Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series Office of Research and Analysis Report No. WIC‐11‐ELIG Special Nutrition Programs Volume II Appendices: National and State­Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2000–2009 Final Report December 2011 Non-Discrimination Policy
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December 2011
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-11-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices:
National and State-Level Estimates of Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2000–2009
Final Report
Authors:
David Betson
Michael Martinez-Schiferl
Linda Giannarelli
Sheila Zedlewski
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Research and Analysis
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Sheila Zedlewski
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not the Urban Institute.
This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food and
Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis. National
and State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2000–2009, by David Betson, Michael Martinez-Schiferl, Linda
Giannarelli, and Sheila Zedlewski. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette, Alexandria, VA: December 2011.
This page was left intentionally blank. Acknowledgements The authors would like to recognize excellent research assistance from Erika Huber throughout this project. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided helpful guidance throughout the project and editorial suggestions on this report. This page was left intentionally blank. Contents Appendix A. National Estimates: 2008 and 2009 Appendix B. Estimating Eligibility in the U.S. Territories Appendix C. State Estimates: 2008 and 2009 Appendix D. State and Regional Estimates: 2000 through 2007 Appendix E. Computing Standard Errors Appendix F. Estimating WIC Eligibility among Postpartum Women Appendix G. Annual‐to‐Monthly Adjustment Factor Appendix H. Coverage Rate Maps A‐1 B‐1 C‐1 D‐1 E‐1 F‐1 G‐1 H‐1 This page was left intentionally blank. Appendix A National Estimates: 2008 and 2009 The appendix tables show the detailed estimates of WIC‐eligible individuals by participant group for each calendar year. A brief description of each of these tables is given below. Note that tables A.11a and A.11b provide a comparison of the 2008 national and territory estimates produced in this report with the prior 2008 estimates. These tables document the differences in assumptions and calculations used to produce the estimates. CY 2008 and CY 2009 National Estimates Appendix Tables Tables A.1a and A.1b: Steps and Sources for Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants, Young Children, Pregnant Women, and Postpartum Women This table documents the data sources used and summarizes the steps performed in producing national and State eligibility estimates. Table A.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group This table shows the estimated average monthly number of WIC eligibles in the calendar year along with the total number of infants and children. Note that the number of non‐eligible infants and children is calculated as the difference between the total population and the number of eligible infants and children. These figures include infants and children in the U.S. territories. The reader is referred to tables A.6 and C.8 for the steps used in calculating the estimated number of eligible individuals. Table A.3a: Four‐Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single‐Year Age Groups, Race, and Gender This table shows the four‐year accumulations of census estimates next to the four‐year accumulations of March CPS total weighted populations used to calculate the population factors used to adjust the CPS weights. Table A.3b: Adjustment of March CPS Estimated Population by Race and Gender Using Four‐
Year Accumulated Census Estimates to CPS Estimate Ratios This table shows the results of applying the population adjustment factors shown in Table A.3a to the weights on the March CPS. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐1 Table A.4: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC‐Eligible Postpartum Women This table shows the calculated national breastfeeding adjustment factors assuming the use of the current NHANES and SIPP adjustments. Table A.5: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group According to the Year of Breastfeeding Rates Used This table shows the effect of the change in breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year by applying the breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year to the current year. The result is the estimated change in the number of eligible postpartum breastfeeding women and postpartum non‐breastfeeding women that can be attributable to the year‐to‐year change in the breastfeeding rate. This table includes infants and children in the U.S. territories. Table A.6: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group This table shows the step‐by‐step adjustments made in calculating the total number of infants, children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are eligible for WIC. Tables A.7a and A.7b: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the March 2010 CPS by Demographic Characteristics These two tables show the estimates of WIC‐eligible infants and children (in total and by single year of age) by demographic and income characteristics in the March CPS. Note that these tables do not include infants and children from the territories. Table A.7a shows characteristics of WIC‐eligible infants and children in the March CPS using unadjusted person weights, and Table A.7b shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual‐to‐monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as both total counts and column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics. A comparison of Table A.7a to Table A.7b shows the impact of the CPS weight adjustments on the national estimates of WIC‐eligible infants and children. Table A.8: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Year to Year This table shows a comparison of the year‐to‐year change between the overall estimates for the number of WIC‐eligible individuals (including infants and children in the U.S. territories). The percent change for each participant group is calculated. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐2 Table A.9: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, as estimated by the March CPS This table shows a step‐by‐step comparison of the difference in estimates from year to year. The percentage change from year‐to‐year is calculated after each adjustment. Table A.10: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variance for National Estimates from the CPS‐
ASEC This table presents the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of variance for the national estimates for the total and number eligible for WIC by participant group. Table A.11a and A.11b (CY 2008 estimates only): Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Previous CY2008 Estimates Table A.11a presents an overall comparison of the CY 2008 estimates provided in this report to the CY 2008 estimates provided to FNS by MPR. Shown are the estimates for total and number WIC‐eligible by participant group and the percentage difference between the two estimates. Table A.11b presents a stepwise comparison of the differences in methods used for this report in producing estimates for CY 2008 and the methods used for the prior estimates. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐3 Table A.1a-2008
Steps and Sources for 2008 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children, Using Data from the 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, and Census International Data Base
Step
Demographic eligibility
Description
Identify individuals age 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 in the survey.
Sources for 2008 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2009 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2008 ACS - State Estimates
2008 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
Weight adjustment
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Income eligibility
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly-defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
National Estimates:
Updated population estimates from the Census Bureau (March 2006,
2007, 2008, and 2009) and the March CPS for 2005, 2006, 2007, and
2008)
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Updated population estimates from the Census Bureau Vintage 2008
estimates for CY 2008
2009 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2008 ACS - State Estimates
2008 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Adjunctive eligibility
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Adjust for nutritional risk
Territories
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
food stamps, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as
being enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowlydefined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies
separate.
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.18 for infants and 1.01 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods.
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
Blended FY 2007 and FY 2008 poverty guidelines
2009 CPS-ASEC
SIPP panels from 2001 and 2004.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factors.
PRCS 2008 - Puerto Rico
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐4 Table A.1b-2008
Steps and Sources for 2008 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, and Census International Data Base
Step
Starting point
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants (See Table A.6-2008).
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
Multiply by 0.533 to account for nine months of pregnancy (0.75
For pregnant women :
Adjust for length of pregnancy and factor) and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
For postpartum mothers :
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
Separately estimate the average
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
monthly number who are eligible
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
Sources for 2008 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
See Table A.6-2008.
Multiple birth and infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factor.
2009 Ross Laboratories Mothers Survey (RLMS); 2001-2002, 20032004, and 2005-2006 waves of National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels.
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factor.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐5 Table A.2-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2009 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
2008
Participant Group
Eligiblesa
Non-Eligiblesb
Totalc
Infants
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639
2,054,735
2,176,247
2,113,062
2,055,595
17,056,75
6
4,346,758
4,319,761
4,230,541
4,159,697
Pregnant Women
1,355,127
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding
Women
639,003
886,312
Total WIC Eligibles
14,171,378
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, PRCS and Census for territories
Notes:
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals
eligible for WIC in 2008, taking into account the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income
and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP
panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that
accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the three years.
See Tables 3a, 3b, and 6 for all of the adjustment factors used to calculate the eligible
estimates.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2009
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2008 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐6 Table A.3a-2008: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups,
Race, and Gender, March 2006-2009
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories
Females
Males
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Age 0
Census estimates
6,214,440 1,448,530
656,286
8,319,256
6,526,361 1,504,174
691,829
CPS estimate
6,219,940 1,325,106
580,035
8,125,081
6,520,153 1,438,044
599,475
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
0.999
1.093
1.131
1.024
1.001
1.046
1.154
Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Total Age 1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Total Age 0 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
6,145,077
6,188,880
1,410,085
1,527,667
646,503
606,552
8,201,665
8,323,099
0.993
0.923
1.066
0.985
6,102,314
6,124,807
1,371,938
1,315,064
636,598
595,261
8,110,850
8,035,132
0.996
1.043
1.069
1.009
6,052,608
6,070,660
1,333,212
1,344,362
622,960
618,587
8,008,780
8,033,609
0.997
0.992
1.007
0.997
6,041,503
6,060,902
1,314,050
1,389,105
610,232
563,291
7,965,785
8,013,298
0.997
0.946
1.083
0.994
5,429,285 2,516,293
5,576,198 2,383,691
32,287,080
32,405,138
24,341,502
24,445,249
0.996
30,555,942
30,665,189
0.996
0.974
1.056
0.996
6,877,815 3,172,579
6,901,304 2,963,726
40,606,336
40,530,219
0.997
1.070
1.002
Total
Total
White
8,722,364
8,557,672
12,740,801
12,740,093
1.019
1.000
681,281
684,035
8,596,706
8,678,983
12,601,034
12,689,158
0.976
0.996
0.991
0.993
6,410,726 1,417,344
6,435,040 1,297,859
669,470
611,729
8,497,540
8,344,627
12,513,040
12,559,847
1.092
1.094
1.018
0.996
6,358,972 1,374,354
6,378,488 1,448,048
653,743
611,690
8,387,069
8,438,226
12,411,580
12,449,148
0.949
1.069
0.994
0.997
6,341,539 1,354,745
6,362,304 1,447,494
638,901
622,748
8,335,185
8,432,546
12,383,042
12,423,206
1.026
0.988
0.997
6,455,957 1,459,468
6,500,278 1,494,670
0.993
0.996
0.997
0.997
0.936
25,567,194 5,605,911 2,643,395 33,816,500
25,676,110 5,688,071 2,530,202 33,894,383
0.996
0.986
1.045
0.997
0.998
1.066
Other
Total
2,952,704 1,348,115 17,041,620
2,763,150 1,179,510 16,682,753
1.069
1.143
1.022
2,869,553 1,327,784 16,798,371
3,022,337 1,290,587 17,002,082
0.949
1.029
0.988
2,789,282 1,306,068 16,608,390
2,612,923 1,206,990 16,379,759
1.067
1.082
1.014
2,707,566 1,276,703 16,395,849
2,792,410 1,230,277 16,471,835
0.970
1.038
0.995
2,668,795 1,249,133 16,300,970
2,836,599 1,186,039 16,445,844
0.941
1.053
0.991
49,908,696 11,035,196 5,159,688 66,103,580
50,121,359 11,264,269 4,913,893 66,299,521
0.998
32,093,555 7,110,085 3,335,224 42,538,864
32,196,263 7,126,115 3,129,677 42,452,055
Black
0.996
0.980
1.050
0.997
62,649,497 13,987,900 6,507,803 83,145,200
62,861,452 14,027,419 6,093,403 82,982,274
1.002
0.997
0.997
1.068
1.002
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC, 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2008 CPS-ASEC, and 2009 CPS-ASEC, Vintage 2008 Census estimates for March 2006-2009
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2006-2009 based on the 2000 Census.
CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender
to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns
(by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐7 Table A.3b-2008: Adjustment of 2009 CPS Estimated Population by Race and Gender Using 2006-2009 Accumulated
Census Estimates to CPS Estimate Ratios
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Age 0
Ratio of Census to CPS
0.999
1.093
1.131
1.024
1.001
1.046
1.154
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
1,577,407
379,876
190,737
2,148,020
1,657,327
398,615 188,926
Original 2009 CPS estimate
1,578,803
347,508
172,220
2,098,531
1,655,750
381,091 165,566
% relative change
Total
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
1.019
2,244,868
2,202,407
1.000
3,234,734
3,234,553
0.0%
1.069
778,491
728,599
6.8%
1.143
379,663
337,786
12.4%
1.022
4,392,888
4,300,938
2.1%
Age 1
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.993
1,557,565
1,568,668
0.923
357,458
387,265
1.066
175,884
166,494
0.985
2,090,907
2,122,427
0.993
1,636,126
1,647,358
0.976
372,597
381,584
0.996
193,199
194,030
0.991
2,201,922
2,222,972
0.993
3,193,691
3,216,026
-0.7%
0.949
730,055
768,849
-5.0%
1.029
369,083
360,524
2.4%
0.988
4,292,829
4,345,399
-1.2%
Age 2
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.996
1,549,034
1,554,744
1.043
365,534
350,380
1.069
182,426
171,336
1.009
2,096,994
2,076,461
0.996
1,627,066
1,633,237
1.092
360,173
329,810
1.094
179,969
166,584
1.018
2,167,208
2,129,631
0.996
3,176,100
3,187,981
-0.4%
1.067
725,707
680,190
6.7%
1.082
362,395
337,920
7.2%
1.014
4,264,202
4,206,092
1.4%
Age 3
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.997
1,517,199
1,521,724
0.992
375,793
378,936
1.007
170,294
169,330
0.997
2,063,286
2,069,990
0.997
1,595,845
1,600,743
0.949
336,075
354,096
1.069
178,880
168,470
0.994
2,110,801
2,123,309
0.997
3,113,044
3,122,467
-0.3%
0.970
711,868
733,032
-2.9%
1.038
349,174
337,800
3.4%
0.995
4,174,087
4,193,299
-0.5%
Age 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.997
1,511,310
1,516,163
0.946
304,447
321,836
1.083
149,632
139,727
0.994
1,965,389
1,977,726
0.997
1,586,896
1,592,092
0.936
355,684
380,035
1.026
195,676
191,328
0.988
2,138,255
2,163,455
0.997
3,098,206
3,108,255
-0.3%
0.941
660,131
701,871
-5.9%
1.053
345,308
331,055
4.3%
0.991
4,103,644
4,141,181
-0.9%
Total Age 1 to 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.996
0.974
6,135,108 1,403,232
6,161,299 1,438,417
1.056
678,236
646,887
0.996
8,216,576
8,246,604
0.996
0.986
6,445,933 1,424,529
6,473,430 1,445,525
1.045
747,724
720,412
0.998
8,618,186
8,639,367
0.996
0.980
1.050
0.997
12,581,041 2,827,761 1,425,960 16,834,762
12,634,729 2,883,942 1,367,299 16,885,971
-0.4%
-1.9%
4.3%
-0.3%
Total Age 0 to 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.996
0.997
7,712,515 1,783,108
7,740,102 1,785,925
1.070
868,973
819,107
1.002
10,364,596
10,345,135
0.997
0.998
8,103,260 1,823,144
8,129,180 1,826,616
1.066
1.002
936,650 10,863,054
885,978 10,841,774
0.997
0.997
1.068
1.002
15,815,775 3,606,252 1,805,623 21,227,650
15,869,282 3,612,541 1,705,085 21,186,909
-0.3%
-0.2%
5.9%
0.2%
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC, 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2008 CPS-ASEC, and 2009 CPS-ASEC, Vintage 2008 Census estimates for March 2006-2009
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2006-2009 based on the 2000 Census.
CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender
to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns
(by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐8 Breastfeeding rates among WIC
participants (RLMS)
In-hospital
At 6 months
Breastfeeding rates among WIC
eligibles after NHANES adjustment
In-hospital
At 6 months
Breastfeeding rates among WIC
eligibles after adjustment for
overestimate of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
At 6 months
Table A.4-2008: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2008)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
0.416
0.443
0.466
0.466
0.504
0.568
0.561
0.568
0.582
0.588
0.543
0.536
0.562
0.531
0.499
0.495
0.108
0.116
0.127
0.129
0.165
0.189
0.199
0.201
0.208
0.221
0.210
0.214
0.214
0.191
0.160
0.170
0.430
0.458
0.482
0.482
0.521
0.587
0.580
0.587
0.602
0.608
0.561
0.554
0.581
0.549
0.527
0.523
0.117
0.126
0.138
0.140
0.179
0.205
0.216
0.218
0.226
0.240
0.228
0.232
0.232
0.207
0.184
0.196
0.274
0.292
0.307
0.307
0.332
0.375
0.370
0.375
0.384
0.388
0.358
0.353
0.371
0.350
0.327
0.324
0.096
0.103
0.113
0.115
0.147
0.168
0.177
0.179
0.185
0.197
0.187
0.191
0.191
0.170
0.153
0.163
0.260
0.175
0.085
0.240
0.164
0.077
0.244
0.162
0.081
0.325
0.337
0.338
Breastfeeding adjustment factors
Breastfeeding
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 1993-2008 are from RLMS, "2008 Breastfeeding Trends"
Adjustment for WIC eligibles versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP
panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 and 2008 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐9 Table A.5-2008: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2009 CPS
According to Whether the 2008 or 2007 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2008 (Using 2008 Breastfeeding Rates)
NonParticipant Group
Infants
a
Eligibles
b
Eligibles
c
Total
2008 (Using 2007 Breastfeeding Rates)
Nona
Eligibles
b
Eligibles
Percent Change
NonEligibles
Eligibles
c
Total
Total
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639
2,054,735
2,176,247
2,113,062
2,055,595
17,056,756
4,346,758
4,319,761
4,230,541
4,159,697
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639
2,054,735
2,176,247
2,113,062
2,055,595
17,056,756
4,346,758
4,319,761
4,230,541
4,159,697
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Pregnant Women
1,355,127
1,355,127
0.00%
639,003
886,312
629,651
882,823
1.49%
0.40%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
14,171,378
14,158,538
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC; 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
0.09%
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals eligible for WIC in 2008, taking into account the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004
SIPP panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the five years.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the
WIC-eligible infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2009 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of
infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2008 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐10 Table A.6-2008: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2008 (2009 CPS-ASEC)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total number of infants/children in the 2009 CPS-ASEC
4,300,938
4,345,399
4,206,092
4,193,299
4,141,181
16,885,971
21,186,909
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,392,888
4,292,829
4,264,202
4,174,087
4,103,644
16,834,762
21,227,650
Number with annual income <185% FPG
1,720,897
1,783,702
1,698,508
1,654,750
1,734,785
6,871,745
8,592,642
537,864
109,341
4,499
424,024
464,903
92,110
3,168
369,625
400,517
68,757
3,836
327,924
418,266
85,028
5,486
327,752
324,990
42,794
0
282,196
1,608,675
288,689
12,489
1,307,497
2,146,540
398,030
16,989
1,731,521
2,258,761
2,248,605
2,099,025
2,073,016
2,059,775
8,480,420
10,739,182
2,665,338
2,271,091
2,120,015
2,093,746
2,080,373
8,565,225
11,230,563
Number after adjustment for income eligibles in U.S.
Territoriesd
2,665,338
2,271,091
2,120,015
2,093,746
2,080,373
8,565,225
11,230,563
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)d
2,585,378
2,248,380
2,098,815
2,072,808
2,059,569
8,479,572
11,064,951
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
2,585,378
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths
Pregnant
Women
1,371,345
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
2,585,378
7,756,135
1,376,714
f
Infants
48,440
2,633,819
1,376,714
2,575,295
2,575,295
6,521,935
627,251
870,012
1,497,262
1,330,204
627,251
870,012
2,827,467
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
CY 2008 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2008 PRCS and Census International Data Base
See Table C.8 for details.
2,585,378
Total
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total
Children
Age 1 to 4
43,642
44,698
44,671
44,533
177,544
24,923
11,752
16,301
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,657,117
1,355,127
639,003
886,312
Total
278,961
14,171,378
Page A‐11 National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Notes for Table A.6-2008:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to estimates based on the
Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for children age 0 to 4.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food Stamps receipt is coded as
Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.18
Children:
1.01
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.244
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.338
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐12 Table A.7a-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,676,896
528,614
Gender
Male
Female
875,352
801,544
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,205,510
1,814,547
470,900
261,763
266,852
1,137,115
1,068,395
921,160
893,387
577,237
377,784
71,202
650,673
273,461
83,080
19,800
152,273
850,697
460,864
91,002
802,947
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
999,935
613,455
63,506
43,235
20,271
362,037
136,258
30,319
30,319
0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
81,978
432,687
455,303
306,401
400,527
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,285,447
1,666,918
394,996
2,061,913
223,506
247,393
1,144,666
1,140,781
851,919
814,999
204,712
190,283
1,056,631
1,005,282
611,610
464,350
86,641
651,947
227,032
71,685
23,126
149,056
838,642
536,036
109,767
801,003
568,473
386,915
80,219
631,311
189,946
58,045
21,963
125,042
758,418
444,960
102,182
756,353
1,361,972
749,713
93,825
73,554
20,271
1,029,835
689,054
95,659
70,615
25,044
304,746
131,748
34,405
34,405
0
1,334,581
820,802
130,064
105,020
25,044
934,820
647,344
84,754
56,441
28,313
261,671
111,322
22,002
22,002
0
1,196,491
758,666
106,756
78,443
28,313
11,864
144,745
134,886
91,950
145,169
4.6
93,841
577,432
590,189
398,351
545,696
4.6
106,106
429,905
471,345
428,269
378,922
4.5
12,297
130,725
118,551
83,956
125,371
4.6
118,403
560,630
589,895
512,225
504,294
4.5
88,488
311,141
487,602
387,583
392,103
4.6
9,014
79,778
135,995
78,610
91,599
4.7
97,502
390,919
623,597
466,193
483,702
4.7
971,550
399,519
1,371,070
1,157,138
358,310
1,515,448
1,147,101
321,373
1,468,474
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
552,402
50% to <100% FPL
445,049
100% to <130% FPL
306,671
130% to <185% FPLd
367,269
185% to <200% FPL
5,071
200% to <250% FPL
434
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
38,791
56,029
141,251
292,543
552,402
445,049
306,671
406,060
61,100
141,685
292,543
507,493
502,715
300,436
500,617
2,844
442
0
0
0
0
35,693
53,747
145,420
236,040
507,493
502,715
300,436
536,310
56,591
145,862
236,040
429,927
489,038
329,294
416,143
862
1,653
0
0
0
0
38,108
48,050
115,887
192,950
429,927
489,038
329,294
454,251
48,913
117,540
192,950
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$18,881
$17,500
$74,442
$60,916
$32,198
$24,825
$20,364
$20,000
$74,549
$60,200
$31,528
$25,000
$20,778
$20,000
$80,570
$60,192
$32,232
$24,960
394,590
136,588
0
0
495,568
13,365
0
73,273
0
9,028
0
0
73,183
4,373
0
25,254
394,590
145,616
0
0
568,750
17,738
0
98,527
503,202
133,964
0
3,223
551,090
32,223
0
76,394
0
13,620
0
0
60,246
3,086
0
19,687
503,202
147,583
0
3,223
611,336
35,308
0
96,081
506,568
83,113
0
1,902
492,603
17,286
0
85,551
0
8,970
0
0
48,529
3,827
0
9,649
506,568
92,082
0
1,902
541,132
21,113
0
95,200
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐13 Table A.7a-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
a
Unadjusted weights
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,667,235
420,928
Gender
Male
Female
824,667
842,568
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,088,163
1,759,499
329,024
222,655
198,274
1,047,321
1,040,842
896,170
863,329
583,481
393,146
73,598
617,010
188,776
79,371
18,454
134,326
772,257
472,517
92,052
751,336
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
889,205
702,132
75,898
44,298
31,600
248,262
148,559
24,107
24,107
0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
90,927
308,469
459,363
384,217
424,259
4.7
1,101,844
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,088,522
6,908,199
1,615,847
8,524,046
179,726
149,297
1,075,896
1,012,626
3,493,915
3,414,284
830,599
785,248
4,324,514
4,199,531
633,269
413,414
79,426
633,389
168,486
50,967
11,104
98,466
801,756
464,381
90,530
731,856
2,396,833
1,657,825
319,884
2,533,657
774,240
260,069
74,647
506,891
3,171,073
1,917,894
394,530
3,040,548
1,137,467
850,691
100,005
68,405
31,600
863,091
793,158
103,250
68,113
35,137
187,849
122,122
19,053
19,053
0
1,050,940
915,280
122,303
87,166
35,137
3,716,950
2,831,688
359,560
239,467
120,094
1,002,528
513,751
99,567
99,567
0
4,719,479
3,345,439
459,128
339,034
120,094
16,120
90,039
145,995
84,572
84,202
4.5
107,048
398,508
605,358
468,789
508,460
4.7
85,762
325,441
479,710
417,376
451,209
4.7
21,113
55,035
87,113
85,843
79,920
4.7
106,875
380,476
566,823
503,219
531,129
4.7
371,284
1,374,956
1,898,021
1,617,446
1,646,493
4.6
58,543
355,577
487,653
332,981
381,092
4.6
429,827
1,730,532
2,385,674
1,950,427
2,027,585
4.6
328,568
1,430,411
1,086,613
266,819
1,353,432
4,492,696
1,275,070
5,767,766
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
459,108
50% to <100% FPL
440,284
100% to <130% FPL
334,968
d
130% to <185% FPL
429,241
185% to <200% FPL
2,932
200% to <250% FPL
702
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
25,931
60,272
126,432
208,293
459,108
440,284
334,968
455,172
63,204
127,134
208,293
443,097
542,581
329,759
441,614
2,168
280
0
0
0
0
22,699
39,154
94,472
172,698
443,097
542,581
329,759
464,313
41,322
94,752
172,698
1,839,625
1,974,618
1,294,457
1,787,616
8,806
3,077
0
0
0
0
122,430
201,223
482,212
809,982
1,839,625
1,974,618
1,294,457
1,910,046
210,029
485,288
809,982
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,125
$20,000
$75,639
$57,000
$32,113
$25,000
$21,072
$20,000
$77,465
$61,001
$29,957
$24,000
$20,828
$20,000
$76,899
$60,000
$31,457
$25,000
475,287
129,927
0
338
534,466
13,616
0
65,253
0
15,121
0
0
60,316
5,637
0
10,296
475,287
145,049
0
338
594,782
19,253
0
75,549
511,337
105,054
0
1,979
533,537
11,308
0
105,016
0
8,770
0
0
25,452
0
0
9,219
511,337
113,825
0
1,979
558,989
11,308
0
114,235
1,996,394
452,058
0
7,442
2,111,696
74,432
0
332,214
0
46,481
0
0
194,543
12,549
0
48,851
1,996,394
498,539
0
7,442
2,306,238
86,982
0
381,065
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Number with working parent(s)
b
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐14 Table A.7a-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,676,896
528,614
Gender
Male
Female
52.2
47.8
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,205,510
1,814,547
470,900
49.5
50.5
51.6
48.4
50.8
49.2
34.4
22.5
4.2
38.8
51.7
15.7
3.7
28.8
38.6
20.9
4.1
36.4
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
59.6
36.6
3.8
2.6
1.2
68.5
25.8
5.7
5.7
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
25.8
27.2
18.3
23.9
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,285,447
1,666,918
394,996
2,061,913
47.5
52.5
50.1
49.9
51.1
48.9
51.8
48.2
51.2
48.8
33.7
25.6
4.8
35.9
48.2
15.2
4.9
31.7
36.7
23.5
4.8
35.0
34.1
23.2
4.8
37.9
48.1
14.7
5.6
31.7
36.8
21.6
5.0
36.7
61.8
34.0
4.3
3.3
0.9
56.8
38.0
5.3
3.9
1.4
64.7
28.0
7.3
7.3
0.0
58.4
35.9
5.7
4.6
1.1
56.1
38.8
5.1
3.4
1.7
66.2
28.2
5.6
5.6
0.0
58.0
36.8
5.2
3.8
1.4
2.2
27.4
25.5
17.4
27.5
4.3
26.2
26.8
18.1
24.7
5.8
23.7
26.0
23.6
20.9
2.6
27.8
25.2
17.8
26.6
5.2
24.5
25.8
22.4
22.1
5.3
18.7
29.3
23.3
23.5
2.3
20.2
34.4
19.9
23.2
4.7
19.0
30.2
22.6
23.5
57.9
75.6
62.2
63.8
76.1
66.3
68.8
81.4
71.2
32.9
26.5
18.3
21.9
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.3
10.6
26.7
55.3
25.0
20.2
13.9
18.4
2.8
6.4
13.3
28.0
27.7
16.6
27.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
11.4
30.9
50.1
22.2
22.0
13.1
23.5
2.5
6.4
10.3
25.8
29.3
19.8
25.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.6
12.2
29.3
48.8
20.9
23.7
16.0
22.0
2.4
5.7
9.4
23.5
8.1
0.0
0.0
29.6
0.8
0.0
4.4
0.0
1.7
0.0
0.0
13.8
0.8
0.0
4.8
17.9
6.6
0.0
0.0
25.8
0.8
0.0
4.5
27.7
7.4
0.0
0.2
30.4
1.8
0.0
4.2
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
12.8
0.7
0.0
4.2
22.0
6.5
0.0
0.1
26.7
1.5
0.0
4.2
30.4
5.0
0.0
0.1
29.6
1.0
0.0
5.1
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
12.3
1.0
0.0
2.4
24.6
4.5
0.0
0.1
26.2
1.0
0.0
4.6
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐15 Table A.7a-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
a
Unadjusted weights
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,667,235
420,928
Gender
Male
Female
49.5
50.5
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,088,163
1,759,499
329,024
52.9
47.1
50.2
49.8
50.9
49.1
35.0
23.6
4.4
37.0
44.8
18.9
4.4
31.9
37.0
22.6
4.4
36.0
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
53.3
42.1
4.6
2.7
1.9
59.0
35.3
5.7
5.7
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.5
18.5
27.6
23.0
25.4
% with working parent(s)
Demographic Characteristics
Total
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,088,522
6,908,199
1,615,847
8,524,046
54.6
45.4
51.5
48.5
50.6
49.4
51.4
48.6
50.7
49.3
36.0
23.5
4.5
36.0
51.2
15.5
3.4
29.9
38.4
22.2
4.3
35.0
34.7
24.0
4.6
36.7
47.9
16.1
4.6
31.4
37.2
22.5
4.6
35.7
54.5
40.7
4.8
3.3
1.5
49.1
45.1
5.9
3.9
2.0
57.1
37.1
5.8
5.8
0.0
50.3
43.8
5.9
4.2
1.7
53.8
41.0
5.2
3.5
1.7
62.0
31.8
6.2
6.2
0.0
55.4
39.2
5.4
4.0
1.4
3.8
21.4
34.7
20.1
20.0
5.1
19.1
29.0
22.4
24.3
4.9
18.5
27.3
23.7
25.6
6.4
16.7
26.5
26.1
24.3
5.1
18.2
27.1
24.1
25.4
5.4
19.9
27.5
23.4
23.8
3.6
22.0
30.2
20.6
23.6
5.0
20.3
28.0
22.9
23.8
66.1
78.1
68.5
61.8
81.1
64.8
65.0
78.9
67.7
27.5
26.4
20.1
25.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
14.3
30.0
49.5
22.0
21.1
16.0
21.8
3.0
6.1
10.0
25.2
30.8
18.7
25.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.9
11.9
28.7
52.5
21.2
26.0
15.8
22.2
2.0
4.5
8.3
26.6
28.6
18.7
25.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
12.5
29.8
50.1
21.6
23.2
15.2
22.4
2.5
5.7
9.5
28.5
7.8
0.0
0.0
32.1
0.8
0.0
3.9
0.0
3.6
0.0
0.0
14.3
1.3
0.0
2.4
22.8
6.9
0.0
0.0
28.5
0.9
0.0
3.6
29.1
6.0
0.0
0.1
30.3
0.6
0.0
6.0
0.0
2.7
0.0
0.0
7.7
0.0
0.0
2.8
24.5
5.5
0.0
0.1
26.8
0.5
0.0
5.5
28.9
6.5
0.0
0.1
30.6
1.1
0.0
4.8
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
12.0
0.8
0.0
3.0
23.4
5.8
0.0
0.1
27.1
1.0
0.0
4.5
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
d
130% to <185% FPL
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐16 Notes for Table A.7a-2008:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2009 CPS-ASEC.
They are not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to Census estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
The Federal Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly
to produce official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds
for use in determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG
but who reported receipt of Food Stamps, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually
exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent
of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal
Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2008 a family of five with three children and an annual family income
of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.756, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.870 (FPL for a family of 5 = $25,694;
FPG for a family of 5 = $24,130).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐17 Table A.7b-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,248,380
1,698,338
400,477
2,098,815
221,460
243,397
1,132,365
1,116,015
872,022
826,316
208,512
191,964
1,080,534
1,018,281
607,301
440,606
89,142
646,474
225,431
67,898
23,661
147,866
832,732
508,504
112,804
794,340
566,296
412,161
86,881
633,000
189,219
62,182
23,716
125,361
755,515
474,343
110,596
758,361
1,587,375
887,224
110,780
86,915
23,865
1,018,392
672,163
92,969
68,312
24,657
302,137
128,898
33,821
33,821
0
1,320,529
801,060
126,790
102,133
24,657
944,082
667,580
86,676
58,070
28,606
264,286
114,123
22,068
22,068
0
1,208,368
781,703
108,744
80,138
28,606
14,085
168,567
157,232
106,312
169,444
4.6
109,519
679,656
692,917
464,888
638,399
4.6
103,637
420,705
465,454
421,175
372,551
4.5
12,025
129,171
116,381
83,296
123,984
4.6
115,662
549,876
581,835
504,472
496,535
4.6
91,796
317,355
496,681
395,199
397,307
4.6
9,052
80,974
138,751
79,387
92,313
4.7
100,848
398,329
635,432
474,586
489,620
4.6
466,004
1,604,293
1,140,782
353,820
1,494,602
1,164,755
326,145
1,490,901
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
652,925
50% to <100% FPL
521,499
100% to <130% FPL
358,347
430,124
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
6,347
200% to <250% FPL
497
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
45,543
65,192
164,522
340,383
652,925
521,499
358,347
475,667
71,538
165,019
340,383
497,921
492,838
295,742
493,752
2,824
445
0
0
0
0
35,216
52,919
144,095
232,627
497,921
492,838
295,742
528,968
55,743
144,540
232,627
440,218
498,041
334,154
423,353
878
1,694
0
0
0
0
38,666
47,969
117,870
195,972
440,218
498,041
334,154
462,019
48,847
119,564
195,972
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$18,842
$17,000
$74,553
$60,916
$32,108
$24,481
$20,399
$20,000
$74,651
$60,200
$31,615
$25,000
$20,736
$19,890
$80,734
$60,192
$32,184
$24,816
463,905
162,887
0
0
583,423
16,980
0
86,708
0
10,331
0
0
85,568
5,150
0
29,253
463,905
173,218
0
0
668,990
22,130
0
115,961
497,098
131,087
0
3,170
539,172
31,259
0
73,988
0
13,473
0
0
59,196
3,168
0
19,431
497,098
144,560
0
3,170
598,368
34,427
0
93,418
514,701
85,445
0
2,001
503,443
18,294
0
87,799
0
9,115
0
0
49,886
3,835
0
9,749
514,701
94,560
0
2,001
553,329
22,130
0
97,548
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,969,739
615,640
1,023,826
945,912
Gender
Male
Female
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,585,378
1,783,524
464,856
305,175
310,465
1,329,001
1,256,377
910,905
872,618
660,776
461,760
93,087
754,115
313,009
101,257
25,973
175,401
973,784
563,017
119,061
929,516
1,166,997
727,429
75,313
51,447
23,865
420,378
159,794
35,468
35,468
0
95,434
511,089
535,685
358,576
468,954
4.6
1,138,290
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐18 Table A.7b-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,072,808
1,734,612
324,957
220,658
197,566
1,035,938
1,036,870
879,910
854,701
581,663
381,498
76,289
615,135
188,187
76,895
19,118
134,024
769,850
458,392
95,407
749,159
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
885,880
693,652
75,053
43,784
31,269
246,952
147,379
23,893
23,893
0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
89,942
305,385
455,832
381,992
421,434
4.7
1,095,495
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,059,569
6,871,058
1,608,514
8,479,572
177,125
147,832
1,057,036
1,002,533
3,478,118
3,392,940
827,755
780,759
4,305,873
4,173,698
631,161
388,665
83,539
631,247
167,925
47,886
11,572
97,575
799,085
436,551
95,111
728,822
2,386,421
1,622,929
335,851
2,525,857
770,761
254,861
78,067
504,825
3,157,182
1,877,790
413,918
3,030,682
1,132,832
841,031
98,945
67,676
31,269
858,553
775,010
101,048
66,711
34,337
185,813
120,490
18,654
18,654
0
1,044,367
895,500
119,702
85,365
34,337
3,706,907
2,808,405
355,746
236,877
118,869
999,189
510,889
98,436
98,436
0
4,706,096
3,319,294
454,182
335,313
118,869
15,844
89,298
145,108
84,437
83,538
4.5
105,786
394,683
600,939
466,429
504,971
4.7
83,523
319,272
474,335
411,347
446,135
4.7
20,417
54,544
86,287
84,692
79,018
4.7
103,940
373,816
560,622
496,038
525,152
4.7
368,898
1,362,718
1,892,303
1,609,714
1,637,426
4.7
57,337
353,986
486,526
331,812
378,852
4.6
426,235
1,716,704
2,378,829
1,941,525
2,016,279
4.6
326,542
1,422,037
1,075,226
263,175
1,338,401
4,476,258
1,269,683
5,745,941
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
454,515
50% to <100% FPL
436,694
100% to <130% FPL
333,030
426,666
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
2,944
200% to <250% FPL
735
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
25,750
59,710
125,750
207,013
454,515
436,694
333,030
452,416
62,655
126,485
207,013
435,426
535,289
324,614
436,798
2,197
287
0
0
0
0
22,284
38,794
93,236
170,644
435,426
535,289
324,614
459,082
40,991
93,523
170,644
1,828,080
1,962,863
1,287,540
1,780,570
8,844
3,161
0
0
0
0
121,915
199,392
480,951
806,256
1,828,080
1,962,863
1,287,540
1,902,485
208,236
484,112
806,256
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,147
$20,000
$75,534
$57,000
$32,120
$25,000
$21,114
$20,000
$77,465
$61,001
$30,005
$24,000
$20,843
$20,000
$76,963
$60,000
$31,489
$25,000
472,367
128,033
0
362
529,795
13,456
0
64,849
0
14,929
0
0
59,916
5,485
0
10,174
472,367
142,962
0
362
589,711
18,941
0
75,024
506,885
102,452
0
1,924
524,940
11,091
0
102,505
0
8,569
0
0
25,160
0
0
9,061
506,885
111,021
0
1,924
550,100
11,091
0
111,566
1,991,049
447,016
0
7,456
2,097,350
74,100
0
329,140
0
46,087
0
0
194,158
12,488
0
48,416
1,991,049
493,103
0
7,456
2,291,508
86,588
0
377,556
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,654,585
418,223
Gender
Male
Female
815,281
839,304
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐19 Table A.7b-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,969,739
615,640
2,585,378
1,783,524
464,856
Gender
Male
Female
52.0
48.0
49.6
50.4
51.4
48.6
51.1
48.9
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
33.5
23.4
4.7
38.3
50.8
16.4
4.2
28.5
37.7
21.8
4.6
36.0
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
59.2
36.9
3.8
2.6
1.2
68.3
26.0
5.8
5.8
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.8
25.9
27.2
18.2
23.8
% with working parent(s)
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,248,380
1,698,338
400,477
2,098,815
47.6
52.4
50.4
49.6
51.3
48.7
52.1
47.9
51.5
48.5
34.1
24.7
5.0
36.2
48.5
14.6
5.1
31.8
37.0
22.6
5.0
35.3
33.3
24.3
5.1
37.3
47.2
15.5
5.9
31.3
36.0
22.6
5.3
36.1
61.4
34.3
4.3
3.4
0.9
57.1
37.7
5.2
3.8
1.4
65.0
27.7
7.3
7.3
0.0
58.7
35.6
5.6
4.5
1.1
55.6
39.3
5.1
3.4
1.7
66.0
28.5
5.5
5.5
0.0
57.6
37.2
5.2
3.8
1.4
2.3
27.4
25.5
17.3
27.5
4.2
26.3
26.8
18.0
24.7
5.8
23.6
26.1
23.6
20.9
2.6
27.8
25.0
17.9
26.7
5.1
24.5
25.9
22.4
22.1
5.4
18.7
29.2
23.3
23.4
2.3
20.2
34.6
19.8
23.1
4.8
19.0
30.3
22.6
23.3
57.8
75.7
62.1
64.0
76.1
66.5
68.6
81.4
71.0
33.1
26.5
18.2
21.8
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.4
10.6
26.7
55.3
25.3
20.2
13.9
18.4
2.8
6.4
13.2
27.9
27.6
16.6
27.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
11.4
31.0
50.0
22.1
21.9
13.2
23.5
2.5
6.4
10.3
25.9
29.3
19.7
24.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.7
12.0
29.4
48.9
21.0
23.7
15.9
22.0
2.3
5.7
9.3
23.6
8.3
0.0
0.0
29.6
0.9
0.0
4.4
0.0
1.7
0.0
0.0
13.9
0.8
0.0
4.8
17.9
6.7
0.0
0.0
25.9
0.9
0.0
4.5
27.9
7.3
0.0
0.2
30.2
1.8
0.0
4.1
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
12.7
0.7
0.0
4.2
22.1
6.4
0.0
0.1
26.6
1.5
0.0
4.2
30.3
5.0
0.0
0.1
29.6
1.1
0.0
5.2
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
12.5
1.0
0.0
2.4
24.5
4.5
0.0
0.1
26.4
1.1
0.0
4.6
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐20 Table A.7b-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2009 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2008
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,654,585
418,223
Gender
Male
Female
49.3
50.7
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,072,808
1,734,612
324,957
52.8
47.2
50.0
50.0
50.7
49.3
35.2
23.1
4.6
37.2
45.0
18.4
4.6
32.0
37.1
22.1
4.6
36.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
53.5
41.9
4.5
2.6
1.9
59.0
35.2
5.7
5.7
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.4
18.5
27.5
23.1
25.5
% with working parent(s)
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,059,569
6,871,058
1,608,514
8,479,572
54.5
45.5
51.3
48.7
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.8
49.2
36.4
22.4
4.8
36.4
51.7
14.7
3.6
30.0
38.8
21.2
4.6
35.4
34.7
23.6
4.9
36.8
47.9
15.8
4.9
31.4
37.2
22.1
4.9
35.7
54.7
40.6
4.8
3.3
1.5
49.5
44.7
5.8
3.8
2.0
57.2
37.1
5.7
5.7
0.0
50.7
43.5
5.8
4.1
1.7
53.9
40.9
5.2
3.4
1.7
62.1
31.8
6.1
6.1
0.0
55.5
39.1
5.4
4.0
1.4
3.8
21.4
34.7
20.2
20.0
5.1
19.0
29.0
22.5
24.4
4.8
18.4
27.3
23.7
25.7
6.3
16.8
26.6
26.1
24.3
5.0
18.2
27.2
24.1
25.5
5.4
19.8
27.5
23.4
23.8
3.6
22.0
30.2
20.6
23.6
5.0
20.2
28.1
22.9
23.8
66.2
78.1
68.6
62.0
81.0
65.0
65.1
78.9
67.8
27.5
26.4
20.1
25.8
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.2
14.3
30.1
49.5
21.9
21.1
16.1
21.8
3.0
6.1
10.0
25.1
30.9
18.7
25.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.9
11.9
28.7
52.5
21.1
26.0
15.8
22.3
2.0
4.5
8.3
26.6
28.6
18.7
25.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
12.4
29.9
50.1
21.6
23.1
15.2
22.4
2.5
5.7
9.5
28.5
7.7
0.0
0.0
32.0
0.8
0.0
3.9
0.0
3.6
0.0
0.0
14.3
1.3
0.0
2.4
22.8
6.9
0.0
0.0
28.4
0.9
0.0
3.6
29.2
5.9
0.0
0.1
30.3
0.6
0.0
5.9
0.0
2.6
0.0
0.0
7.7
0.0
0.0
2.8
24.6
5.4
0.0
0.1
26.7
0.5
0.0
5.4
29.0
6.5
0.0
0.1
30.5
1.1
0.0
4.8
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
12.1
0.8
0.0
3.0
23.5
5.8
0.0
0.1
27.0
1.0
0.0
4.5
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐21 Notes for Table A.7b-2008:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2009 CPS-ASEC.
They are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to Census estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk.
See Tables 3, 4a, and 4b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
The Federal Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly
to produce official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds
for use in determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG
but who reported receipt of Food Stamps, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually
exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent
of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal
Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in Jan 2008 a family of five with three children and an annual family income
of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.756, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.870 (FPL for a family of 5 = $25,694;
FPG for a family of 5 = $24,130).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐22 Table A.8-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2007 to 2008
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2008
NonParticipant Group
Infants
Eligibles
a
2007
Nonb
Eligibles
c
Total
a
Eligibles
b
c
Total
Eligibles
Percent Change
NonEligibles
Eligibles
Total
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
2,688,320
1,724,519
4,412,839
-2.03%
5.05%
0.74%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639
2,054,735
2,176,247
2,113,062
2,055,595
17,056,756
4,346,758
4,319,761
4,230,541
4,159,697
8,629,883
8,210,312
16,840,195
0.32%
2.31%
1.29%
Pregnant Women
1,355,127
1,384,468
-2.12%
639,003
886,312
642,914
901,144
-0.61%
-1.65%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
14,171,378
14,246,729
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC; 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
-0.53%
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals eligible for WIC in 2008, taking into account the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004
SIPP panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the five years.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the
WIC-eligible infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2009 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of
infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2008 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐23 Table A.9-2008: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2007 to 2008 as estimated by
the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
2008
2007
Percent Change
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Infants
4,300,938
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
21,186,909
Infants
4,254,217
16,647,896
20,902,113
Infants
1.1%
16,885,971
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
4,392,888
16,834,762
21,227,650
4,345,061
16,583,705
20,928,766
Number with annual income <185% FPG
1,720,897
6,871,745
8,592,642
1,798,767
6,554,921
537,864
109,341
4,499
424,024
1,608,675
288,689
12,489
1,307,497
2,146,540
398,030
16,989
1,731,521
399,928
50,868
3,358
345,702
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
2,258,761
2,665,338
8,480,420
8,565,225
10,739,182
11,230,563
Number after adjustment for income eligibles in U.S.
a
Territories
2,665,338
8,565,225
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
2,585,378
8,479,572
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through Food Stamps
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
1.4%
1.4%
1.1%
1.5%
1.4%
8,353,688
-4.3%
4.8%
2.9%
1,404,463
158,072
16,752
1,229,639
1,804,391
208,940
20,110
1,575,341
34.5%
115.0%
34.0%
22.7%
14.5%
82.6%
-25.4%
6.3%
19.0%
90.5%
-15.5%
9.9%
2,198,695
2,682,408
7,959,384
8,436,947
10,158,079
11,119,355
2.7%
-0.6%
6.5%
1.5%
5.7%
1.0%
11,230,563
2,682,408
8,436,947
11,119,355
-0.6%
1.5%
1.0%
11,064,951
2,601,936
8,352,578
10,954,513
-0.6%
1.5%
1.0%
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC and 2008 CPS-ASEC
Notes:
The territorial adjustment of 1.00 was applied to CY 2007 estimates for a better comparison with these CY 2008 estimates.
See footnotes on Table A.6-2008 for adjustment factor calculations for 2008.
a
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐24 Table A.10-2008: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variance for National Estimates from the 2009 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
2008
Estimate
Standard Error
Coefficient of Variance
Participant Group
Infants
Total
Eligibles
Total
Eligibles
Total
Eligibles
4,392,888
2,585,378
73,418
116,343
1.7%
4.5%
16,834,762
4,292,829
4,264,202
4,174,087
4,103,644
8,479,572
2,248,380
2,098,815
2,072,808
2,059,569
140,034
72,592
72,354
71,598
71,002
208,554
108,559
104,913
104,265
103,934
0.8%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
2.5%
4.8%
5.0%
5.0%
5.0%
Pregnant Women
3,281,817
1,330,204
54,849
59,860
1.7%
4.5%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
1,859,696
627,251
31,081
28,226
1.7%
4.5%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
2,516,060
870,012
42,051
39,151
1.7%
4.5%
28,885,223 13,892,417
178,622
264,397
0.6%
1.9%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Total WIC Eligibles
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐25 Table A.11a-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from CY2008 Estimates Provided Here to Those Provided Previously by MPRa
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Participant Group
Infants
a
Eligibles
2008 - UI
NonEligibles
Total
a
Eligibles
2008 - MPR
NonEligibles
Percent Change
NonEligibles
Eligibles
Total
Total
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
2,783,731
1,671,368
4,455,099
-5.39%
8.39%
-0.22%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639 17,056,756
2,054,735
4,346,758
2,176,247
4,319,761
2,113,062
4,230,541
2,055,595
4,159,697
9,306,416
7,782,164 17,088,580
-6.98%
7.93%
-0.19%
Pregnant Women
1,355,127
1,433,604
-5.47%
639,003
886,312
675,374
936,760
-5.39%
-5.39%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
14,171,378
15,135,885
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC; 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
-6.37%
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals eligible for WIC in 2008 as estimated by UI using the methodologies detailed here,
versus the estimates previously provided by MPR for CY 2008. There are four differences in the methodology applied to produce these estimates:
1) blendend poverty guidelines (2007 and 2008 used by UI, 2008 and 2009 used by MPR), 2) method of obtaining estimates for the territories,
3) source for the population adjustments, and 4) different of annual-to-monthly adjustment factors applied.
See Table A.11b-2008 for details on the impact of each of these differences.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐26 Table A.11b-2008: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from CY2008 Estimates Provided Here to Those Provided Previously by MPR
NOTE: The following figures do not include estimates for the territories.
Total Number in 2009
CPS-ASEC
Number after
Population
Number with Annual
Income < 185% FPG
Number with
Adjunctive Eligibility
1 MPR's Population Adjustment and MPR's Income Cutoffs
Infants
4,300,938
Children Age 1
4,345,399
Children Age 2
4,206,092
Children Age 3
4,193,299
Children Age 4
4,141,181
4,387,321
4,292,086
4,263,194
4,173,654
4,103,155
1,767,706
1,842,318
1,739,497
1,704,353
1,780,373
509,023
434,619
379,422
391,542
311,231
2 UI's Population Adjustment and MPR's Income Cutoffs
Infants
4,300,938
% difference 1
Children Age 1
4,345,399
% difference 1
Children Age 2
4,206,092
% difference 1
Children Age 3
4,193,299
% difference 1
Children Age 4
4,141,181
% difference 1
4,392,888
0.127%
4,292,829
0.017%
4,264,202
0.024%
4,174,087
0.010%
4,103,644
0.012%
1,769,422
0.097%
1,840,675
-0.089%
1,738,268
-0.071%
1,702,815
-0.090%
1,779,170
-0.068%
509,199
0.035%
434,505
-0.026%
379,321
-0.027%
391,411
-0.034%
310,945
-0.092%
3 UI's Population Adjustment and UI's Income Cutoffs
Infants
4,300,938
% difference 1
% difference 2
Children Age 1
4,345,399
% difference 1
% difference 2
Children Age 2
4,206,092
% difference 1
% difference 2
Children Age 3
4,193,299
% difference 1
% difference 2
Children Age 4
4,141,181
% difference 1
% difference 2
4,392,888
0.127%
0.000%
4,292,829
0.017%
0.000%
4,264,202
0.024%
0.000%
4,174,087
0.010%
0.000%
4,103,644
0.012%
0.000%
1,720,897
-2.648%
-2.742%
1,783,702
-3.182%
-3.095%
1,698,508
-2.356%
-2.287%
1,654,750
-2.910%
-2.823%
1,734,785
-2.561%
-2.495%
537,864
5.666%
5.629%
464,903
6.968%
6.996%
400,517
5.560%
5.588%
418,266
6.825%
6.861%
324,990
4.421%
4.517%
Differences in the Estimated Number of Eligibles in the U.S. Territories for CY 2008
NOTE: The following figures include estimates for the territories.
Total Number
Number Eligible
Old Methodology
Infants
Children Age 1 to 4
67,778
256,490
75,587
284,967
New Methodology
Infants
% difference
Children Age 1 to 4
% difference
52,610
-22.379%
221,994
-13.449%
49,898
-33.986%
185,390
-34.944%
Differences in the Estimated Number of Eligibles Due to Application of Different Annual-to-Monthly Adjustment Factor for
CY 2008
NOTE: The following figures include estimates for the territories.
Eligibles with old
Annual-to-Monthy
adjustment
Infants
Children Age 1 to 4
2,723,101
9,085,687
Eligibles with new
Annual-to-Monthy
adjustment
2,633,819
8,657,117
Percent Change
-3.279%
-4.717%
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐27 Table A.1a-2009
Steps and Sources for 2009 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children, Using Data from the 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, AND Census Bureau International Data Base
Step
Demographic eligibility
Description
Identify individuals age 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 in the survey.
Weight adjustment
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Income eligibility
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
Adjunctive eligibility
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
food stamps, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as
being enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Sources for 2009 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2010 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2009 ACS - State Estimates
2009 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Updated population estimates from the Census Bureau (March 2007,
2008, 2009 and 2010) and the March CPS for 2006, 2007, 2008, and
2009)
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Updated population estimates from the Census Bureau Vintage 2009
estimates for CY 2009
2010 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2009 ACS - State Estimates
2009 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Blended FY 2008 and FY 2009 poverty guidelines
2010 CPS-ASEC
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.18 for infants and 1.01 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
SIPP panels from 2001 and 2004.
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factors.
Territories
PRCS 2009 - Puerto Rico
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐28 Table A.1b-2009
Steps and Sources for 2009 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, AND Census Bureau International Data Base
Step
Starting point
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants (See Table A.6-2009).
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
For pregnant women :
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
For postpartum mothers :
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
Sources for 2009 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
See Table A.6-2009.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factor.
2009 Ross Laboratories Mothers Survey (RLMS); 2001-2002, 20032004, and 2005-2006 waves of National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels.
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update because CNSTAT-derived factor.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐29 Table A.2-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2010 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2009
Participant Group
Eligibles
a
NonEligiblesb
Infants
2,673,683 1,656,385
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
9,469,217
2,430,554
2,398,905
2,373,651
2,266,106
Pregnant Women
1,375,638
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
666,796
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
889,257
Totalc
4,330,068
8,039,591 17,508,808
1,938,702 4,369,256
2,027,367 4,426,272
2,027,147 4,400,798
2,046,376 4,312,482
Total WIC Eligibles
15,074,591
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, PRCS and Census for territories
Notes:
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals
eligible for WIC in 2009 taking into account the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income
and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP
panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that
accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the five years.
See Tables 3a, 3b, and 6 for all of the adjustment factors used to calculate the eligible
estimates.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the
WIC-eligible infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2010
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2009 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐30 Table A.3a-2009: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups,
Race and Gender, March 2007-2010
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Age 0
Census estimates
6,214,859 1,470,410
685,121
8,370,390
6,514,241 1,524,631
719,477
CPS estimate
6,241,582 1,362,167
604,290
8,208,039
6,540,429 1,439,078
648,167
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
0.996
1.079
1.134
1.020
0.996
1.059
1.110
Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Total Age 1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
Total Age 0 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate to
CPS estimate
6,201,096
6,205,592
1,449,375
1,544,244
686,151
658,085
8,336,622
8,407,921
0.999
0.939
1.043
0.992
6,191,788
6,172,912
1,422,920
1,362,198
685,188
619,122
8,299,896
8,154,232
1.003
1.045
1.107
1.018
6,170,608
6,141,346
1,384,613
1,420,803
672,874
633,170
8,228,095
8,195,320
1.005
0.975
1.063
1.004
6,125,653
6,094,522
1,345,425
1,418,686
659,249
581,382
8,130,327
8,094,589
1.005
0.948
1.134
1.004
5,602,333 2,703,462
5,745,931 2,491,759
32,994,940
32,852,062
24,689,145
24,614,372
1.003
30,904,004
30,855,954
1.002
0.975
1.085
1.004
7,072,743 3,388,583
7,108,098 3,096,049
41,365,330
41,060,101
0.995
1.094
1.007
Total
Total
White
8,758,349
8,627,674
12,729,100
12,782,011
1.015
0.996
715,173
669,706
8,718,136
8,775,273
12,708,368
12,721,163
0.941
1.068
0.993
0.999
6,499,961 1,468,358
6,483,706 1,331,180
709,044
650,053
8,677,363
8,464,939
12,691,749
12,656,618
1.103
1.091
1.025
1.003
6,480,087 1,429,294
6,451,375 1,468,728
695,177
671,631
8,604,558
8,591,734
12,650,695
12,592,721
0.973
1.035
1.001
1.005
6,435,273 1,386,671
6,403,088 1,476,355
681,487
654,250
8,503,431
8,533,693
12,560,926
12,497,610
1.042
0.996
1.005
6,507,272 1,495,691
6,515,571 1,589,995
0.999
1.003
1.004
1.005
0.939
25,922,593 5,780,014 2,800,881 34,503,488
25,853,740 5,866,258 2,645,640 34,365,638
1.003
0.985
1.059
1.001
1.000
1.069
Other
Total
2,995,041 1,404,598 17,128,739
2,801,245 1,252,457 16,835,713
1.069
1.121
1.017
2,945,066 1,401,324 17,054,758
3,134,239 1,327,791 17,183,194
0.940
1.055
0.993
2,891,278 1,394,232 16,977,259
2,693,378 1,269,175 16,619,171
1.073
1.099
1.022
2,813,907 1,368,051 16,832,653
2,889,531 1,304,801 16,787,054
0.974
1.048
1.003
2,732,096 1,340,736 16,633,758
2,895,041 1,235,632 16,628,282
0.944
1.085
1.000
50,611,738 11,382,347 5,504,343 67,498,428
50,468,112 11,612,189 5,137,399 67,217,700
1.004
32,436,834 7,304,645 3,520,358 43,261,837
32,394,169 7,305,336 3,293,807 42,993,312
Black
1.003
0.980
1.071
1.004
63,340,838 14,377,388 6,908,941 84,627,167
63,250,123 14,413,434 6,389,856 84,053,413
1.006
1.001
0.997
1.081
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2008 CPS-ASEC, 2009 CPS-ASEC, and 2010 CPS-ASEC, Vintage 2009 Census estimates for March 2007-2010
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2007-2010 based on the 2000 Census.
CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender
to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns
(by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
1.007
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐31 Table A.3b-2009: Adjustment of 2009 CPS Estimated Population by Race and Gender Using 2007-2010 Accumulated
Census Estimates to CPS Estimate Ratios
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Age 0
Ratio of Census to CPS
0.996
1.079
1.134
1.020
0.996
1.059
1.110
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
1,547,479
395,217
174,407
2,117,103
1,619,703
349,936 191,036
Original 2009 CPS estimate
1,554,133
366,123
155,492
2,075,748
1,626,214
330,300 173,647
% relative change
Total
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
1.015
2,160,675
2,130,161
0.996
3,167,182
3,180,347
-0.4%
1.069
745,153
696,423
7.0%
1.121
365,443
329,139
11.0%
1.017
4,277,778
4,205,909
1.7%
Age 1
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.999
1,544,918
1,546,038
0.939
351,796
374,823
1.043
195,108
188,410
0.992
2,091,822
2,109,272
0.999
1,618,157
1,620,221
0.941
436,646
464,177
1.068
170,251
160,122
0.993
2,225,055
2,244,520
0.999
3,163,075
3,166,259
-0.1%
0.940
788,442
839,000
-6.0%
1.055
365,359
348,532
4.8%
0.993
4,316,877
4,353,792
-0.8%
Age 2
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.003
1,575,606
1,570,803
1.045
379,418
363,226
1.107
176,985
161,519
1.018
2,132,009
2,095,549
1.003
1,651,130
1,647,001
1.103
388,864
352,535
1.091
200,657
186,289
1.025
2,240,651
2,185,825
1.003
3,226,736
3,217,804
0.3%
1.073
768,282
715,761
7.3%
1.099
377,642
347,808
8.6%
1.022
4,372,660
4,281,374
2.1%
Age 3
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.005
1,580,086
1,572,593
0.975
390,009
400,203
1.063
172,454
163,062
1.004
2,142,549
2,135,859
1.004
1,658,150
1,650,803
0.973
362,679
372,685
1.035
182,288
176,737
1.001
2,203,117
2,200,225
1.005
3,238,236
3,223,396
0.5%
0.974
752,688
772,888
-2.6%
1.048
354,742
339,799
4.4%
1.003
4,345,666
4,336,084
0.2%
Age 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.005
1,547,181
1,539,318
0.948
347,057
365,955
1.134
176,302
157,227
1.004
2,070,540
2,062,500
1.005
1,627,085
1,618,947
0.939
369,429
393,322
1.042
189,253
182,362
0.996
2,185,767
2,194,631
1.005
3,174,266
3,158,265
0.5%
0.944
716,486
759,277
-5.6%
1.085
365,555
339,589
7.6%
1.000
4,256,307
4,257,131
0.0%
Total Age 1 to 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.003
0.975
6,247,791 1,468,280
6,228,752 1,504,207
1.085
720,849
670,218
1.004
8,436,920
8,403,180
1.003
0.985
6,554,522 1,557,618
6,536,972 1,582,719
1.059
742,449
705,510
1.004
8,854,590
8,825,201
1.003
0.980
1.071
1.004
12,802,313 3,025,898 1,463,298 17,291,510
12,765,724 3,086,926 1,375,728 17,228,381
0.3%
-2.0%
6.4%
0.4%
Total Age 0 to 4
Ratio of Census to CPS
Revised 2009 CPS estimate
Original 2009 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.002
0.995
7,795,270 1,863,497
7,782,885 1,870,330
1.094
895,256
825,710
1.007
10,554,023
10,478,928
1.001
1.000
8,174,225 1,907,554
8,163,186 1,913,019
1.069
1.006
933,485 11,015,265
879,157 10,955,362
1.001
0.997
1.081
1.007
15,969,495 3,771,051 1,828,741 21,569,288
15,946,071 3,783,349 1,704,867 21,434,290
0.1%
-0.3%
7.3%
0.6%
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2008 CPS-ASEC, 2009 CPS-ASEC, and 2010 CPS-ASEC, Vintage 2009 Census estimates for March 2007-2010
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2007-2010 based on the 2000 Census.
CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender
to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns
(by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐32 Breastfeeding rates among WICparticipants (RLMS)
In-hospital
At 6 months
Breastfeeding rates among WICeligibles after NHANES
adjustment
In-hospital
At 6 months
Breastfeeding rates among WICeligibles after adjustment for
overestimate of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
At 6 months
Table A.4-2009: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2009)
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0.416
0.443
0.466
0.466
0.504
0.568
0.561
0.568
0.582
0.588
0.543
0.536
0.562
0.531
0.499
0.495
0.507
0.108
0.116
0.127
0.129
0.165
0.189
0.199
0.201
0.208
0.221
0.210
0.214
0.214
0.191
0.160
0.170
0.176
0.430
0.458
0.482
0.482
0.521
0.587
0.580
0.587
0.602
0.608
0.561
0.554
0.581
0.549
0.527
0.523
0.535
0.117
0.126
0.138
0.140
0.179
0.205
0.216
0.218
0.226
0.240
0.228
0.232
0.232
0.207
0.184
0.196
0.202
0.274
0.292
0.307
0.307
0.332
0.375
0.370
0.375
0.384
0.388
0.358
0.353
0.371
0.350
0.327
0.324
0.332
0.096
0.103
0.113
0.115
0.147
0.168
0.177
0.179
0.185
0.197
0.187
0.191
0.191
0.170
0.153
0.163
0.169
0.260
0.175
0.085
0.240
0.164
0.077
0.244
0.162
0.081
0.250
0.166
0.084
0.325
0.337
0.338
0.334
Breastfeeding adjustment factors
Breastfeeding
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 1993-2009 are from RLMS, "2009 Breastfeeding Trends"
Adjustment for WIC eligible versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP
panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 and 2008 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐33 Table A.5-2009: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2010 CPS
According to Whether the 2009 or 2008 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2009 (Using 2009 Breastfeeding Rates)
NonParticipant Group
Infants
a
Eligibles
b
Eligibles
c
Total
2009 (Using 2008 Breastfeeding Rates)
Nona
Eligibles
b
c
Total
Eligibles
Percent Change
NonEligibles
Eligibles
Total
2,673,683
1,656,385
4,330,068
2,673,683
1,656,385
4,330,068
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
9,469,217
2,430,554
2,398,905
2,373,651
2,266,106
8,039,591
1,938,702
2,027,367
2,027,147
2,046,376
17,508,808
4,369,256
4,426,272
4,400,798
4,312,482
9,469,217
2,430,554
2,398,905
2,373,651
2,266,106
8,039,591
1,938,702
2,027,367
2,027,147
2,046,376
17,508,808
4,369,256
4,426,272
4,400,798
4,312,482
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Pregnant Women
1,375,638
1,375,638
0.00%
666,796
889,257
648,675
899,727
2.79%
-1.16%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
15,074,591
15,066,941
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC; 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
0.05%
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals eligible for WIC in 2009, taking into account the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004
SIPP panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the five years.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the
WIC eligible-infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2010 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of
infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2009 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐34 Table A.6-2009: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2009 (2010 CPS-ASEC)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Total number of infants/children in the 2010 CPS-ASEC
4,205,909
4,353,792
4,281,374
4,336,084
4,257,131
17,228,381
21,434,290
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
a
under/overcount
4,277,778
4,316,877
4,372,660
4,345,666
4,256,307
17,291,510
21,569,288
Number with annual income <185% FPG
1,843,336
1,902,086
1,953,867
1,906,057
1,831,964
7,593,974
9,437,310
448,617
83,160
5,206
360,251
485,373
85,873
2,405
397,095
402,934
80,905
4,047
317,982
421,534
67,880
10,070
343,584
390,144
70,693
14,586
304,865
1,699,985
305,351
31,108
1,363,526
2,148,602
388,511
36,314
1,723,777
2,291,953
2,387,459
2,356,801
2,327,591
2,222,108
9,293,959
11,585,912
2,704,505
2,411,334
2,380,369
2,350,867
2,244,329
9,386,899
12,091,403
2,623,370
2,387,220
2,356,565
2,327,358
2,221,886
9,293,030
11,916,399
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPG
b
Through Food Stamps
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
d
risk (infants and children)
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
2,623,370
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income of
e
woman during pregnancy
1,396,944
f
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths
2,623,370
2,613,138
2,613,138
6,617,773
654,248
872,523
1,526,771
1,349,751
654,248
872,523
2,876,522
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
CY 2009 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2008 PRCS and Census International Data Base
See Table C.8 for details.
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
7,870,109
1,396,944
1,391,496
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
d
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)
Source: March 2010 CPS
See notes on page 2.
2,623,370
Total
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
50,314
43,334
42,340
46,293
44,221
176,187
25,887
12,548
16,734
Total
281,670
2,673,683
2,430,554
2,398,905
2,373,651
2,266,106
9,469,217
1,375,638
666,796
889,257
15,074,591
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐35 Notes for Table A.6-2009:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to
estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for children age 0 to 4 by
single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census
estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the adjustment factors on the original March 2010 CPS estimates of
children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any
mention of Food Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps;
if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food Stamps
or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to
account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.18
Children:
1.01
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income
during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.250
0.334
National and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐36 Table A.7a-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,244,963
1,930,871
488,841
245,287
196,800
1,119,672
1,125,291
984,730
946,141
610,156
427,779
95,605
669,336
228,652
72,530
18,134
122,772
838,807
500,308
113,739
792,108
1,109,736
630,377
62,763
46,539
16,223
306,212
121,688
14,187
14,187
0
88,125
400,693
533,239
341,154
439,665
4.7
1,095,965
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,419,712
1,904,382
393,993
2,298,374
233,479
255,361
1,218,209
1,201,503
948,630
955,751
207,051
186,942
1,155,681
1,142,693
665,723
501,468
79,086
684,594
248,721
70,246
26,910
142,963
914,444
571,714
105,996
827,557
697,036
415,451
99,140
692,755
173,931
70,576
21,864
127,622
870,968
486,026
121,003
820,377
1,415,948
752,066
76,950
60,726
16,223
1,136,645
691,431
102,795
65,235
37,560
310,698
155,759
22,384
22,384
0
1,447,343
847,190
125,179
87,619
37,560
1,060,187
754,751
89,443
60,516
28,927
261,082
114,637
18,273
18,273
0
1,321,270
869,388
107,716
78,789
28,927
15,125
114,377
130,892
84,591
97,102
4.5
103,250
515,070
664,131
425,745
536,767
4.6
113,430
398,468
555,642
371,811
491,521
4.7
15,325
110,048
141,971
93,276
128,222
4.8
128,755
508,516
697,612
465,086
619,743
4.7
108,858
357,292
595,070
373,407
469,755
4.7
12,881
73,180
106,195
92,769
108,967
4.8
121,739
430,472
701,265
466,176
578,722
4.7
344,567
1,440,532
1,206,981
397,009
1,603,990
1,233,347
330,398
1,563,744
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
507,662
50% to <100% FPL
530,713
100% to <130% FPL
239,666
130% to <185% FPLd
507,908
185% to <200% FPL
15,935
200% to <250% FPL
618
250% FPL and above
375
0
0
0
21,384
33,414
143,745
243,545
507,662
530,713
239,666
529,292
49,348
144,362
243,920
508,267
564,383
341,158
496,853
18,691
1,519
0
0
0
0
13,089
43,696
127,004
305,051
508,267
564,383
341,158
509,943
62,387
128,523
305,051
541,880
558,873
315,431
469,537
16,687
1,698
276
0
0
0
10,743
30,333
110,974
241,943
541,880
558,873
315,431
480,280
47,020
112,673
242,218
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,123
$20,000
$77,626
$60,000
$31,446
$24,623
$20,775
$20,000
$81,859
$68,262
$33,115
$25,000
$20,302
$19,406
$84,256
$68,350
$31,265
$24,000
443,803
118,417
0
570,116
15,713
91,899
0
562,927
0
378
0
70,006
5,140
10,747
0
355,816
443,803
118,795
0
640,122
20,853
102,647
0
918,744
471,150
174,592
0
647,739
13,823
102,008
0
521,559
0
7,571
0
61,761
2,464
17,573
0
399,472
471,150
182,163
0
709,501
16,287
119,581
0
921,031
463,080
121,704
0
710,481
19,740
94,883
0
494,494
0
1,575
0
58,335
3,948
18,633
0
311,503
463,080
123,279
0
768,815
23,687
113,516
0
805,997
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,802,876
442,088
Gender
Male
Female
874,385
928,491
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
Number with working parent(s)
b
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐37 Table A.7a-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,327,887
1,844,014
389,039
221,848
197,990
1,169,214
1,158,673
938,615
905,399
681,958
463,448
81,850
680,793
196,420
48,461
31,120
143,836
878,378
511,909
112,971
824,629
1,056,547
758,348
93,154
66,488
26,666
274,334
127,616
17,888
17,888
0
108,791
304,537
529,998
423,173
541,550
4.8
1,203,194
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,233,054
7,587,317
1,691,711
9,279,027
189,983
199,057
1,128,598
1,104,456
3,819,341
3,767,975
852,361
839,349
4,671,703
4,607,325
634,446
440,259
89,138
680,172
192,063
54,675
33,593
108,708
826,509
494,934
122,731
788,880
2,679,164
1,820,626
349,214
2,738,313
811,135
243,958
113,488
523,129
3,490,299
2,064,585
462,701
3,261,443
1,330,882
885,964
111,042
84,376
26,666
1,001,951
741,756
100,308
63,998
36,310
259,447
101,472
28,121
28,121
0
1,261,397
843,228
128,429
92,119
36,310
4,255,331
2,946,286
385,700
256,237
129,463
1,105,561
499,484
86,666
86,666
0
5,360,892
3,445,770
472,366
342,903
129,463
17,767
72,842
110,390
96,971
121,868
5.0
126,558
377,379
640,388
520,144
663,418
4.8
86,443
274,566
523,892
410,151
548,963
4.9
11,938
61,848
106,796
110,813
97,645
4.8
98,381
336,413
630,688
520,964
646,608
4.9
417,522
1,334,862
2,204,601
1,578,542
2,051,788
4.8
57,910
317,918
465,351
393,828
456,703
4.8
475,433
1,652,780
2,669,953
1,972,371
2,508,491
4.8
339,236
1,542,429
1,198,376
321,892
1,520,268
4,841,897
1,388,534
6,230,431
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
520,349
50% to <100% FPL
571,321
100% to <130% FPL
309,648
130% to <185% FPLd
490,606
185% to <200% FPL
15,311
200% to <250% FPL
813
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
12,141
45,244
121,013
241,440
520,349
571,321
309,648
502,746
60,555
121,827
241,440
508,087
542,967
276,761
502,023
13,519
657
0
0
0
0
9,268
41,064
96,521
242,187
508,087
542,967
276,761
511,291
54,582
97,178
242,187
2,078,584
2,237,544
1,242,998
1,959,019
64,208
4,688
276
0
0
0
45,241
160,337
455,513
1,030,621
2,078,584
2,237,544
1,242,998
2,004,260
224,545
460,200
1,030,896
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,075
$20,000
$84,983
$62,436
$32,601
$24,050
$21,422
$20,960
$83,401
$69,400
$32,220
$25,000
$20,889
$20,000
$83,547
$67,000
$32,312
$24,362
506,926
109,938
0
698,002
11,946
109,509
0
471,728
0
4,387
0
44,564
10,090
18,918
0
341,880
506,926
114,325
0
742,565
22,036
128,427
0
813,608
499,763
147,760
0
595,348
8,630
101,838
0
490,675
0
3,841
0
56,093
14,689
11,272
0
303,145
499,763
151,601
0
651,441
23,319
113,110
0
793,820
1,940,919
553,994
0
2,651,570
54,139
408,238
0
1,978,457
0
17,373
0
220,753
31,191
66,395
0
1,355,999
1,940,919
571,367
0
2,872,322
85,330
474,633
0
3,334,456
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,908,049
419,838
Gender
Male
Female
947,366
960,684
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
Number with working parent(s)
b
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐38 Table A.7a-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,244,963
1,930,871
488,841
Total
2,419,712
1,904,382
393,993
2,298,374
55.5
44.5
49.9
50.1
51.0
49.0
47.8
52.2
50.3
49.7
49.8
50.2
52.6
47.4
50.3
49.7
33.8
23.7
5.3
37.1
51.7
16.4
4.1
27.8
37.4
22.3
5.1
35.3
34.5
26.0
4.1
35.5
50.9
14.4
5.5
29.2
37.8
23.6
4.4
34.2
36.6
21.8
5.2
36.4
44.1
17.9
5.5
32.4
37.9
21.1
5.3
35.7
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.6
35.0
3.5
2.6
0.9
69.3
27.5
3.2
3.2
0.0
63.1
33.5
3.4
2.7
0.7
58.9
35.8
5.3
3.4
1.9
63.6
31.9
4.6
4.6
0.0
59.8
35.0
5.2
3.6
1.6
55.7
39.6
4.7
3.2
1.5
66.3
29.1
4.6
4.6
0.0
57.5
37.8
4.7
3.4
1.3
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.2
29.6
18.9
24.4
3.4
25.9
29.6
19.1
22.0
4.6
22.9
29.6
19.0
23.9
5.9
20.6
28.8
19.3
25.5
3.1
22.5
29.0
19.1
26.2
5.3
21.0
28.8
19.2
25.6
5.7
18.8
31.2
19.6
24.7
3.3
18.6
27.0
23.5
27.7
5.3
18.7
30.5
20.3
25.2
60.8
77.9
64.2
62.5
81.2
66.3
64.8
83.9
68.0
28.2
29.4
13.3
28.2
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
7.6
32.5
55.1
22.6
23.6
10.7
23.6
2.2
6.4
10.9
26.3
29.2
17.7
25.7
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
8.9
26.0
62.4
21.0
23.3
14.1
21.1
2.6
5.3
12.6
28.5
29.3
16.6
24.7
0.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
7.7
28.2
61.4
23.6
24.3
13.7
20.9
2.0
4.9
10.5
24.6
6.6
0.0
31.6
0.9
5.1
0.0
31.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
15.8
1.2
2.4
0.0
80.5
19.8
5.3
0.0
28.5
0.9
4.6
0.0
40.9
24.4
9.0
0.0
33.5
0.7
5.3
0.0
27.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
12.6
0.5
3.6
0.0
81.7
19.5
7.5
0.0
29.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
38.1
24.3
6.4
0.0
37.3
1.0
5.0
0.0
26.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
14.8
1.0
4.7
0.0
79.1
20.1
5.4
0.0
33.5
1.0
4.9
0.0
35.1
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,802,876
442,088
Gender
Male
Female
48.5
51.5
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐39 Table A.7a-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,908,049
419,838
Gender
Male
Female
49.7
50.3
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,327,887
1,844,014
389,039
52.8
47.2
50.2
49.8
50.9
49.1
35.7
24.3
4.3
35.7
46.8
11.5
7.4
34.3
37.7
22.0
4.9
35.4
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
55.4
39.7
4.9
3.5
1.4
65.3
30.4
4.3
4.3
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.7
16.0
27.8
22.2
28.4
% with working parent(s)
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,233,054
7,587,317
1,691,711
9,279,027
48.8
51.2
50.5
49.5
50.3
49.7
50.4
49.6
50.3
49.7
34.4
23.9
4.8
36.9
49.4
14.1
8.6
27.9
37.0
22.2
5.5
35.3
35.3
24.0
4.6
36.1
47.9
14.4
6.7
30.9
37.6
22.3
5.0
35.1
57.2
38.1
4.8
3.6
1.1
54.3
40.2
5.4
3.5
2.0
66.7
26.1
7.2
7.2
0.0
56.5
37.8
5.8
4.1
1.6
56.1
38.8
5.1
3.4
1.7
65.4
29.5
5.1
5.1
0.0
57.8
37.1
5.1
3.7
1.4
4.2
17.4
26.3
23.1
29.0
5.4
16.2
27.5
22.3
28.5
4.7
14.9
28.4
22.2
29.8
3.1
15.9
27.5
28.5
25.1
4.4
15.1
28.2
23.3
29.0
5.5
17.6
29.1
20.8
27.0
3.4
18.8
27.5
23.3
27.0
5.1
17.8
28.8
21.3
27.0
63.1
80.8
66.3
65.0
82.7
68.1
63.8
82.1
67.1
27.3
29.9
16.2
25.7
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
10.8
28.8
57.5
22.4
24.5
13.3
21.6
2.6
5.2
10.4
27.6
29.4
15.0
27.2
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.4
10.6
24.8
62.3
22.8
24.3
12.4
22.9
2.4
4.4
10.8
27.4
29.5
16.4
25.8
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
9.5
26.9
60.9
22.4
24.1
13.4
21.6
2.4
5.0
11.1
26.6
5.8
0.0
36.6
0.6
5.7
0.0
24.7
0.0
1.0
0.0
10.6
2.4
4.5
0.0
81.4
21.8
4.9
0.0
31.9
0.9
5.5
0.0
35.0
27.1
8.0
0.0
32.3
0.5
5.5
0.0
26.6
0.0
1.0
0.0
14.4
3.8
2.9
0.0
77.9
22.4
6.8
0.0
29.2
1.0
5.1
0.0
35.5
25.6
7.3
0.0
34.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
26.1
0.0
1.0
0.0
13.0
1.8
3.9
0.0
80.2
20.9
6.2
0.0
31.0
0.9
5.1
0.0
35.9
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐40 Notes for Table A.7a-2009:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2010 CPS-ASEC.
They are not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to Census estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
The Federal Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly
to produce official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds
for use in determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG
but who reported receipt of Food Stamps, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually
exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent
of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal
Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in Jan 2009 a family of five with three children and an annual family income of $45,125
has an income to FPL ratio of 1.762, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.820 (FPL for a family of 5 = $25,603;
FPG for a family of 5 = $24,800).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐41 Table A.7b-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,387,221
1,953,671
402,893
2,356,565
231,965
253,359
1,201,310
1,185,911
978,578
975,094
213,049
189,844
1,191,627
1,164,938
665,001
471,216
83,421
682,259
248,452
65,995
28,375
142,502
913,453
537,211
111,796
824,761
698,907
445,876
109,028
699,861
174,394
75,908
23,966
128,626
873,301
521,784
132,993
828,487
1,646,025
887,932
89,414
70,775
18,639
1,128,959
673,124
99,813
63,073
36,740
309,826
153,076
22,423
22,423
0
1,438,784
826,200
122,236
85,496
36,740
1,083,430
778,001
92,241
62,539
29,701
266,826
117,257
18,810
18,810
0
1,350,256
895,258
111,051
81,349
29,701
18,317
132,910
150,532
98,597
113,133
4.5
123,198
603,725
774,029
496,084
626,334
4.6
110,520
391,873
546,864
367,494
485,145
4.7
15,068
109,304
140,929
92,382
127,641
4.8
125,589
501,178
687,793
459,876
612,786
4.7
112,130
368,513
611,804
380,898
480,326
4.7
13,204
75,140
108,419
94,954
111,177
4.8
125,334
443,653
720,222
475,852
591,503
4.7
399,987
1,681,544
1,193,659
394,837
1,588,496
1,262,535
337,431
1,599,967
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
595,335
50% to <100% FPL
620,766
100% to <130% FPL
279,759
593,773
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
19,004
200% to <250% FPL
759
250% FPL and above
487
0
0
0
24,593
38,986
167,128
282,782
595,335
620,766
279,759
618,366
57,990
167,886
283,269
498,750
554,876
335,427
492,970
18,357
1,518
0
0
0
0
12,872
43,440
125,667
303,345
498,750
554,876
335,427
505,842
61,797
127,184
303,345
560,643
574,013
320,986
478,918
17,082
1,728
301
0
0
0
10,772
31,080
113,185
247,856
560,643
574,013
320,986
489,691
48,162
114,913
248,157
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,095
$20,000
$78,093
$60,000
$31,447
$24,488
$20,837
$20,000
$82,006
$68,262
$33,273
$25,000
$20,220
$19,200
$84,227
$68,350
$31,163
$23,970
518,352
139,356
0
668,889
18,390
108,446
0
656,450
0
431
0
81,862
5,959
12,892
0
412,344
518,352
139,787
0
750,751
24,349
121,338
0
1,068,794
467,337
169,103
0
634,162
13,458
100,441
0
517,395
0
7,380
0
61,096
2,405
17,389
0
397,055
467,337
176,483
0
695,258
15,862
117,830
0
914,450
473,679
125,857
0
729,876
20,537
97,712
0
506,010
0
1,636
0
59,846
4,047
19,414
0
317,950
473,679
127,494
0
789,722
24,583
117,126
0
823,960
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,109,883
513,488
1,019,688
1,090,194
Gender
Male
Female
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,623,370
1,901,896
485,324
284,120
229,368
1,303,808
1,319,562
969,345
932,552
695,492
524,025
122,756
767,610
260,631
88,821
23,262
140,774
956,123
612,846
146,018
908,384
1,292,351
744,508
73,023
54,384
18,639
353,673
143,424
16,391
16,391
0
104,882
470,815
623,497
397,488
513,201
4.7
1,281,557
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐42 Table A.7b-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,905,866
421,492
Gender
Male
Female
945,978
959,888
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,221,886
7,593,214
1,699,815
9,293,030
189,945
200,161
1,119,233
1,102,653
3,823,188
3,770,026
857,442
842,373
4,680,631
4,612,399
637,597
415,449
96,198
682,536
193,017
51,607
36,421
109,060
830,614
467,056
132,619
791,596
2,686,533
1,783,860
374,475
2,748,347
813,163
240,694
121,356
524,602
3,499,696
2,024,554
495,831
3,272,949
1,335,776
880,579
111,003
84,212
26,791
1,003,352
728,915
99,512
63,399
36,113
261,421
100,796
27,889
27,889
0
1,264,773
829,711
127,401
91,288
36,113
4,275,711
2,932,942
384,562
255,216
129,345
1,113,878
498,807
87,130
87,130
0
5,389,589
3,431,749
471,692
342,347
129,345
17,865
72,891
111,324
97,013
122,399
5.0
126,050
376,617
640,833
520,257
663,602
4.8
83,866
272,335
520,172
408,465
546,943
4.9
11,742
62,232
107,006
110,966
98,160
4.8
95,608
334,566
627,177
519,431
645,103
4.9
414,702
1,336,447
2,208,348
1,580,101
2,053,616
4.8
57,879
319,567
467,678
395,314
459,378
4.8
472,581
1,656,014
2,676,026
1,975,415
2,512,994
4.8
340,832
1,544,612
1,195,856
323,029
1,518,885
4,855,830
1,396,130
6,251,960
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
518,753
50% to <100% FPL
570,659
100% to <130% FPL
309,672
d
490,629
130% to <185% FPL
185% to <200% FPL
15,326
200% to <250% FPL
826
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
12,158
45,497
120,824
243,013
518,753
570,659
309,672
502,788
60,823
121,650
243,013
502,522
538,463
274,449
502,278
13,421
647
0
0
0
0
9,374
40,962
95,926
243,844
502,522
538,463
274,449
511,651
54,383
96,573
243,844
2,080,668
2,238,012
1,240,534
1,964,795
64,187
4,719
301
0
0
0
45,176
160,979
455,601
1,038,059
2,080,668
2,238,012
1,240,534
2,009,971
225,166
460,320
1,038,359
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,095
$20,000
$85,134
$62,436
$32,693
$24,088
$21,490
$21,000
$84,135
$70,735
$32,489
$25,000
$20,900
$20,000
$83,797
$67,446
$32,405
$24,484
507,538
108,906
0
696,195
11,918
109,094
0
472,215
0
4,407
0
44,580
10,069
18,887
0
343,549
507,538
113,312
0
740,774
21,987
127,982
0
815,764
498,947
144,858
0
587,469
8,480
101,635
0
490,391
0
3,860
0
55,519
14,585
11,307
0
304,835
498,947
148,717
0
642,989
23,065
112,942
0
795,226
1,947,501
548,724
0
2,647,703
54,393
408,881
0
1,986,012
0
17,283
0
221,041
31,105
66,997
0
1,363,389
1,947,501
566,007
0
2,868,744
85,498
475,879
0
3,349,401
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,327,358
1,831,780
390,105
222,483
199,009
1,168,461
1,158,897
929,288
902,492
685,028
451,319
85,828
683,691
197,300
47,183
32,594
144,414
882,328
498,503
118,423
828,105
1,059,970
752,901
92,995
66,204
26,791
275,806
127,678
18,008
18,008
0
108,185
303,726
529,509
423,244
541,202
4.8
1,203,780
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐43 Table A.7b-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
WIC-Eligible Infants
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,623,370
1,901,896
485,324
Total
2,387,221
1,953,671
402,893
2,356,565
55.3
44.7
49.7
50.3
51.0
49.0
47.8
52.2
50.3
49.7
50.1
49.9
52.9
47.1
50.6
49.4
33.0
24.8
5.8
36.4
50.8
17.3
4.5
27.4
36.4
23.4
5.6
34.6
35.0
24.8
4.4
35.9
51.2
13.6
5.8
29.4
38.3
22.5
4.7
34.5
35.8
22.8
5.6
35.8
43.3
18.8
5.9
31.9
37.1
22.1
5.6
35.2
Living arrangement
Tow-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.3
35.3
3.5
2.6
0.9
68.9
27.9
3.2
3.2
0.0
62.7
33.8
3.4
2.7
0.7
59.4
35.4
5.2
3.3
1.9
63.8
31.5
4.6
4.6
0.0
60.3
34.6
5.1
3.6
1.5
55.5
39.8
4.7
3.2
1.5
66.2
29.1
4.7
4.7
0.0
57.3
38.0
4.7
3.5
1.3
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.0
22.3
29.6
18.8
24.3
3.6
25.9
29.3
19.2
22.0
4.7
23.0
29.5
18.9
23.9
5.8
20.6
28.8
19.3
25.5
3.1
22.5
29.0
19.0
26.3
5.3
21.0
28.8
19.3
25.7
5.7
18.9
31.3
19.5
24.6
3.3
18.7
26.9
23.6
27.6
5.3
18.8
30.6
20.2
25.1
% with working parent(s)
60.7
77.9
64.1
62.8
81.4
66.5
64.6
83.8
67.9
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
28.2
29.4
13.3
28.1
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
7.6
32.5
55.1
22.7
23.7
10.7
23.6
2.2
6.4
10.8
26.2
29.2
17.6
25.9
1.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
9.0
25.9
62.5
20.9
23.2
14.1
21.2
2.6
5.3
12.7
28.7
29.4
16.4
24.5
0.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
7.7
28.1
61.5
23.8
24.4
13.6
20.8
2.0
4.9
10.5
24.6
6.6
0.0
31.7
0.9
5.1
0.0
31.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
15.9
1.2
2.5
0.0
80.3
19.8
5.3
0.0
28.6
0.9
4.6
0.0
40.7
24.6
8.9
0.0
33.3
0.7
5.3
0.0
27.2
0.0
1.5
0.0
12.6
0.5
3.6
0.0
81.8
19.6
7.4
0.0
29.1
0.7
4.9
0.0
38.3
24.2
6.4
0.0
37.4
1.1
5.0
0.0
25.9
0.0
0.4
0.0
14.9
1.0
4.8
0.0
78.9
20.1
5.4
0.0
33.5
1.0
5.0
0.0
35.0
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,109,883
513,488
Gender
Male
Female
48.3
51.7
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐44 Table A.7b-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2010 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2009
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
1,905,866
421,492
Gender
Male
Female
49.6
50.4
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
2,327,358
1,831,780
390,105
52.8
47.2
50.2
49.8
50.7
49.3
35.9
23.7
4.5
35.9
46.8
11.2
7.7
34.3
37.9
21.4
5.1
35.6
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
55.6
39.5
4.9
3.5
1.4
65.4
30.3
4.3
4.3
0.0
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.7
15.9
27.8
22.2
28.4
% with working parent(s)
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
WIC-Eligible Children
Ages 1-4
Total
Family
income
<185% FPGb
Adjunctively
eligiblec
Total
2,221,886
7,593,214
1,699,815
9,293,030
48.7
51.3
50.4
49.6
50.4
49.6
50.4
49.6
50.4
49.6
34.8
22.7
5.3
37.3
49.5
13.2
9.3
28.0
37.4
21.0
6.0
35.6
35.4
23.5
4.9
36.2
47.8
14.2
7.1
30.9
37.7
21.8
5.3
35.2
57.4
37.8
4.8
3.6
1.2
54.8
39.8
5.4
3.5
2.0
67.0
25.8
7.1
7.1
0.0
56.9
37.3
5.7
4.1
1.6
56.3
38.6
5.1
3.4
1.7
65.5
29.3
5.1
5.1
0.0
58.0
36.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
4.2
17.3
26.4
23.0
29.0
5.4
16.2
27.5
22.4
28.5
4.6
14.9
28.4
22.3
29.9
3.0
16.0
27.4
28.4
25.2
4.3
15.1
28.2
23.4
29.0
5.5
17.6
29.1
20.8
27.0
3.4
18.8
27.5
23.3
27.0
5.1
17.8
28.8
21.3
27.0
63.2
80.9
66.4
65.3
82.8
68.4
63.9
82.1
67.3
27.2
29.9
16.2
25.7
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
10.8
28.7
57.7
22.3
24.5
13.3
21.6
2.6
5.2
10.4
27.4
29.4
15.0
27.4
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.4
10.5
24.6
62.5
22.6
24.2
12.4
23.0
2.4
4.3
11.0
27.4
29.5
16.3
25.9
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
9.5
26.8
61.1
22.4
24.1
13.3
21.6
2.4
5.0
11.2
26.6
5.7
0.0
36.5
0.6
5.7
0.0
24.8
0.0
1.0
0.0
10.6
2.4
4.5
0.0
81.5
21.8
4.9
0.0
31.8
0.9
5.5
0.0
35.1
27.2
7.9
0.0
32.1
0.5
5.5
0.0
26.8
0.0
1.0
0.0
14.2
3.7
2.9
0.0
78.1
22.5
6.7
0.0
28.9
1.0
5.1
0.0
35.8
25.6
7.2
0.0
34.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
26.2
0.0
1.0
0.0
13.0
1.8
3.9
0.0
80.2
21.0
6.1
0.0
30.9
0.9
5.1
0.0
36.0
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐45 Notes for Table A.7b-2009:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2010 CPS-ASEC.
They are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to Census estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk.
See Tables 3, 4a, and 4b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
The Federal Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly
to produce official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds
for use in determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG
but who reported receipt of Food Stamps, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually
exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent
of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal
Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in Jan 2009 a family of five with three children and an annual family income of $45,125
has an income to FPL ratio of 1.762, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.820 (FPL for a family of 5 = $25,603;
FPG for a family of 5 = $24,800).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐46 Table A.8-2009: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2008 to 2009
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2009
NonParticipant Group
Infants
a
Eligibles
2008
Nonb
Eligibles
c
Total
a
Eligibles
b
c
Eligibles
Total
Percent Change
NonEligibles
Eligibles
Total
2,673,683
1,656,385
4,330,068
2,633,819
1,811,679
4,445,498
1.51%
-8.57%
-2.60%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
9,469,217
2,430,554
2,398,905
2,373,651
2,266,106
8,039,591
1,938,702
2,027,367
2,027,147
2,046,376
17,508,808
4,369,256
4,426,272
4,400,798
4,312,482
8,657,117
2,292,023
2,143,513
2,117,479
2,104,102
8,399,639
2,054,735
2,176,247
2,113,062
2,055,595
17,056,756
4,346,758
4,319,761
4,230,541
4,159,697
9.38%
6.04%
11.91%
12.10%
7.70%
-4.29%
-5.65%
-6.84%
-4.07%
-0.45%
2.65%
0.52%
2.47%
4.02%
3.67%
Pregnant Women
1,375,638
1,355,127
1.51%
666,796
889,257
639,003
886,312
4.35%
0.33%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
15,074,591
14,171,378
Source: March 2009 CPS; 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
6.37%
a
The eligible estimates represent the average monthly number of individuals eligible for WIC in 2009 taking into account the impact of 6- and 12-month
certification periods. The adjustment factors used to account for monthly income and certification periods were derived from an analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004
SIPP panels that compared annual estimates of eligibility with monthly estimates that accounted for certification periods. The analysis was conducted for calendar
years 1997, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2006, and the factors are an average of the five years.
b
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total U.S. and the
WIC-eligible infants and children.
c
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2009 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of
infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2009 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐47 Table A.9-2009: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2008 to 2009 as estimated by the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
2009
2008
Percent Change
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Infants
4,205,909
17,228,381
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
4,277,778
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
21,434,290
Infants
4,300,938
16,885,971
21,186,909
Infants
-2.2%
17,291,510
21,569,288
4,392,888
16,834,762
21,227,650
1,843,336
7,593,974
9,437,310
1,720,897
6,871,745
448,617
83,160
5,206
360,251
1,699,985
305,351
31,108
1,363,526
2,148,602
388,511
36,314
1,723,777
537,864
109,341
4,499
424,024
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
2,291,953
2,704,505
9,293,959
9,386,899
11,585,912
12,091,403
Number after adjustment for income eligibles in U.S.
Territories
2,704,505
9,386,899
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
2,623,370
9,293,030
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through Food Stamps
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
2.0%
1.2%
-2.6%
2.7%
1.6%
8,592,642
7.1%
10.5%
9.8%
1,608,675
288,689
12,489
1,307,497
2,146,540
398,030
16,989
1,731,521
-16.6%
-23.9%
15.7%
-15.0%
5.7%
5.8%
149.1%
4.3%
0.1%
-2.4%
113.8%
-0.4%
2,258,761
2,755,689
8,480,420
8,989,246
10,739,182
11,744,935
1.5%
-1.9%
9.6%
4.4%
7.9%
2.9%
12,091,403
2,755,689
8,989,246
11,744,935
-1.9%
4.4%
2.9%
11,916,399
2,673,018
8,899,353
11,572,371
-1.9%
4.4%
3.0%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC and 2009 CPS-ASEC
See footnotes on Table A.6-2009 for adjustment factor calculations for 2009.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐48 Table A.10-2009: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variance for National Estimates from the 2010 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
2009
Estimate
Standard Error
Coefficient of Variance
Participant Group
Total
Infants
Eligibles
Total
Eligibles
Total
Eligibles
4,277,778
2,623,370
72,467
117,216
1.7%
4.5%
17,291,510
4,316,877
4,372,660
4,345,666
4,256,307
9,293,030
2,387,220
2,356,565
2,327,358
2,221,886
141,782
72,791
73,252
73,030
72,288
218,215
111,859
111,144
110,458
107,945
0.8%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
1.7%
2.3%
4.7%
4.7%
4.7%
4.9%
Pregnant Women
3,195,821
1,349,751
54,138
60,309
1.7%
4.5%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
1,853,576
654,248
31,400
29,233
1.7%
4.5%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
2,407,518
872,523
40,784
38,986
1.7%
4.5%
29,026,204 14,792,922
179,000
272,793
0.6%
1.8%
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
.
Total
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page A‐49 This page was left intentionally blank. Appendix B Estimating Eligibility in the U.S. Territories In prior WIC eligibility estimation, the number of infants and children that are WIC‐eligible in the U.S. territories was estimated via a ‘territorial adjustment’ factor, applied to the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Analysis conducted under this project showed that this factor would greatly overestimate WIC eligibility in the territories if applied to current data. We developed alternate methods, using the Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) data for direct estimation and using annual population data for the other island territories. This appendix summarizes the problems with the previous approach and describes the approach used for the estimates presented in this report. Problems with the Current Adjustment Factor The territory adjustment factor was previously estimated as the ratio of the sum of income‐eligible infants and children in the territories (with the Puerto Rico information from the Census Summary File and the information for other territories provided by FNS) to the number of income‐eligible infants and children residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The computation of the factor required decennial Census data, so could be updated only once every 10 years. The value of the adjustment factor derived from 1990 Census data was 1.0388, and the factor derived from the 2000 Census data was 1.0332. While that factor may have been correct in 2000, today it overestimates the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children in the territories. If this adjustment were applied to the national estimates of WIC‐eligible infants and children, there would be 367,000 infants and children estimated to be WIC‐eligible in CY 2008 and 396,000 infants and children in CY 2009. However, the Census Bureau estimates that the total number of infants and children residing in all of the territories to be 275,000 in 2008 and 270,000 in 2009. The current procedures do not produce credible estimates of the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children in the territories. Why is the current methodology producing such poor estimates? First, the multiplier for territories may not have been accurate in 2000 when the initial value 1.0332 was set. The construction of the multiplier can be described as IE
MultiplerTerritory  Territories IEUS
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐1 where IE denotes total number of income‐eligible infants and children (age 0 to 4) and where the subscript denotes the geography of residing either in the territories or the mainland (50 States plus the District of Columbia). The value of IE for the territories was derived from two sources. The value for Puerto Rico was based upon a summary tabulation of the 2000 Census that represented the number of infants residing in families whose income is less than 185 percent of poverty. The value for IE for the other island territories was provided by FNS, but the source of their estimate cannot be documented at this time. The estimate of the number of infants and children in the territories who are WIC‐eligible is derived by multiplying the above expression by the total number of WIC‐
eligible (income or adjunctively) infants and children (FEUS) in the U.S. mainland and the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment (AM). Prior to the adjustment for nutritional risk, the number of infants and children estimated to be WIC‐eligible (EST) in the territories as proportional to their total number (POP) would be equal to ESTTerritories FEUS IETerritories


 AM POPTerritories IEUS POPTerritories
The estimate of the eligibility rate (above ratio) should be less than 1.0. The first term in the expression represents one over the proportion of eligible infants and children that gain their eligibility through income eligibility on the mainland. In 2008 and 2009, the percentage of infants and children who gain eligibility through income is, on average, 80 percent. Consequently the first term will be roughly 1.25. The next term reflects the proportion of the infants in the territories who are income‐eligible for WIC used in the construction of the multiplier. Based upon population estimates for 2000, the percentage of the infant and child population that was income‐eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico was 78.4 percent and 56.8 percent in the other territories. The combined income eligibility rate is 75.8 percent while on the mainland the comparable eligibility rate is 41.8 percent. This analysis suggests the product of the first two terms would be roughly 0.9475, which is less than 1.0. However, if we apply the values for the annual‐to‐
monthly adjustments (the estimates in this report use 1.18 for infants and 1.01 for children), estimated eligibility for infants would exceed the population estimate using this approach. Why did this overstatement occur in 2000? The first term in the above expression is attempting to correct for only estimating income eligibility in the territories on an annual basis. While income eligibility accounts for roughly 80 percent of those who are eligible on the mainland, the proportion of those infants and children who gain eligibility on the basis of their income is likely to be much higher in the territories and consequently the first term should be much smaller. For example, if in the territories 95 percent of the infants and children are eligible based on their income National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐2 then the first term would fall from 1.25 to 1.05 and the first two terms would be roughly 0.80 or 80 percent. The second possible factor is the use of an annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor (AM) that is based upon income dynamics found on the mainland. Given a large proportion of infants and children are income eligible on an annual basis then the impact of monthly income and certification periods should be considerably smaller. This leads to the conclusion that the values for annual‐to‐monthly adjustment in the territories are too large and another factor leading to overestimation even in the base year. To understand why the estimates may be getting worse, let us rewrite the above equation as ESTTerritories IETerritories  FEUS
POPUS
 

 AM 
POPTerritories  IEUS
POPUS POPTerritories

The first and fourth terms are constant over time and hence cannot contribute to worsening of the estimates over the decade. The second term reflects the total eligibility rate of infants and children on the mainland. Changes in its value reflect the assumption that changes in eligibility on the mainland should be reflected in proportionate changes in WIC eligibility in the territories. But if there were no changes in the proportion of mainland infants and children who are WIC‐eligible, the only factor left to change is the third term reflecting changes in the population of infants and children on the mainland relative to the territories. The Census population estimates show that the infant population on the mainland rose by 10 percent from 2000 to 2009 while the number of infants and children in the territories fell by 19 percent. This would imply that the third term in 2009 would be 1.358 (roughly 36 percent larger in 2009) times its value in 2000. Alternative Methodology for Puerto Rico The estimates for the territories were improved by completing estimation for the territories independent of the estimation for the mainland. With the advent of the ACS fielded in Puerto Rico in 2005, it is now possible to produce direct estimates of the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children in a manner that parallels the methodology employed on the CPS for the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Since over 90 percent of infants and children in the U.S. territories reside in Puerto Rico, this approach greatly contributes to improving the estimates for the territories (adjunctive eligibility can directly be determined) and provides direct estimates of the number of children by age. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐3 Beginning in 2005, the Census Bureau has interviewed households in Puerto Rico using the same ACS survey instrument used in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Consequently the same approach utilizing the ACS to develop estimates of the individual State’s share of the national number of WIC‐eligible infants and children will be employed to estimate the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children residing in Puerto Rico. Population Adjustment The Census Bureau provides annual population estimates by States and for Puerto Rico by single year of age. For the estimation of the State shares and for our estimates for Puerto Rico, we will adjust the weight (Wi,A,G) for the ith individual who is A years old living in G geographic area (State, District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico) by the following formula: 

PEA ,G 

Wi ,A,G 
 Wj ,A ,G 
j


where PEA,G is the Census Bureau’s population estimate for the calendar year for those A years old living in the Gth geographic area. The denominator is the sum of the ACS weights for all individuals who are A years old living in the Gth geographic area. These adjusted weights by construction will sum up to the Census Bureau’s population by age and geography. For 2008 and 2009, the following table contains the Census Bureau’s population by age for Puerto Rico. Table B.1 Census Bureau Population in Puerto Rico by Age: 0 1 2 3 4 CY 2008 45,541 46,607 48,324 49,091 48,767 CY 2009 45,100 45,304 46,443 47,994 48,850 Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2008 estimates were obtained from http://www.census.gov/popest/puerto_rico/files/PRC‐EST2008‐AGESEX‐RES.csv and 2009 estimates from http://www.census.gov/popest/puerto_rico/files/PRC‐EST2009‐
AGESEX‐RES.csv. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐4 Estimates of the Number of WIC Eligibles in Puerto Rico (2008 and 2009) Following the same methodology, we used the ACS to determine the State’s share of the national total estimates. We computed the number of infants and children (age 1 to 4) residing in Puerto Rico who were income‐eligible (income less than the 185 percent of the poverty guidelines); adjunctively eligible only (not income‐eligible but participated in SNAP, other welfare programs, or Medicaid); total eligibles (income or adjunctively eligible), and the eligibility rate (the percentage of the total population who were WIC‐eligible). The results of these determinations are presented in the following table. Table B.2 Estimates of WIC‐Eligible Infants and Children by Age in Puerto Rico 0 1 2 3 4 CY 2008: Total 45,541 46,607 48,324 49,081 48,767 Income 35,441 37574 38,582 38,589 38,676 Adjunctive 2,128 1,292 1,397 1,272 1,104 38,866 39,979 39,862 39,780 Full 37,568 Eligibility Rate 97.6% 87.5% 86.8% 85.2% 85.6% CY 2009: Total 45,100 45,304 46,443 47,994 48,850 Income 36,366 35,658 36,453 40,103 37,556 Adjunctive 2,737 3,042 1,190 1,514 1,865 Full 39,103 38,699 37,643 41,617 39,422 Eligibility Rate 102.6% 89.6% 85.1% 91.0% 84.7% Source: Calculations from the 2008 and 2009 Puerto Rico Community Survey (IPUMS) Note: The total population counts in this table exclude infants and children living in group quarters and consequently the total counts do not match the population controls listed above. These estimates represent eligibility based upon annual income and do not take into account monthly income or certification periods. For estimates on the mainland, we applied the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor developed using the SIPP data of 1.18 for infants and 1.01 for children. While the application of the adjustment factor for children leaves the eligibility rate less than 100 percent, the application of the infant’s adjustment factor in CY 2009 raised their eligibility rate over 100 percent. For the estimates presented, we applied these factors to the eligibility estimates in Puerto Rico following procedures used in the past. As noted earlier, the reliability of these adjustment factors for use in the territories is questionable since their construction uses National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐5 data only from the 50 States and the District of Columbia and does not contain any sample from the territories. More consideration needs to be given to the fact that the proportion of the population income‐eligible in Puerto Rico is almost double that in the mainland. What might be true when 50 percent of the population is income eligible can be expected to overstate the effect of adjunctive eligibility when 80 percent of the population is income‐eligible. Combining Puerto Rico Estimates with the National Estimates The national estimates of WIC eligibility are computed using the CPS‐ASEC files. While the ACS files will be used in producing the State estimates of WIC eligibility, the sum of the State estimates is constrained to sum to the national estimates. Consequently there might be some concern about mixing ACS estimates for Puerto Rico with the CPS estimates for the States and the District of Columbia. To examine whether we should be concerned, Table B.3 compares the national (50 States plus the District of Columbia) estimates of WIC eligibility for infants and children based upon the CPS and national estimates using the ACS. This was done for two calendar years: 2008 and 2009. The CPS‐ASEC estimates in Table B.3 reflect income eligibility based upon annual income. For the ACS estimates, we adjusted the individual person weights following the same procedure we used to adjust the weights in Puerto Rico. Consequently the adjusted ACS weights sum to the Census Bureau’s population estimates for the State and age group (separately for age 0 to 4). While the overall (age 0 to 4) eligibility rates are quite similar for 2008 and 2009, there are some differences when comparing the eligibility rates by age. While the CPS shows no clear pattern by age, the ACS estimates show a significant decline in the eligibility rate as age increases. This definite pattern in the ACS estimates produces a higher eligibility rate for infants that than the CPS estimate, but the opposite holds for four‐year‐olds. As the economy worsened between 2008 and 2009, eligibility rates in the CPS and ACS both rose while leaving the relationship between the two sets of estimates unchanged. While differences exist between the CPS and ACS estimates, we did not make any adjustment to the Puerto Rico Community Survey estimates of WIC eligibility. Any adjustment would need to lower the estimates for infants but raise the estimates for children age 4. However, to assume that the same relationship exists between the ACS estimate and a hypothetical CPS estimate for Puerto Rico from the mainland seems unwarranted. Any adjustment would also be quite small. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐6 Table B.3 Total Number and Number of WIC‐Eligible Individuals from CPS and ACS (2008 and 2009) CY 2008 CPS U.S. Total Count Income Adjunctive Total Eligibles Eligibility Rate ACS U.S. Total Count Income Adjunctive Total Eligibles Eligibility Rate CY 2009 CPS U.S. Total Count Income Adjunctive Total Eligibles Eligibility Rate ACS U.S. Total Count Income Adjunctive Total Eligibles Eligibility Rate Infants 1 year old 4,392,888 1,720,897 537,864 2,258,761 51.4% 4,292,829 1,783,702 464,903 2,248,605 52.4% 4,307,533 1,765,017 525,369 2,290,386 53.2% 4,316,877 1,902,086 485,373 2,387,459 55.3% 4,103,644 1,734,785 324,990 2,059,775 50.2% 4,118,947 1,612,404 405,346 2,017,750 49.0% 4,372,660 1,953,867 402,934 2,356,801 53.9% 4,120,059 1,572,274 388,164 1,960,438 47.6% 4,345,666 1,906,057 421,534 2,327,591 53.6% 4,330,173 1,918,633 424,036 2,342,670 54.1% 20,985,888 8,366,644 2,219,433 10,586,077 50.4% 4,256,307 1,831,964 390,144 2,222,108 52.2% 4,220,793 1,828,205 405,841 2,234,046 52.9% 21,227,650 8,592,642 2,146,540 10,739,182 50.6% 0 to 4 years 4,292,441 1,903,533 451,855 2,355,388 54.9% 4,174,087 1,654,750 418,266 2,073,016 49.7% 4,168,042 1,663,308 431,178 2,094,486 50.3% 4 years old 4,257,153 1,894,239 486,736 2,380,976 55.9% 3 years old 4,264,202 1,698,508 400,517 2,099,025 49.2% 4,271,307 1,753,642 469,376 2,223,018 52.0% 4,277,778 1,843,336 448,617 2,291,953 53.6% 2 years old 21,569,288 9,437,310 2,148,602 11,585,912 53.7% 4,176,918 1,778,075 387,226 2,165,302 51.8% 21,277,478 7,428,447 2,155,694 11,478,381 53.9% Source: Calculations from the CPS‐ASEC and Puerto Rico Community Survey (IPUMS) National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐7 Other Island Territories For infants and children residing in other island territories, the only data available are annual population estimates for the group age 0 to 4 and once‐in‐a‐decade estimates of the number of income‐eligible infants and children from the decennial Census. Since the available data pertain only to the combined age group of 0 to 4 years old, we used CDC birth data to allocate the total estimate to the number of infants and to each of the four years of children (age 1 to 4). We estimated the number of WIC‐eligible infants and children (combined) residing in the other island territories in year t using the following relationship  IE

 2000  POPt  POP2000 
where IE2000 is the number of income‐eligible infants and children in 2000 and POP is the Census Bureau’s population estimate for year 2000 and t. Using the data provided by FNS to compute the original territorial adjustment factor, there were 22,145 infants and children income‐eligible while the population in 2000 was 38,987 infants and children. This would imply that 56.8 percent of the total number of infants and children in the other island territories were income‐eligible for WIC. This approach assumes that the income eligibility rate remains constant over the decade until a new rate can be estimated using the 2010 Census long forms. While this approach will not capture changes in the economic conditions, it also doesn’t capture any potential eligibility gained by participation in other programs (adjunctive eligibility). As previously noted, income eligibility accounts for 80.1 percent of the total eligible infants and children on the mainland (average of 2008 and 2009). However, when using the ACS (2008 and 2009), 95.5 percent of the fully eligible infants and children in Puerto Rico gain their eligibility through the income test. While we cannot infer adjunctive eligibility for 2000, we make an educated guess about the ratio of full eligibility to income eligibility (equal to one over the proportion of infants and children gaining eligibility through income) by examining the proportion of the population who are income‐eligible. We were guided by the assumption that if a higher proportion of the population is income‐eligible, then there will be fewer infants and children that can gain eligibility through participation in other programs, since they are already eligible based on income. If we assume that there is a proportional relationship between the percentage of the population that is income‐eligible and the proportion of full eligible individuals who are income eligible, then we can estimate the proportion of full eligible individuals who are income eligible using the data for the 50 States plus the District of Columbia and for Puerto Rico, based on the following equation: National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐8 IE
IE
PR  US
IE
 IE   IE

FE
IE
PR FEUS  Other   US   Other  US 
FEOther  FEUS  POPOther POPUS  IEPR  IEUS
POPPR POPUS
where US represents the mainland (the 50 States and the District of Columbia) and FE denotes the total number of WIC‐eligible infants and children. From our previous calculations for the United States, Puerto Rico (PR), and other island territories, the proportion of infants and children income‐eligible for WIC was 41.8 percent, 79.4 percent (averages of 2008 and 2009), and 56.8 percent (from the 2000 FNS estimate). The corresponding estimate for the proportion of eligible infants and children that are income‐eligible in the other island territories would be 86.2 percent. If this estimate is valid for 2000 then we can improve upon our previous estimate in the following expression: FE
  IE

1
 .568  POPt  .659 POPt  Other   2000  POPt 
IEOther  POP2000 
.862

We estimated this factor separately for infants (age 0) and children (age 1 to 4). New Estimates for Puerto Rico and Other Island Territories—2008 and 2009 Using the methodology described above, the following are new estimates for the U.S. territories for 2008 and 2009 broken down by age and geography (Table B.4). The nutritional risk adjustment factor of 0.97 for infants and 0.99 for children was applied for comparability with the old methodology. The final line presents the old methodology for the two years by age (no attempt was made to break the total estimates down by geography). National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐9 Table B.4 Estimates of the Number of WIC‐Eligible Infants and Children in the Territories New Methodology Infants 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 0 to 4 years CY 2008 Puerto Rico 43,001
38,862
39,975
39,858
39,776
201,472
Other Islands 5,336
4,633
4,803
4,879
4,847
24,513
All Territories 48,337
43,495
44,779
44,736
44,623
225,985
CY 2009 Puerto Rico 44,757
38,695
37,693
41,613
39,418
202,123
Other Islands 5,556
4,639
4,700
4,680
4,803
24,378
All Territories 50,314
43,334
42,340
46,293
44,221
226,501
Old Methodology CY 2008 88,744
78,342
73,130
72,224
71,763
384,203
CY 2009 90,048
83,179
82,111
81,093
77,418
413,851
Source: Calculations from the CPS‐ASEC and the Puerto Rico Community Survey (IPUMS) National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page B‐10 Appendix C State and Regional Estimates: 2008 and 2009 The appendix tables show the estimates of total WIC‐eligible individuals by State and by participant group and region for calendar years 2008 and 2009 as summarized in Volume I of this report. Note that these estimates refer to the FNS regions as defined below. The estimates rely on the American Community Survey (ACS) that allows for income and adjunctive eligibility by State. Note that adjunctive eligibility reflects individuals that report receipt of SNAP, TANF, or public health coverage on the ACS but are not already income‐eligible for WIC. The ACS does not support a break out of public health coverage through Medicaid or the State’s Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). State and Regional Estimates Appendix Table Definitions Table C.1: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region This table shows the estimated total number of WIC‐eligible individuals by State (alphabetical) and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories. Table C.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State This table shows the estimated total number of WIC‐eligible individuals by FNS region with each State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories. Table C.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group This table shows the estimated number of WIC‐eligible individuals by FNS region and participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant group include the territories. Table C.4: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region This table shows the estimated total number of WIC‐eligible individuals and the associated standard errors and coefficients of variance by State (alphabetical) and FNS region. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐1 Table C.5: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State This table shows the estimated total number of WIC‐eligible individuals and the associated standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region with each State listed under its region. Table C.6: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group This table shows the estimated number of WIC‐eligible individuals and the associated standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region and participant group. Table C.7: State‐Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors This table shows the State‐specific breastfeeding adjustment factors. These factors were determined using the same methodology used to produce the national breastfeeding adjustments but substitute the State‐specific breastfeeding rates as reported by the Ross Laboratories Mothers Survey (RLMS). Estimates for the territories assumed the national breastfeeding rates. Table C.8: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group Analogous to Table A.6 of the national estimates, this table shows the step‐by‐step adjustments made from the total number of infants and children to the final numbers of infants, children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are fully eligible for WIC for the territories based on the ACS data and population estimates from the Census Bureau. Table C.9: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC in the CPS‐ASEC by Demographic Characteristics This tables shows the estimates of total WIC‐eligible infants and children by demographic and income characteristics in the CPS‐ASEC. Note that these tables do not include infants and children from the territories. This table shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted, including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual‐to‐monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as a single total count and the column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐2 FNS Regions Northeast  Connecticut  Maine  Massachusetts  New Hampshire  New York  Rhode Island  Vermont Mid‐Atlantic  Delaware  District of Columbia  Maryland  New Jersey  Pennsylvania  Puerto Rico  Virgin Islands  Virginia  West Virginia Southeast  Alabama  Florida  Georgia  Kentucky  Mississippi  North Carolina  South Carolina  Tennessee Midwest  Illinois  Indiana  Michigan  Minnesota  Ohio  Wisconsin Southwest  Arkansas  Louisiana  New Mexico  Oklahoma  Texas Mountain Plains  Colorado  Iowa  Kansas  Missouri  Montana  Nebraska  North Dakota  South Dakota  Utah  Wyoming Western  Alaska  American Samoa  Arizona  California  Guam  Hawaii  Idaho  Nevada  Northern Mariana Islands  Oregon  Washington Source: FNS Regional Office Contacts, http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/contacts/fnsro‐contacts.htm National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐3 Table C.1-2008: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2008
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
State
Alabama
228,701
136,766
59.8% New York
766,852
503,708
Alaska
35,332
25,232
71.4% North Carolina
465,366
266,001
Arizona
385,799
200,710
52.0% North Dakota
24,976
14,888
Arkansas
173,586
90,981
52.4% Ohio
465,263
295,947
California
1,850,739
1,417,767
76.6% Oklahoma
205,320
124,421
Colorado
207,630
101,213
48.7% Oregon
166,021
109,638
Connecticut
101,592
57,269
56.4% Pennsylvania
445,205
254,131
Delaware
34,058
22,719
66.7% Puerto Rico
248,499
199,478
D.C.
23,929
16,798
70.2% Rhode Island
32,172
26,006
Florida
786,020
475,794
60.5% South Carolina
221,137
130,295
Georgia
542,517
313,300
57.7% South Dakota
37,162
22,743
Hawaii
47,300
34,744
73.5% Tennessee
318,208
171,396
Idaho
85,501
43,120
50.4% Texas
1,545,998
943,421
Illinois
571,071
299,045
52.4% Utah
147,837
67,697
Indiana
293,784
159,704
54.4% Vermont
20,972
16,955
Iowa
112,653
73,094
64.9% Virginia
253,242
153,642
Kansas
120,500
74,060
61.5% Washington
263,060
180,733
Kentucky
213,495
137,913
64.6% West Virginia
76,953
52,371
Louisiana
265,721
143,613
54.0% Wisconsin
200,544
123,140
Maine
46,949
26,025
55.4% Wyoming
22,168
12,715
Maryland
185,883
138,685
74.6%
a
Massachusetts
189,030
125,268
66.3% FNS Region
Michigan
417,369
238,166
57.1% Northeast
1,191,203
773,239
Minnesota
175,168
142,534
81.4% Mid-Atlantic
1,550,350
1,005,008
Mississippi
179,821
110,647
61.5% Southeast
2,955,264
1,742,111
Missouri
271,487
145,323
53.5% Midwest
2,123,199
1,258,537
Montana
39,833
20,105
50.5% Southwest
2,322,679
1,371,470
Nebraska
79,433
44,822
56.4% Mountain Plains
1,063,678
576,659
Nevada
114,107
63,067
55.3% Western
2,965,005
2,092,107
New Hampshire
33,635
18,008
53.5%
New Jersey
269,266
161,684
60.0% Total
14,171,378
8,819,130
New Mexico
132,054
69,034
52.3%
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
65.7%
57.2%
59.6%
63.6%
60.6%
66.0%
57.1%
80.3%
80.8%
58.9%
61.2%
53.9%
61.0%
45.8%
80.8%
60.7%
68.7%
68.1%
61.4%
57.4%
64.9%
64.8%
58.9%
59.3%
59.0%
54.2%
70.6%
62.2%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐4 Table C.2-2008: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2008a
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,191,203
101,592
46,949
189,030
33,635
766,852
32,172
20,972
773,239
57,269
26,025
125,268
18,008
503,708
26,006
16,955
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
1,550,350
34,058
23,929
185,883
269,266
1,005,008
22,719
16,798
138,685
161,684
445,205
248,499
253,242
76,953
254,131
199,478
153,642
52,371
2,955,264
228,701
786,020
542,517
213,495
179,821
465,366
221,137
318,208
1,742,111
136,766
475,794
313,300
137,913
110,647
266,001
130,295
171,396
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Coverage
Rate
64.9% Southwest
56.4%
Arkansas
55.4%
Louisiana
66.3%
New Mexico
53.5%
Oklahoma
65.7%
Texas
80.8%
80.8% Mountain Plains
Colorado
Iowa
64.8%
66.7%
Kansas
70.2%
Missouri
74.6%
Montana
60.0%
Nebraska
Midwest
2,123,199
1,258,537
Illinois
571,071
299,045
Indiana
293,784
159,704
Michigan
417,369
238,166
Minnesota
175,168
142,534
Ohio
465,263
295,947
Wisconsin
200,544
123,140
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS,
57.1%
80.3%
60.7%
68.1%
2,322,679
173,586
265,721
132,054
205,320
1,545,998
1,371,470
90,981
143,613
69,034
124,421
943,421
Coverage
Rate
59.0%
52.4%
54.0%
52.3%
60.6%
61.0%
1,063,678
207,630
112,653
120,500
271,487
39,833
79,433
576,659
101,213
73,094
74,060
145,323
20,105
44,822
54.2%
48.7%
64.9%
61.5%
53.5%
50.5%
56.4%
24,976
37,162
147,837
22,168
14,888
22,743
67,697
12,715
59.6%
61.2%
45.8%
57.4%
2,965,005
35,332
385,799
1,850,739
47,300
85,501
114,107
166,021
263,060
2,092,107
25,232
200,710
1,417,767
34,744
43,120
63,067
109,638
180,733
70.6%
71.4%
52.0%
76.6%
73.5%
50.4%
55.3%
66.0%
68.7%
Eligibles
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
58.9% Western
59.8%
Alaska
60.5%
Arizona
57.7%
California
64.6%
Hawaii
61.5%
Idaho
57.2%
Nevada
58.9%
Oregon
53.9%
Washington
Participants
59.3% Total
14,171,378
8,819,130
52.4%
54.4%
57.1%
81.4%
63.6%
61.4%
Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
62.2%
Notes:
a Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional
totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐5 Table C.3-2008: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2008
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
216,092
279,144
547,598
403,335
433,386
201,425
552,839
2,633,819
192,506
246,883
465,717
336,391
352,223
146,972
487,366
2,228,058
Children
(age 1 to 4)
730,540
972,366
1,816,805
1,280,498
1,422,837
640,013
1,794,057
8,657,117
388,129
520,595
839,725
621,196
679,316
286,582
1,092,945
4,428,489
Pregnant
Women
111,182
143,623
281,745
207,520
222,982
103,635
284,441
1,355,127
79,760
101,537
185,829
136,656
150,632
57,795
214,708
926,919
All Postpartum
Women
Total
133,389
155,217
309,117
231,846
243,474
118,605
333,668
1,525,315
112,843
135,992
250,839
164,293
189,299
85,309
297,088
1,235,664
1,191,203
1,550,350
2,955,264
2,123,199
2,322,679
1,063,678
2,965,005
14,171,378
773,238
1,005,008
1,742,111
1,258,537
1,371,470
576,659
2,092,107
8,819,130
Coverage Rates
Northeast
89.1%
53.1%
71.7%
84.6%
Mid-Atlantic
88.4%
53.5%
70.7%
87.6%
Southeast
85.0%
46.2%
66.0%
81.1%
Midwest
83.4%
48.5%
65.9%
70.9%
Southwest
81.3%
47.7%
67.6%
77.7%
Mountain Plains
73.0%
44.8%
55.8%
71.9%
Western
88.2%
60.9%
75.5%
89.0%
Total
84.6%
51.2%
68.4%
81.0%
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐6 64.9%
64.8%
58.9%
59.3%
59.0%
54.2%
70.6%
62.2%
Table C.4-2008: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2008
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variance
State
Alabama
228,701
12,663
5.5% New York
Alaska
35,332
4,790
13.6% North Carolina
Arizona
385,799
16,880
4.4% North Dakota
Arkansas
173,586
10,910
6.3% Ohio
California
1,850,739
46,054
2.5% Oklahoma
Colorado
207,630
11,995
5.8% Oregon
Connecticut
101,592
8,222
8.1% Pennsylvania
a
Delaware
34,058
4,658
13.7% Puerto Rico
D.C.
23,929
3,961
16.6% Rhode Island
Florida
786,020
25,927
3.3% South Carolina
Georgia
542,517
20,719
3.8% South Dakota
Hawaii
47,300
5,553
11.7% Tennessee
Idaho
85,501
7,513
8.8% Texas
Illinois
571,071
21,237
3.7% Utah
Indiana
293,784
14,476
4.9% Vermont
Iowa
112,653
8,674
7.7% Virginia
Kansas
120,500
8,945
7.4% Washington
Kentucky
213,495
12,203
5.7% West Virginia
Louisiana
265,721
13,733
5.2% Wisconsin
Maine
46,949
5,536
11.8% Wyoming
Maryland
185,883
11,329
6.1%
a
Massachusetts
189,030
11,374
6.0% Region
Michigan
417,369
17,694
4.2% Northeast
Minnesota
175,168
10,853
6.2% Mid-Atlantic
Mississippi
179,821
11,205
6.2% Southeast
Missouri
271,487
13,918
5.1% Midwest
Montana
39,833
5,048
12.7% Southwest
Nebraska
79,433
7,153
9.0% Mountain Plains
Nevada
114,107
8,754
7.7% Western
New Hampshire
33,635
4,682
13.9%
New Jersey
269,266
13,839
5.1% Total (50 States
New Mexico
132,054
9,363
7.1% and D.C.)a
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variance
766,852
465,366
24,976
465,263
205,320
166,021
445,205
248,499
32,172
221,137
37,162
318,208
1,545,998
147,837
20,972
253,242
263,060
76,953
200,544
22,168
25,485
18,883
3,963
18,914
11,946
10,594
18,471
13,199
4,509
12,418
4,850
15,165
40,736
9,937
3,684
13,456
13,584
7,179
11,782
3,745
3.3%
4.1%
15.9%
4.1%
5.8%
6.4%
4.1%
5.3%
14.0%
5.6%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.7%
17.6%
5.3%
5.2%
9.3%
5.9%
16.9%
1,191,203
1,288,535
2,955,264
2,123,199
2,322,679
1,063,678
2,947,859
37,692
39,682
71,418
55,950
59,704
35,037
71,282
3.2%
3.1%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
13,892,417
264,397
1.9%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or regional standard
errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐7 Table C.5-2008: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2008a
Standard Coefficient
Eligibles
Error
of Variance
Northeast
1,191,203
30,527
2.6% Southwest
2,322,679
Connecticut
101,592
8,222
8.1% Arkansas
173,586
Maine
46,949
5,536
11.8% Louisiana
265,721
Massachusetts
189,030
11,374
6.0% New Mexico
132,054
New Hampshire
33,635
4,682
13.9% Oklahoma
205,320
New York
766,852
25,485
3.3% Texas
1,545,998
Rhode Island
32,172
4,509
14.0%
Vermont
1,063,678
20,972
3,684
17.6% Mountain Plains
Colorado
207,630
Mid-Atlantic
1,288,535
30,513
2.4% Iowa
112,653
Delaware
34,058
4,658
13.7% Kansas
120,500
D.C.
23,929
3,961
16.6% Missouri
271,487
Maryland
185,883
11,329
6.1% Montana
39,833
New Jersey
269,266
13,839
5.1% Nebraska
79,433
Pennsylvania
445,205
18,471
4.1% North Dakota
24,976
Virginia
253,242
13,456
5.3% South Dakota
37,162
West Virginia
76,953
7,179
9.3% Utah
147,837
Wyoming
22,168
Southeast
2,955,264
47,719
1.6%
Alabama
2,947,859
228,701
12,663
5.5% Western
Florida
786,020
25,927
3.3% Alaska
35,332
Georgia
542,517
20,719
3.8% Arizona
385,799
Kentucky
213,495
12,203
5.7% California
1,850,739
Mississippi
179,821
11,205
6.2% Hawaii
47,300
North Carolina
465,366
18,883
4.1% Idaho
85,501
South Carolina
221,137
12,418
5.6% Nevada
114,107
Tennessee
318,208
15,165
4.8% Oregon
166,021
Washington
263,060
Midwest
2,123,199
39,850
1.9%
Illinois
13,892,417
571,071
21,237
3.7% Total (50 States
a
Indiana
293,784
14,476
4.9% and D.C.)
Michigan
417,369
17,694
4.2%
Minnesota
175,168
10,853
6.2%
Ohio
465,263
18,914
4.1%
Wisconsin
200,544
11,782
5.9%
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Eligibles
Standard Coefficient
Error
of Variance
46,877
2.0%
10,910
6.3%
13,733
5.2%
9,363
7.1%
11,946
5.8%
40,736
2.6%
28,113
11,995
8,674
8,945
13,918
5,048
7,153
3,963
4,850
9,937
3,745
2.6%
5.8%
7.7%
7.4%
5.1%
12.7%
9.0%
15.9%
13.1%
6.7%
16.9%
53,754
4,790
16,880
46,054
5,553
7,513
8,754
10,594
13,584
1.8%
13.6%
4.4%
2.5%
11.7%
8.8%
7.7%
6.4%
5.2%
264,397
1.9%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐8 Table C.6-2008: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2008a
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
216,092
233,820
547,598
403,335
433,386
201,425
549,722
2,585,378
730,540
805,444
1,816,805
1,280,498
1,422,837
640,013
1,783,436
8,479,572
Standard Error
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
13,839
13,800
21,911
18,606
21,627
13,002
24,966
116,343
25,550
25,648
39,840
33,010
39,069
23,359
44,580
208,554
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
111,182
120,303
281,745
207,520
222,982
103,635
282,838
1,330,204
7,120
7,100
11,274
9,573
11,127
6,689
12,845
59,860
Coefficient of Variance
Northeast
6.4%
3.5%
6.4%
Mid-Atlantic
5.9%
3.2%
5.9%
Southeast
4.0%
2.2%
4.0%
Midwest
4.6%
2.6%
4.6%
Southwest
5.0%
2.7%
5.0%
Mountain Plains
6.5%
3.6%
6.5%
Western
4.5%
2.5%
4.5%
Total
4.5%
2.5%
4.5%
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Total
133,389
128,969
309,117
231,846
243,474
118,605
331,863
1,497,262
6,071
5,689
9,093
7,780
8,917
5,562
10,671
48,265
1,191,203
1,288,535
2,955,264
2,123,199
2,322,679
1,063,678
2,947,859
13,892,417
30,527
30,513
47,719
39,850
46,877
28,113
53,754
264,397
4.6%
4.4%
2.9%
3.4%
3.7%
4.7%
3.2%
3.2%
2.6%
2.4%
1.6%
1.9%
2.0%
2.6%
1.8%
1.9%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐9 Table C.7-2008: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2008
All Mothers
Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding <6
months postpartum
Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding <6
months postpartum
0.338
0.575
0.480
0.362
0.495
0.512
0.449
0.345
0.267
0.391
0.393
0.511
0.575
0.411
0.453
0.405
0.451
0.338
0.329
0.595
0.431
0.512
0.405
0.510
0.273
0.424
0.519
0.511
0.425
0.518
0.347
0.587
0.394
0.398
0.420
0.349
0.434
0.629
0.377
0.476
0.347
0.602
0.387
0.353
0.594
0.541
0.404
0.644
0.300
0.477
0.585
0.423
0.658
0.421
0.516
0.634
0.501
0.484
0.547
0.651
0.729
0.605
0.603
0.486
0.421
0.585
0.543
0.591
0.545
0.658
0.667
0.401
0.565
0.484
0.591
0.487
0.723
0.572
0.477
0.485
0.571
0.478
0.649
0.409
0.602
0.598
0.576
0.647
0.562
0.367
0.620
0.520
0.649
0.394
0.609
0.643
0.402
0.455
0.592
0.352
0.696
0.519
0.411
0.573
0.174
0.356
0.326
0.232
0.310
0.251
0.195
0.162
0.118
0.226
0.210
0.304
0.286
0.263
0.279
0.212
0.200
0.173
0.189
0.425
0.227
0.323
0.215
0.326
0.144
0.260
0.270
0.399
0.224
0.245
0.187
0.418
0.280
0.232
0.160
0.155
0.196
0.433
0.181
0.266
0.168
0.404
0.233
0.199
0.419
0.343
0.195
0.353
0.122
0.226
0.337
0.243
0.388
0.244
0.309
0.355
0.292
0.305
0.350
0.336
0.380
0.335
0.370
0.277
0.248
0.330
0.323
0.335
0.330
0.384
0.365
0.302
0.368
0.316
0.353
0.298
0.388
0.320
0.252
0.305
0.346
0.289
0.364
0.289
0.346
0.332
0.338
0.380
0.325
0.263
0.372
0.327
0.389
0.296
0.366
0.358
0.283
0.280
0.363
0.249
0.376
0.350
0.275
0.337
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
WIC Participants
Calculated Factor Based on "2009 Breastfeeding Trends" Ross Labs ‐ Infant Feeding Survey
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐10 Table C.8-2008: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
CY 2008
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2008 PRCS
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcount
a
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
b
Through Food Stamps
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
40,515
47,760
50,422
44,988
47,085
190,255
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
230,770
45,541
46,607
48,324
49,081
48,767
192,779
238,320
35,441
37,574
38,582
38,589
38,676
153,421
188,862
2,128
932
0
1,196
1,292
700
0
592
1,397
423
0
975
1,272
536
85
651
1,104
408
0
696
5,066
2,066
85
2,914
7,193
2,998
85
4,110
37,568
38,866
39,979
39,862
39,780
158,487
196,055
44,331
39,255
40,379
40,260
40,178
160,071
204,402
43,001
38,862
39,975
39,858
39,776
158,471
201,472
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
43,001
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Pregnant
Women
43,001
43,001
129,002
42,833
42,833
108,475
10,433
14,470
24,903
22,124
10,433
14,470
47,027
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
22,898
f
22,898
22,809
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2008 PRCS
See notes on page 2.
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
7,068
7,322
7,235
7,373
7,286
29,216
36,284
4,752
4,781
4,724
4,814
4,757
19,076
23,828
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
5,608
4,829
4,771
4,862
4,805
19,266
24,874
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
d
nutritional risk (infants and children)
5,440
4,780
4,723
4,813
4,757
19,074
Other Island Territories
Territories Age 0 to 4 distributed by Puerto Rico's age
demographics
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factor
i
24,513
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
5,440
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
e
income of woman during pregnancy
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths
5,440
5,440
16,319
5,418
5,418
13,722
1,320
1,830
3,150
2,799
1,320
1,830
5,949
24,923
11,752
16,301
278,961
2,897
f
2,897
2,885
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - U.S. Territories Total
48,440
43,642
44,698
44,671
44,533
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices 177,544
Page C‐11 Notes for Table C.8-2008:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
Vintage 2008 Census Bureau population estimates by single year of age for Puerto Rico were used to adjust PRCS weights.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food Stamps receipt is coded as
Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.18
Children:
1.01
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death 0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.244
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.338
h
Note, it is also possible to perform these calculations using the same factors for each other island territory individually.
The results of these calculations are shown in Table S1.
i
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories is:
Infants
0.672
Children
0.653
f
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐12 Table C.9-2008: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
CY 2008
a
Fully adjusted weights
FNS Region
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Northeast
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Mid-Atlantic
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Southeast
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Midwest
WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1
Infants
to 4
WIC-Eligible
Infants and
Children
216,092
730,540
946,632
233,820
805,444
1,039,264
547,598
1,816,805
2,364,403
403,335
1,280,498
1,683,833
Gender
Male
Female
53.4
46.6
45.6
54.4
47.2
52.8
51.6
48.4
48.9
51.1
49.5
50.5
55.1
44.9
51.8
48.2
52.6
47.4
52.0
48.0
52.7
47.3
52.6
47.4
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
37.5
18.0
10.4
34.1
39.6
18.4
5.3
36.7
39.1
18.3
6.4
36.2
43.9
29.9
0.0
26.3
44.8
32.7
2.9
19.6
44.6
32.1
2.2
21.1
39.8
40.5
1.4
18.4
39.1
36.7
3.4
20.8
39.2
37.6
3.0
20.2
51.3
25.9
4.1
18.7
49.7
30.5
3.3
16.5
50.1
29.4
3.4
17.0
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
62.9
33.0
4.1
2.9
1.2
52.2
41.6
6.2
4.3
2.0
54.4
39.8
5.8
4.0
1.8
61.2
30.5
8.3
4.4
3.9
51.3
42.6
6.1
5.3
0.8
53.5
39.9
6.6
5.1
1.5
46.8
49.3
3.9
3.4
0.5
44.6
48.5
6.9
5.3
1.6
45.1
48.7
6.2
4.8
1.4
59.7
36.3
4.0
3.4
0.6
56.1
39.4
4.5
3.6
0.9
57.0
38.7
4.3
3.5
0.8
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
5.6
29.9
28.6
20.0
15.9
8.9
21.4
28.4
22.3
19.0
8.2
23.2
28.5
21.8
18.3
0.9
32.1
18.0
19.9
29.1
6.6
21.3
27.2
22.5
22.4
5.3
23.7
25.1
21.9
23.9
4.2
25.1
34.7
18.6
17.5
5.4
23.3
29.6
21.7
20.0
5.1
23.7
30.8
21.0
19.4
6.8
29.3
24.2
17.2
22.5
5.8
22.6
26.8
23.9
20.9
6.0
24.2
26.2
22.3
21.3
60.0
64.9
63.9
52.3
63.5
61.0
57.0
63.6
62.1
64.9
65.0
65.0
34.1
13.8
9.6
18.4
0.4
4.7
19.2
23.0
21.4
13.8
18.6
2.2
6.1
14.9
25.3
19.8
12.9
18.5
1.8
5.8
15.8
27.6
16.0
8.7
26.2
0.0
6.4
15.1
23.7
16.5
15.1
23.5
3.5
6.9
10.7
24.6
16.4
13.7
24.1
2.7
6.8
11.7
31.2
19.1
9.9
18.2
3.6
6.3
11.7
23.3
26.3
14.3
21.2
2.6
5.2
7.1
25.1
24.7
13.3
20.5
2.9
5.4
8.2
20.4
20.5
19.2
14.8
1.6
5.6
17.8
23.7
23.6
11.7
24.3
2.1
4.9
9.7
22.9
22.9
13.5
22.1
2.0
5.1
11.7
13.4
5.5
0.0
27.9
0.0
2.7
0.0
50.5
14.8
8.1
0.0
29.1
0.4
2.8
0.0
44.8
14.5
7.6
0.0
28.8
0.3
2.8
0.0
46.0
22.0
4.7
0.0
0.0
29.9
0.6
0.0
6.7
24.5
8.2
0.0
0.2
21.9
2.6
0.0
4.6
24.0
7.4
0.0
0.1
23.7
2.2
0.0
5.1
15.0
5.9
0.0
32.5
0.5
4.7
0.0
41.3
23.5
5.2
0.0
31.6
1.1
6.4
0.0
32.2
21.5
5.4
0.0
31.8
1.0
6.0
0.0
34.3
15.0
12.3
0.0
0.0
29.1
1.3
0.0
3.5
21.2
6.5
0.0
0.3
33.0
0.8
0.0
4.6
19.7
7.9
0.0
0.2
32.1
0.9
0.0
4.3
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
c
130% to <185% FPL
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐13 Table C.9-2008: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
CY 2008
Fully adjusted weightsa
FNS Region
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Southwest
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Mountain Plains
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Western
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Total
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
433,386
1,422,837
1,856,223
201,425
640,013
841,438
549,722
1,783,436
2,333,158
2,585,378
8,479,572
11,064,951
Gender
Male
Female
43.3
56.7
53.2
46.8
51.0
49.0
53.7
46.3
51.7
48.3
52.3
47.7
52.0
48.0
49.0
51.0
49.7
50.3
51.4
48.6
50.8
49.2
50.9
49.1
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
27.0
15.1
4.7
53.2
22.7
15.9
4.9
56.4
23.7
15.7
4.9
55.7
60.0
14.2
6.1
19.6
56.3
12.6
4.6
26.5
57.3
13.0
5.0
24.7
23.2
7.3
7.4
62.2
27.9
7.1
8.2
56.8
26.8
7.1
8.0
58.1
37.7
21.8
4.6
36.0
37.2
22.1
4.9
35.7
37.3
22.1
4.8
35.8
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.5
34.7
3.7
3.5
0.3
55.7
38.9
5.4
4.3
1.1
57.0
38.0
5.0
4.1
0.9
70.0
27.3
2.7
2.3
0.4
60.9
34.2
4.9
2.8
2.1
63.3
32.4
4.3
2.7
1.6
72.4
23.3
4.3
3.3
1.0
66.7
29.3
4.0
2.4
1.6
68.0
27.9
4.1
2.6
1.5
61.4
34.3
4.3
3.4
0.9
55.5
39.1
5.4
4.0
1.4
56.9
38.0
5.1
3.8
1.3
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.6
23.5
28.9
16.0
27.0
4.2
21.2
25.9
23.5
25.2
4.3
21.7
26.6
21.8
25.6
4.9
32.9
27.1
15.3
19.7
4.0
19.1
30.2
23.6
23.1
4.2
22.8
29.4
21.4
22.2
2.8
21.4
22.7
19.0
34.0
3.0
14.4
28.8
23.0
30.9
3.0
16.0
27.3
22.0
31.6
4.2
26.3
26.8
18.0
24.7
5.0
20.2
28.1
22.9
23.8
4.8
21.7
27.8
21.7
24.0
67.8
72.5
71.4
71.0
74.6
73.6
61.6
70.7
68.5
62.1
67.8
66.4
25.0
22.2
13.9
16.8
3.9
9.8
8.4
21.8
21.1
16.3
24.7
2.6
5.1
8.3
22.5
21.3
15.8
22.9
2.9
6.2
8.3
23.7
21.2
15.3
19.0
0.3
4.3
16.3
17.0
24.6
17.8
28.3
1.6
4.1
6.5
18.8
23.7
17.1
25.8
1.2
4.2
9.1
20.4
22.7
16.4
19.1
4.8
5.8
10.8
18.1
24.5
17.4
19.6
2.4
7.1
11.0
18.6
24.1
17.1
19.4
2.9
6.8
11.0
25.3
20.2
13.9
18.4
2.8
6.4
13.2
21.6
23.1
15.2
22.4
2.5
5.7
9.5
22.4
22.5
14.9
21.5
2.5
5.9
10.4
19.1
1.8
0.0
28.3
0.0
5.7
0.0
45.1
25.3
1.5
0.0
31.1
0.7
4.0
0.0
37.3
23.9
1.6
0.0
30.5
0.5
4.4
0.0
39.1
20.8
7.1
0.0
0.0
22.1
1.1
0.0
4.3
34.4
7.3
0.0
0.2
21.5
0.5
0.0
5.6
30.8
7.2
0.0
0.1
21.7
0.6
0.0
5.3
20.7
8.0
0.0
0.0
14.8
1.8
0.0
3.9
23.0
6.9
0.0
0.1
18.3
1.1
0.0
3.0
22.5
7.2
0.0
0.1
17.4
1.3
0.0
3.2
17.9
6.7
0.0
13.3
12.6
2.9
0.0
21.9
23.5
5.8
0.0
14.4
13.1
2.9
0.0
19.0
22.2
6.0
0.0
14.1
13.0
2.9
0.0
19.7
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLc
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2009 CPS-ASEC, 2008 ACS
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐14 Notes for Table C.9-2008:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the March 2009 CPS. They are adjusted to
account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, monthly income,
or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or "Levels" (FPL).
The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty threshold for their family size.
The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent of the
Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐15 Table C.1-2009: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2009
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State
Alabama
242,073
142,032
58.7% New York
802,166
519,245
Alaska
43,655
26,263
60.2% North Carolina
496,195
275,104
Arizona
399,065
210,149
52.7% North Dakota
24,164
14,561
Arkansas
171,518
95,535
55.7% Ohio
503,679
304,666
California
1,958,304
1,443,369
73.7% Oklahoma
211,057
131,974
Colorado
225,507
109,430
48.5% Oregon
175,123
114,016
Connecticut
103,954
60,255
58.0% Pennsylvania
461,912
262,250
Delaware
39,702
24,302
61.2% Puerto Rico
251,200
197,627
D.C.
22,937
17,479
76.2% Rhode Island
40,460
25,515
Florida
887,895
513,390
57.8% South Carolina
237,687
134,697
Georgia
570,651
320,910
56.2% South Dakota
42,606
22,908
Hawaii
55,526
36,696
66.1% Tennessee
325,065
174,555
Idaho
92,381
46,831
50.7% Texas
1,615,861
1,014,666
Illinois
612,800
311,063
50.8% Utah
156,235
73,827
Indiana
316,309
172,706
54.6% Vermont
22,841
17,436
Iowa
125,527
76,247
60.7% Virginia
284,171
161,503
Kansas
128,008
77,654
60.7% Washington
299,950
195,804
Kentucky
220,553
142,249
64.5% West Virginia
82,845
53,047
Louisiana
258,907
151,678
58.6% Wisconsin
214,103
128,737
Maine
51,620
26,851
52.0% Wyoming
26,166
13,639
Maryland
210,180
148,143
70.5%
a
Massachusetts
197,147
128,314
65.1% FNS Region
Michigan
439,128
247,942
56.5% Northeast
1,249,226
796,063
Minnesota
191,528
140,725
73.5% Mid-Atlantic
1,661,638
1,040,674
Mississippi
198,326
110,091
55.5% Southeast
3,178,445
1,813,027
Missouri
289,435
151,037
52.2% Midwest
2,277,547
1,305,839
Montana
45,204
20,746
45.9% Southwest
2,389,590
1,462,765
Nebraska
85,448
45,699
53.5% Mountain Plains
1,148,300
605,749
Nevada
128,810
69,432
53.9% Western
3,169,847
2,161,530
New Hampshire
31,037
18,447
59.4%
New Jersey
295,254
170,424
57.7% Total
15,074,591
9,185,646
New Mexico
132,247
68,912
52.1%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Coverage
Rate
64.7%
55.4%
60.3%
60.5%
62.5%
65.1%
56.8%
78.7%
63.1%
56.7%
53.8%
53.7%
62.8%
47.3%
76.3%
56.8%
65.3%
64.0%
60.1%
52.1%
63.7%
62.6%
57.0%
57.3%
61.2%
52.8%
68.2%
60.9%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐16 Table C.2-2009: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2009a
2,389,590
171,518
258,907
132,247
211,057
1,615,861
1,462,765
95,535
151,678
68,912
131,974
1,014,666
Coverage
Rate
61.2%
55.7%
58.6%
52.1%
62.5%
62.8%
1,148,300
225,507
125,527
128,008
289,435
45,204
85,448
24,164
42,606
156,235
26,166
605,749
109,430
76,247
77,654
151,037
20,746
45,699
14,561
22,908
73,827
13,639
52.8%
48.5%
60.7%
60.7%
52.2%
45.9%
53.5%
60.3%
53.8%
47.3%
52.1%
3,169,847
43,655
399,065
1,958,304
55,526
92,381
128,810
175,123
299,950
2,161,530
26,263
210,149
1,443,369
36,696
46,831
69,432
114,016
195,804
68.2%
60.2%
52.7%
73.7%
66.1%
50.7%
53.9%
65.1%
65.3%
Midwest
2,277,547
1,305,839
57.3% Total
15,074,591
9,185,646
Illinois
612,800
311,063
50.8%
Indiana
316,309
172,706
54.6%
Michigan
439,128
247,942
56.5%
Minnesota
191,528
140,725
73.5%
Ohio
503,679
304,666
60.5%
Wisconsin
214,103
128,737
60.1%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
60.9%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,249,226
103,954
51,620
197,147
31,037
802,166
40,460
22,841
796,063
60,255
26,851
128,314
18,447
519,245
25,515
17,436
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,661,638
39,702
22,937
210,180
295,254
461,912
251,200
284,171
82,845
1,040,674
24,302
17,479
148,143
170,424
262,250
197,627
161,503
53,047
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
3,178,445
242,073
887,895
570,651
220,553
198,326
496,195
237,687
325,065
1,813,027
142,032
513,390
320,910
142,249
110,091
275,104
134,697
174,555
Coverage
Rate
63.7% Southwest
58.0% Arkansas
52.0% Louisiana
65.1% New Mexico
59.4% Oklahoma
64.7% Texas
63.1%
76.3% Mountain Plains
Colorado
62.6% Iowa
61.2% Kansas
76.2% Missouri
70.5% Montana
57.7% Nebraska
56.8% North Dakota
78.7% South Dakota
56.8% Utah
64.0% Wyoming
57.0% Western
58.7% Alaska
57.8% Arizona
56.2% California
64.5% Hawaii
55.5% Idaho
55.4% Nevada
56.7% Oregon
53.7% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐17 Table C.3-2009: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2009
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
218,049
296,202
564,646
407,540
426,602
205,712
554,933
2,673,683
188,229
246,282
460,468
329,250
363,530
152,127
477,672
2,217,557
Children
(age 1 to 4)
793,064
1,045,813
2,003,637
1,427,199
1,505,367
707,976
1,986,162
9,469,217
416,516
556,006
917,303
673,806
739,239
307,926
1,178,197
4,788,994
Pregnant
Women
112,188
152,399
290,516
209,684
219,491
105,841
285,519
1,375,638
79,796
103,551
187,953
140,752
157,684
61,765
211,914
943,415
All Postpartum
Women
Total
125,924
167,224
319,646
233,124
238,130
128,770
343,234
1,556,053
111,521
134,836
247,303
162,031
202,312
83,930
293,747
1,235,679
1,249,226
1,661,638
3,178,445
2,277,547
2,389,590
1,148,300
3,169,847
15,074,591
796,063
1,040,674
1,813,027
1,305,839
1,462,765
605,749
2,161,530
9,185,646
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.3%
52.5%
71.1%
88.6%
Mid-Atlantic
83.1%
53.2%
67.9%
80.6%
Southeast
81.5%
45.8%
64.7%
77.4%
Midwest
80.8%
47.2%
67.1%
69.5%
Southwest
85.2%
49.1%
71.8%
85.0%
Mountain Plains
74.0%
43.5%
58.4%
65.2%
Western
86.1%
59.3%
74.2%
85.6%
Total
82.9%
50.6%
68.6%
79.4%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
63.7%
62.6%
57.0%
57.3%
61.2%
52.8%
68.2%
60.9%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐18 Table C.4-2009: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2009
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variance
State
Alabama
242,073
13,106
5.4% New York
Alaska
43,655
5,275
12.1% North Carolina
Arizona
399,065
17,241
4.3% North Dakota
Arkansas
171,518
10,848
6.3% Ohio
California
1,958,304
47,491
2.4% Oklahoma
Colorado
225,507
12,488
5.5% Oregon
Connecticut
103,954
8,336
8.0% Pennsylvania
a
Delaware
39,702
5,091
12.8% Puerto Rico
D.C.
22,937
3,899
17.0% Rhode Island
Florida
887,895
27,815
3.1% South Carolina
Georgia
570,651
21,265
3.7% South Dakota
Hawaii
55,526
6,021
10.8% Tennessee
Idaho
92,381
7,812
8.5% Texas
Illinois
612,800
22,086
3.6% Utah
Indiana
316,309
15,103
4.8% Vermont
Iowa
125,527
9,176
7.3% Virginia
Kansas
128,008
9,271
7.2% Washington
Kentucky
220,553
12,406
5.6% West Virginia
Louisiana
258,907
13,570
5.2% Wisconsin
Maine
51,620
5,795
11.2% Wyoming
Maryland
210,180
12,106
5.8%
a
Massachusetts
197,147
11,678
5.9% Region
Michigan
439,128
18,292
4.2% Northeast
Minnesota
191,528
11,453
6.0% Mid-Atlantic
Mississippi
198,326
11,699
5.9% Southeast
Missouri
289,435
14,382
5.0% Midwest
Montana
45,204
5,406
12.0% Southwest
Nebraska
85,448
7,462
8.7% Mountain Plains
Nevada
128,810
9,307
7.2% Western
New Hampshire
31,037
4,533
14.6%
New Jersey
295,254
14,524
4.9% Total (50 States
a
New Mexico
132,247
9,433
7.1% and D.C.)
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variance
802,166
496,195
24,164
503,679
211,057
175,123
461,912
251,200
40,460
237,687
42,606
325,065
1,615,861
156,235
22,841
284,171
299,950
82,845
214,103
26,166
26,145
19,581
3,953
19,722
12,066
10,931
18,826
13,274
5,112
12,949
5,210
15,374
41,594
10,264
3,838
14,196
14,629
7,425
12,154
4,113
3.3%
3.9%
16.4%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.1%
5.3%
12.6%
5.4%
12.2%
4.7%
2.6%
6.6%
16.8%
5.0%
4.9%
9.0%
5.7%
15.7%
1,249,226
1,397,001
3,178,445
2,277,547
2,389,590
1,148,300
3,152,814
38,509
41,436
74,251
58,037
60,083
36,473
73,796
3.1%
3.0%
2.3%
2.5%
2.5%
3.2%
2.3%
14,792,922
272,793
1.8%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or regional standard
errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐19 Table C.5-2009: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2009a
Standard
Coefficient
Eligibles
Error
of Variance
Northeast
1,249,226
38,509
3.1% Southwest
2,389,590
Connecticut
Arkansas
103,954
8,336
8.0%
171,518
Maine
Louisiana
51,620
5,795
11.2%
258,907
Massachusetts
New Mexico
197,147
11,678
5.9%
132,247
New Hampshire
Oklahoma
31,037
4,533
14.6%
211,057
New York
Texas
802,166
26,145
3.3%
1,615,861
Rhode Island
40,460
5,112
12.6%
Vermont
1,148,300
22,841
3,838
16.8% Mountain Plains
Colorado
225,507
Mid-Atlantic
1,397,001
41,436
3.0%
Iowa
125,527
Delaware
39,702
5,091
12.8%
Kansas
128,008
D.C.
22,937
3,899
17.0%
Missouri
289,435
Maryland
210,180
12,106
5.8%
Montana
45,204
New Jersey
295,254
14,524
4.9%
Nebraska
85,448
Pennsylvania
461,912
18,826
4.1%
North Dakota
24,164
Virginia
284,171
14,196
5.0%
South Dakota
42,606
West Virginia
82,845
7,425
9.0%
Utah
156,235
Wyoming
26,166
Southeast
3,178,445
74,251
2.3%
Alabama
3,152,814
242,073
13,106
5.4% Western
Florida
887,895
27,815
3.1%
Alaska
43,655
Georgia
570,651
21,265
3.7%
Arizona
399,065
Kentucky
220,553
12,406
5.6%
California
1,958,304
Mississippi
198,326
11,699
5.9%
Hawaii
55,526
North Carolina
496,195
19,581
3.9%
Idaho
92,381
South Carolina
237,687
12,949
5.4%
Nevada
128,810
Tennessee
325,065
15,374
4.7%
Oregon
175,123
Washington
299,950
Midwest
2,277,547
58,037
2.5%
Illinois
14,792,922
612,800
22,086
3.6% Total (50 States
Indiana
316,309
15,103
4.8% and D.C.)a
Michigan
439,128
18,292
4.2%
Minnesota
191,528
11,453
6.0%
Ohio
503,679
19,722
3.9%
Wisconsin
214,103
12,154
5.7%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Eligibles
Standard
Coefficient
Error
of Variance
60,083
2.5%
10,848
6.3%
13,570
5.2%
9,433
7.1%
12,066
5.7%
41,594
2.6%
36,473
12,488
9,176
9,271
14,382
5,406
7,462
3,953
5,210
10,264
4,113
3.2%
5.5%
7.3%
7.2%
5.0%
12.0%
8.7%
16.4%
12.2%
6.6%
15.7%
73,796
5,275
17,241
47,491
6,021
7,812
9,307
10,931
14,629
2.3%
12.1%
4.3%
2.4%
10.8%
8.5%
7.2%
6.2%
4.9%
272,793
1.8%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐20 Table C.6-2009: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2009a
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
218,049
249,081
564,646
407,540
426,602
205,712
551,740
2,623,370
793,064
879,964
2,003,637
1,427,199
1,505,367
707,976
1,975,822
9,293,030
Standard Error
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
14,066
14,254
22,332
18,690
21,448
13,198
24,765
117,216
26,660
26,783
41,935
34,888
40,096
24,393
46,923
218,215
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
112,188
128,155
290,516
209,684
219,491
105,841
283,876
1,349,751
7,237
7,334
11,490
9,616
11,035
6,790
12,742
60,309
Coefficient of Variance
Northeast
6.5%
3.4%
6.5%
Mid-Atlantic
5.7%
3.0%
5.7%
Southeast
4.0%
2.1%
4.0%
Midwest
4.6%
2.4%
4.6%
Southwest
5.0%
2.7%
5.0%
Mountain Plains
6.4%
3.4%
6.4%
Western
4.5%
2.4%
4.5%
Total
4.5%
2.3%
4.5%
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Total
125,924
139,801
319,646
233,124
238,130
128,770
341,376
1,526,771
5,797
5,950
9,304
7,706
8,778
5,959
10,978
48,728
1,249,226
1,397,001
3,178,445
2,277,547
2,389,590
1,148,300
3,152,814
14,792,922
31,537
31,775
49,758
41,453
47,608
29,169
55,659
272,793
4.6%
4.3%
2.9%
3.3%
3.7%
4.6%
3.2%
3.2%
2.5%
2.3%
1.6%
1.8%
2.0%
2.5%
1.8%
1.8%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐21 Table C.7-2009: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2009
All Mothers
Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding <6
months postpartum
Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding <6
months postpartum
0.350
0.795
0.415
0.343
0.523
0.569
0.436
0.436
0.282
0.417
0.340
0.474
0.601
0.458
0.423
0.450
0.414
0.374
0.320
0.525
0.400
0.452
0.394
0.529
0.373
0.461
0.693
0.489
0.380
0.496
0.382
0.530
0.391
0.417
0.656
0.391
0.409
0.612
0.403
0.418
0.351
0.559
0.363
0.355
0.671
0.595
0.448
0.555
0.290
0.482
0.629
0.433
0.646
0.201
0.581
0.653
0.473
0.427
0.560
0.560
0.714
0.579
0.656
0.522
0.395
0.538
0.573
0.546
0.582
0.623
0.676
0.471
0.596
0.544
0.602
0.467
0.623
0.535
0.303
0.507
0.616
0.501
0.614
0.466
0.605
0.579
0.340
0.605
0.587
0.384
0.593
0.578
0.645
0.437
0.633
0.641
0.325
0.401
0.548
0.441
0.706
0.514
0.367
0.563
0.176
0.585
0.221
0.219
0.346
0.343
0.273
0.121
0.116
0.250
0.157
0.285
0.389
0.279
0.220
0.239
0.231
0.167
0.161
0.289
0.161
0.240
0.192
0.295
0.249
0.272
0.434
0.293
0.228
0.331
0.197
0.352
0.234
0.239
0.675
0.206
0.267
0.366
0.203
0.300
0.200
0.307
0.179
0.198
0.509
0.404
0.226
0.352
0.147
0.307
0.377
0.249
0.388
0.251
0.335
0.348
0.284
0.266
0.330
0.377
0.382
0.340
0.380
0.308
0.271
0.329
0.322
0.344
0.321
0.372
0.363
0.329
0.365
0.327
0.326
0.304
0.364
0.310
0.265
0.326
0.346
0.269
0.386
0.282
0.336
0.330
0.300
0.360
0.309
0.260
0.360
0.330
0.372
0.296
0.367
0.357
0.267
0.267
0.365
0.270
0.367
0.314
0.309
0.333
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
WIC Participants
Calculated Factor Based on "2009 Breastfeeding Trends" Ross Labs ‐ Infant Feeding Survey
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐22 Table C.8-2009: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
CY 2009
Postpartum
Postpartum
NonChildren
Children
Children
Children
Total Children
Pregnant
Breastfeeding Breastfeeding
Infants
Age
1
Age
2
Age
3
Age
4
Age
1
to
4
Women
Women
Women
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2009 PRCS
37,934
50,492
50,661
49,957
44,492
195,602
Total
233,536
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcounta
45,100
45,304
46,443
47,994
48,850
188,591
233,691
Number with annual income <185% FPG
36,366
35,658
36,453
40,103
37,556
149,770
186,136
2,737
1,226
244
1,267
3,042
1,541
202
1,299
1,190
488
159
544
1,514
617
0
897
1,865
348
257
1,260
7,611
2,993
617
4,001
10,348
4,219
861
5,268
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
39,103
38,699
37,643
41,617
39,422
157,381
196,484
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
46,142
39,086
38,020
42,033
39,816
158,955
205,097
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)d
44,757
38,695
37,639
41,613
39,418
157,366
202,123
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
44,757
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
23,833
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deathsf
23,740
44,757
44,583
44,583
112,906
11,162
14,886
26,048
23,028
11,162
14,886
49,077
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Infants
Children
Age 1
Territories Age 0 to 4 distributed by Puerto Rico's age
demographics
7,190
7,075
7,169
7,138
7,325
28,707
35,897
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factori
4,854
4,639
4,701
4,680
4,803
18,824
23,678
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
5,728
4,686
4,748
4,727
4,851
19,012
24,740
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)d
5,556
4,639
4,700
4,680
4,803
18,822
Other Island Territories
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
134,272
23,833
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2009 PRCS
See notes on page 2.
44,757
24,378
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
5,556
5,556
5,556
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
16,668
2,959
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deathsf
2,947
5,534
5,534
14,016
1,386
1,848
3,234
2,859
1,386
1,848
6,092
25,887
12,548
16,734
281,670
2,959
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - U.S. Territories Total
50,314
43,334
42,340
46,293
44,221
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices 176,187
Page C‐23 Notes for Table C.8-2009:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
Vintage 2009 Census Bureau population estimates by single year of age for Puerto Rico were used to adjust PRCS weights.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food Stamps receipt is
coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food Stamps or TANF,
coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants: 1.18
Children: 1.01
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants 0.97
Children 0.99
Pregnant women 0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women 1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women 1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income 0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death 0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed 0.250
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed 0.334
h
Note, it is also possible to perform these step-wise adjustments using the same factors for each other island territory individually.
The results of the individual calculations are shown in Table S1.
i
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories in CY2009 is:
Infants 0.675
Children 0.656
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐24 Table C.9-2009: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
CY 2009
Fully adjusted weightsa
FNS Region
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Northeast
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Mid-Atlantic
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Southeast
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Midwest
WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible
Infants
Children Age 1 to 4
WIC-Eligible
Infants and
Children
218,049
793,064
1,011,113
249,081
879,964
1,129,046
564,646
2,003,637
2,568,283
407,540
1,427,199
1,834,739
Gender
Male
Female
48.8
51.2
51.3
48.7
50.8
49.2
41.5
58.5
48.8
51.2
47.2
52.8
49.4
50.6
51.4
48.6
51.0
49.0
56.0
44.0
52.5
47.5
53.2
46.8
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
41.4
16.2
8.4
34.0
41.9
23.5
6.3
28.3
41.8
21.9
6.8
29.5
48.6
30.8
6.3
14.3
46.9
26.6
4.5
22.0
47.3
27.5
4.9
20.2
42.0
38.5
2.1
17.5
39.2
37.4
2.8
20.7
39.8
37.6
2.6
20.0
49.1
27.8
5.5
17.7
52.7
25.7
4.7
16.9
52.0
26.1
4.9
17.0
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
62.4
35.8
1.8
1.0
0.8
57.2
39.3
3.5
2.4
1.1
58.3
38.6
3.1
2.1
1.0
61.0
35.2
3.8
3.2
0.6
54.8
36.7
8.5
6.7
1.8
56.2
36.3
7.4
5.9
1.5
60.7
37.2
2.1
1.6
0.5
51.7
42.7
5.6
4.3
1.3
53.6
41.5
4.8
3.7
1.1
62.8
33.4
3.8
3.1
0.7
56.8
39.2
4.0
2.2
1.8
58.1
38.0
4.0
2.4
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
7.1
29.2
25.6
13.8
24.3
5.5
20.9
28.4
17.3
27.9
5.9
22.7
27.8
16.5
27.1
7.7
26.9
32.1
16.9
16.4
3.8
17.7
30.7
23.0
24.8
4.7
19.7
31.0
21.6
22.9
3.9
27.0
27.3
23.9
17.8
7.1
20.5
29.7
20.2
22.4
6.4
21.9
29.2
21.0
21.5
5.6
26.1
39.1
11.9
17.4
6.0
17.4
33.4
20.2
22.9
5.9
19.2
34.6
18.5
21.8
67.4
66.7
66.9
74.0
64.6
66.8
66.8
69.5
68.9
62.0
61.7
61.8
25.7
22.2
7.3
22.3
3.3
6.8
12.4
25.4
26.3
9.3
17.7
3.3
4.5
13.5
25.5
25.4
8.9
18.7
3.3
5.0
13.2
15.0
12.6
8.4
30.8
7.3
4.7
21.2
21.7
17.6
17.1
20.9
2.5
5.6
14.6
20.2
16.5
15.1
23.1
3.6
5.4
16.1
24.5
26.1
8.8
22.6
1.2
7.3
9.5
21.8
26.3
13.0
21.7
2.5
5.0
9.7
22.4
26.3
12.1
21.9
2.2
5.5
9.7
23.4
21.7
11.0
26.2
0.7
4.4
12.7
27.1
19.7
14.4
21.9
2.1
5.1
9.7
26.4
20.1
13.7
22.8
1.8
4.9
10.3
20.4
13.4
0.0
20.2
2.0
5.5
0.0
38.4
20.7
8.4
0.0
30.0
0.2
3.7
0.0
36.9
20.6
9.5
0.0
27.8
0.6
4.1
0.0
37.3
28.6
4.6
0.0
26.7
0.2
1.8
0.0
38.2
22.9
6.9
0.0
26.9
1.0
2.5
0.0
39.9
24.2
6.4
0.0
26.8
0.8
2.3
0.0
39.5
17.6
2.9
0.0
38.7
0.8
6.8
0.0
33.3
24.5
3.4
0.0
36.0
1.2
6.2
0.0
28.7
23.0
3.3
0.0
36.5
1.1
6.3
0.0
29.7
17.4
8.0
0.0
29.9
0.0
3.9
0.0
40.8
18.7
7.8
0.0
34.0
0.4
6.6
0.0
32.5
18.5
7.8
0.0
33.2
0.3
6.0
0.0
34.2
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLc
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐25 Table C.9-2009: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
CY 2009
a
Fully adjusted weights
FNS Region
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Southwest
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Mountain Plains
WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Western
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
Total
WIC-Eligible WIC-Eligible
WIC-Eligible Children Age 1 Infants and
Infants
to 4
Children
426,602
1,505,367
1,931,968
205,712
707,976
913,688
551,740
1,975,822
2,527,562
2,623,370
9,293,030
11,916,399
Gender
Male
Female
49.9
50.1
48.0
52.0
48.4
51.6
47.1
52.9
50.9
49.1
50.0
50.0
50.4
49.6
49.7
50.3
49.9
50.1
49.7
50.3
50.4
49.6
50.2
49.8
Race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
19.9
23.4
3.0
53.7
24.2
17.8
4.1
54.0
23.2
19.1
3.8
53.9
56.9
18.3
5.6
19.2
56.8
14.3
4.5
24.4
56.8
15.2
4.8
23.2
21.4
9.1
9.3
60.2
23.2
7.4
9.3
60.0
22.8
7.8
9.3
60.1
36.4
23.4
5.6
34.6
37.7
21.8
5.3
35.2
37.4
22.1
5.4
35.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
59.4
38.2
2.3
1.9
0.4
57.3
38.3
4.3
3.7
0.6
57.8
38.3
3.9
3.3
0.6
61.0
33.8
5.2
4.6
0.6
58.7
35.1
6.2
4.7
1.6
59.2
34.8
6.0
4.7
1.3
68.7
26.3
5.0
3.8
1.2
66.5
28.6
4.9
3.2
1.7
67.0
28.1
4.9
3.3
1.6
62.7
33.8
3.4
2.7
0.7
58.0
36.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
59.0
36.2
4.7
3.5
1.2
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.1
18.3
31.8
17.6
26.2
4.8
18.0
26.0
22.9
28.2
5.1
18.1
27.4
21.7
27.7
4.6
26.8
26.7
17.8
24.0
2.9
18.6
24.7
25.9
28.0
3.3
20.6
25.2
23.9
27.0
1.4
15.6
24.9
23.7
34.5
3.9
14.0
27.4
21.0
33.7
3.3
14.4
26.8
21.6
33.9
4.7
23.0
29.5
18.9
23.9
5.1
17.8
28.8
21.3
27.0
5.0
19.0
29.0
20.7
26.3
57.6
71.1
67.9
70.8
72.0
71.7
60.2
66.2
64.9
64.1
67.3
66.6
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
25.7
50% to <100% FPL
22.9
100% to <130% FPL
9.3
c
29.0
130% to <185% FPL
185% to <200% FPL
1.7
200% to <250% FPL
6.4
250% FPL and above
5.1
21.5
24.5
14.1
23.7
2.2
3.3
10.8
22.5
24.1
13.0
24.9
2.1
4.0
9.4
18.4
34.5
11.9
19.3
1.3
3.4
11.1
20.3
24.4
15.1
23.2
2.2
4.9
9.8
19.9
26.8
14.4
22.3
2.0
4.5
10.1
21.9
24.4
15.1
17.5
2.4
8.7
10.1
19.8
26.6
11.9
21.2
2.5
6.0
12.0
20.3
26.1
12.6
20.4
2.4
6.6
11.6
22.7
23.7
10.7
23.6
2.2
6.4
10.8
22.4
24.1
13.3
21.6
2.4
5.0
11.2
22.5
24.0
12.8
22.1
2.4
5.3
11.1
19.7
1.9
0.0
34.5
0.7
5.7
0.0
37.6
19.5
1.7
0.0
33.7
0.5
5.6
0.0
38.9
25.0
5.6
0.0
23.4
1.3
4.3
0.0
40.4
25.3
5.6
0.0
28.5
1.7
5.2
0.0
33.6
25.3
5.6
0.0
27.2
1.6
5.0
0.0
35.3
17.9
5.7
0.0
23.3
2.1
3.6
0.0
47.4
18.1
9.4
0.0
24.0
1.2
4.3
0.0
43.1
18.1
8.5
0.0
23.8
1.4
4.1
0.0
44.1
19.8
5.3
0.0
28.6
0.9
4.6
0.0
40.7
21.0
6.1
0.0
30.9
0.9
5.1
0.0
36.0
20.7
5.9
0.0
30.4
0.9
5.0
0.0
37.1
% with working parent(s)
b
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
FSP, TANF, & Medicaid
FSP & TANF
FSP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
FSP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2010 CPS-ASEC, 2009 ACS
19.0
1.3
0.0
31.2
0.0
5.3
0.0
43.2
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐26 Notes for Table C.9-2009:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the March 2010 CPS. They are adjusted to
account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, monthly income,
or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or "Levels" (FPL).
The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty threshold for their family size.
The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185 percent of the
Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page C‐27 This page was left intentionally blank. Appendix D State and Regional Estimates: 2000 through 2007 This appendix presents total WIC‐eligible individuals by State and the FNS regional estimates by participant group for years 2000 through 2007. As described in the main report, the estimates are computed by first calculating income and adjunctive eligibility using a series from the ACS representing 2000 through 2007. As described in Volume I, since the ACS did not ask about health insurance coverage prior to 2008, an adjuster was developed to account for adjunctive eligibility due to Medicaid over time. We describe those methods below. Shares of WIC eligibles are calculated by eligibility group (infants, children by single year of age, pregnant women, and postpartum women) and then applied to the national estimates already used by FNS for the appropriate years. Since the original estimated did not break out child eligibility by single year of age, those estimates are produced before applying the State shares. Estimates of WIC eligibles in territories are added directly for all years. Estimates for Puerto Rico are produced using the ACS Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) for 2005 through 2007, and estimates prior to 2005 are computed by extrapolating between the 2000 estimates from the Census and the 2005 ACS. Results are presented in the second section of this appendix. Accounting for Medicaid Adjunctive Eligibility Prior to 2008, the ACS did not ask respondents any questions about their health insurance status. Consequently, when the ACS is used for modeling State‐level eligibility for the years 2000 through 2007, adjunctive eligibility is not fully captured. However, it is possible to determine with the ACS data whether an individual (infant or child) would be income eligible or adjunctively eligible by virtue of their participation in SNAP or TANF. We denote those individuals who are either income‐eligible or adjunctively eligible through participation in either SNAP or TANF as the partial eligibility estimate. Those individuals who are either income‐eligible or who participate in either SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid are denoted in the total eligibility estimate. The State estimates presented in this report for the years 2000 through 2007 use the figures that can be estimated with the ACS data (the number of individuals who are either income‐eligible or who participated in SNAP or TANF, denoted below as the partial WIC eligibility estimate) and adjust those figures to infer the total eligibility estimate (including those adjunctively eligible based on Medicaid enrollment). The lack of information on Medicaid participation in the ACS does not affect pre‐
2008 estimates of WIC eligibility at the national level since the CPS‐ASEC has contained Medicaid participation continuously over the time period from 2000. Moreover, the CPS‐ASEC asks more detailed questions about public health insurance that allow National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐1 separation of coverage through the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) from coverage through Medicaid.1 (Adjunctive eligibility gained through Medicaid must be estimated using public health coverage reported on the 2008 and 2009 ACS.) Methods. In the following discussion of alternative methods, we denote FEt,s as the total number of WIC‐eligible individuals in year t residing in the sth State; PEt,s as the partial WIC eligibility total in year t residing in the sth State; and Mt,s as the number of individuals enrolled in Medicaid in year t residing in the sth State. The purpose of the adjustment is to predict the number of fully eligible individuals in years ranging from 2000 to 2007 when we only have the partial eligibility totals in these years. Of course, the simplest approach would be to use the estimates of the total number of eligible individuals in 2008 and 2009 (years when Medicaid participation was collected in the ACS data), assuming that the additional percentage of individuals who gain WIC eligibility solely based upon their participation in Medicaid in 2008 and 2009 would be constant over the entire time period. However, differences in State Medicaid programs over time prohibited consideration of that method. Tables D.1a and D.1b provide Medicaid enrollment for infants and children, respectively, over the 2000 through 2008 period. Enrollment changes for infants over this time period ranged from minus 16 percent (West Virginia) to plus 106 percent in Washington. Enrollment changes for children also ranged broadly across the States.2 Given the large changes in the Medicaid enrollment during the time period—
resulting from changes in State policies, outreach that increased enrollment, and changes in the economy—this adjuster should clearly take into account enrollment in the State’s Medicaid program. After some experimentation with the construction of the State‐level adjustment, we concluded that a reasonable adjustment to the partial eligibility total would be proportional to the ratio of the number of Medicaid enrollees to the partial eligibility total (M/PE). Specifically the prediction of total eligibles in year t (t = 2000 to 2007) was equal to 

M 
FE2008,s  PE2008,s  Mt ,s 

t
,s
  PE 


predFEt ,s  PEt ,s  As 
t ,s 
M2008 ,s
 PE  
PE

 t ,s 
PE2008 ,s
 t ,s 

1
Individuals gain WIC eligibility adjunctively if they are enrolled in Medicaid, including State programs expanded through Medicaid, and through separate CHIP programs if the eligibility guidelines follow those used in WIC and those separate State programs routinely collect income information in the enrollment process. 2
Note that the data shown in Tables D.1a and D.1b are from the MSIS Data Mart and reflect total Medicaid enrollment, including CHIP programs expanded through Medicaid and separate CHIP programs. We could find no readily available data source that would allow a break out into the separate components for all States over this period. The Medicaid program’s microdata files—the Medicaid Statistical Information System, or MSIS data—would provide this information, but establishing the necessary data use agreements and processing these data was not feasible under this project. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐2 where As is a constant for each State. In this specification, the State‐specific constant uses data solely from 2008 because of data limitations. Administrative data on Medicaid enrollment by State are currently available only through 2008. Once Medicaid data for 2009 become available a more precise estimate of the constant As could be obtained by aggregating data from both 2008 and 2009. While it would be desirable to have separate constants not only by State but also for each year of age, the readily available Medicaid administrative data are available only for infants and for the aggregated group of children age 1 to 6 (including 5‐year‐
olds). While As is constructed using data from 2008 on the total and partial numbers of WIC‐eligible children by age in the State, it also uses the Medicaid enrollment data for children age 1 to 6 for M in 2008. This should not create a bias (remember this constant is multiplied by the Medicaid enrollment for the same group but in an earlier year relative to the partially eligible totals of a given age in that earlier year) unless the pattern of enrollment of 5‐year‐olds is different from children age 1 to 4. Assessment of Method. While not a hard test (only predicting one year out), comparing the prediction of total eligibles in 2009 to administrative data provides some evidence about the accuracy of the method. We report our ability to predict at the State level the number of fully eligible infants in 2009 based upon adjustment factors using only 2008 data and the partial total of eligible infants in 2009. As a substitute for 2009 Medicaid enrollment, we computed the weighted counts of infants reporting participating in Medicaid by State for 2008 and 2009 and used these estimates for values of Mt,s. Using this method, there are three States where the approach seriously underestimates total eligibility (the District of Columbia, North Dakota, and Massachusetts). The mean error overall is 1.5 percent, the median error 2.3 percent, and the standard deviation 5.2 percent. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐3 Table D.1a: Summary of Medicaid Enrollment1 for Children Age 0
(in thousands)
State
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
Total
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
Percent Change
2000 to 2008
FY2008
33.1
4.9
43.6
17.8
207.5
22.7
13.0
4.9
4.6
101.4
83.0
6.1
9.1
80.9
37.7
14.1
13.7
25.8
42.6
5.1
28.6
28.6
56.1
21.8
33.0
36.1
4.3
11.3
9.8
3.9
32.0
18.0
107.7
61.2
2.4
57.8
29.5
20.5
53.8
5.6
32.2
4.3
40.5
185.5
16.1
3.4
30.4
22.6
16.5
26.5
2.7
33.6
5.1
47.4
19.1
214.6
24.5
13.8
5.0
4.7
108.4
83.2
6.1
9.1
84.6
39.9
14.7
13.7
25.6
42.7
5.3
29.3
29.4
59.7
24.3
35.3
32.0
4.7
12.2
9.6
3.7
30.9
18.3
109.5
64.2
2.4
61.9
31.4
21.2
55.9
6.0
33.0
4.6
41.4
206.5
17.0
3.6
32.7
34.1
15.7
27.1
3.3
32.9
5.2
51.3
20.8
226.8
27.2
15.1
5.3
4.8
116.3
88.4
6.3
10.3
87.8
40.2
15.6
16.4
26.1
48.6
5.1
30.6
31.5
60.2
25.7
33.8
36.3
4.7
13.4
11.4
4.0
33.1
22.0
118.1
63.4
2.7
63.3
31.6
22.0
56.9
6.1
32.2
5.0
41.8
223.7
18.3
3.7
34.1
35.8
16.3
28.5
3.9
32.4
5.3
54.2
24.5
265.7
28.4
14.7
5.5
4.9
124.0
96.5
7.0
10.8
86.1
42.2
16.3
16.8
29.2
43.9
5.7
31.8
31.4
62.2
28.5
34.1
39.7
5.0
13.3
12.3
4.8
34.6
20.0
134.4
63.2
2.9
70.0
33.6
21.6
59.7
6.3
31.2
5.2
41.9
241.0
19.7
3.6
35.2
35.3
11.1
30.7
4.1
32.7
5.3
56.5
23.0
332.1
29.7
14.8
5.9
4.8
129.1
102.4
7.4
11.4
85.4
44.7
17.4
17.9
30.5
51.3
6.3
32.4
31.3
64.4
26.9
47.7
41.1
5.2
14.0
13.9
5.1
38.6
19.6
139.8
67.7
3.1
68.9
33.9
22.3
63.4
6.4
32.6
5.6
45.4
242.9
20.6
3.8
37.3
36.7
9.2
33.9
3.7
33.4
5.6
59.6
24.5
332.8
29.1
15.6
6.2
5.3
135.1
106.9
7.4
10.2
86.3
45.7
17.0
18.7
30.9
46.3
6.7
33.6
32.3
66.0
28.6
41.3
41.6
5.3
14.3
15.0
5.2
38.4
20.7
139.5
71.2
3.2
75.3
35.2
23.2
65.9
6.4
35.1
5.7
45.7
248.8
20.9
3.7
40.2
37.7
11.8
33.4
4.2
35.1
6.1
60.2
25.1
332.5
25.5
16.0
6.4
5.5
139.9
102.7
7.2
11.3
89.2
47.9
19.0
19.1
32.4
48.3
7.2
35.7
34.9
67.9
31.4
37.5
43.6
5.4
14.5
15.2
5.5
40.7
20.7
141.1
76.0
3.4
78.0
35.9
24.3
66.1
6.6
36.6
5.2
48.1
253.4
21.0
3.7
37.4
38.1
11.7
34.3
4.5
36.9
5.7
62.7
26.5
336.6
29.6
17.4
6.1
6.0
127.2
103.2
7.4
10.6
93.0
48.7
19.9
19.2
34.2
49.0
7.5
37.0
36.1
68.8
31.1
38.6
43.2
5.4
15.0
15.5
5.6
41.0
21.5
134.0
76.9
3.0
79.4
38.1
24.6
68.5
6.8
38.0
6.1
48.7
257.0
20.5
3.7
38.7
39.9
12.0
36.2
4.0
35.7
5.5
61.9
25.8
337.3
30.5
17.8
6.1
6.1
150.5
105.9
7.8
10.6
93.9
50.7
19.7
19.3
33.6
54.1
7.2
37.8
37.2
69.2
32.0
37.1
44.6
5.5
15.1
15.5
5.7
41.4
25.4
136.4
79.4
3.1
80.8
37.2
24.4
74.4
6.8
38.8
6.0
51.7
263.7
20.7
3.9
39.7
46.7
13.9
37.4
3.8
7.8%
11.1%
41.8%
45.4%
62.6%
34.4%
37.0%
25.2%
33.2%
48.4%
27.6%
27.5%
16.5%
16.2%
34.6%
39.8%
41.4%
30.5%
27.1%
42.9%
32.4%
30.3%
23.3%
46.9%
12.5%
23.5%
27.0%
33.6%
57.7%
47.5%
29.4%
41.0%
26.7%
29.7%
29.6%
39.8%
26.1%
19.1%
38.1%
21.4%
20.6%
40.0%
27.7%
42.2%
28.8%
13.4%
30.4%
106.4%
-15.7%
41.0%
38.5%
1,774.4
1,861.9
1,964.7
2,082.4
2,225.8
2,272.9
2,314.9
2,342.2
2,415.7
36.14%
Source: MSIS State Summary Data Mart
Notes:
"Medicaid" enrollees include children enrolled through Medicaid, through Medicaid Expansion CHIP, and through separate CHIP programs. The MSIS Data Mart does not identify the enrollment in these separate programs. For more details see the MSIS data anomolies report at https://www.cms.gov/MedicaidDataSourcesGenInfo/downloads/anomalies1.pdf. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐4 Table D.1b: Summary of Medicaid Enrollment1 for Children Age 1 to 5
(in thousands)
State
FY2000
FY2001
FY2002
FY2003
FY2004
FY2005
FY2006
FY2007
FY2008
Percent Change 2000 to 2008
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
130.5
21.5
149.0
86.1
1,042.0
77.1
65.3
20.4
23.9
398.1
268.1
29.1
35.0
330.0
156.2
52.5
55.2
115.3
159.6
25.4
124.9
135.6
241.8
93.6
110.2
167.5
17.1
45.0
34.8
19.7
158.7
79.4
456.3
226.2
10.3
248.1
125.5
86.0
242.3
26.6
129.1
19.3
197.6
601.8
51.5
18.2
125.9
172.2
60.1
104.3
11.3
138.9
23.2
165.7
96.6
1,015.2
85.1
67.7
21.5
23.8
446.2
278.9
28.5
41.2
352.7
170.0
56.2
59.6
121.4
171.4
26.8
127.6
134.0
252.4
99.4
128.2
172.5
18.2
48.3
34.2
19.5
159.3
83.6
508.4
245.1
10.5
289.3
139.9
89.5
247.7
27.9
144.1
21.0
204.3
638.7
54.7
18.6
129.8
185.1
59.3
111.8
12.6
149.6
24.5
190.2
108.7
1,103.2
94.6
73.5
23.2
23.6
493.6
336.6
30.0
46.6
373.5
181.9
62.7
65.7
126.0
199.8
30.6
137.1
142.4
268.3
107.0
136.1
181.8
19.5
52.5
39.9
20.8
172.0
93.0
543.0
259.2
11.3
308.5
151.8
93.7
258.2
29.6
153.1
22.7
215.7
745.0
60.4
19.0
134.6
196.1
62.0
124.2
15.4
154.8
25.3
215.3
119.5
1,191.8
105.3
75.4
24.2
23.8
527.4
356.9
32.1
49.1
380.1
188.8
67.3
71.4
131.3
208.5
32.9
144.1
142.5
280.4
116.8
140.4
190.1
20.8
54.6
49.7
22.9
171.7
94.7
592.4
272.6
12.5
330.3
143.6
94.4
269.3
29.8
159.5
24.0
214.3
879.2
67.4
19.1
141.2
200.3
58.6
134.4
17.0
155.4
25.4
229.5
122.9
1,343.7
117.8
76.5
25.4
23.8
542.7
384.0
33.5
51.4
403.9
192.9
71.2
75.1
135.5
218.8
32.4
147.6
138.9
290.2
119.0
146.1
197.3
21.6
53.2
53.4
23.8
179.2
96.6
614.0
284.0
13.1
336.9
147.8
93.8
284.4
30.3
155.9
25.0
249.9
970.8
71.7
19.3
154.5
201.0
59.2
138.8
18.0
157.0
25.5
235.7
129.8
1,338.0
121.7
77.9
26.7
23.7
560.3
401.1
35.1
51.7
424.0
197.4
73.2
77.6
138.3
218.2
33.6
149.1
141.6
297.0
120.7
144.2
197.4
22.2
55.2
53.0
24.2
183.5
98.1
612.9
292.5
13.4
346.7
151.4
95.0
299.6
30.6
158.3
25.9
216.2
1,003.3
74.6
19.1
163.9
195.0
60.3
149.8
17.7
158.1
25.2
237.3
134.4
1,337.3
126.1
77.7
27.3
23.7
559.4
392.3
36.3
51.7
440.7
200.8
76.2
79.0
139.7
226.4
34.6
150.0
145.0
302.7
123.9
142.1
193.7
22.1
55.6
52.6
24.5
189.7
96.9
603.1
322.9
13.5
350.7
154.9
95.6
309.1
30.6
157.0
26.3
225.7
1,023.5
73.9
18.9
169.1
199.2
59.8
152.1
18.1
156.1
24.8
239.9
135.7
1,331.3
127.2
77.3
28.0
23.9
536.7
354.4
36.7
51.3
451.6
203.4
77.6
77.7
141.7
218.8
35.1
153.2
149.6
307.0
123.8
134.4
188.9
22.2
56.0
52.6
25.0
192.8
98.1
593.9
331.3
13.5
353.5
159.0
94.0
305.8
30.2
155.4
27.1
227.7
1,027.9
69.3
18.5
169.7
198.9
59.1
156.1
17.9
160.3
24.3
251.6
138.2
1,361.9
128.7
80.9
29.3
24.5
560.0
365.8
37.2
50.6
475.5
211.6
80.6
78.5
146.3
219.1
35.9
161.6
156.4
315.5
128.0
136.1
195.5
22.2
57.4
55.9
25.8
201.3
103.4
597.7
347.8
14.2
361.6
164.2
94.9
326.6
32.4
160.3
28.2
235.1
1,047.2
70.4
18.7
176.7
210.5
61.4
163.9
17.9
22.8%
13.4%
68.9%
60.6%
30.7%
66.9%
23.8%
43.9%
2.5%
40.6%
36.4%
28.0%
44.4%
44.1%
35.4%
53.4%
42.3%
26.9%
37.3%
41.3%
29.4%
15.4%
30.5%
36.8%
23.4%
16.7%
30.2%
27.7%
60.6%
31.2%
26.8%
30.3%
31.0%
53.8%
37.9%
45.8%
30.8%
10.3%
34.8%
21.6%
24.2%
46.5%
19.0%
74.0%
36.7%
2.8%
40.4%
22.2%
2.1%
57.1%
58.7%
T otal
1,774.4
1,861.9
1,964.7
2,082.4
2,225.8
2,272.9
2,314.9
2,342.2
2,415.7
36.14%
Source: MSIS State Summary Data Mart
Notes:
"Medicaid" enrollees include children enrolled through Medicaid, through Medicaid Expansion CHIP, and through separate CHIP programs. The MSIS Data Mart does not identify enrollment in these separate programs. For more details see the MSIS data anomolies report at https://www.cms.gov/MedicaidDataSourcesGenInfo/downloads/anomalies1.pdf. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐5 State and Regional Estimates The following set of tables presents the estimates by State and FNS region for 2000 through 2007 incorporating the method for estimating adjunctive eligibility through Medicaid outlined above. Table D.1c: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age This table shows the previously tabulated national estimates based on the March CPS. For calendar years 2000 through 2007, this table distributes the total number of children age 1 to 4 by single year of age based on ACS tabulations. (Original national estimates based on the CPS‐
ASEC did not provide break outs for single year of age.) For these years, this table also removes the previously applied territorial adjustment and adds the estimated number of eligible individuals as calculated in Table D.7. Table D.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region This table shows the estimated total number of WIC‐eligible individuals by State (alphabetical) and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories. Table D.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State This table shows the estimated total number of WIC eligibles by FNS region with each State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories. Table D.4: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group This table shows the estimated number of WIC eligibles by FNS region and participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant group include the territories. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐6 Table D.1c-2000: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2000
U.S. States and D.C. (2001 CPS-ASEC)
Infants
Total number of infants/children in the 2001 CPS-ASEC
3,869,647
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,094,665
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
15,888,363
19,758,010
15,620,535
19,715,200
1,564,282
5,651,569
7,215,851
330,511
46,510
12,009
271,992
902,894
147,295
33,296
722,303
1,233,405
193,805
45,305
994,295
1,894,793
6,554,463
8,449,256
Number after monthly income adjustment
2,425,335
7,209,909
9,635,244
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
2,352,575
7,137,810
9,490,385
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
c
3,874,725
1,850,010
3,877,588
1,794,235
3,898,014
1,699,121
3,970,208
1,794,444
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
2,352,575
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,252,746
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deathsf
1,248,487
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: Census Bureau population estimates
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Infants
64,558
2,417,133
2,352,575
7,057,725
1,252,746
2,344,576
2,344,576
5,937,639
649,088
733,023
1,382,111
1,211,032
649,088
733,023
2,593,143
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
g
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)e
Source: 2001 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
2,352,575
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
65,046
65,713
66,077
66,119
262,955
33,232
17,812
20,115
398,672
1,915,056
1,859,947
1,765,198
1,860,563
7,400,765
1,244,265
666,900
753,138
12,482,201
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐7 Notes for Table D.1c-2000:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for
children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors
based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the adjustment factors on the
original 2001 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food
Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of
Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9966
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.277
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.313
i
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the CPS
data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS tabulations of the
population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐8 Table D.2-2000: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2000
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
State
Alabama
221,959
105,020
47.3% New York
745,980
Alaska
33,613
24,104
71.7% North Carolina
368,854
Arizona
277,439
143,533
51.7% North Dakota
23,053
Arkansas
150,633
81,371
54.0% Ohio
411,033
California
1,676,376
1,226,408
73.2% Oklahoma
183,669
Colorado
172,578
71,588
41.5% Oregon
155,863
Connecticut
103,592
49,921
48.2% Pennsylvania
372,927
Delaware
30,845
16,077
52.1% Puerto Rico
358,568
D.C.
20,679
15,102
73.0% Rhode Island
32,877
Florida
639,988
297,897
46.5% South Carolina
162,178
Georgia
397,495
219,449
55.2% South Dakota
32,189
Hawaii
52,199
32,088
61.5% Tennessee
261,465
Idaho
63,796
31,337
49.1% Texas
1,216,789
Illinois
519,626
245,155
47.2% Utah
133,661
Indiana
237,894
118,085
49.6% Vermont
23,566
Iowa
114,285
60,598
53.0% Virginia
208,454
Kansas
105,973
52,768
49.8% Washington
269,409
Kentucky
189,666
111,047
58.5% West Virginia
86,867
Louisiana
261,802
131,314
50.2% Wisconsin
176,025
Maine
32,516
21,710
66.8% Wyoming
20,358
Maryland
196,309
93,493
47.6%
a
Massachusetts
180,949
114,052
63.0% FNS Region
Michigan
390,612
213,120
54.6% Northeast
1,153,722
Minnesota
158,112
90,887
57.5% Mid-Atlantic
1,523,468
Mississippi
155,107
96,996
62.5% Southeast
2,396,714
Missouri
222,479
122,919
55.2% Midwest
1,893,303
Montana
38,060
21,328
56.0% Southwest
1,933,503
Nebraska
67,560
33,109
49.0% Mountain Plains
930,196
Nevada
91,343
39,385
43.1% Western
2,651,296
New Hampshire
34,241
16,805
49.1%
New Jersey
239,973
126,996
52.9% Total
12,482,201
New Mexico
120,609
58,610
48.6%
Source: 2001 CPS-ASEC, 2000 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
Participants
Coverage
Rate
464,542
193,298
14,243
243,511
107,733
88,002
229,934
216,413
21,678
109,146
20,387
148,290
742,515
57,753
16,413
128,139
147,183
50,733
99,927
10,786
62.3%
52.4%
61.8%
59.2%
58.7%
56.5%
61.7%
60.4%
65.9%
67.3%
63.3%
56.7%
61.0%
43.2%
69.6%
61.5%
54.6%
58.4%
56.8%
53.0%
705,121
883,269
1,281,143
1,010,685
1,121,544
465,476
1,744,254
61.1%
58.0%
53.5%
53.4%
58.0%
50.0%
65.8%
7,211,492
57.8%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐9 Table D.3-2000: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2000a
1,933,503
150,633
261,802
120,609
183,669
1,216,789
1,121,544
81,371
131,314
58,610
107,733
742,515
Coverage
Rate
58.0%
54.0%
50.2%
48.6%
58.7%
61.0%
930,196
172,578
114,285
105,973
222,479
38,060
67,560
23,053
32,189
133,661
20,358
465,476
71,588
60,598
52,768
122,919
21,328
33,109
14,243
20,387
57,753
10,786
50.0%
41.5%
53.0%
49.8%
55.2%
56.0%
49.0%
61.8%
63.3%
43.2%
53.0%
2,651,296
33,613
277,439
1,676,376
52,199
63,796
91,343
155,863
269,409
1,744,254
24,104
143,533
1,226,408
32,088
31,337
39,385
88,002
147,183
65.8%
71.7%
51.7%
73.2%
61.5%
49.1%
43.1%
56.5%
54.6%
Midwest
1,893,303
1,010,685
53.4% Total
12,482,201
Illinois
519,626
245,155
47.2%
Indiana
237,894
118,085
49.6%
Michigan
390,612
213,120
54.6%
Minnesota
158,112
90,887
57.5%
Ohio
411,033
243,511
59.2%
Wisconsin
176,025
99,927
56.8%
Source: 2001 CPS-ASEC, 2000 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
7,211,492
57.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,153,722
103,592
32,516
180,949
34,241
745,980
32,877
23,566
705,121
49,921
21,710
114,052
16,805
464,542
21,678
16,413
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,523,468
30,845
20,679
196,309
239,973
372,927
358,568
208,454
86,867
883,269
16,077
15,102
93,493
126,996
229,934
216,413
128,139
50,733
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,396,714
221,959
639,988
397,495
189,666
155,107
368,854
162,178
261,465
1,281,143
105,020
297,897
219,449
111,047
96,996
193,298
109,146
148,290
Coverage
Rate
61.1% Southwest
48.2% Arkansas
66.8% Louisiana
63.0% New Mexico
49.1% Oklahoma
62.3% Texas
65.9%
69.6% Mountain Plains
Colorado
58.0% Iowa
52.1% Kansas
73.0% Missouri
47.6% Montana
52.9% Nebraska
61.7% North Dakota
60.4% South Dakota
61.5% Utah
58.4% Wyoming
53.5% Western
47.3% Alaska
46.5% Arizona
55.2% California
58.5% Hawaii
62.5% Idaho
52.4% Nevada
67.3% Oregon
56.7% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐10 Table D.4-2000: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2000
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
226,056
281,466
467,187
382,769
388,160
182,238
489,259
2,417,133
178,648
227,210
375,664
285,560
301,527
120,196
411,030
1,899,835
Children
(age 1 to 4)
675,917
932,703
1,426,394
1,098,942
1,121,064
543,836
1,601,909
7,400,765
362,348
450,347
576,786
486,892
535,725
228,058
911,153
3,551,309
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Total
116,366
144,890
240,493
197,037
199,813
93,810
251,855
1,244,265
135,382
164,409
262,640
214,554
224,467
110,312
308,274
1,420,038
1,153,722
1,523,468
2,396,714
1,893,303
1,933,503
930,196
2,651,296
12,482,201
96,797
93,625
162,763
112,797
131,319
52,539
191,262
841,101
67,329
112,087
165,929
125,437
152,973
64,684
230,809
919,249
705,122
883,269
1,281,143
1,010,685
1,121,544
465,478
1,744,254
7,211,494
Coverage Rates
Northeast
79.0%
53.6%
83.2%
49.7%
Mid-Atlantic
80.7%
48.3%
64.6%
68.2%
Southeast
80.4%
40.4%
67.7%
63.2%
Midwest
74.6%
44.3%
57.2%
58.5%
Southwest
77.7%
47.8%
65.7%
68.1%
Mountain Plains
66.0%
41.9%
56.0%
58.6%
Western
84.0%
56.9%
75.9%
74.9%
Total
78.6%
48.0%
67.6%
64.7%
Source: 2001 CPS-ASEC, 2000 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
61.1%
58.0%
53.5%
53.4%
58.0%
50.0%
65.8%
57.8%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐11 Table D.1c-2001: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2001
U.S. States and D.C. (2002 CPS-ASEC)
Infants
Total number of infants/children in the 2002 CPS-ASEC
3,915,350
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,145,075
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
15,534,354
19,449,704
15,282,212
19,427,287
1,646,405
5,839,262
7,485,667
311,619
38,719
7,573
265,327
1,077,398
172,916
21,835
882,647
1,389,017
211,635
29,408
1,147,974
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
1,958,024
6,916,660
8,874,684
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
2,506,271
7,608,326
10,114,597
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
2,431,083
7,532,243
9,963,326
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
3,859,359
1,984,960
3,796,361 3,801,811 3,824,681
1,883,216 1,838,642 1,825,424
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
2,431,083
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,294,552
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deathsf
1,290,150
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: Census Bureau population estimates
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Infants
63,223
2,494,306
2,431,083
7,293,249
1,294,552
2,422,817
2,422,817
6,135,785
689,489
746,297
1,435,786
1,251,446
689,489
746,297
2,687,232
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
g
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2002 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
2,431,083
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
62,394
62,904
63,056
63,161
251,516
32,545
17,931
19,408
384,624
7,783,758
1,283,991
707,420
765,705
13,035,181
2,047,354
1,946,120 1,901,699 1,888,586
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐12 Notes for Table D.1c-2001:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for
children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors
based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the adjustment factors on the
original 2002 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food
Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of
Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9966
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.285
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.308
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the CPS
data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS tabulations of the
population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐13 Table D.2-2001: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2001
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
State
Alabama
226,573
112,811
49.8% New York
799,584
Alaska
30,327
23,844
78.6% North Carolina
401,895
Arizona
324,994
152,078
46.8% North Dakota
20,346
Arkansas
150,720
80,782
53.6% Ohio
461,886
California
1,784,831
1,251,265
70.1% Oklahoma
183,621
Colorado
174,122
72,982
41.9% Oregon
161,574
Connecticut
89,659
49,777
55.5% Pennsylvania
410,061
Delaware
34,273
16,668
48.6% Puerto Rico
345,341
D.C.
27,698
15,284
55.2% Rhode Island
36,106
Florida
669,536
323,730
48.4% South Carolina
185,715
Georgia
460,732
229,262
49.8% South Dakota
32,815
Hawaii
59,333
32,694
55.1% Tennessee
289,778
Idaho
67,329
33,040
49.1% Texas
1,251,406
Illinois
522,350
254,110
48.6% Utah
128,900
Indiana
242,697
120,689
49.7% Vermont
24,174
Iowa
105,342
61,177
58.1% Virginia
244,055
Kansas
109,853
54,215
49.4% Washington
266,736
Kentucky
185,920
111,644
60.0% West Virginia
75,636
Louisiana
262,145
124,422
47.5% Wisconsin
190,617
Maine
40,089
21,015
52.4% Wyoming
23,892
Maryland
176,325
94,701
53.7%
a
Massachusetts
164,451
112,278
68.3% FNS Region
Michigan
383,741
215,697
56.2% Northeast
1,188,812
Minnesota
152,053
97,798
64.3% Mid-Atlantic
1,569,322
Mississippi
176,336
99,694
56.5% Southeast
2,596,486
Missouri
228,980
126,121
55.1% Midwest
1,953,344
Montana
42,562
21,458
50.4% Southwest
1,966,935
Nebraska
72,146
35,080
48.6% Mountain Plains
938,958
Nevada
95,255
40,871
42.9% Western
2,821,324
New Hampshire
34,748
16,587
47.7%
New Jersey
13,035,181
247,596
130,076
52.5% Total
New Mexico
119,042
59,244
49.8%
Source: 2002 CPS-ASEC, 2001 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
Participants
Coverage
Rate
458,839
203,073
13,958
249,280
106,537
94,708
226,138
218,951
22,146
111,949
20,483
151,066
757,427
59,518
15,825
130,672
151,364
50,107
100,873
11,185
57.4%
50.5%
68.6%
54.0%
58.0%
58.6%
55.1%
63.4%
61.3%
60.3%
62.4%
52.1%
60.5%
46.2%
65.5%
53.5%
56.7%
66.2%
52.9%
46.8%
696,468
888,639
1,343,229
1,038,447
1,128,412
476,176
1,791,917
58.6%
56.6%
51.7%
53.2%
57.4%
50.7%
63.5%
7,363,287
56.5%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐14 Table D.3-2001: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2001a
1,966,935
150,720
262,145
119,042
183,621
1,251,406
1,128,412
80,782
124,422
59,244
106,537
757,427
Coverage
Rate
57.4%
53.6%
47.5%
49.8%
58.0%
60.5%
938,958
174,122
105,342
109,853
228,980
42,562
72,146
20,346
32,815
128,900
23,892
476,176
72,982
61,177
54,215
126,121
21,458
35,080
13,958
20,483
59,518
11,185
50.7%
41.9%
58.1%
49.4%
55.1%
50.4%
48.6%
68.6%
62.4%
46.2%
46.8%
2,821,324
30,327
324,994
1,784,831
59,333
67,329
95,255
161,574
266,736
1,791,917
23,844
152,078
1,251,265
32,694
33,040
40,871
94,708
151,364
63.5%
78.6%
46.8%
70.1%
55.1%
49.1%
42.9%
58.6%
56.7%
Midwest
1,953,344
1,038,447
53.2% Total
13,035,181
Illinois
522,350
254,110
48.6%
Indiana
242,697
120,689
49.7%
Michigan
383,741
215,697
56.2%
Minnesota
152,053
97,798
64.3%
Ohio
461,886
249,280
54.0%
Wisconsin
190,617
100,873
52.9%
Source: 2002 CPS-ASEC, 2001 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
7,363,287
56.5%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,188,812
89,659
40,089
164,451
34,748
799,584
36,106
24,174
696,468
49,777
21,015
112,278
16,587
458,839
22,146
15,825
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,569,322
34,273
27,698
176,325
247,596
410,061
345,341
244,055
75,636
888,639
16,668
15,284
94,701
130,076
226,138
218,951
130,672
50,107
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,596,486
226,573
669,536
460,732
185,920
176,336
401,895
185,715
289,778
1,343,229
112,811
323,730
229,262
111,644
99,694
203,073
111,949
151,066
Coverage
Rate
58.6% Southwest
55.5% Arkansas
52.4% Louisiana
68.3% New Mexico
47.7% Oklahoma
57.4% Texas
61.3%
65.5% Mountain Plains
Colorado
56.6% Iowa
48.6% Kansas
55.2% Missouri
53.7% Montana
52.5% Nebraska
55.1% North Dakota
63.4% South Dakota
53.5% Utah
66.2% Wyoming
51.7% Western
49.8% Alaska
48.4% Arizona
49.8% California
60.0% Hawaii
56.5% Idaho
50.5% Nevada
60.3% Oregon
52.1% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐15 Table D.4-2001: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2001
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
215,522
290,602
499,865
376,455
387,160
182,240
542,462
2,494,306
179,078
224,565
384,853
293,457
303,115
122,383
418,215
1,925,665
Children
(age 1 to 4)
731,120
960,529
1,555,698
1,170,888
1,156,388
551,329
1,657,806
7,783,758
354,163
459,021
615,809
501,422
541,512
234,360
942,379
3,648,665
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Total
110,944
149,593
257,315
193,787
199,298
93,812
279,242
1,283,991
131,226
168,598
283,608
212,213
224,089
111,578
341,814
1,473,125
1,188,812
1,569,322
2,596,486
1,953,344
1,966,935
938,958
2,821,324
13,035,181
88,617
90,307
158,033
114,596
129,349
53,595
187,689
822,186
74,610
114,747
184,534
128,973
154,436
65,838
243,634
966,771
696,468
888,639
1,343,229
1,038,447
1,128,412
476,176
1,791,917
7,363,287
Coverage Rates
Northeast
83.1%
48.4%
79.9%
56.9%
Mid-Atlantic
77.3%
47.8%
60.4%
68.1%
Southeast
77.0%
39.6%
61.4%
65.1%
Midwest
78.0%
42.8%
59.1%
60.8%
Southwest
78.3%
46.8%
64.9%
68.9%
Mountain Plains
67.2%
42.5%
57.1%
59.0%
Western
77.1%
56.8%
67.2%
71.3%
Total
77.2%
46.9%
64.0%
65.6%
Source: 2002 CPS-ASEC, 2001 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
58.6%
56.6%
51.7%
53.2%
57.4%
50.7%
63.5%
56.5%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐16 Table D.1c-2002: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2002
U.S. States and D.C. (2003 CPS-ASEC)
Infants
Total number of infants/children in the 2003 CPS-ASEC
3,377,303
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
3,584,514
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
16,410,094
19,787,397
16,133,264
19,717,778
1,444,500
6,181,379
7,625,879
281,582
47,922
9,080
224,580
1,256,075
208,837
26,119
1,021,119
1,537,657
256,759
35,199
1,245,699
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
1,726,082
7,437,454
9,163,536
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
2,209,385
8,181,199
10,390,584
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
2,143,103
8,099,387
10,242,491
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
4,178,125
2,152,419
4,024,191
2,045,105
3,961,386
1,966,273
3,969,562
1,935,591
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
2,143,103
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,141,202
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deathsf
1,137,322
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: Census Bureau population estimates
Infants
60,004
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
2,203,108
2,143,103
6,429,309
1,141,202
2,135,817
2,135,817
5,408,956
624,403
653,665
1,278,068
1,103,203
624,403
653,665
2,381,271
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)e
Source: 2003 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
2,143,103
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
59,432
59,867
60,201
60,393
239,892
30,888
17,483
18,302
366,570
2,211,850
2,104,972
2,026,474
1,995,984
8,339,280
1,134,091
641,885
671,967
12,990,331
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐17 Notes for Table D.1c-2002:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for
children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors
based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the adjustment factors on the
original 2003 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food
Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention
of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9966
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.292
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.306
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the CPS
data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS tabulations of the
population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐18 Table D.2-2002: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2002
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
State
Alabama
221,601
119,957
54.1% New York
772,540
Alaska
34,697
25,191
72.6% North Carolina
427,192
Arizona
340,089
147,543
43.4% North Dakota
20,787
Arkansas
160,493
84,861
52.9% Ohio
430,607
California
1,697,584
1,269,388
74.8% Oklahoma
180,898
Colorado
171,423
78,993
46.1% Oregon
146,525
Connecticut
95,299
51,660
54.2% Pennsylvania
393,765
Delaware
31,326
17,371
55.5% Puerto Rico
327,964
D.C.
26,643
15,065
56.5% Rhode Island
34,887
Florida
704,450
344,866
49.0% South Carolina
183,904
Georgia
447,425
239,024
53.4% South Dakota
33,890
Hawaii
55,413
32,746
59.1% Tennessee
257,996
Idaho
70,872
33,594
47.4% Texas
1,291,849
Illinois
530,996
261,559
49.3% Utah
133,325
Indiana
254,385
123,366
48.5% Vermont
21,948
Iowa
112,224
63,466
56.6% Virginia
256,894
Kansas
118,889
58,880
49.5% Washington
254,072
Kentucky
182,201
113,039
62.0% West Virginia
86,143
Louisiana
256,721
130,873
51.0% Wisconsin
190,063
Maine
42,401
21,495
50.7% Wyoming
22,889
Maryland
188,738
95,846
50.8%
a
Massachusetts
164,909
113,211
68.7% FNS Region
Michigan
392,998
215,880
54.9% Northeast
1,164,255
Minnesota
166,326
103,707
62.4% Mid-Atlantic
1,566,940
Mississippi
179,294
102,906
57.4% Southeast
2,604,064
Missouri
222,793
128,632
57.7% Midwest
1,965,375
Montana
43,760
21,383
48.9% Southwest
2,008,424
Nebraska
71,880
37,558
52.3% Mountain Plains
951,859
Nevada
99,608
41,779
41.9% Western
2,729,414
New Hampshire
32,271
16,857
52.2%
New Jersey
12,990,331
247,416
134,503
54.4% Total
New Mexico
118,464
60,622
51.2%
Source: 2003 CPS-ASEC, 2002 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
Participants
Coverage
Rate
454,643
209,675
13,896
254,767
110,131
96,762
222,546
206,064
22,471
107,905
20,330
153,500
796,390
62,085
15,978
127,055
151,361
50,153
103,395
11,485
58.9%
49.1%
66.8%
59.2%
60.9%
66.0%
56.5%
62.8%
64.4%
58.7%
60.0%
59.5%
61.6%
46.6%
72.8%
49.5%
59.6%
58.2%
54.4%
50.2%
696,315
874,410
1,390,871
1,062,674
1,182,877
496,708
1,810,329
59.8%
55.8%
53.4%
54.1%
58.9%
52.2%
66.3%
7,514,184
57.8%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐19 Table D.3-2002: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2002a
2,008,424
160,493
256,721
118,464
180,898
1,291,849
1,182,877
84,861
130,873
60,622
110,131
796,390
Coverage
Rate
58.9%
52.9%
51.0%
51.2%
60.9%
61.6%
951,859
171,423
112,224
118,889
222,793
43,760
71,880
20,787
33,890
133,325
22,889
496,708
78,993
63,466
58,880
128,632
21,383
37,558
13,896
20,330
62,085
11,485
52.2%
46.1%
56.6%
49.5%
57.7%
48.9%
52.3%
66.8%
60.0%
46.6%
50.2%
2,729,414
34,697
340,089
1,697,584
55,413
70,872
99,608
146,525
254,072
1,810,329
25,191
147,543
1,269,388
32,746
33,594
41,779
96,762
151,361
66.3%
72.6%
43.4%
74.8%
59.1%
47.4%
41.9%
66.0%
59.6%
Midwest
1,965,375
1,062,674
54.1% Total
12,990,331
Illinois
530,996
261,559
49.3%
Indiana
254,385
123,366
48.5%
Michigan
392,998
215,880
54.9%
Minnesota
166,326
103,707
62.4%
Ohio
430,607
254,767
59.2%
Wisconsin
190,063
103,395
54.4%
Source: 2003 CPS-ASEC, 2002 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
7,514,184
57.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,164,255
95,299
42,401
164,909
32,271
772,540
34,887
21,948
696,315
51,660
21,495
113,211
16,857
454,643
22,471
15,978
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,566,940
31,326
26,643
188,738
247,416
393,765
327,964
256,894
86,143
874,410
17,371
15,065
95,846
134,503
222,546
206,064
127,055
50,153
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,604,064
221,601
704,450
447,425
182,201
179,294
427,192
183,904
257,996
1,390,871
119,957
344,866
239,024
113,039
102,906
209,675
107,905
153,500
Coverage
Rate
59.8% Southwest
54.2% Arkansas
50.7% Louisiana
68.7% New Mexico
52.2% Oklahoma
58.9% Texas
64.4%
72.8% Mountain Plains
Colorado
55.8% Iowa
55.5% Kansas
56.5% Missouri
50.8% Montana
54.4% Nebraska
56.5% North Dakota
62.8% South Dakota
49.5% Utah
58.2% Wyoming
53.4% Western
54.1% Alaska
49.0% Arizona
53.4% California
62.0% Hawaii
57.4% Idaho
49.1% Nevada
58.7% Oregon
59.5% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐20 Table D.4-2002: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2002
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
190,366
263,850
449,612
334,361
350,894
164,592
449,433
2,203,108
180,784
218,785
384,795
291,898
311,165
126,088
418,117
1,931,632
Children
(age 1 to 4)
757,459
1,014,099
1,664,699
1,267,756
1,271,570
600,973
1,762,724
8,339,280
349,142
454,784
658,210
521,498
575,876
246,360
957,992
3,763,862
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Total
97,994
135,822
231,446
172,118
180,629
84,727
231,354
1,134,091
118,435
153,170
258,306
191,140
205,331
101,567
285,904
1,313,853
1,164,255
1,566,940
2,604,064
1,965,375
2,008,424
951,859
2,729,414
12,990,331
74,428
90,038
158,949
117,830
134,903
56,190
191,343
823,681
91,961
110,803
188,918
131,447
160,934
68,070
242,877
995,011
696,315
874,410
1,390,871
1,062,674
1,182,877
496,708
1,810,329
7,514,184
Coverage Rates
Northeast
95.0%
46.1%
76.0%
77.6%
Mid-Atlantic
82.9%
44.8%
66.3%
72.3%
Southeast
85.6%
39.5%
68.7%
73.1%
Midwest
87.3%
41.1%
68.5%
68.8%
Southwest
88.7%
45.3%
74.7%
78.4%
Mountain Plains
76.6%
41.0%
66.3%
67.0%
Western
93.0%
54.3%
82.7%
85.0%
Total
87.7%
45.1%
72.6%
75.7%
Source: 2003 CPS-ASEC, 2002 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
59.8%
55.8%
53.4%
54.1%
58.9%
52.2%
66.3%
57.8%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐21 Table D.1c-2003: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2003
U.S. States and D.C. (2004 CPS-ASEC with revised
weights)
Infants
Total number of infants/children in the 2004 CPS-ASEC
3,914,040
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,025,776
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
16,025,830
19,939,870
15,936,219
19,961,995
1,599,654
6,255,971
7,855,625
368,653
45,566
8,261
314,826
1,236,682
166,500
23,115
1,047,067
1,605,335
212,066
31,376
1,361,893
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
1,968,307
7,492,653
9,460,960
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
2,519,433
8,241,918
10,761,351
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
2,443,850
8,159,499
10,603,349
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
4,034,643
2,137,725
4,085,305
2,094,765
3,937,475
1,993,849
3,878,795
1,933,160
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
2,443,850
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,301,350
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deathsf
1,296,926
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: Census Bureau population estimates
Infants
57,319
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
2,501,169
2,443,850
7,331,550
1,301,350
2,435,541
2,435,541
6,168,007
663,948
781,547
1,445,495
1,258,018
663,948
781,547
2,703,512
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)e
Source: 2004 CPS-ASEC with revised weights
See notes on page 2.
2,443,850
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
54,578
56,921
57,430
57,552
226,480
29,506
15,573
18,331
347,209
2,192,303
2,151,685
2,051,279
1,990,712
8,385,979
1,287,524
679,520
799,877
13,654,070
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐22 Notes for Table D.1c-2003:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the
CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original 2004 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of
Food Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no
mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods
are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9966
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.273
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.321
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the
CPS data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS
tabulations of the population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for
the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐23 Table D.2-2003: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2003
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
State
Alabama
218,866
120,284
55.0% New York
822,818
Alaska
38,079
25,790
67.7% North Carolina
438,358
Arizona
340,952
163,192
47.9% North Dakota
18,647
Arkansas
167,063
86,119
51.5% Ohio
440,304
California
1,827,093
1,275,506
69.8% Oklahoma
213,185
Colorado
185,232
81,549
44.0% Oregon
166,274
Connecticut
96,830
51,576
53.3% Pennsylvania
420,811
Delaware
33,570
17,956
53.5% Puerto Rico
309,664
D.C.
27,896
15,682
56.2% Rhode Island
35,226
Florida
755,972
358,691
47.4% South Carolina
193,493
Georgia
499,902
249,723
50.0% South Dakota
33,066
Hawaii
62,813
32,949
52.5% Tennessee
273,062
Idaho
78,710
35,171
44.7% Texas
1,448,918
Illinois
544,882
268,727
49.3% Utah
144,023
Indiana
276,759
126,191
45.6% Vermont
23,918
Iowa
103,551
64,940
62.7% Virginia
224,444
Kansas
126,135
61,088
48.4% Washington
257,181
Kentucky
197,815
113,436
57.3% West Virginia
81,186
Louisiana
277,077
135,082
48.8% Wisconsin
196,359
Maine
41,841
21,933
52.4% Wyoming
20,190
Maryland
180,900
103,818
57.4%
a
Massachusetts
175,244
114,092
65.1% FNS Region
Michigan
386,812
217,504
56.2% Northeast
1,227,943
Minnesota
149,066
112,050
75.2% Mid-Atlantic
1,552,632
Mississippi
177,940
102,741
57.7% Southeast
2,755,407
Missouri
249,399
130,242
52.2% Midwest
1,994,183
Montana
40,626
21,255
52.3% Southwest
2,231,327
Nebraska
71,417
38,426
53.8% Mountain Plains
992,286
Nevada
99,215
45,302
45.7% Western
2,900,292
New Hampshire
32,066
16,670
52.0%
New Jersey
266,593
137,533
51.6% Total
13,654,070
New Mexico
125,085
62,395
49.9%
Source: 2004 CPS-ASEC, 2003 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
Participants
Coverage
Rate
460,217
212,576
13,940
257,832
112,433
96,728
232,559
209,748
22,768
104,737
20,897
152,483
833,679
64,729
16,240
125,962
153,524
49,876
106,625
12,193
55.9%
48.5%
74.8%
58.6%
52.7%
58.2%
55.3%
67.7%
64.6%
54.1%
63.2%
55.8%
57.5%
44.9%
67.9%
56.1%
59.7%
61.4%
54.3%
60.4%
703,495
898,540
1,414,669
1,088,929
1,229,708
509,258
1,839,766
57.3%
57.9%
51.3%
54.6%
55.1%
51.3%
63.4%
7,684,366
56.3%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐24 Table D.3-2003: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2003a
2,231,327
167,063
277,077
125,085
213,185
1,448,918
1,229,708
86,119
135,082
62,395
112,433
833,679
Coverage
Rate
55.1%
51.5%
48.8%
49.9%
52.7%
57.5%
992,286
185,232
103,551
126,135
249,399
40,626
71,417
18,647
33,066
144,023
20,190
509,258
81,549
64,940
61,088
130,242
21,255
38,426
13,940
20,897
64,729
12,193
51.3%
44.0%
62.7%
48.4%
52.2%
52.3%
53.8%
74.8%
63.2%
44.9%
60.4%
2,900,292
38,079
340,952
1,827,093
62,813
78,710
99,215
166,274
257,181
1,839,766
25,790
163,192
1,275,506
32,949
35,171
45,302
96,728
153,524
63.4%
67.7%
47.9%
69.8%
52.5%
44.7%
45.7%
58.2%
59.7%
Midwest
1,994,183
1,088,929
54.6% Total
13,654,070
Illinois
544,882
268,727
49.3%
Indiana
276,759
126,191
45.6%
Michigan
386,812
217,504
56.2%
Minnesota
149,066
112,050
75.2%
Ohio
440,304
257,832
58.6%
Wisconsin
196,359
106,625
54.3%
Source: 2004 CPS-ASEC, 2003 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
7,684,366
56.3%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,227,943
96,830
41,841
175,244
32,066
822,818
35,226
23,918
703,495
51,576
21,933
114,092
16,670
460,217
22,768
16,240
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,552,632
33,570
27,896
180,900
266,593
420,811
309,664
224,444
81,186
898,540
17,956
15,682
103,818
137,533
232,559
209,748
125,962
49,876
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,755,407
218,866
755,972
499,902
197,815
177,940
438,358
193,493
273,062
1,414,669
120,284
358,691
249,723
113,436
102,741
212,576
104,737
152,483
Coverage
Rate
57.3% Southwest
53.3% Arkansas
52.4% Louisiana
65.1% New Mexico
52.0% Oklahoma
55.9% Texas
64.6%
67.9% Mountain Plains
Colorado
57.9% Iowa
53.5% Kansas
56.2% Missouri
57.4% Montana
51.6% Nebraska
55.3% North Dakota
67.7% South Dakota
56.1% Utah
61.4% Wyoming
51.3% Western
55.0% Alaska
47.4% Arizona
50.0% California
57.3% Hawaii
57.7% Idaho
48.5% Nevada
54.1% Oregon
55.8% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐25 Table D.4-2003: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2003
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
215,333
280,904
501,867
363,669
423,260
179,828
536,308
2,501,169
180,315
223,569
384,138
298,120
318,830
130,014
424,500
1,959,486
Children
(age 1 to 4)
768,927
964,888
1,711,858
1,234,293
1,346,294
609,481
1,750,238
8,385,979
352,723
464,756
675,251
529,004
605,693
251,463
971,385
3,850,275
Pregnant
Women
110,847
144,601
258,346
187,205
217,881
92,570
276,075
1,287,524
75,261
93,841
162,987
122,879
139,205
57,684
193,216
845,073
All Postpartum
Women
Total
132,836
162,239
283,336
209,016
243,892
110,407
337,671
1,479,398
95,197
116,373
192,295
138,926
165,980
70,097
250,665
1,029,533
1,227,943
1,552,632
2,755,407
1,994,183
2,231,327
992,286
2,900,292
13,654,070
703,495
898,540
1,414,669
1,088,929
1,229,708
509,258
1,839,766
7,684,366
Coverage Rates
Northeast
83.7%
45.9%
67.9%
71.7%
Mid-Atlantic
79.6%
48.2%
64.9%
71.7%
Southeast
76.5%
39.4%
63.1%
67.9%
Midwest
82.0%
42.9%
65.6%
66.5%
Southwest
75.3%
45.0%
63.9%
68.1%
Mountain Plains
72.3%
41.3%
62.3%
63.5%
Western
79.2%
55.5%
70.0%
74.2%
Total
78.3%
45.9%
65.6%
69.6%
Source: 2004 CPS-ASEC, 2003 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
57.3%
57.9%
51.3%
54.6%
55.1%
51.3%
63.4%
56.3%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐26 Table D.1c-2004: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2004
U.S. States and D.C. (2005 CPS-ASEC)
Total number of infants/children in the 2005 CPS-ASEC
Infants
4,017,852
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,118,137
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
e
nutritional risk (infants and children)
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
16,151,670
20,269,807
1,706,267
6,220,864
7,927,131
325,598
49,909
4,290
271,399
1,364,102
169,961
32,114
1,162,027
1,689,700
219,870
36,404
1,433,426
2,031,865
7,584,966
9,616,831
2,600,787
8,343,463
10,944,250
8,260,028
10,782,792
2,522,764
4,077,871
2,133,060
4,037,940
2,083,740
4,090,318
2,057,092
3,945,542
1,986,136
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyf
1,343,372
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deathsg
1,338,132
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)e
Source: 2005 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
Infants
55,871
2,578,635
2,522,764
2,522,764
7,568,291
1,343,372
2,512,925
2,512,925
6,363,982
683,717
812,182
1,495,898
1,297,988
683,717
812,182
2,793,887
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
h
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Total
20,262,282
2,522,764
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: Census Bureau population estimates
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
16,244,430
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
50,587
52,347
54,374
55,009
212,317
28,746
15,142
17,987
330,064
2,183,648
2,136,087
2,111,466
2,041,145
8,472,345
1,326,735
698,859
830,169
13,906,742
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐27 Notes for Table D.1c-2004:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the
CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original 2005 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of
Food Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no
mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods
are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
g
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.272
0.323
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the
CPS data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS
tabulations of the population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for
the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐28 Table D.2-2004: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2004
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
State
Alabama
225,621
119,829
53.1% New York
839,359
Alaska
37,926
26,823
70.7% North Carolina
442,210
Arizona
372,889
178,087
47.8% North Dakota
20,670
Arkansas
171,519
89,279
52.1% Ohio
449,048
California
1,853,302
1,297,547
70.0% Oklahoma
207,184
Colorado
189,652
83,949
44.3% Oregon
157,356
Connecticut
99,062
52,453
52.9% Pennsylvania
442,235
Delaware
36,564
18,642
51.0% Puerto Rico
293,675
D.C.
29,113
16,054
55.1% Rhode Island
38,152
Florida
750,781
373,227
49.7% South Carolina
203,622
Georgia
516,316
262,197
50.8% South Dakota
35,167
Hawaii
54,662
33,235
60.8% Tennessee
284,992
Idaho
84,345
36,766
43.6% Texas
1,484,956
Illinois
544,975
277,691
51.0% Utah
147,196
Indiana
265,611
133,079
50.1% Vermont
22,682
Iowa
103,736
66,757
64.4% Virginia
266,641
Kansas
104,951
65,923
62.8% Washington
265,531
Kentucky
190,604
118,879
62.4% West Virginia
78,949
Louisiana
287,803
143,255
49.8% Wisconsin
194,781
Maine
43,091
23,237
53.9% Wyoming
23,575
Maryland
201,097
108,589
54.0%
a
Massachusetts
167,454
115,798
69.2% FNS Region
Michigan
396,590
223,943
56.5% Northeast
1,245,884
Minnesota
169,104
118,563
70.1% Mid-Atlantic
1,607,085
Mississippi
186,261
103,213
55.4% Southeast
2,800,407
Missouri
239,509
133,350
55.7% Midwest
2,020,109
Montana
41,957
21,357
50.9% Southwest
2,283,287
Nebraska
71,776
40,146
55.9% Mountain Plains
978,189
Nevada
116,600
46,812
40.1% Western
2,971,780
New Hampshire
36,082
16,768
46.5%
New Jersey
251,593
144,951
57.6% Total
13,906,742
New Mexico
131,826
64,068
48.6%
Source: 2005 CPS-ASEC, 2004 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
Participants
Coverage
Rate
477,577
221,129
14,212
269,986
117,538
101,494
241,846
208,783
22,823
107,753
21,677
155,865
878,205
67,373
16,302
134,631
161,242
50,579
111,355
12,410
56.9%
50.0%
68.8%
60.1%
56.7%
64.5%
54.7%
71.1%
59.8%
52.9%
61.6%
54.7%
59.1%
45.8%
71.9%
50.5%
60.7%
64.1%
57.2%
52.6%
724,957
929,338
1,462,093
1,134,617
1,292,345
527,153
1,894,561
58.2%
57.8%
52.2%
56.2%
56.6%
53.9%
63.8%
7,965,064
57.3%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐29 Table D.3-2004: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2004a
Coverage
Rate
58.2% Southwest
52.9% Arkansas
53.9% Louisiana
69.2% New Mexico
46.5% Oklahoma
56.9% Texas
59.8%
71.9% Mountain Plains
Colorado
57.8% Iowa
51.0% Kansas
55.1% Missouri
54.0% Montana
57.6% Nebraska
54.7% North Dakota
71.1% South Dakota
50.5% Utah
64.1% Wyoming
2,283,287
171,519
287,803
131,826
207,184
1,484,956
1,292,345
89,279
143,255
64,068
117,538
878,205
Coverage
Rate
56.6%
52.1%
49.8%
48.6%
56.7%
59.1%
978,189
189,652
103,736
104,951
239,509
41,957
71,776
20,670
35,167
147,196
23,575
527,153
83,949
66,757
65,923
133,350
21,357
40,146
14,212
21,677
67,373
12,410
53.9%
44.3%
64.4%
62.8%
55.7%
50.9%
55.9%
68.8%
61.6%
45.8%
52.6%
2,971,780
37,926
372,889
1,853,302
54,662
84,345
116,600
157,356
265,531
1,894,561
26,823
178,087
1,297,547
33,235
36,766
46,812
101,494
161,242
63.8%
70.7%
47.8%
70.0%
60.8%
43.6%
40.1%
64.5%
60.7%
Midwest
2,020,109
1,134,617
56.2% Total
13,906,742
Illinois
544,975
277,691
51.0%
Indiana
265,611
133,079
50.1%
Michigan
396,590
223,943
56.5%
Minnesota
169,104
118,563
70.1%
Ohio
449,048
269,986
60.1%
Wisconsin
194,781
111,355
57.2%
Source: 2005 CPS-ASEC, 2004 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
7,965,064
57.3%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,245,884
99,062
43,091
167,454
36,082
839,359
38,152
22,682
724,957
52,453
23,237
115,798
16,768
477,577
22,823
16,302
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,607,085
36,564
29,113
201,097
251,593
442,235
293,675
266,641
78,949
929,338
18,642
16,054
108,589
144,951
241,846
208,783
134,631
50,579
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,800,407
225,621
750,781
516,316
190,604
186,261
442,210
203,622
284,992
1,462,093
119,829
373,227
262,197
118,879
103,213
221,129
107,753
155,865
52.2% Western
53.1% Alaska
49.7% Arizona
50.8% California
62.4% Hawaii
55.4% Idaho
50.0% Nevada
52.9% Oregon
54.7% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐30 Table D.4-2004: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2004
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
233,115
286,771
517,480
374,531
432,579
183,193
550,967
2,578,635
182,817
232,893
396,826
313,397
331,385
135,527
435,342
2,028,188
Children
(age 1 to 4)
751,851
1,000,302
1,720,136
1,238,099
1,382,266
590,603
1,789,087
8,472,345
365,331
478,684
697,019
547,700
643,227
260,117
999,887
3,991,965
Pregnant
Women
119,940
147,547
266,249
192,700
222,567
94,255
283,478
1,326,735
76,667
95,667
167,179
126,600
144,724
59,082
199,588
869,508
All Postpartum
Women
140,978
172,465
296,543
214,779
245,876
110,138
348,248
1,529,028
Total
1,245,884
1,607,085
2,800,407
2,020,109
2,283,287
978,189
2,971,780
13,906,742
100,142
122,094
201,069
146,919
173,009
72,427
259,744
1,075,404
Coverage Rates
Northeast
78.4%
48.6%
63.9%
71.0%
Mid-Atlantic
81.2%
47.9%
64.8%
70.8%
Southeast
76.7%
40.5%
62.8%
67.8%
Midwest
83.7%
44.2%
65.7%
68.4%
Southwest
76.6%
46.5%
65.0%
70.4%
Mountain Plains
74.0%
44.0%
62.7%
65.8%
Western
79.0%
55.9%
70.4%
74.6%
Total
78.7%
47.1%
65.5%
70.3%
Source: 2005 CPS-ASEC, 2004 ACS, Census population estimates, WIC Administrative Data
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐31 724,957
929,338
1,462,093
1,134,617
1,292,345
527,153
1,894,561
7,965,064
58.2%
57.8%
52.2%
56.2%
56.6%
53.9%
63.8%
57.3%
Table D.1c-2005: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2005
U.S. States and D.C. (2006 CPS-ASEC)
Total number of infants/children in the 2006 CPS-ASEC
Infants
4,052,949
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,155,679
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)d
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Total
20,363,151
16,214,011
20,369,690
1,688,923
6,351,541
8,040,464
357,309
48,507
5,054
303,748
1,357,631
215,115
38,980
1,103,536
1,714,940
263,622
44,034
1,407,284
2,046,232
7,709,172
9,755,404
2,619,177
8,480,089
11,099,266
8,395,288
10,935,890
2,540,602
4,090,393
2,185,535
4,046,457
2,075,998
4,011,276
2,079,481
4,065,885
2,054,274
2,540,602
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,352,870
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deathsf
1,347,594
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
Infants
55,847
2,596,448
2,540,602
2,540,602
7,621,805
1,352,870
2,530,693
2,530,693
6,408,981
710,255
796,221
1,506,475
1,307,166
710,255
796,221
2,813,642
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
16,310,202
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2005 PRCS and Census International Data Base
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
47,542
49,355
49,348
52,165
198,410
28,734
15,613
17,502
316,104
2,233,076
2,125,353
2,128,830
2,106,439
8,593,698
1,335,900
725,867
813,723
14,065,636
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐32 Notes for Table D.1c-2005:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the
CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original 2006 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of
Food Stamps receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no
mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods
are:
Infants:
1.28
Children:
1.10
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.281
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.315
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the
CPS data. In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS
tabulations of the population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for
the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐33 Table D.2-2005: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2005
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State
Alabama
237,635
119,021
50.1% New York
784,751
482,275
Alaska
39,658
26,372
66.5% North Carolina
443,887
226,271
Arizona
350,494
177,370
50.6% North Dakota
20,457
14,291
Arkansas
169,493
88,917
52.5% Ohio
476,044
273,104
California
1,904,604
1,320,859
69.4% Oklahoma
204,951
119,881
Colorado
203,567
84,025
41.3% Oregon
151,716
103,082
Connecticut
98,177
51,610
52.6% Pennsylvania
432,584
240,455
Delaware
35,954
19,555
54.4% Puerto Rico
281,651
204,830
D.C.
29,747
15,930
53.6% Rhode Island
36,770
22,771
Florida
799,214
372,761
46.6% South Carolina
210,252
108,161
Georgia
512,510
269,644
52.6% South Dakota
40,155
21,476
Hawaii
51,893
32,344
62.3% Tennessee
282,024
155,621
Idaho
81,298
37,820
46.5% Texas
1,537,829
891,614
Illinois
556,930
273,991
49.2% Utah
144,843
68,353
Indiana
279,280
135,059
48.4% Vermont
23,051
16,243
Iowa
111,267
66,881
60.1% Virginia
267,403
138,699
Kansas
123,242
68,519
55.6% Washington
261,394
160,050
Kentucky
193,985
122,323
63.1% West Virginia
78,863
49,779
Louisiana
278,347
137,491
49.4% Wisconsin
193,860
112,438
Maine
42,674
23,452
55.0% Wyoming
20,543
12,777
Maryland
192,906
109,237
56.6%
a
Massachusetts
179,903
114,221
63.5% FNS Region
Michigan
393,979
227,303
57.7% Northeast
1,198,435
727,211
Minnesota
168,764
124,681
73.9% Mid-Atlantic
1,610,965
930,981
Mississippi
193,790
99,285
51.2% Southeast
2,873,298
1,473,086
Missouri
257,144
131,859
51.3% Midwest
2,068,856
1,146,576
Montana
36,452
20,934
57.4% Southwest
2,315,933
1,302,092
Nebraska
74,162
40,903
55.2% Mountain Plains
1,031,833
530,017
Nevada
105,892
49,340
46.6% Western
2,966,316
1,920,504
New Hampshire
33,109
16,638
50.3%
New Jersey
276,771
147,418
53.3% Total
14,065,636
8,030,466
New Mexico
125,313
64,189
51.2%
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC, 2005 ACS, 2005 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Coverage
Rate
61.5%
51.0%
69.9%
57.4%
58.5%
67.9%
55.6%
72.7%
61.9%
51.4%
53.5%
55.2%
58.0%
47.2%
70.5%
51.9%
61.2%
63.1%
58.0%
62.2%
60.7%
57.8%
51.3%
55.4%
56.2%
51.4%
64.7%
57.1%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐34 Table D.3-2005: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2005a
2,315,933
169,493
278,347
125,313
204,951
1,537,829
1,302,092
88,917
137,491
64,189
119,881
891,614
Coverage
Rate
56.2%
52.5%
49.4%
51.2%
58.5%
58.0%
1,031,833
203,567
111,267
123,242
257,144
36,452
74,162
20,457
40,155
144,843
20,543
530,017
84,025
66,881
68,519
131,859
20,934
40,903
14,291
21,476
68,353
12,777
51.4%
41.3%
60.1%
55.6%
51.3%
57.4%
55.2%
69.9%
53.5%
47.2%
62.2%
2,966,316
39,658
350,494
1,904,604
51,893
81,298
105,892
151,716
261,394
1,920,504
26,372
177,370
1,320,859
32,344
37,820
49,340
103,082
160,050
64.7%
66.5%
50.6%
69.4%
62.3%
46.5%
46.6%
67.9%
61.2%
Midwest
2,068,856
1,146,576
55.4% Total
14,065,636
8,030,466
Illinois
556,930
273,991
49.2%
Indiana
279,280
135,059
48.4%
Michigan
393,979
227,303
57.7%
Minnesota
168,764
124,681
73.9%
Ohio
476,044
273,104
57.4%
Wisconsin
193,860
112,438
58.0%
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC, 2005 ACS, 2005 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
57.1%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,198,435
98,177
42,674
179,903
33,109
784,751
36,770
23,051
727,211
51,610
23,452
114,221
16,638
482,275
22,771
16,243
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,610,965
35,954
29,747
192,906
276,771
432,584
281,651
267,403
78,863
930,981
19,555
15,930
109,237
147,418
240,455
204,830
138,699
49,779
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,873,298
237,635
799,214
512,510
193,985
193,790
443,887
210,252
282,024
1,473,086
119,021
372,761
269,644
122,323
99,285
226,271
108,161
155,621
Coverage
Rate
60.7% Southwest
52.6% Arkansas
55.0% Louisiana
63.5% New Mexico
50.3% Oklahoma
61.5% Texas
61.9%
70.5% Mountain Plains
Colorado
57.8% Iowa
54.4% Kansas
53.6% Missouri
56.6% Montana
53.3% Nebraska
55.6% North Dakota
72.7% South Dakota
51.9% Utah
63.1% Wyoming
51.3% Western
50.1% Alaska
46.6% Arizona
52.6% California
63.1% Hawaii
51.2% Idaho
51.0% Nevada
51.4% Oregon
55.2% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐35 Table D.4-2005: WIC Eligibles and Coverage FNS Rates by Region and Participant Group, CY 2005
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
215,054
293,809
537,473
385,933
436,284
189,564
538,331
2,596,448
181,553
234,876
403,350
315,113
334,748
137,201
446,440
2,053,280
Children
(age 1 to 4)
742,426
993,353
1,758,795
1,256,999
1,403,111
626,520
1,812,493
8,593,698
366,752
476,331
695,175
553,356
647,124
259,913
1,003,129
4,001,780
Pregnant
Women
110,648
151,168
276,535
198,567
224,473
97,533
276,977
1,335,900
77,231
96,186
167,862
128,692
144,059
59,009
201,140
874,180
All Postpartum
Women
Total
130,307
172,634
300,495
227,358
252,065
118,217
338,514
1,539,590
101,675
123,588
206,700
149,414
176,161
73,893
269,795
1,101,226
1,198,435
1,610,965
2,873,298
2,068,856
2,315,933
1,031,833
2,966,316
14,065,636
727,211
930,981
1,473,086
1,146,576
1,302,092
530,017
1,920,504
8,030,466
Coverage Rates
Northeast
84.4%
49.4%
69.8%
78.0%
Mid-Atlantic
79.9%
48.0%
63.6%
71.6%
Southeast
75.0%
39.5%
60.7%
68.8%
Midwest
81.6%
44.0%
64.8%
65.7%
Southwest
76.7%
46.1%
64.2%
69.9%
Mountain Plains
72.4%
41.5%
60.5%
62.5%
Western
82.9%
55.3%
72.6%
79.7%
Total
79.1%
46.6%
65.4%
71.5%
Source: 2006 CPS-ASEC, 2005 ACS, 2005 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
60.7%
57.8%
51.3%
55.4%
56.2%
51.4%
64.7%
57.1%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐36 Table D.1c-2006: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2006
U.S. States and D.C. (2007 CPS-ASEC)j
Infants
Reported number of total number of infants and children in
the CPS after adjustment for CPS under/overcount
(including territories)
4,239,478
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,171,700
Reported number of total eligibles, includes adjustment for
territoriesd
2,739,379
Total Eligibles - Number without adjustment for the
territoriesd,e
2,651,354
Children
Age 1i
4,127,290
2,214,749
Children
Age 2i
4,123,140
2,114,921
Children
Age 3i
4,073,856
2,081,013
Children
Age 4i
4,042,332
2,038,672
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
16,366,618
20,538,318
8,729,874
11,469,253
8,449,355
11,100,709
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyf
1,411,846
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deathsg
1,406,340
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)e
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
2,702,049
2,651,354
2,651,354
7,954,062
1,411,846
2,641,014
2,641,014
6,688,367
687,166
857,936
1,545,102
1,364,150
687,166
857,936
2,909,251
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingh
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Total
20,862,586
2,651,354
Infants
50,695
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
16,623,108
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2006 PRCS and Census International Data Base
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
42,430
41,684
43,349
46,061
173,523
26,083
13,139
16,404
279,844
2,257,179
2,156,605
2,124,362
2,084,733
8,622,879
1,390,233
700,305
874,340
14,289,805
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐37 Notes for Table D.1c-2006:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to estimates based on the
Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white,
black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original 2007 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food Stamps receipt is coded as Food
Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.15
Children:
1.00
d
The 2000 Census based multiplier used to adjust for the number of eligible infants and children in the U.S. Territories is:
Territory adjustment in reported numbers:
e
1.0332
Territory adjustment applied:
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
1.00
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
f
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
g
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
h
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.260
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.325
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the CPS data. In this table, the national total
for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS tabulations of the population by age for the total adjusted population row and by the
estimated number of eligibles for the total eligibles row.
j
Note that documentation of the national CPS estimates for CY 2006, obtained from FNS, lacked the level of detail typically provided in other years.
i
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐38 Table D.2-2006: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2006
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State
Alabama
230,598
123,094
53.4% New York
805,081
481,483
Alaska
38,978
25,262
64.8% North Carolina
467,089
235,949
Arizona
363,672
178,060
49.0% North Dakota
20,629
14,423
Arkansas
172,460
85,808
49.8% Ohio
477,569
278,338
California
1,914,569
1,351,709
70.6% Oklahoma
212,771
119,227
Colorado
205,071
87,439
42.6% Oregon
155,945
102,573
Connecticut
96,475
51,648
53.5% Pennsylvania
449,917
243,103
Delaware
33,189
19,969
60.2% Puerto Rico
249,265
200,555
D.C.
26,451
14,919
56.4% Rhode Island
37,846
22,908
Florida
834,051
391,227
46.9% South Carolina
215,753
109,777
Georgia
538,072
276,697
51.4% South Dakota
33,245
21,134
Hawaii
55,534
32,125
57.8% Tennessee
305,262
157,228
Idaho
75,880
37,049
48.8% Texas
1,572,418
889,831
Illinois
554,352
277,417
50.0% Utah
158,122
65,893
Indiana
274,526
138,289
50.4% Vermont
22,179
16,130
Iowa
125,524
67,445
53.7% Virginia
259,656
141,763
Kansas
121,144
69,744
57.6% Washington
264,088
161,243
Kentucky
186,169
126,262
67.8% West Virginia
84,527
49,583
Louisiana
292,035
123,214
42.2% Wisconsin
199,735
113,307
Maine
48,946
23,817
48.7% Wyoming
21,206
12,393
Maryland
189,232
117,090
61.9%
a
Massachusetts
178,516
116,281
65.1% FNS Region
Michigan
408,496
230,252
56.4% Northeast
1,225,179
728,800
Minnesota
172,075
130,539
75.9% Mid-Atlantic
1,567,572
941,470
Mississippi
197,847
99,312
50.2% Southeast
2,974,840
1,519,547
Missouri
269,646
132,983
49.3% Midwest
2,086,753
1,168,142
Montana
35,668
19,855
55.7% Southwest
2,379,361
1,282,099
Nebraska
75,652
41,588
55.0% Mountain Plains
1,065,909
532,898
Nevada
104,366
51,771
49.6% Western
2,990,191
1,952,596
New Hampshire
36,136
16,535
45.8%
New Jersey
261,916
149,533
57.1% Total
14,289,805
8,125,552
New Mexico
129,677
64,019
49.4%
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2006 ACS, 2006 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Coverage
Rate
59.8%
50.5%
69.9%
58.3%
56.0%
65.8%
54.0%
80.5%
60.5%
50.9%
63.6%
51.5%
56.6%
41.7%
72.7%
54.6%
61.1%
58.7%
56.7%
58.4%
59.5%
60.1%
51.1%
56.0%
53.9%
50.0%
65.3%
56.9%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐39 Table D.3-2006: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2006a
2,379,361
172,460
292,035
129,677
212,771
1,572,418
1,282,099
85,808
123,214
64,019
119,227
889,831
Coverage
Rate
53.9%
49.8%
42.2%
49.4%
56.0%
56.6%
1,065,909
205,071
125,524
121,144
269,646
35,668
75,652
20,629
33,245
158,122
21,206
532,898
87,439
67,445
69,744
132,983
19,855
41,588
14,423
21,134
65,893
12,393
50.0%
42.6%
53.7%
57.6%
49.3%
55.7%
55.0%
69.9%
63.6%
41.7%
58.4%
2,990,191
38,978
363,672
1,914,569
55,534
75,880
104,366
155,945
264,088
1,952,596
25,262
178,060
1,351,709
32,125
37,049
51,771
102,573
161,243
65.3%
64.8%
49.0%
70.6%
57.8%
48.8%
49.6%
65.8%
61.1%
Midwest
2,086,753
1,168,142
56.0% Total
14,289,805
8,125,552
Illinois
554,352
277,417
50.0%
Indiana
274,526
138,289
50.4%
Michigan
408,496
230,252
56.4%
Minnesota
172,075
130,539
75.9%
Ohio
477,569
278,338
58.3%
Wisconsin
199,735
113,307
56.7%
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2006 ACS, 2006 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
56.9%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,225,179
96,475
48,946
178,516
36,136
805,081
37,846
22,179
728,800
51,648
23,817
116,281
16,535
481,483
22,908
16,130
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,567,572
33,189
26,451
189,232
261,916
449,917
249,265
259,656
84,527
941,470
19,969
14,919
117,090
149,533
243,103
200,555
141,763
49,583
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,974,840
230,598
834,051
538,072
186,169
197,847
467,089
215,753
305,262
1,519,547
123,094
391,227
276,697
126,262
99,312
235,949
109,777
157,228
Coverage
Rate
59.5% Southwest
53.5% Arkansas
48.7% Louisiana
65.1% New Mexico
45.8% Oklahoma
59.8% Texas
60.5%
72.7% Mountain Plains
Colorado
60.1% Iowa
60.2% Kansas
56.4% Missouri
61.9% Montana
57.1% Nebraska
54.0% North Dakota
80.5% South Dakota
54.6% Utah
58.7% Wyoming
51.1% Western
53.4% Alaska
46.9% Arizona
51.4% California
67.8% Hawaii
50.2% Idaho
50.5% Nevada
50.9% Oregon
51.5% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐40 Table D.4-2006: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2006
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
220,950
292,393
575,135
393,046
451,750
198,819
569,955
2,702,049
183,063
239,615
420,942
322,616
332,999
136,920
457,812
2,093,967
Children
(age 1 to 4)
758,764
961,379
1,774,646
1,273,480
1,435,352
639,821
1,779,437
8,622,879
362,871
476,415
702,285
555,975
625,705
259,187
1,005,312
3,987,749
Pregnant
Women
113,681
150,439
295,913
202,226
232,430
102,294
293,248
1,390,233
78,996
99,318
176,133
133,496
144,053
55,769
210,220
897,985
All Postpartum
Women
Total
131,783
163,361
329,146
218,000
259,829
124,974
347,551
1,574,645
103,871
126,122
220,187
156,055
179,342
81,023
279,252
1,145,852
1,225,179
1,567,572
2,974,840
2,086,753
2,379,361
1,065,909
2,990,191
14,289,805
728,800
941,470
1,519,547
1,168,142
1,282,099
532,898
1,952,596
8,125,552
Coverage Rates
Northeast
82.9%
47.8%
69.5%
78.8%
Mid-Atlantic
81.9%
49.6%
66.0%
77.2%
Southeast
73.2%
39.6%
59.5%
66.9%
Midwest
82.1%
43.7%
66.0%
71.6%
Southwest
73.7%
43.6%
62.0%
69.0%
Mountain Plains
68.9%
40.5%
54.5%
64.8%
Western
80.3%
56.5%
71.7%
80.3%
Total
77.5%
46.2%
64.6%
72.8%
Source: 2007 CPS-ASEC, 2006 ACS, 2006 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
59.5%
60.1%
51.1%
56.0%
53.9%
50.0%
65.3%
56.9%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐41 Table D.1c-2007: National Estimates by Participant Group with Children by Single Year of Age
CY 2007
U.S. States and D.C. (2008 CPS-ASEC)
Infants
Total number of infants/children in the 2008 CPS-ASEC
4,254,217
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcounta
4,345,061
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Children
Age 1h
Children
Age 2h
Children
Age 3h
Children
Age 4h
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
16,647,896
20,902,113
16,583,705
20,928,766
1,798,767
6,554,921
8,353,688
399,928
50,868
3,358
345,702
1,404,463
158,072
16,752
1,229,639
1,804,391
208,940
20,110
1,575,341
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
2,198,695
7,959,384
10,158,079
Number after monthly income adjustmentc
2,682,408
8,436,947
11,119,355
8,352,578
10,954,513
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through Food Stampsb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)d
2,601,936
4,211,646
2,216,612
4,139,682
2,104,245
4,139,848
2,041,136
4,092,529
1,990,584
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
2,601,936
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
1,385,531
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deathsf
1,380,127
Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2007 PRCS and Census International Data Base
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
2,601,936
7,805,807
1,385,531
2,591,788
2,591,788
6,563,703
622,255
872,188
1,494,443
1,338,723
622,255
872,188
2,833,166
Postpartum
NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingg
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: 2008 CPS-ASEC
See notes on page 2.
2,601,936
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total Children
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
49,432
46,684
47,463
44,867
49,389
188,403
25,433
11,822
16,570
291,659
2,651,367
2,263,296
2,151,708
2,086,003
2,039,974
8,540,981
1,364,156
634,077
888,757
14,079,339
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐42 Notes for Table D.1c-2007:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables 3a and 3b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in the CPS
relative to estimates based on the Census. Table 4a compares two years of accumulated CPS and Census estimates for
children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race (white, black, and other) and calculates adjustment factors based
on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table 4b shows the impact of the adjustment factors on the original
2008 CPS-ASEC estimates of children age 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender, and race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of Food Stamps
receipt is coded as Food Stamps; if no mention of Food Stamps, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of Food
Stamps or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.22
Children:
1.06
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum non-breastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.240
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.337
h
Estimates by single year of age were not previously published for the national WIC eligibility estimates based on the CPS data.
In this table, the national total for children has been distributed by single year of age based on ACS tabulations of the population
by age for the total adjusted population row and by the estimated number of eligibles for the total eligibles row.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐43 Table D.2-2007: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2007
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State
Alabama
238,641
128,005
53.6% New York
767,334
484,612
Alaska
35,125
25,184
71.7% North Carolina
478,840
245,035
Arizona
363,862
189,935
52.2% North Dakota
22,460
14,646
Arkansas
174,021
86,303
49.6% Ohio
474,351
283,488
California
1,823,553
1,391,536
76.3% Oklahoma
218,164
120,335
Colorado
217,714
92,470
42.5% Oregon
150,729
104,622
Connecticut
98,145
53,936
55.0% Pennsylvania
431,667
245,263
Delaware
38,993
20,770
53.3% Puerto Rico
259,910
198,747
D.C.
24,264
15,467
63.7% Rhode Island
37,121
24,664
Florida
780,948
431,369
55.2% South Carolina
219,917
117,236
Georgia
540,936
287,745
53.2% South Dakota
36,210
22,019
Hawaii
52,958
32,820
62.0% Tennessee
307,541
162,361
Idaho
78,428
38,706
49.4% Texas
1,566,798
906,807
Illinois
555,544
282,930
50.9% Utah
141,328
63,966
Indiana
279,066
143,351
51.4% Vermont
23,570
16,333
Iowa
117,888
70,412
59.7% Virginia
253,972
143,917
Kansas
120,318
69,709
57.9% Washington
269,082
166,885
Kentucky
200,836
131,179
65.3% West Virginia
82,983
49,969
Louisiana
256,016
131,872
51.5% Wisconsin
198,954
118,029
Maine
45,979
25,040
54.5% Wyoming
22,480
12,338
Maryland
192,054
126,550
65.9%
a
Massachusetts
171,244
119,599
69.8% FNS Region
Michigan
401,556
233,848
58.2% Northeast
1,178,193
741,755
Minnesota
168,802
136,311
80.8% Mid-Atlantic
1,564,520
958,033
Mississippi
188,343
103,649
55.0% Southeast
2,956,003
1,606,578
Missouri
264,280
136,338
51.6% Midwest
2,078,273
1,197,957
Montana
39,835
19,350
48.6% Southwest
2,338,921
1,310,449
Nebraska
77,179
42,601
55.2% Mountain Plains
1,059,691
543,848
Nevada
112,166
53,750
47.9% Western
2,903,737
2,017,371
New Hampshire
34,801
17,571
50.5%
New Jersey
14,079,339
8,375,991
266,762
152,063
57.0% Total
New Mexico
123,923
65,132
52.6%
Source: 2008 CPS-ASEC, 2007 ACS, 2007 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Coverage
Rate
63.2%
51.2%
65.2%
59.8%
55.2%
69.4%
56.8%
76.5%
66.4%
53.3%
60.8%
52.8%
57.9%
45.3%
69.3%
56.7%
62.0%
60.2%
59.3%
54.9%
63.0%
61.2%
54.3%
57.6%
56.0%
51.3%
69.5%
59.5%
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐44 Table D.3-2007: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2007a
2,338,921
174,021
256,016
123,923
218,164
1,566,798
1,310,449
86,303
131,872
65,132
120,335
906,807
Coverage
Rate
56.0%
49.6%
51.5%
52.6%
55.2%
57.9%
1,059,691
217,714
117,888
120,318
264,280
39,835
77,179
22,460
36,210
141,328
22,480
543,848
92,470
70,412
69,709
136,338
19,350
42,601
14,646
22,019
63,966
12,338
51.3%
42.5%
59.7%
57.9%
51.6%
48.6%
55.2%
65.2%
60.8%
45.3%
54.9%
2,903,737
35,125
363,862
1,823,553
52,958
78,428
112,166
150,729
269,082
2,017,371
25,184
189,935
1,391,536
32,820
38,706
53,750
104,622
166,885
69.5%
71.7%
52.2%
76.3%
62.0%
49.4%
47.9%
69.4%
62.0%
Midwest
2,078,273
1,197,957
57.6% Total
14,079,339
8,375,991
Illinois
555,544
282,930
50.9%
Indiana
279,066
143,351
51.4%
Michigan
401,556
233,848
58.2%
Minnesota
168,802
136,311
80.8%
Ohio
474,351
283,488
59.8%
Wisconsin
198,954
118,029
59.3%
Source: 2008 CPS-ASEC, 2007 ACS, 2007 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
59.5%
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,178,193
98,145
45,979
171,244
34,801
767,334
37,121
23,570
741,755
53,936
25,040
119,599
17,571
484,612
24,664
16,333
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,564,520
38,993
24,264
192,054
266,762
431,667
259,910
253,972
82,983
958,033
20,770
15,467
126,550
152,063
245,263
198,747
143,917
49,969
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,956,003
238,641
780,948
540,936
200,836
188,343
478,840
219,917
307,541
1,606,578
128,005
431,369
287,745
131,179
103,649
245,035
117,236
162,361
Coverage
Rate
63.0% Southwest
55.0% Arkansas
54.5% Louisiana
69.8% New Mexico
50.5% Oklahoma
63.2% Texas
66.4%
69.3% Mountain Plains
Colorado
61.2% Iowa
53.3% Kansas
63.7% Missouri
65.9% Montana
57.0% Nebraska
56.8% North Dakota
76.5% South Dakota
56.7% Utah
60.2% Wyoming
54.3% Western
53.6% Alaska
55.2% Arizona
53.2% California
65.3% Hawaii
55.0% Idaho
51.2% Nevada
53.3% Oregon
52.8% Washington
Eligibles
Participants
Notes:
a
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals
but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐45 Table D.4-2007: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2007
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
212,988
286,192
561,677
392,820
447,727
196,475
553,488
2,651,367
188,610
244,749
452,027
332,800
345,792
141,616
479,859
2,185,451
Children
(age 1 to 4)
731,707
971,894
1,787,041
1,260,712
1,410,638
639,636
1,739,353
8,540,981
365,304
481,076
736,751
570,148
632,561
263,609
1,030,676
4,080,125
Pregnant
Women
109,585
147,249
288,989
202,110
230,360
101,088
284,775
1,364,156
79,264
99,202
180,051
134,373
145,419
55,819
215,697
909,824
All Postpartum
Women
123,913
159,186
318,297
222,631
250,196
122,491
326,120
1,522,834
108,577
133,007
237,749
160,638
186,677
82,805
291,139
1,200,591
Total
1,178,193
1,564,520
2,956,003
2,078,273
2,338,921
1,059,691
2,903,737
14,079,339
741,755
958,033
1,606,578
1,197,957
1,310,449
543,848
2,017,371
8,375,991
Coverage Rates
Northeast
88.6%
49.9%
72.3%
87.6%
Mid-Atlantic
85.5%
49.5%
67.4%
83.6%
Southeast
80.5%
41.2%
62.3%
74.7%
Midwest
84.7%
45.2%
66.5%
72.2%
Southwest
77.2%
44.8%
63.1%
74.6%
Mountain Plains
72.1%
41.2%
55.2%
67.6%
Western
86.7%
59.3%
75.7%
89.3%
Total
82.4%
47.8%
66.7%
78.8%
Source: 2008 CPS-ASEC, 2007 ACS, 2007 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
63.0%
61.2%
54.3%
57.6%
56.0%
51.3%
69.5%
59.5%
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page D‐46 Appendix E Computing Standard Errors This appendix presents the formulas used to compute standard errors for both the national‐ and the State‐level estimates for the total number of individuals, the number of WIC eligibles, as well as the eligibility, participation, and coverage rates. National‐Level Estimates: The national‐level estimates are all derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The standard errors are computed using the generalized variance estimates described in the appendix (Sources and Accuracy of Estimates) in the annual P‐60 report entitled “Income, Poverty and Insurance Coverage in the United States.” These reports can be found at the U.S. Census Bureau web site at http://www.census.gov/prod/www/ abs/p60.html. The standard errors (SE) for estimates either of the total count (T) or number of WIC‐eligible (E) individuals were computed as where (ai,bi) are parameters provided in the Census Bureau appendix and differ by the type of total being computed. When computing the standard errors for the estimates for the total count of individuals, the set of (aT,bT) reflects the assumptions for the total population. When computing the standard errors of the WIC eligibility counts, the values for (aE,bE) representing the income‐to‐needs ratio category are used. These formulae apply to the estimates for infants and children that are derived from the CPS‐ASEC sample. However, the estimates for pregnant women and postpartum women are proportional adjustments made to the estimate of either the total number of infants (TI) or number of WIC‐eligible infants (EI). If  is the proportional adjustment in the estimate of total number of pregnant or postpartum women (it differs by type of woman) then the standard error would be equal to SE[Total number of Women] = If  equals the proportional adjustment used to derive the estimate of the number of WIC‐eligible pregnant or postpartum women then the standard error would be equal to National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page E‐1 SE[WIC Eligible Women] = . While the estimates of the number of participants are subject to error, we assume that that neither sampling variation nor measurement error are present in the FNS estimates of participation (P). Consequently the SE[P] is assumed to be zero. The standard errors of the coverage rate (CR = P/E) was derived using the ratio rule where CV[X] is the coefficient of variation of X (= SE[X]/X). Given our assumption that CV[P] is equal to zero, the standard error of the coverage rate are equal to . State‐Level Estimates: Estimates of the total number of individuals and the number of WIC‐eligible individuals are derived by multiplying the CPS national estimate of the total population (T) or number of WIC eligibles (E) times the State’s share of the respective concept (Tj and Ej where the subscript j denotes the jth State). If Tj represents the total number of individuals in the jth State and Ej denotes the number of WIC eligibles in the jth State, then for infants and children, While E and T are derived using CPS data, the ’s are derived using American Community Survey (ACS) data. T(ACS) and Tj(ACS) denote the total count of individuals in the nation and in the jth State, respectively, in the ACS data. Consequently, National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page E‐2 If we denote E(ACS) and Ej(ACS) as the number of WIC eligible individuals in the nation and in the jth State, respectively, estimated using the ACS data, then the share of WIC eligibles in the jth State is equal to Generalized variance estimates are slightly different in the ACS. Instead of parameters (a,b), the ACS uses a parameter noted as a design factor (DF). To compute the standard of Tj, the following formula is used: 1
where DFTj is the design factor for the AGE category in the jth State. Values for the design factors can be found in the annual Census publication entitled, “Accuracy of the PUMS,” which can be found at the Census Bureau web site: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/pums_documentation/ The standard error for the jth State’s share of WIC Eligibility (Ej) is equal to 1
where DFEj is the design factor for the “Income to Needs” category in the jth State, and E(ACS) is the national estimate of WIC eligibility in the ACS. Calculations for the standard errors of the State‐level estimates for pregnant and postpartum women use the same formula as the national level, but at the State level. The same is true for calculation of the standard errors for the coverage rates. Puerto Rico Exception: While the fifty States plus the District of Columbia are estimates as share of the national CPS estimate, the new methodology for the territorial estimation calls for the use of a direct ACS estimate for Puerto Rico. This means that the standard errors for both level estimates (total and number of WIC eligibles) and the eligibility rate are computed differently. Let TPR = the population adjusted weighted total count from the ACS Puerto Rico; EPR = the population adjusted weighted count of WIC eligibles from the ACS Puerto Rico; National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page E‐3 DFT,PR = the design factor for AGE in Puerto Rico; DFE,PR = the design factor for ’Income to Needs’ in Puerto Rico; and NPR = total population control (for all ages) in Puerto Rico. The last three values can be found in the “Accuracy of the PUMS” publication described above. The standard errors of TPR and EPR for infants and children are equal to ,
99
1
1
. ,
99
The standard errors for the estimates of women, participation rates, and coverage rates would be computed using the same formula used for the national estimates. Other Island Territories: The standard errors for estimates reflect the effect of sampling has on the estimation process. They don’t reflect the effect of errors or uncertainty in the adjustments made to direct sample estimates. For example, in estimating the number of WIC‐eligible infants, we have adjusted the direct counts of infants who meet the eligibility criteria from the CPS. Because this estimate is based upon a sample, different samples can be expected to create different direct sample estimates. However, the adjustments, such as annual‐to‐monthly or for nutritional risk, are assumed to be constant and measured without error. The computed standard errors reflect only the potential variation in the estimates due to sampling and not the potential variation errors in the adjustments used to construct the estimates of eligibility. Our estimates of eligibility in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico are based upon samples of households, and consequently they are subject to sampling variability. However, our estimates of WIC eligibility in the other island territories are not based on samples but rather on Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, and they are not subject to sampling variability. While non‐sampling error can still be present in the other island estimates just as they are for the other jurisdictions, standard errors for the other island territories cannot be computed because of the non‐sample based methodology used in the estimation. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page E‐4 Standard Errors of Regional Estimates: The standard errors of the regional estimates eligibility were computed in the same manner as was done for the State estimates with the sole exception that the national value for the design factor (DF) was used for all regions. Standard Errors of the Total Number of Eligibles: Let SEi[C] denote the standard error of the count of the number of eligible individuals of type i (where the subscript i denotes infants; children; pregnant women; and postpartum women). The standard error for the total number of all eligibility types is approximated by National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page E‐5 This page was left intentionally blank. Appendix F Estimating WIC Eligibility Among Postpartum Women This appendix provides a detailed description of how WIC eligibility is determined for postpartum women, including how estimates of breastfeeding rates are employed in the estimation. We begin with a description of the current methodology used to estimate WIC eligibility among mothers. Since WIC eligibility for postpartum women is determined not only on the basis of income or their participation in SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid, but also on whether or not they are breastfeeding, estimates of breastfeeding behavior are an important factor in this estimation. In this appendix, we evaluate the current source of the assumptions about breastfeeding rates and present recommendations about how these assumptions may in the future be improved. Estimating WIC Eligibility for Postpartum Women The estimation of the number of WIC‐eligible postpartum women reflects that the number of potentially WIC‐eligible mothers is closely related to the number of WIC‐
eligible infants. However, it is not a one‐to‐one relationship due to multiple births and infant deaths. Consequently, the total number of mothers of WIC‐eligible infants (M) will be less than the number of WIC‐eligible infants (EI). The relationship can be estimated with vital statistics data and Census Bureau population estimates, given the following relationship between M and EI: .9961 While infants can be certified for WIC eligibility up to their first birthday, mothers with a WIC‐eligible infant are initially certified for only the first six months. Breastfeeding mothers can be recertified for an additional six months (if they continue to satisfy other eligibility requirements), but mothers who are not breastfeeding at six months cannot gain additional eligibility. Given that different benefit packages are provided to mothers and infants based upon whether the mother is breastfeeding, the total universe of mothers of WIC‐eligible infants is broken down into four groups: mothers who are breastfeeding at birth; mothers who are not breastfeeding at birth; mothers who are breastfeeding at six months; and mothers who are not breastfeeding at six months. Of these four groups, the first three are potentially eligible for WIC while the last group of mothers will not be eligible. The implicit assumption employed by the current methodology is that mothers apply for WIC eligibility at the birth of the child, and then reapply (if still breastfeeding) at six months postpartum. The division of the universe of the mothers of WIC‐eligible infants into four groups is based on two key pieces of information—the breastfeeding rates of the National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐1 mothers of WIC‐eligible infants at birth or in the hospital and the breastfeeding rates of these mothers at six months postpartum. The Ross Labs Mothers Survey (RLMS) is the current source of estimates of breastfeeding rates for mothers participating in WIC. The estimates of in‐hospital breastfeeding rates (RLMS,0) and at six months (RLMS,6) are published annually and are available at both the national and State levels. While the RLMS can provide estimates of mothers who are participating in WIC, we need estimates of breastfeeding rates of mothers who are eligible for WIC. (The difference between these two populations is most likely related to income where the average income of WIC participants is lower than the average income of WIC‐eligible mothers.) If breastfeeding rates are positively related to income then the use of breastfeeding rates for WIC participants would underestimate the breastfeeding rate for mothers who are WIC‐eligible. To acquire an estimate of the relationship between the breastfeeding rates of these two groups, breastfeeding rates for both groups can be computed from the NHANES and their ratio employed to adjust the RLMS breastfeeding rates. This adjustment factor is computed separately at the in‐hospital and at six months. The current values for the NHANES adjustment in hospital (NHANES,0) and at six months (NHANES,6) are 1.056 and 1.150 respectively. In the absence of further complications, the estimated rates of breastfeeding by mothers of WIC‐eligible infants at birth and in the hospital could be used to estimate the numbers of breastfeeding and non‐breastfeeding WIC‐eligible mothers in the first six months, and the number of breastfeeding WIC‐eligible mothers in the second six months. However, not all mothers of WIC‐eligible infants will be either income or adjunctively WIC eligible, either at the birth of their child or at six months postpartum when they must be recertified. For example, consider the situation where at birth the infant is not income‐eligible but gains WIC eligibility through enrollment in Medicaid. Unless the mother is also enrolled in Medicaid, she will not be WIC‐eligible. While the mother may not be WIC‐eligible at the birth of her child, the mother may gain WIC eligibility prior to being six months postpartum. Given declining breastfeeding rates during the infant’s first year, the in‐hospital rate will overstate the prevalence of breastfeeding for these mothers and cause a misclassification between breastfeeding and non‐breastfeeding WIC eligibles. Even when the mother is WIC‐eligible at the birth of the child, she may not be at the time of the six‐month recertification. Finally, mothers who are certified as breastfeeding may have incentive to report that they have stopped breastfeeding prior to the end of a certification period, in order to obtain a food package that considers their infant fully fed by formula. To account for the complications caused by declining breastfeeding rates during the year, data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) have been used to simulate adjustments to the in‐hospital (SIPP,0) and the six‐month breastfeeding rates (SIPP,6). Adjustments were initially calculated by Urban Institute staff under a prior contract. MPR updated the calculations, adding an assumption that a National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐2 breastfeeding mother will immediately report her change in status if she stops breastfeeding. Two simulations are performed with different breastfeeding assumptions, and the average monthly estimates of WIC‐eligible mothers produced by the two simulations are compared to derive the adjustment factors. The simulations begin by identifying mothers of infants who are WIC‐eligible in the SIPP. For each month in the sample, the number of months since the birth of the child is determined, as well as whether the mother is WIC‐eligible based upon income or through participation in SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid. Next, two distinct patterns of breastfeeding behavior are randomly assigned based upon the breastfeeding rates by postpartum month estimated from the NHANES data. One pattern of monthly breastfeeding assumes that the in‐
hospital rate remains constant for the first six months, and then the six‐month rate is assumed for months 6 through 12. For example, assume that the in‐hospital rate is 60 percent while the six‐month rate is 25 percent. A random number from a uniform distribution is drawn (the same random number is used for all imputations) and if the random number is 0.60 or less then the mother is assumed to breastfeed for the first six months (months 0 through 5). Otherwise the mother is assumed not to have initiated breastfeeding. Next, if the random number is 0.25 or less then the mother is assumed to breastfeed in the second six months (months 6 through 11). If the random number is greater than 0.25 but less than or equal to 0.60, then the mother is imputed to have breastfeed the child during the first six months but not during the second six months. The second simulated breastfeeding pattern is based upon declining monthly breastfeeding rates tabulated from NHANES data. While the breastfeeding behavior in first and sixth month of the child’s life is the same under both imputations, the second set of monthly breastfeeding statuses will differ across the two simulations for months 1 through 5 and 7 through 11. Continuing with the above example, the in‐hospital rate is still assumed to be 60 percent. Assume further that in month one the breastfeeding rate falls to 55 percent and then to 50 percent in month two and so on until it is 25 percent in month six. The second set of imputed breastfeeding data uses these rates to assign breastfeeding status in the same manner as above. If the random number is 0.60 or less then the mother is assumed to be breastfeeding in month zero, otherwise she is not breastfeeding. In month one, if the random number is 0.55 or less then the mother is assumed to have continued breastfeeding. If the random number is 0.50 or less then the mother is assumed to have continued into the third month and so on until month 11. Beginning with the birth month of the infant, mothers are certified based upon whether they are income or adjunctively eligible. If a mother is WIC‐eligible at birth, then she is certified for six months of WIC eligibility. If she was not initially eligible but becomes WIC‐eligible in the second postpartum month, she is assigned five months of eligibility. This continues until the sixth month. In the sixth postpartum month, the certification process begins again. If the mother is not breastfeeding in the sixth postpartum month, then the mother is no longer WIC‐eligible. However, if the mother is simulated to be breastfeeding and is WIC‐eligible, then an additional six months of National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐3 eligibility is assigned to the mother. However, if she is not WIC‐eligible in the sixth postpartum month but is still breastfeeding and becomes WIC‐eligible in the seventh postpartum month then five months of eligibility is assigned to the mother. This process continues through the remaining months until her child is one year old. Each simulation produces two weighted counts—total months of WIC eligibility for breastfeeding mothers in the first six months and the second six months. The counts are compared to compute two adjustment factors. One adjustment factor is used to estimate average monthly eligibility for WIC‐eligible mothers of infants under six months old (SIPP,0) and the other is used to estimate eligibility for mothers with infants ages six months to under one year old ( SIPP,6). Each adjustment factor is equal to the eligibility estimate from the simulation of month‐by‐month breastfeeding rates (which decline over the year) divided by the eligibility estimate from the simulation that uses the in‐hospital rates for the first half of the infant’s first year and at the at‐six‐months rate for the second half of the year. Since the simpler assumptions overstate eligibility, the factors are less than 1. The estimation of the three groups of WIC‐eligible mothers can be summarized as ,
1
2
,
,
,
,
1
2
,
,
,
,
1
2
1
,
,
,
,
where EBFPW,0 is equal to the number of WIC‐eligible postpartum women who are breastfeeding during the first six months; EBFPW,6 is equal to the number of WIC‐eligible postpartum women breastfeeding in the second six months; EBFPW is equal to the number of breastfeeding WIC‐eligible postpartum women; and ENBFPW is equal to the number of WIC‐eligible postpartum women who do not breastfeed and are eligible for a maximum of six months. (Note that a separate adjustment factor is not needed for the non‐breastfeeding women. To the extent that the adjustment causes the estimate of breastfeeding mothers in the first six months to fall, the estimate of non‐breastfeeding mothers in the first six months increases.) In all three equations, the ½ reflects the six‐
month period of certification attached to each category since M—the number of mothers of WIC‐eligible infants—reflects an annual average count of mothers. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐4 Recommendations for Improving the Current Methodology These procedures have led researchers to recommend possible use of the National Immunization Survey (NIS) as the source of breastfeeding rates in lieu of the RLMS. The breastfeeding rates in these two surveys display remarkably different trends. While the RLMS breastfeeding rates have shown a downward trend over time, the NIS shows an upward trend. Given the similarity of the NIS with other government surveys (NHANES and others) most observers believe that the RLMS estimates are providing a misleading picture of WIC participants. Switching to the NIS would have the effect of increasing the recent estimates of breastfeeding WIC‐eligible mothers while decreasing the estimates of non‐breastfeeding WIC‐eligible mothers. This option must be carefully considered, however. There are at least three concerns with the NIS data. The first is the fact that mothers are asked to recall breastfeeding information for children who are 19 to 35 months at the time of the interview. This suggests the need to examine the potential recall bias in the NIS. Second, the age range of the children who are the focus of the NIS means that it requires three years of NIS data to estimate the breastfeeding rates of infants born in the same calendar year. This creates a significant time delay in the estimates of breastfeeding rates. For example, the 2009 Report Card on Breastfeeding utilizes data on infants born in 2006. A third concern is the sample size of the NIS. While the NIS is larger today than when it was introduced, the sample size and design may not render it possible to estimate breastfeeding rates at the State level. Prior to any decision about changing the source of breastfeeding rates these issues will need to be addressed. Researchers have also recommended accounting for how factors other than WIC eligibility affect breastfeeding rates. Instead of using a single breastfeeding rate for all WIC‐eligible mothers, this recommendation calls for the application of a multivariate model of breastfeeding patterns. This may be reasonable, but it is not clear that it will markedly improve the accuracy of the estimates for breastfeeding and non‐
breastfeeding WIC‐eligible mothers. What would be improved would be the ability to identify characteristics of the group of WIC‐eligible postpartum women. However, this would come at the cost of annually (or periodically) updating a multivariate model of breastfeeding. This review of the breastfeeding adjusters also leads us to recommend the recalculation of the adjusters derived from SIPP using the latest data. We note that other information affecting the postpartum estimates—the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment applied to infants and the breastfeeding rates over 12 months—has been estimated at different times using different years of data. It is not totally clear how this progression has affected the outcomes over time. Also, we know that adjunctive eligibility through SNAP and Medicaid has been changing in recent years. A complete re‐
estimation of this set of assumptions would provide greater confidence that they do National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐5 indeed represent today's breastfeeding behavior and mothers' income and adjunctive eligibility. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page F‐6 Appendix G Annual‐to‐Monthly Adjustment Factor The annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor is one of several adjustments used to estimate the number of WIC‐eligible infants and young children, following procedures outlined in 2003 by CNSTAT. This factor accounts for the fact that the initial WIC eligibility estimates for infants and young children are based on an annual accounting period (the CPS‐ASEC asks annual income and whether the family ever participated in various programs) with no modeling of intra‐year income fluctuations or periods during which an enrolled infant or child remains eligible regardless of income changes. In reality, families’ incomes may fluctuate during the year; a family with income above 185 percent of the poverty guideline on an annual basis may have had income below that level for part of the year. Further, people remain enrolled during their certification period (12 months for infants and 6 months for children age 1 through 4) even if their circumstances change. As a result, some infants and children not identified as eligible based on annual income and program participation might in fact be eligible if their families applied for benefits in certain months of the year; or they might still be eligible in the early part of a year due to low income at the end of the prior calendar year. The annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor can have a substantial impact on the WIC eligibility estimates. This memorandum examines the apparent changes in this factor over time, and provides recommendations for FNS to consider for future work. The Computation of the Annual‐to‐Monthly Adjustment Factor The annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor has been derived from analysis of data from the SIPP and updated periodically. Separate adjustments are estimated for infants and children to reflect their different eligibility periods. The factors are calculated using two different SIPP‐based WIC eligibility estimates: 

First, an estimate that mimics the type of estimates that can be computed from the CPS‐
ASEC data, with family income and program participation status viewed on a calendar‐
year basis, and with age taken from the March following the calendar year.3 The infant or child is counted as eligible for the entire year. Second, an estimate that takes advantage of the monthly detail available in SIPP, assessing each month’s eligibility based on age, family income, and program participation in that month, and then considering an infant or child eligible for the duration of the certification period. If the end of a certification period occurs during the calendar year, eligibility is re‐assessed to see if eligibility will continue. Because an 11‐
month‐old in January could be eligible based on initial enrollment at birth in February of the prior calendar year, creating this eligibility estimate for a particular calendar year requires SIPP data from February of the prior calendar year. 3
If a child’s family does not have data for that March, the child’s age is taken from the latest month for which the child’s family has data. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐1 The use of monthly income data (in the second estimate) finds more infants and children ever‐
eligible during the calendar year than the use of annual income data (in the first estimate); all those with annual income below 185 percent of the poverty guidelines will have monthly income below that level in at least one month. However, the modeling of certification periods can both increase and decrease the eligibility estimates in average monthly terms. For example, a child with annual income just below 185 percent of the guidelines is considered eligible for 12 months in the first estimate, but if the family’s income only fell below 185% of poverty during October, the second estimate will count this child as eligible for only 3 months of the calendar year. The annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor is the ratio of the estimate including monthly detail and modeling certification periods to the estimate that uses only annual data produces the adjustment factors. Past Estimates and Changes Over Time To date, these adjustment factors have been estimated for 1997 and 1998 (using the 1996 SIPP panel), 2002 (2001 SIPP panel), and 2005 and 2006 (2004 SIPP panel). The SIPP panels provide data for different spans of time, with the 1996 panel continuing for 4 years, the 2001 panel for 3 years, and the 2004 panel for 2.5 years. (After the 2004 panel, the next SIPP panel began interviews in September 2008; it could provide updates to the factor for 2010 through 2013).4 Past WIC eligibility estimates have generally used a simple average of the available factors. (See table G.1.) The estimates for 1994 through 2005 used annual‐to‐monthly factors of 1.28 for infants and 1.10 for children, averaging across the factors computed for calendar years 1997, 1998, and 2002. The 2006 estimates appear to have used the factors of 1.15 and 1.00 computed from 2006 data in the 2004 SIPP panel.5 However, for the 2007 and 2008 WIC eligibility estimates, all five of the previously estimated factors are averaged to produce adjustments of 1.22 for infants and 1.06 for children. 4
Note that the estimates require having 11 months of data prior to the calendar year estimate in order to estimate 12‐month certification. The 2008 panel is currently scheduled to include 17 waves, with the final interviews conducted in January through April 2014, collecting information through at least December 2013 for all rotation groups. 5
We draw this conclusion on the basis of unpublished memoranda that accompanied the submission of the estimates for FNS.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐2 Table G.1 Adjustment Factors for the Impact of Fluctuations in Monthly Income and Certification Periods: SIPP‐based eligibility estimates using annual vs. monthly approach, and resulting factors Infants 1997 1998 2002 2005 2006 Average Annual (% eligible) 44.01 45.77 47.83 52.72 49.16 47.90 Monthly (% eligible) 58.85 56.99 60.61 58.87 56.70 58.40 Factor 1.34 1.25 1.27 1.12 1.15 1.22 Children Annual (% eligible) 48.26 45.45 52.38 55.71 54.23 51.21 Monthly (% eligible) 54.44 51.64 54.67 55.58 54.45 54.15 Factor 1.13 1.14 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.06 Source: various estimates from the SIPP. As the data show, it is unclear whether there is a stable relationship between annual eligibility and monthly eligibility with certification. The adjustment factors for 2005 and 2006 (based on the 2004 SIPP panel) are appreciably lower than the earlier estimates, despite the fact that the same computer program was applied to the SIPP data to compute the adjustments.6 For infants, the 2005 and 2006 estimates are 1.12 and 1.15, compared to prior estimates of 1.34, 1.25, and 1.27. For children, both the 2005 and 2006 estimates are 1.00, compared to prior estimates of 1.13, 1.14, and 1.04. (In fact, for 2005, there was a very small reduction in the percent of children eligible for WIC using monthly income and modeling certification periods compared to the percentage found eligible when the CPS‐ASEC procedures are mimicked. This suggests that the impact of finding some children eligible for only part of the year more than offset any increase in eligible children due to the use of monthly income.) Focusing on two elements that are used to develop the factor—the two different SIPP‐based estimates—table G.1 shows different patterns in the results from the two estimation approaches. The percentages of infants and children eligible for WIC when the annual approach is applied to the SIPP data tend to move upward over the period. The share of infants eligible for WIC increases from 44 to 53 percent over the 1997 to 2005 period and declines to 49 percent in 2006. The share of young children eligible for WIC increases from 48 to 56 percent from 1997 to 2005 and declines to 54 percent in 2006. 6
The computer code was originally written by Sandra Nelson at the Urban Institute, under an earlier contract. We were informed by FNS that MPR did not change any of the computer code. Methods for extracting/preparing SIPP data would also affect results. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐3 In contrast, the percentages of infants and children eligible according to the SIPP‐based monthly estimates show no clear pattern over the period. Possible Reasons for the Changes The changes in the factors over time raise questions about the most appropriate adjustments to use for current and future estimates. The past practice of averaging the factors was based on the assumption that changes from one estimate to another were due in large part to sampling variability, with no systematic trend. The SIPP has a smaller sample than the CPS‐ASEC (44,000 families were interviewed in the first wave of the 2004 panel, compared with 76,000 households in the ASEC data covering CY 2004), and at least some portion of the year‐to‐year changes is due to sampling variability. However, if there are other reasons for the changes in the adjustment factors, it would be preferable to use only the most current factor or an average of a small number of recent factors, rather than an average of the full set of factors back to 1997. Further, if differences are due to any underlying issues related to the SIPP data that might also suggest a modified approach to obtaining the factors used for future WIC eligibility estimates. Given the small number of years for which this factor has been computed, it is not possible to draw strong conclusions about whether the changes in the factor are due to sampling variability or something more systematic. However, below we explore three possible reasons for systematic differences in the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factors: issues related to the SIPP data, trends in adjunctive eligibility, and real‐world changes in income volatility. (1) Issues Related to the SIPP Sample Data. The SIPP interviews a group of families (a “panel”) for multiple years, and substantial numbers of SIPP respondents do not complete all waves of interviews. Total sample loss rates were 36 percent for the 1996 panel (after 12 waves), 32 percent for the 2001 panel (after 9 waves), and 37 percent for the 2004 panel (after 12 waves).7 The families who leave may differ systematically from those who stay in the sample, and the Census Bureau attempts to compensate for this possibility through changes to the weights. Nevertheless, a panel of experts examining SIPP for the NRC lists “possible biases resulting from attrition” as a major weakness of the survey (Citro and Scholz 2009). Since attrition cumulates throughout a panel, this could be a source of the differences between two factors computed from the same panel’s data, with factors for years closer to the start of a panel having less potential for being affected by attrition bias than factors for years farther from the start of a panel. The within‐panel variation in the adjustment factor could also be affected if respondents continue to participate, but if over time the quality of their reports decreases, perhaps due to “sample fatigue.” However, table G.1 shows no clear pattern suggesting an impact from attrition bias or changed reporting behavior; from 1997 to 1998 (1996 panel), the infant factor falls but the child factor is almost unchanged; from 2005 to 2006 the infant factor rises very slightly but the child factor is unchanged. Different patterns might be seen if estimates were produced for each year across a longer panel (such as the current 2008 panel). 7
See “SIPP User’s Guide, Sample Design and Interview Procedures,” at http://www.census.gov/sipp/usrguide/ch2_nov20.pdf. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐4 (2) Trends in Adjunctive Eligibility. Both the annual and monthly percentages include the impact of both income and adjunctive eligibility. It is possible that expansions over time in the programs that confer adjunctive eligibility may have resulted in changes in the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor. In brief, it appears plausible that as more individuals are identified as adjunctively eligible, there is a smaller difference (or no difference) between an eligibility estimate based on annualized SIPP data and an eligibility estimate using monthly SIPP data and modeling of certification periods. We know that changes in adjunctive eligibility have been affecting the number of WIC‐eligible individuals from the annual CPS data. This change is particularly evident in adjunctive eligibility due to Medicaid coverage. From 2000 through 2008, for example, the number of children adjunctively eligible due to Medicaid on an annual basis (from the CPS estimates) increased from 0.722 to 1.307 million, increasing WIC child eligibles by 17 to 25 percent over the period (see table G.2). The number of infants adjunctively eligible also rose, from 272,000 to 424,000. Table G.2 Trends in Income and Adjunctive Eligibility, Annual ASEC Data, Selected Yearsa, b (50 States and the District of Columbia) Number eligible due to annual income, Medicaid enrollment, and SNAP enrollment (thousands) 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1460 197 22 1564 272 47 1445 225 48 1706 271 50 1689 304 49 1704 362 53 1799 346 51 1721 424 109 1843 360 83 Income‐eligible 6097 5652 6181 6221 Medicaid 497 722 1021 1162 SNAP 157 147 209 170 Sources: Compiled from prior years’ estimations. 6352 1104 215 6360 1211 153 6555 1230 158 6871 1307 288 7594 1364 305 Infants Income‐eligible Medicaid SNAP Children Notes: a
These are not final eligibility estimates for each year; instead they show results from interim steps in determining total eligibility. They exclude adjunctive eligibility due to TANF and estimates of eligibility in the territories. b
Adjunctive eligibility is estimated sequentially, counting first the impact of TANF enrollment, then the additional infants and children eligible due to SNAP enrollment, and finally the additional impact of Medicaid. It is possible that families eligible through SNAP, for example, also would have been eligible through Medicaid. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐5 Since the CNSTAT made the recommendation to adjust WIC eligibles to account for monthly eligibility and certification periods, numerous changes have been made to the Medicaid program pertaining to coverage for low‐income children. In 1997, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) passed, extending coverage to most children living in families with income below 200 percent of poverty. States could extend coverage either through their Medicaid program, a separate CHIP program, or both. Coverage through Medicaid, even if extended through CHIP, confers adjunctive eligibility for WIC. Eligibility for Medicaid varies for infants, young children, and pregnant women, and Medicaid income eligibility has been expanding over time. In 1998, nine States (Alaska, California, Illinois, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Washington, and Vermont) had income eligibility limits above those used in the WIC program (including 300 percent of poverty in New Hampshire and 400 percent of poverty in Tennessee) for pregnant women and infants.8 Just five States (Alaska, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, and Washington) had these income limits for children under age six. Additional States had expansions through waivers (Hawaii, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and New Jersey) that expanded income eligibility limits above 185 percent of poverty. CHIP has been reauthorized several times since the original legislation. The most recent legislation in 2009 allows States to set eligibility for children in families at 250 percent of poverty and higher. The number of States with the higher Medicaid‐CHIP income thresholds has increased over time.9 By January 2011, 19 States (Alaska, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, and South Carolina) had Medicaid‐CHIP income eligibility limits above 185 percent of poverty for infants, and 12 States (Alaska, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wisconsin) had such limits for children age 1 through 5.10 Clearly, there has been a growing gap between Medicaid and WIC income eligibility limits over time. As Medicaid has expanded to cover more children, more will gain WIC eligibility through adjunctive Medicaid eligibility based on their annual reports of insurance coverage. It is therefore likely that dips in income during the year that may initiate a Medicaid spell and therefore WIC eligibility are becoming less important over time. Adjunctive eligibility due to SNAP enrollment, also shown above, presents a less clear trend over the 2000 through 2006 period. However, the increases in 2008, corresponding with the huge SNAP caseload increases during the recession, are pronounced. Both economic and program factors were 8
See the rules from the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid, “Medicaid Eligibility for Families and Children, http://www.kff.org/medicaid/2106‐eligibility5.cfm. 9
While States’ CHIP programs have changed over time as to whether they are expansions of Medicaid or separate, the trend in Medicaid has been an expansion of the number of States with higher income eligibility limits. For example, 25 States had Medicaid income limits above 185 percent of poverty for infants in 2008 and 13 States had higher income limits for children (Besharov 2009). 10
From the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid, http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparereport.jsp?rep=76&cat=4&gsa=2.
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐6 affecting SNAP caseloads during this period. Eligibility increased in 2001 through 2003 as unemployment increased, and then declined in 2005 and 2006 as the unemployment rate declined (Leftin 2010). SNAP access and participation have increased. Since passage of the 2002 Farm Bill in particular, States have increased outreach efforts and improved access through program simplifications. Most States have modified reporting requirements and recertification procedures to help families maintain their eligibility and benefit levels. Many States have adopted categorical eligibility for SNAP (26 States by 2008) that provides eligibility to families with children receiving any TANF‐funded services. We expect that these SNAP program changes have and will continue to increase the share of low‐income families with children that receive SNAP during the year and gain WIC eligibility through adjunctive eligibility. In 2008, the SNAP program’s benefit receipt rate—the benefits actually provided as a percentage of all the benefits for which households were eligible—was 84 percent, more than 2 percentage points higher than in 2007 and an increase of 19 percentage points from 2001 (Leftin 2010). Among children eligible for any amount of SNAP benefits, the 2008 program participation rate is 86 percent. An increase in the number of families participating in SNAP or Medicaid over a 12‐month period will increase the annual WIC eligibility estimates and likely narrow the annual‐to‐monthly ratio. More children live in families with SNAP or have Medicaid coverage during the year, and the refinements in eligibility estimation due to using monthly income and modeling certification periods make less of a difference. This suggests that the newer factors may be more appropriate for future estimates than continued use of the factors that were estimated using data from years with lower SNAP and Medicaid enrollment. (3) Changing income volatility. If there have been actual changes in income volatility over time, those changes could lead to changes in the computed annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor. If more (fewer) families with infants and young children have incomes that dip below the WIC eligibility income standards sometime during the year but have annual incomes above the WIC eligibility standard, the monthly to annual factors will be higher (lower) as more infants and children gain eligibility due to a change in income during the year. To the extent the factor has changed due to actual changes in income volatility, that would suggest that use of newer factors is more appropriate than continued use of older factors. However, there is little evidence about how patterns of income have been changing.11 Acs, Loprest, and Nichols (2009) analyzed the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels to examine volatility in income during the year. They focused on adults age 25 through 61 and income drops of 50 percent or more. The authors document that drops in income are common (one in eight families experiences drops in a single year) and more common among families in the lowest and highest income deciles (one in five experiences drops during the year). The authors find some evidence that large declines in income were 11
We have read a lot recently about increasing volatility of income over the period from 1970 through 2004, but this reflects annual income volatility and does not necessarily reflect within‐year volatility. A number of studies find that the volatility of family income has risen over time (consistently and modestly) over the 1970–2004 time frame (Gosselin and Zimmerman 2008; Dynan, Elmendorf, and Sichel 2007).
National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐7 more common in 2001 (a recession year) than in 1996 and 2004, but they find little difference in the subsequent chance of recovery after a large income drop in these years. The adjustment factors computed to date do not show a strong relationship with the overall economic situation; comparing the factors for 2002 (a recession year) with the 1998 factors, the factor for infants increased only slightly, and the factor for children fell. Summary and Recommendations The estimates of the annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factor have ranged from 1.12 (2005) to 1.34 (1997) for infants, and from 1.0 (2005 and 2006) to 1.14 (1998) for young children. Some portion of the differences is likely due to sampling variability in the SIPP data underlying the estimates. Considering possible systematic differences, it is possible that SIPP sample attrition makes estimates from earlier in a panel more reliable than those from later in a panel; however, only the infant estimates from the 1996 panel show a large within‐panel difference. It is also possible that real‐world changes in income volatility play a role, but the estimates to date do not show an obvious pattern with the economic cycle, perhaps because of other influences also at work. We believe there is strong evidence that changes over time in Medicaid and SNAP eligibility and outreach policies have affected the computation of the factor. In brief, it appears that as more infants and children with family incomes above WIC limits are enrolled in Medicaid or SNAP, the impact of intra‐
year income fluctuations is lessened. This suggests that newer estimates of the adjustment factor may be more appropriate for future WIC eligibility estimation than the use of an average factor that incorporates data from before the Medicaid and SNAP expansions. With that in mind, we offer the following recommendations: 1) The annual‐to‐monthly factor should be recomputed regularly when a new SIPP panel becomes available. Regular updates will capture the impact of changes in SNAP and Medicaid adjunctive eligibility as well as changes in the economy (changes in the unemployment rate that could affect intra‐year income volatility). Updating the factor will also help to capture changes associated with States using the new option (effective in 2011) to extend the certification period for young children from 6 months to 12 months. In the next updates, the estimates that use the monthly detail and that apply certification periods could be performed two ways—once with a 6‐month certification period for all young children, and again with either the 6‐month or 12‐month period depending on a child’s State of residence. The first estimate could be used to construct the adjustment for use in the 2010 eligibility estimate (before the option was implemented); and the second estimate could be used for the 2011 WIC eligibility estimates. 2) The interim steps in the monthly eligibility estimates should be documented and validated. The estimates should provide the underlying counts of infants and children. The effects of adjunctive eligibility, separately due to SNAP, Medicaid, and TANF, should be provided. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐8 3) After recomputing the factor with newer data, analysis should be conducted of how to incorporate newly estimated factors in the WIC eligibility estimates. Options include the current approach of averaging the factors over a long time series; using the most recent factor; or a hybrid approach such as a weighted average that gives greater weight to the most recent years. A factor estimated for 2010 will presumably reflect that year’s very high unemployment. Also, as more States have adopted higher income eligibility limits in their Medicaid programs as a result of the most recent reauthorization of CHIP, the adjunctive eligibility effects observed in earlier years may no longer be accurate. We recommend considering the pros and cons of using 2010 factors by themselves, averaged with all prior factors, or using a weighted average that gives greater weights to the more recent years. The next opportunity for an update will be for 2010, using data for 2009 and 2010 from the 2008 SIPP panel. (As discussed above, the computation of the factor requires data for 11 months prior to the calendar year of interest, due to one‐year certification periods.) The SAS program would need to be changed to disaggregate results. Also, results would need to be validated with the 2010 CPS results. The estimates for 2010 will represent a high‐unemployment year and should be used cautiously over the economic cycle. FNS should give some consideration to separate estimates for regions in the United States. Currently, the same annual‐to‐monthly adjustment factors are being used in developing State WIC eligibility estimates. Yet, we know that different States have adopted different SNAP and Medicaid policies and adjunctive eligibility will have different effects across the country. Program participation rates also vary across regions.12 Also, the country has experienced the recession in different ways. The SIPP could support annual to monthly eligibility factors for the FNS regions. 12
See http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/Published/snap/FILES/Participation/Reaching2008.pdf for documentation of SNAP participation by region and http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?ind=868&cat=4 for State and regional Medicaid/CHIP participation rates. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐9 References Acs, Gregory, Pamela Loprest, and Austin Nichols. 2009. “Risk and Recovery: Understanding the Changing Risks to Family Incomes.” Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. Low‐Income Working Families Paper 14. Besharov, Douglas and Douglas Call. 2009. “The Expansion of WIC Eligibility and Enrollment: Good Intentions, Uncontrolled Local Discretion and Compliant Federal Officials.” Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Citro, Constance F. and John Karl Scholz (Eds.) 2009. Reengineering the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council. Dynan, Karen, Douglas Elmendorf, and Daniel Sichel. 2007. “The Evolution of Household Income Volatility.” Finance and Economics Series, Federal Reserve Board. Washington, D.C.: Federal Reserve. Gosselin, Peter and Seth Zimmerman. 2008. “Trends in Income Volatility and Risk, 1970‐2004.” Urban Institute Working Paper. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. Leftin, Joshua. 2010. “Trends in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Rates: 2001 to 2008.” A Report to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. Washington, D.C.: Mathematica Policy Research. Zebel, J.E. 1994. “An Analysis of Attrition in the PSID and SIPP with an Application to a Model of Labor Market Behavior.” Census Bureau Working Paper No. 191. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page G‐10 Appendix H Coverage Rate Maps The maps in this appendix display WIC coverage rates at the State and regional levels over the period 2000 through 2009. A coverage rate is defined here as the number of individuals participating in the WIC program divided by the number estimated to be eligible. For 2008 and 2009, rates are shown at the regional level for all participants and for each of four subgroups—infants, children, pregnant women, and postpartum women. Coverage rates are shown at the State level for the years 2000 through 2009 for all participants combined. The maps are listed individually below. FNS Region Level Coverage Rate, 2008  H.1 – All Groups  H.2 – Infants  H.3 – Children  H.4 – Pregnant Women  H.5 – Postpartum Women FNS Region Level Coverage Rate, 2009  H.6 – All Groups  H.7 – Infants  H.8 – Children  H.9 – Pregnant Women  H.10 – Postpartum Women State Level Coverage Rate, All Groups  H.11 – 2000  H.12 – 2001  H.13 – 2002  H.14 – 2003  H.15 – 2004  H.16 – 2005  H.17 – 2006  H.18 – 2007  H.19 – 2008  H.20 – 2009 National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐1 Figure H.1 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2008 Northeast
64.9%
Western
70.6%
Mountain Plains
54.2%
Midwest
59.3%
Mid-Atlantic
64.8%
Southeast
58.9%
Southwest
59.0%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐2 Figure H.2 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2008 Northeast
89.1%
Western
88.2%
Mountain Plains
73.0%
Midwest
83.4%
Mid-Atlantic
88.4%
Southeast
85.0%
Southwest
81.3%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐3 Figure H.3 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Children by FNS Region, CY 2008 Northeast
53.1%
Western
60.9%
Mountain Plains
44.8%
Midwest
48.5%
Mid-Atlantic
53.5%
Southeast
46.2%
Southwest
47.7%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐4 Figure H.4 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2008 Northeast
71.7%
Western
75.5%
Mountain Plains
55.8%
Midwest
65.9%
Mid-Atlantic
70.7%
Southeast
66.0%
Southwest
67.6%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐5 Figure H.5 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2008 Northeast
84.6%
Western
89.0%
Mountain Plains
71.9%
Midwest
70.9%
Mid-Atlantic
87.6%
Southeast
81.1%
Southwest
77.7%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐6 Figure H.6 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2009 Northeast
63.7%
Western
68.2%
Mountain Plains
52.8%
Midwest
57.3%
Mid-Atlantic
62.6%
Southeast
57.0%
Southwest
61.2%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐7 Figure H.7 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2009 Northeast
86.3%
Western
86.0%
Mountain Plains
74.0%
Midwest
80.7%
Mid-Atlantic
83.1%
Southeast
81.5%
Southwest
85.2%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐8 Figure H.8 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Children by FNS Region, CY 2009 Northeast
52.5%
Western
59.3%
Mountain Plains
43.5%
Midwest
47.2%
Mid-Atlantic
53.2%
Southeast
45.8%
Southwest
49.1%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐9 Figure H.9 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2009 Northeast
71.1%
Western
74.2%
Mountain Plains
58.4%
Midwest
67.1%
Mid-Atlantic
67.9%
Southeast
64.7%
Southwest
71.8%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐10 Figure H.10 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2009 Northeast
88.6%
Western
85.6%
Mountain Plains
65.2%
Midwest
69.5%
Mid-Atlantic
80.6%
Southeast
77.4%
Southwest
85.0%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐11 Figure H.11 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2000 54.3%
71.2%
55.7%
66.6%
61.7%
57.3% 56.2% 48.7%
56.7%
62.8%
62.0%
54.4%
52.6%
48.9%
52.9%
61.5%
59.1%
43.0%
47.1% 49.5%
43.0%
61.1%
72.8% 41.2%
58.2%
49.6%
51.5%
58.5%
48.3%
55.1% 61.3%
58.4%
52.3%
56.6%
53.9% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
67.2%
VT: 69.1%
NH: 48.9%
MA: 62.7%
RI: 65.8%
CT: 48.1%
NJ: 52.7%
DE: 52.0%
MD: 47.4%
DC: 73.0%
62.4% 47.2% 55.1%
60.8%
41.2% - 47.4%
50.1%
47.5% - 52.9%
46.4%
60.2%
53.0% - 58.5%
58.6% - 62.8%
62.9% - 73.0%
Source: 2001 CPS‐ASEC, 2000 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐12 Figure H.12 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2001 56.5%
78.1%
50.2%
52.3%
68.2%
64.1% 58.3% 48.8%
52.7%
62.1%
57.2%
56.1%
46.7%
48.4%
57.9%
55.0%
53.8%
42.7%
48.6% 49.6%
45.8%
54.8%
69.8% 41.7%
66.0%
49.2%
46.6%
57.9%
49.5%
54.9% 53.4%
59.9%
50.3%
52.0%
53.5% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
60.1%
VT: 65.0%
NH: 47.4%
MA: 68.1%
RI: 61.2%
CT: 55.3%
NJ: 52.3%
DE: 48.5%
MD: 53.5%
DC: 55.1%
56.4% 49.7% 49.6%
60.3%
41.7% - 42.7%
47.4%
42.8% - 50.3%
48.2%
63.2%
50.4% - 57.2%
57.3% - 65.0%
65.1% - 78.1%
Source: 2002 CPS‐ASEC, 2001 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐13 Figure H.13 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2002 59.3%
72.1%
48.6%
50.4%
66.7%
62.1% 65.7
47.2%
54.3%
59.6%
52.0%
56.4%
56.4%
59.0%
41.8%
58.6%
58.6%
54.8%
49.9%
49.1% 48.4%
46.3%
74.4% 45.8%
58.0%
49.4%
43.3%
60.8%
51.0%
57.6% 49.3%
61.9%
48.9%
59.4%
52.8% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
58.6%
VT:72.4%
NH: 51.9%
MA: 68.4%
RI: 64.3%
CT: 54.1%
NJ: 54.2%
DE: 55.5%
MD: 50.6%
DC 56.3%
57.2% 54.1% 53.3%
61.4%
41.8% - 47.2%
50.9%
48.8%
47.3% - 52.0%
62.6%
52.1% - 57.2%
57.3% - 64.3%
64.4% - 74.4%
Source: 2003 CPS‐ASEC, 2002 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐14 Figure H.14 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2003 59.7%
67.7%
52.3%
52.4%
74.8%
75.2% 58.2% 44.7%
54.3%
63.2%
55.9%
56.2%
60.4%
53.8%
62.7% 55.3%
58.6%
45.7%
49.3% 45.6%
44.9%
52.4%
69.8% 44.0%
61.4%
48.4%
47.9%
52.7%
49.9%
52.2% 56.1%
57.3%
48.5%
55.8%
51.5% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
54.1%
57.7% 55.0%
VT: 67.9%
NH: 52.0%
MA: 65.1%
RI: 64.6%
CT: 53.3%
NJ: 51.6%
DE: 53.5%
MD: 57.4%
DC 56.2%
50.0%
57.5%
44.0% - 49.3%
48.7%
47.4%
49.4% - 54.3%
67.7%
54.4% - 59.7%
59.8% - 65.1%
65.2% - 75.2%
Source: 2004 CPS‐ASEC, 2003 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐15 Figure H.15 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2004 60.4%
70.3%
50.7%
53.8%
68.4%
69.8% 64.0% 43.3%
57.0%
61.5%
55.8%
64.2%
54.5%
60.0%
40.0%
50.8% 50.0%
45.5%
60.3%
56.6
56.3%
52.3
69.7% 44.1%
63.8%
62.5%
47.5%
56.6%
48.4
55.5% 50.4%
62.3%
49.9%
54.5%
52.0% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
52.8%
55.2% 53.0%
VT: 71.4%
NH: 46.4%
MA: 69.0%
RI: 59.5%
CT: 52.8%
NJ: 57.4%
DE: 50.5%
MD: 53.7%
DC: 54.8%
50.6%
59.0%
40.0% - 46.4%
49.7%
46.5% - 53.0%
49.5%
70.9%
53.1% - 57.4%
57.5% - 64.2%
64.3% - 71.4%
Source: 2005 CPS‐ASEC, 2004 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐16 Figure H.16 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2005 60.8%
65.8%
57.0%
54.8%
69.5%
73.5% 67.6% 46.3%
57.9%
53.4%
55.1%
59.9% 55.4%
57.2%
46.4%
49.0% 48.2%
46.7%
62.0%
69.0% 41.0%
63.0%
55.4%
50.4%
51.1%
58.2%
50.9%
52.4%
51.1%
51.7%
63.0%
55.1%
WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
41.0% - 48.2%
61.2%
57.5%
61.7%
51.3
51.2% 50.0%
VT: 69.6%
NH: 50.2%
MA: 63.0%
RI: 61.9%
CT: 52.4%
NJ: 53.1%
DE: 54.2%
MD: 56.4%
DC: 53.0%
52.5%
57.8%
49.2%
48.3% - 53.4%
46.5%
53.5% - 58.2%
72.5%
58.3% - 65.8%
65.9% - 73.5%
Source: 2006 CPS‐ASEC, 2005 ACS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐17 Figure H.17 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2006 61.1%
64.8%
55.7%
48.7%
69.9%
75.9% 65.8% 48.8%
56.7%
63.6%
55.0%
53.7%
54.0%
58.3%
49.6%
50.0% 50.4%
41.7%
57.8%
42.6%
70.6%
58.7%
57.6%
49.0%
56.0%
49.4%
49.3% 54.6%
67.8%
50.5%
51.5%
49.8% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
41.7% - 45.8%
59.8%
56.4%
58.4%
50.9%
50.2% 53.4%
VT: 72.7%
NH: 45.8%
MA: 65.1%
RI: 60.5%
CT: 53.5%
NJ: 57.1%
DE: 60.2%
MD: 61.9%
DC: 56.4%
51.4%
56.6%
42.2%
45.9% - 51.5%
46.9%
51.6% - 58.7%
80.5%
58.8% - 65.8%
65.9% - 80.5%
Source: 2007 CPS‐ASEC, 2006 ACS, 2006 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐18 Figure H.18 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2007 62.0%
71.7%
48.6%
54.5%
65.2%
80.8% 69.4%
49.4%
59.3%
60.8
63.2%
58.2%
54.9%
55.2%
59.7% 56.8%
59.8%
47.9%
50.9% 51.4%
45.3%
62.0%
42.5%
76.3%
60.2%
57.9%
52.2%
55.2%
52.6%
51.6% 51.2%
52.8%
49.6% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
42.5% - 48.6%
56.7%
65.3%
53.3%
55.0% 53.6%
VT: 69.3%
NH: 50.5%
MA: 69.8%
RI: 66.4%
CT: 55.0%
NJ: 57.0%
DE: 53.3%
MD: 65.9%
DC: 63.7%
53.2%
57.9
51.5%
48.7% - 53.6%
55.2%
53.7% - 59.3%
76.5%
59.4% - 66.4%
66.5% - 80.8%
Source: 2008 CPS‐ASEC, 2007 ACS, 2007 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐19 Figure H.19 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2008 68.7%
71.4%
50.5%
55.4%
59.6%
81.4% 66.0% 50.4%
61.4%
61.2%
56.4%
64.9%
57.1%
63.6%
55.3%
73.5%
65.7%
57.1%
57.4%
52.4% 54.4%
45.8%
48.7%
76.6%
68.1%
61.5%
52.0%
60.6%
52.3%
53.5% 60.7%
64.6%
57.2%
53.9%
52.4% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
58.9%
61.5% 59.8%
VT: 80.8%
NH: 53.5%
MA: 66.3%
RI: 80.8%
CT: 56.4%
NJ: 60.0%
DE: 66.7%
MD: 74.6%
DC: 70.2%
57.7%
61.0%
45.8% - 52.4%
54.0%
52.5% - 57.7%
60.5%
80.3%
57.8% - 63.6%
63.7% - 71.4%
71.5% - 81.4%
Source: 2009 CPS‐ASEC, 2008 ACS, 2008 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐20 Figure H.20 ­ WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2009 65.3%
60.2%
45.9%
52.0%
60.3%
73.5% 65.1% 50.7%
60.1%
53.8%
53.5%
60.7% 56.8%
60.5%
53.9%
66.1%
64.7%
56.5%
52.1%
50.8% 54.6%
47.3%
73.7% 48.5%
64.0%
60.7%
52.7%
62.5%
52.1%
52.2% 56.8%
64.5%
55.4%
53.7%
55.7% WIC Coverage Rate,
All Participants
56.7%
VT: 76.3%
NH: 59.4%
MA: 65.1%
RI: 63.1%
CT: 58.0%
NJ: 57.7%
DE: 61.2%
MD: 70.5%
DC: 76.2%
55.5% 58.7% 56.2%
62.8%
45.9% - 52.7%
58.6%
57.8%
52.8% - 56.8%
78.7%
56.9% - 61.2%
61.3% - 66.1%
66.2% - 78.7%
Source: 2010 CPS‐ASEC, 2009 ACS, 2009 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data National‐ and State‐Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices Page H‐21