TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0
Research background
2
1.1
Scope of research
3
1.2
Research hypothesis
3
1.3
Research aim and objectives
4
1.4
Research questions.
4
1.5
Research assumptions
5
1.6
Research organization
5
7
2
THE REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0
Introduction
7
2.1
10
The relation of the human being towards
light.
2.11
The relation of human behaviour towards
10
light
2.1.2
The relation of the human psychology
15
towards light.
2.1.3
The relation of the human physiology
16
towards light.
2.2
The Relation of Light and Commercial
20
Buildings
2.3
3
Conclusion
24
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
25
3.0
Introduction
25
3.1
Research overview
26
3.2
Building framework
29
3.2.1
Definition of shopping complex
30
3.2.2
Factors affecting lighting
31
3.2.3
Factors affecting patronage
31
3.2.4
Basic benchmarking
33
3.2.5
Building inventory
34
3.2.6 Building selection
44
3.3
Data collection
49
3.3.1
Review on lighting variable
51
3.3.1.1 Digital camera in image processing study
51
3.3.1.2 Concept of illumination in computer graphics
51
3.3.1.3 Image processing program review
54
3.3.1.4 Digital camera and luminance meter
59
comparison
3.3.2
Review on patronage count
73
3.3.3
Physical measurements
77
3.3.3.1 Condition and time for data collection
77
3.3.3.2 Research instrument
79
3.3.3.3 Patronage count
80
3.3.3.4 Luminance reading
82
3.4
Data analysis
82
3.4.1
Tabulation of patronage count and luminance
83
level
3.42 Comparison of data of Summit USJ and
83
Subang Parade
4
5
6
3.5
Pilot Study
84
3.6
Amendments on data collection
87
3.6.1 Amendments on patronage count
88
3.6.2 Amendments on luminance reading
91
3.7
92
Amendments on data analysis method
RESEARCH ANALYSIS
93
4.0
Introduction
93
4.1
Building description
93
4.1.1
Subang Parade
93
4.1.2
Summit USJ
98
4.2
Description of data
103
4.2.1
Subang Parade
104
4.2.2
Summit USJ
116
4.3
Daylight component analysis
130
BEHAVIORAL SURVEY STUDY
131
5.0
Introduction
131
5.1
Survey set up
131
5.1.1 Sampling and questionnaire design
131
5.1.2
Data collection
134
5.2
Survey finding and analysis
134
5.2.3
Conclusion
157
CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH
159
METHODOLOGY REVIEW
6.0
Introduction
159
6.1
Conclusion of research
160
7
6.2
Review of research methodology
160
6.3
Recommendation for future research
162
BIBLIOGRAPHY
165
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Table showing building inventory checklist
36
3.2
Table showing anchor tenants of shopping complexes
38
3.3
Table showing type of lighting used at shopping
39
complexes.
3.4
Table showing rating of shopping complexes
40
3.5
Luminance level represented in each pixel that builds up
53
the image above
3.6
Mixed background readings – Set 1
62
3.7
Mixed background readings – Set 2
63
3.8
Dark background readings – Set 1
64
3.9
Dark background readings – Set 2
65
3.10
Data Filtering for Red Set
67
3.11
Data Filtering for Blue Set
68
3.12
Data Filtering for Green Set
70
3.13
Data Filtering for Yellow Set
71
3.14
Overall background readings
72
3.15
Table showing luminance level of each pixel that builds
87
up the picture
4.1
Table below indicates luminance value of Subang Parade
111
– 1st floor
4.2
Table below indicates luminance value of Subang Parade
– Ground floor and lower ground floor.
112
4.3
Pattern of light distribution at 1st floor of Subang Parade
113
4.4
Pattern of light distribution at ground floor and lower
114
ground floor of Subang Parade.
4.5
Table showing patronage count for Subang Parade
116
4.6
Table showing patronage count for Summit USJ.
124
4.7
Table showing pattern of light distribution for Summit
126
USJ.
4.8
Table showing pattern of light distribution for Summit
127
USJ.
4.9
Table showing patronage count for Summit USJ.
128
4.10
Table showing patronage count for Summit USJ.
129
5.1
Table showing survey on factors that affect patronage in
133
Subang Parade
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES NO.
2.1
TITLE
Diagram showing relation of topics discussed in the
PAGE
9
review
2.2
Diagram showing relation between light and work
13
3.1
Table showing organization of the research
28
methodology
3.2
Table showing rating system by Darling (2004)
35
3.3
Table showing retail trade analysis of Waupaca
46
district.
3.4
Map showing population distribution of Klang Valley
47
3.5
Map showing location of shopping complexes within
48
Klang Valley
3.6
Map showing location of Subang Jaya & schedule of
49
population distribution.
3.7
An image with a resolution of 1375 x 1402 pixels
52
3.8
Illustration on how luminance reading is taken using
54
a luminance meter.
3.9
Lux reading versus digital camera mean
72
3.10
Infodev counting process.
75
3.11
Infodev’s horizontally located and vertically located
76
counting sensors.
3.12
Hourly global illuminance for Klang Valley,
78
Malaysia
3.13
Handheld manual counter used to count patronage
80
3.14
Counting stations (green) overlooking imaginary
81
count line (blue)
3.15
Plan showing checkpoints for patronage count of
81
Subang Parade.
3.16
Sidelit atria (left) and toplit atria (right)
84
3.17
Picture of lighting condition processed using PCI
85
Geomatica
3.18
Histogram showing frequency of different luminance
86
value
3.19
Table showing general properties of processed
86
picture
3.20
Counting stations (green) overlooking imaginary
89
count line (blue)
3.21
Plan showing checkpoints for patronage count of
90
Subang Parade.
3.22
Plan showing checkpoints for patronage count
90
Summit USJ.
3.23
Picture taken using fish eye lens gives a wider angle
91
(left) while common lense is limited to either a
horizontal or a vertical view only
4.1
Lower ground plan, ground floor plan and 1st floor
95
plan of Subang Parade.
4.2
Perspective showing front, right and left elevation of
95
Subang Parade
4.3
Location plan & openings to side-lit atrium of
96
Subang Parade
4.4
View of side-lit atrium from inside
97
4.5
Top-lit atrium at Subang Parade
97
4.6
Top-lit atrium at west wing of Subang Parade
98
4.7
Types of artificial light used at Subang Parade
99
4.8
Floor plans of Summit USJ- lower ground to second
100
floor
4.9
Floor plans of Summit USJ- third to fourth floor
101
4.10
Location plan & main entrance to Summit USJ.
101
4.11
Perspective showing left, right and front elevation of
102
Summit USJ
4.12
Incandescent downlights on typical floor and
103
concealed incandescent light at ground floor level.
4.13
Luminance level of pictures taken at Subang Parade –
104
1st floor
4.14
Luminance level of pictures taken at Subang Parade –
Ground floor
107
4.15
Luminance level of pictures taken at Subang Parade –
110
Lower ground floor
4.16
Plan indicating patronage count checkpoints of
Subang Parade.
115
4.17
Luminance level of pictures taken at Summit USJ –
117
3rd floor
4.18
Luminance level of pictures taken at Summit USJ –
119
2nd floor
4.19
Luminance level of pictures taken at Summit USJ –
120
1st floor
4.20
Luminance level of pictures taken at Summit USJ –
122
ground floor
4.21
Luminance level of pictures taken at Summit USJ –
123
lower ground floor
4.22
Plan indicating patronage count checkpoints at
129
Summit
5.1
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
135
1
5.2
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
136
2
5.3
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
3
137
5.4
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
138
4
5.5
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
139
5
5.6
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
140
6
5.7
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
141
7
5.8
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
142
8
5.9
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
143
9
5.10
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
144
10
5.11
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
145
11
5.12
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
146
12
5.13
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
147
13
5.14
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
148
14
5.15
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
149
15
5.16
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
150
16
5.17
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
151
17
5.18
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
152
18
5.19
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
19
153
5.20
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
154
20
5.21
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
155
21
5.22
Pie chart & schedule showing feedback for question
22
156