viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
Thesis Title
i
Declaration
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract (English)
vi
Abstrak (Bahasa Melayu)
vii
Table of Contents
viii
List of Tables
xv
List of Figures
xviii
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
List of Symbols
xxiv
List of Appendices
xxv
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction
1
1.2 Statement of the Problem
4
1.3 Research Hypothesis
4
1.4 Research Questions
5
1.5 Research Gap
6
1.6 Research Objective
7
1.7 Scope and Limitations
7
1.8 Significance of the Research
9
ix
1.9
2
Research Position
10
1.10 Thesis Organization
10
1.11 Conclusion
12
TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN BANGLADESH
13
2.1
13
Introduction
2.2 History of Traditional house
2.3
2.4
14
2.2.1 Transformation of Houses Through Ages
17
Use of Local available Material
18
2.3.1 Kutcha House
18
2.3.2 Semi-Pucca house
19
Different region According to Climatic Zone have
19
Different Type of Traditional House
2.5
2.6
Description of Different Types of Traditional Houses
22
2.5.1 Mud House
22
2.5.2 Bamboo House
27
2.5.3 Timber House
31
2.5.4 Stilts house
32
Significant common feature of traditional house in
37
Bangladesh
2.6.1 Arrangement of the traditional in Bangladesh
37
2.6.2 Upper space
37
2.6.3 Traditional houses are rebuiltable structure
41
2.6.4 Windows of traditional house
41
2.6.5 Elevated house
42
2.7
Upper space design from user demand
43
2.8
The Reason of Selection of the Stilts House for this
44
Research
2.9
Conclusion
47
x
3
4
CLIMATE OF BANGLADESH
48
3.1
48
Introduction
3.2 Climate of Bangladesh: Classification and Outline
49
3.3
Climatic Regions of Bangladesh
52
3.3.1 South-eastern Zone
54
3.3.2 North-eastern Zone
54
3.3.3 Northern part of the northern region
54
3.3.4 North-western Zone
54
3.3.5 Western Zone
54
3.3.6 South-western Zone
55
3.3.7 South-central Zone
55
3.4
Urban Climatic Elements of Dhaka City
55
3.5
Temperature
56
3.6
Relative Humidity
59
3.7
Rainfall
61
3.8
Wind speed and direction
63
3.9 Solar Radiation
66
3.10 Conclusion
70
PREVIOUS STUDY ON CLIMATE OF DHAKA CITY
71
4.1
Historical Background of Dhaka City
71
4.2
The Impact of Urbanization on Microclimate of Dhaka
72
4.3
Historical Studies on Climate
74
4.4
Previous Studies on Micro-Climates in Dhaka City
76
4.5
Climatic Comfort
80
4.6
Definition and Concepts of Comfort
81
4.7 Previous Research on Indoor Comfort
82
4.8
The Indoor Comfort Zone
86
4.8.1 Summer Comfort Zone
88
4.9
The Outdoor Comfort
89
xi
4.10
5
6
4.9.1 Air temperature
89
4.9.2 Radiation
90
4.9.3 Relative Humidity
90
4.9.4 Airflow
90
4.9.5 Comfort Zone for Outdoors
91
Conclusion
92
METHODOLOGY
93
5.1
Introduction
93
5.2
Objective of the Field Study
95
5.3
Historical background of the Test House
95
5.4
Selection of particular Test House
97
5.5 Description of the Test House
97
5.6
100
Instrumentation
5.7 Installation of the Data Loggers
102
5.8
Methodology of Data Collection
103
5.9
Impact of the surrounding
107
5.10 Conclusion
109
PERFORMANCE OF TRADITIONAL HOUSE AT
110
DHAKA CITY
6.1
Introduction
110
6.2
Comparative study of Field measurement and
110
Meteorological data.
6.3
6.2.1 Winter season
111
6.2.2 Summer season
112
Field Study
113
6.4 Field Study Result : Comparative study of Air
114
Temperature of the Test House to justify role of upper
space
6.4.1
Winter Season
114
xii
6.4.1.1 Analyzing air temperature during Himalayan
115
cold wind flow period for selected Days (12
and 13 January)
6.4.1.2 Analyzing air temperature during Termination
118
of Himalayan cold wind flow period for
selected Days (18 and 19 January)
6.4.1.3 Analyzing air temperature for selected days
120
under common weather condition for winter
season (20and 21 January, 10 February and 27
and 28 February)
6.4.2 Summer Season
6.4.2.1 Field study result of 7th March and 8th March
122
123
without any opening in upper space during
summer season
6.4.2.2 Field study result from 1st April to 2nd April
126
with 25% (percent) window opening in upper
space
6.4.2.3 Field study result of 7th and 8th May, 14th and
128
15th June and 19th and 20th June with, 75 %
(percent) opening in upper space in summer
season
6.5
Performance Evaluation of Daily Day Maximum and
131
Minimum Temperature with respect to Thermal Comfort
Temperature Range
6.5.1 Evaluate Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature
131
in Winter Season
6.5.2 Evaluate Maximum and minimum temperature in
133
Summer Season
6.6
Comparative Study of Temperature difference between
Indoor maximum, Outdoor maximum and Upper
maximum for selected days.
135
xiii
6.7 Comparative study of winter and summer season at 6.00am
136
and 6.00 pm
6.7.1 Winter Season with 0% window opening in upper
137
space
6.7.2 Summer Season with 0% window opening in upper
138
space
6.7.3 Summer Season with 75% window opening in upper
140
space
6.8
Study of Comfort Zone Analysis of Winter and Summer
142
season
6.8.1 Evaluation of Indoor Comfort during Summer Season
6.9
143
6.8.2 Evaluation of Indoor Comfort during Winter Season
145
Role of Upper space during Winter and Summer seasons
146
6.9.1 Winter season during Himalayan Cold Wind flow
146
6.9.2 Winter season during common Weather Condition
147
6.9.3 Summer season during 0% opening in Upper space
149
6.9.4 Summer season during 25%and 75% opening in
150
Upper space
7
6.10 Conclusion
151
CONCLUSION
153
7.1
153
Review of Thesis Objectives and Research Questions
7.2 Thesis Conclusion
7.2.1
The vital role of upper space with diurnal variation
of ambient environment
7.2.2
The thermal performance of traditional house in
154
154
155
Bangladesh which is influenced by the upper space
during winter and summer season with different
percentage of window opening
7.2.3
The traditional house in context of dense Dhaka city
158
still comfortable for summer and winter
7.3
Research result
159
xiv
7.4
Suggestions for Further Research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
160
161
APPENDICES
A
Equipment Details
166
B
Data From HOBO Data Logger
171
C
Bangladesh Meteorological Department Weather Data
184
D
Per minute temperature Data
187
E
Previous Study
192
F
Publications
198
xv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Name and description of different types of traditional houses
15
2.2
State of houses by materials of walls and roofs in Dhaka city
45
3.1
Classification of the seasons and weather condition of
52
Bangladesh
3.2
Air temperature profile of Dhaka city year 1950-1980
56
3.3
Air temperature profile of Dhaka city year 1981-1990
57
3.4
Air temperature profile of Dhaka city year 1991-2000
57
3.5
Air temperature profile of Dhaka City year 2002-2006
57
3.6
Monthly and annual mean relative humidity of Dhaka city
60
for 1950 –2006
3.7
Monthly and annual mean rainfall of Dhaka city for 1950 –
62
2006
3.8
Average reduction factors for wind in different location
64
3.9
Monthly mean prevailing wind speed and direction of Dhaka
64
city
3.10
Monthly global solar radiation between BUET and
67
Meteorological Department of Dhaka
3.11
Monthly global solar radiation, Diffuse radiation and Direct
68
radiation of Dhaka city
4.1
Temperature difference between Dhaka city and Tangail
(rural area)
73
xvi
4.2
Changes in mean monthly temperature and humidity of
74
Dhaka City
4.3
Karmokar et. al’s research methodology and findings
77
4.4
Hossain et al’s research methodology and findings
78
4.5
Hossain et al’s research methodology and findings
79
4.6
Khaleque et. al’s research methodology and findings
80
4.7
Comparative study of various thermal indices and calculated
83
their range of application
4.8
Discomfort index for Dhaka
84
4.9
Previous study of Indoor comfort temperatures
85
5.1
The seasons and months of Bangladesh with climatic
104
condition
5.2
Tabular output method of climatic data for the test room of
106
the traditional house
6.1
The season and the percentage of the window opening in
113
upper space
6.2
General weather condition of Dhaka in winter season (2007)
115
6.3
Air temperature difference during Himalayan cold wind flow
116
period for selected Days (12 and 13 January)
6.4
Air temperature difference during termination of Himalayan
118
cold wind flow period for selected Days (18 and 19 January)
6.5
Air temperature difference under common condition during
120
rest of winter period for selected days of January and
February
6.6
Common weather condition of Dhaka in summer according
123
to BMD
6.7
Air temperature difference, under common condition during
summer for selected days without window opening in the
upper space
124
xvii
6.8
Air temperature difference under common condition during
126
summer periods for selected days with 25 % window
opening in the upper space in the upper space.
6.9
Air temperature difference under general condition during
129
summer period for selected days with 75 % window Opening
in the upper space
6.10
Tabular format of indoor temperature within comfort range
134
for summer season
6.11
Selected days temperature difference between 6am to 6pm
138
6.12
Selected days temperature difference at 6am and 6pm
139
6.13
Selected days temperature difference at 6am and 6pm
141
6.14
Tabular format of duration time and hour of indoor space
142
thermal comfort environment
6.15
Relation between temperature difference of indoor, outdoor
152
and upper space with different percentage of window
opening in upper space
7.1
Tabular format of minimum and maximum temperature in
156
both seasons of indoor, outdoor and upper space
7.2
Daily Maximum and minimum temperature difference with
157
different percentage of upper space window opening in
winter and summer season
7.3
The tabular format of thermal comfort duration in indoor of
traditional house
158
xviii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NO
1.1
TITLE
Dense Dhaka city skylines during day and clouded night and
PAGE
2
traditional stilts house
1.2
Variation in energy consumption at different time of the year in
3
Dhaka city
1.3
Cross section of the test house
5
1.4
Diagram of research position
10
1.5
The flow of research process and thesis structure
10
2.1
The traditional house in rural areas in Bangladesh
14
2.2
The traditional house sharing introvert court yard
16
2.3
Changes of the traditional house through ages
17
2.4
The Kutcha House and Semi-Pucca house in Bangladesh
18
2.5
The different type of traditional houses of different region in
20
Bangladesh
2.6
The Mud house
23
2.7
The different types of construction of Mud house walls
24
2.8
The construction of C.I. sheet roofs with wooden ceilings and
25
wall construction in mud house
2.9
Protection from insects and vermin in mud house
26
2.10
The common bamboo house in Bangladesh
27
2.11
The section of the flood prone area’s bamboo house in
27
Bangladesh
2.12
Framework of the bamboo house and entry way to upper space
28
2.13
Cross bracing of bamboo structural frame
29
xix
2.14
Upper space ventilation of bamboo house and wall gap from
30
floor
2.15
The timber house with extended verandah.
31
2.16
The timber house exterior and interior with raised floor
31
2.17
The stilts house exteriors from the courtyard
32
2.18
The plinth of the stilts house during construction and after
33
construction
2.19
The structural framework of the stilts house during construction
34
2.20
The upper space and interior of living space
34
2.21
The construction method of Stilts House Roof pitch
35
2.22
The construction of rain water gutter
36
2.23
Arrangement of traditional house
37
2.24
The ladder of upper space entry and window opening of the
38
upper space
2.25
Upper space in a stilts house during construction
39
2.26
Upper space in a wooden house
39
2.27
Upper space in a bamboo house
39
2.28
Upper space wall opening in Stilts house
40
2.29
Upper space ventilation of Bamboo house and Mud house
40
2.30
Easy repairing of the traditional house
41
2.31
Windows of the traditional house in Bangladesh
42
2.32
Elevated floor of the traditional house in Bangladesh
42
2.33
The entry of upper space and use of upper space as store
43
2.34
The entry way to upper space of the traditional house in section
43
2.35
The flood condition of 2005 in Dhaka city and suburban area
44
2.36
The physical conditions of traditional house at different areas in
46
Dhaka city
3.1
Location of Bangladesh in the World Map
49
3.2
Regional Map showing the radar coverage
50
3.3
The climate sub zone of Bangladesh
53
3.4
Monthly Mean Min and Max temperature from 1950 to 2006
58
3.5
Monthly Relative Humidity from 1950 to 2006
61
xx
3.6
The Rainfall Profile of Dhaka City
63
3.7
The Wind speed Profile of Dhaka City
65
3.8
Monthly Mean solar radiation over Dhaka and clearness index
68
3.9
Monthly Mean cloud cover Dhaka city
69
4.1
Temperature and humidity changes of Dhaka city
75
4.2
Olgyay’s Bio-climatic chat and Adaptation of comfort zone in
87
warm climate
4.3
Summer comfort zone for Bangladesh
88
4.4
Summer comfort zone graph
91
5.1
Location of Test house area (Gulshan) in Dhaka city Map
94
5.2
Physical condition of Test house area (Gulshan) in Dhaka city
94
5.3
Traditional house (test house) in dense Gulshan area
96
5.4
Same type of traditional house in rural area Maowa
96
5.5
Birds eye view of the surroundings of the Test House
98
5.6
Plan of the Test House
98
5.7
Interior of the Test House
99
5.8
Thermal Data Logger position in upper space and placement of
100
external sensor
5.9
Thermal Data Logger position in upper space (left) and windows
101
of upper space (right)
5.10
Thermal Data Logger position in indoor, upper space and
102
outdoor in test house plan and section
5.11
Use of thermal data logger and sensors
102
5.12
Window opening 25% of the upper space during construction
106
(right top) and 75% window opening (left bottom)
5.13
Position of the Data loggers Ti = Temp indoor, To= Temp
107
outdoor, Tu = Temp upper space
5.14
The site and surroundings of the test house and distance from
other houses
108
xxi
6.1
Profile of daily average temperature of meteorological office
111
data and field study data of same days in winter season
6.2
Profile of daily average temperature of meteorological office
112
data and field study data of same days in summer season
6.3
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper space air temperature of the
117
test house during Himalayan cold wind flow period (12 and 13
January)
6.4
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper space air temperature of the
119
test house during termination of Himalayan cold wind flow
period (18 and 19 January)
6.5
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper air temperature in common
121
weather condition of the test room without window opening in
the upper during winter season for selected days
6.6
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper air temperature of the
124
indoor living without window opening in the upper space in
selected days in month of March (7 and 8 March)
6.7
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper air temperature of the
127
indoor living space with window opening in the upper space in
summer season (1st and 2nd April)
6.8
Profile of indoor, outdoor and upper air temperature of the test
130
room with 75% window opening in the upper space
6.9
Profile of maximum and minimum air temperature of indoor,
132
outdoor and upper space from field study during winter season
without opening in the upper space (10-27 January and 9, 10, 27
& 28 February, 2007)
6.10
Profile of maximum and minimum temperature of indoor,
133
outdoor and upper air temperature of the test house
6.11
Profile of maximum temperature difference of indoor, outdoor
135
and upper space air temperature of the test house in the selected
days
6.12
Profile of temperature of indoor, outdoor and upper space air
temperature of the test house at 27th and 28th February, 2007
137
xxii
6.13
Profile of temperature of indoor, outdoor and upper air
139
temperature of the test house at 7th and 8th March, 2007
6.14
Profile of temperature of indoor, outdoor and upper air
140
temperature of the test house at 19th and 20th June, 2007
6.15
Plotting of the indoor temperature and the indoor relative
143
humidity of the indoor living space within summer comfort zone
6.16
Plotting of the indoor space temperature and indoor the relative
144
humidity of the indoor living space of the test house, within
summer comfort zone according month (March, April, May and
June)
6.17
Plotting of the indoor temperature and indoor relative humidity
145
of the indoor living space within winter comfort zone (January
and February)
6.18
Heat flow pattern, during day and night when Himalayan cold
147
wind flow occur in winter (Ti= indoor temperature, Tu= upper
space temperature, To= outdoor temperature)
6.19
Heat flow pattern during day and night in general weather
148
condition in winter
6.20
Heat flow pattern during day and night 0% opening condition in
149
summer
6.21
Heat flow pattern during day and night condition in summer
150
xxiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASHRAE
-
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers
BMD
-
Bangladesh Meteorological Department
BST
-
Bangladesh Standard Time
BUET
-
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
CV
-
Comfort Vote
D.I
-
Discomfort Index
ET
-
Effective Temperature
GMT
-
Greenwich Mean Time
TTC
-
Thermal Time Constant
xxiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
%
-
Percentage
°K
-
Degree Kelvin
Max
Maximum
Min
Minimum
ºC
-
Degree Centigrade
ºF
-
Degree Fahrenheit
Rh
-
Relative Humidity
Td
-
Dry bulb temperature (0C)
Tg
Ti
Globe Temperature
-
Tn
Indoor temperature (0C)
Neutral Temperature
To
-
Outdoor temperature (0C)
Tu
-
Upper space temperature (0C)
Tw
-
Wet bulb temperature (0C)