight, 2006 [b]).
19
3.2
An example of a labeled rule (left) and a design it generates
(Knight, 2006 [b]).
19
3.3
Transformation of shape in two-dimensional environment
(Knight, 2006 [b]).
20
3.4
A two-dimensional shape grammar application with two shape
rule schemata (top) and the computation process (above)
(Knight, 2006 [b]).
21
3.5
The addition and subtraction rules and the computation process
using both rules (Knight, 2006 [b]).
23
3.6
An example of the application of a labeled rule on the symmetry
group of the initial shape (Knight, 2006 [b]).
24
3.7
Examples of initial shapes in parametric shape grammars
25
3.8
The existing garden design of Taj Mahal (left) and the new
design created by the Mughul garden shape grammar (Stiny and
Mitchell, 1980)
27
3.9
A sectional model (left) and completed model of the Villa
Valmarana created using the Palladian construction grammar
(http://ddf.mit.edu/projects/ PALLADIO/p_villas_home.html)
28
3.10
Top: the design of Historical Museum at San Gimignano, Italy
by Randy Brown. Above: the shape rule (Knight, 2006 [b]).
29
3.11
The design of an apartment house complex by Murat Sanal and
the underlying rule of the design. (Knight, 2006 [b])
29
3.12
Shape replacement in spatial relation (Knight, 1981)
30
xiii
3.13
The three axes in 3ds Max represented by arows with different
colours together with the grid lines to indicate the size of an
object.
34
3.14
The shape rule schema of experiment 1 showing the initial
object (left) and how the object should be transformed (right).
35
3.15
A few designs generated using pre-determined computation
36
3.16
A few designs generated using random computation
37
3.17
A simple user interface to execute the shape grammar
application
38
3.18
Shape rule schema in experiment 2 with red markers to illustrate
the orientation of the box before and after transformation.
39
3.19
Several designs generated using pre-determined computation of
the rule
39
3.20
A few designs generated using random computation of the rule
41
4.1
Three of eleven of Frank Lloyd Wright’s prairie houses which
were examined in this research (McCarter, 1997).
48
4.2
The first phase to analyse the prairie houses design
(McCarter R., 1997, Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
50
4.3
Parameters and graphic conventions used in the presentation of
the shape rules (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
52
4.4
Shape rule schemata to create basic compositional form
(Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
54
4.5
Some of the eighty-nine basic compositional forms enumerated
by the writer which are suitable for double-height living zone
arrangements (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
55
4.6
Shape rule schemata for ornamenting basic compositions
(Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
57
4.7
Some of the two-storey designs derived from previous basic
compositional forms (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981).
61
4.8
The new prairie-style house designs (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 62
4.9
A typical design of a tea house (Knight, 1981).
64
4.10
The initial shape of the grammar (Knight, 1981).
65
xiv
4.11
The shape rule schemata to create a Japanese tearoom design
(Knight, 1981).
69
4.12
Some of the possible designs of tearoom which consists of all
elements created using the shape grammar (Knight, 1981).
73
4.13
The process of generating a design using the shape grammar as
demonstrated in the re-creation of Tai-an tearoom
(Knight, 1981).
74
4.14
The existing design of a Queen Anne house in Shadyside district,
Pittsburgh (Flemming, 1986).
76
4.15
A few sample plans of Queen Anne houses (Flemming, 1986).
78
4.16
The shape rules to create a Queen Anne house plan and examples 82
of layouts generated by the rules (Flemming, 1986).
4.17
The shape rules to create exterior articulation of the Queen Anne
house and examples of forms generated by the rules
(Flemming, 1986).
85
4.18
Rules for addition of porches (Flemming, 1986).
87
4.19
Examples of growing porches. (a) Around left-hand corner,
(b) around right-hand corner (Flemming, 1986).
88
4.20
Rules for generation of bottom ends of chimney breasts
(Flemming, 1986).
89
4.21
Examples of bottom ends of chimney breasts generated by
application of rules 26 to 32 (Flemming, 1986).
89
5.1
Ground floor plan
96
5.2
First floor plan
97
5.3
Second floor plan
98
5.4
Plan of the clerestorey above master bedroom
99
5.5
Roof plan
100
5.6
The front elevation of the house
102
5.7
Top: the rear elevation, center: the right elevation, and
bottom: the left elevation of the house
103
xv
5.8
5.9
Top and center: perspective view from the front, and bottom:
perspective view from the east
Top: bird’s eye view, center: perspective view from the north
east, and bottom: perspective view from the north west
104
105
5.10
View upwards from inside the core (Salinger R., 2007)
107
5.11
Left: The structural grid of the house made of a basic unit ’a’
with the core indicated by blue shade. Right: a combination of
four basic units.
110
5.12
The diamond shaped roof was actually stretched out from the
main hexagonal roof above the second floor.
114
6.1
The initial object (left) and the initial plane.
117
6.2
The process flow of the shape grammar of Rudinara
119
6.3
Schema 1 applies to create the initial object
120
6.4
Schema 2 reflects the initial object at all its three sides
120
6.5
Grouping of four initial objects as specified in schema 3
120
6.6
Either of schema 4 (above) and schema 5 (below) is applied to
create a basic floor
121
6.7
Schema 6 applies to reflect a hexagonal shaped basic floor to
form a larger floor area
122
6.8
Rules for locating the core on the basic floor. a) Schema 7,
b) schema 8, c) schema 9, and d) schema 10
122
6.9
Schema 11 enumerates all the possible locations of an
extension object
123
6.10
Function of spaces are assigned according to schema 12
123
6.11
Schema 13 (left) and schema 14 (right) are applied to begin
the transformation of the verandah floor
124
6.12
Formation of a verandah as indicated in schema 15
124
6.13
Schemata 16 (above) and 17 (below) apply to create a basic
floor of the upper level
125
6.14
Schema 18 restricts the way upper basic floor extension may
be created
125
xvi
6.15
Schema 19 (above) and schema 20 (below) to create a
verandah on the upper level
126
6.16
Schemata 21 (left) and 22 (right) which apply to create a
clerestorey and raise the whole design on columns respectively
127
6.17
Various designs of basic compositional form created using the
shape rule schemata
130
6.18
Schema 24 (above) and schema 25 (below) are both applied to
create protrusion to a rectangular wall with a width of two
initial objects
134
6.19
Schemata 26 (left) and 27 (right) specify the ways to create
columns for verandah on the lower level and the upper level
respectively
134
6.20
A perfect pyramid roof is created according to the specification
of schemata 28 (left) and 29 (right)
135
6.21
Schema 30 applies to create a perfect pyramid roof at a verandah 135
6.22
Schema 31 specifies the way the roof of the immediate level
below the clerestorey is to be roofed
136
6.23
Rules for creating roof for the extension object. a) schema 32,
b) schema 33, and c) schema 34
137
6.24
Roof overhangs are created around the building with the
application of schemata 35 (left) and 36 (right)
138
6.25
Connecting roof overhangs at the corner as indicated by schema
37
138
6.26
Modification of lower roof overhangs at a wall protrusion as
specified by schema 38
139
6.27
Schema 39 applies to place columns at each segment of the wall 139
6.28
Arrangements of windows or doors on the external wall as
indicated by schema 40 (above) and schema 41 (below)
140
6.29
Schema 42 specifies the way to place an empty wall next to any
group of windows and doors
141
6.30
Schema 43 applies to place windows on the clerestorey
141
6.31
Schema 44 (top), schema 45 (center) and schema 46 (bottom)
are all concern with the placement of windows on the
protruded wall
141
xvii
6.32
6.33
Glazed panels are placed on the newly created wall according to 142
schema 47 (top), schema 48 (center) and schema 49 (bottom)
Schema 50 applies to place entrance door on the core wall
143
6.34
Basic compositional forms which have been ornamented
146
6.35
The process of generating design using the shape grammar of
Rudinara
152
7.1
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 1
158
7.2
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 1
159
7.3
External perspective images of house 1
160
7.4
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 2
163
7.5
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 2
164
7.6
Detail plan and external perspective images of house 2
165
7.7
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 3
169
7.8
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 3
170
7.9
Detail plan and external perspective images of house 3
171
7.10
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 4
174
7.11
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 4
175
7.12
Detail plan and external perspective images of house 4
176
7.13
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 5
179
7.14
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 5
180
7.15
Detail plan and external perspective images of house 5
181
7.16
The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design 6
184
7.17
Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design 6
185
7.18
Detail plan and external perspective images of house 6
186
xviii
LIST OF TERMINOLOGY
Corpus
-
A large collection of building design examples of the usage of a
particular design language, employed in design analysis
Computation
-
1) The calculating of something, or the result of a calculation.
2) The use of a computer, especially for calculation, or
something calculated using a computer
Formalism
-
A method of aesthetic analysis that emphasizes structural
elements and artistic techniques rather than content, especially
in literary works
Grammar
-
The rules for composing or using a particular design style,
or an analysis of the rules of a particular aspect of style
Interface
-
Software that links a computer with the set of commands,
messages, images, and other features allowing communication
between computer and user
Implementation -
To put something into effect or action
Iteration
-
The repetition of a sequence of instructions in a computer
program until a result is achieved
Loop
-
Set of instructions in a computer program that is repeated a
particular number of times or until a specific objective has been
achieved
Manual
-
Operated by a person rather than a computer, or by human effort
rather than executed by computer
Parameter
-
A measurable quantity, e.g. length and height, that determines
the result of a scientific experiment and can be altered to vary
the result
Real time
-
The time in which a computer system processes and updates
data as soon as it is received from some external source such as
a user interface. The time available to receive the data, process
it, and respond to the external process is dictated by the time
constraints imposed by the process.
xix
Rule
-
1) An authoritative principle set forth to guide behavior or
action. 2) A mathematical procedure for performing an
operation or solving a problem
Shape
-
An arrangement of basic elements in space, anything from a
point or a symbol, a line, a hatched area or a three-dimensional
object
Schema
-
A diagram or plan showing the basic outline of something.
Plural: Schemata
Script
-
A sequence of automated computer commands embedded in a
program that tells the program to execute a specific procedure
when an interface is clicked
Transform
-
To change something completely, especially improving their
appearance
Vocabulary
-
All the elements used in a design language as a whole
xx
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
The program script of shape grammar computer
implementation experiment 1
202
B
The program script of shape grammar computer
implementation experiment 2
204