ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR
HIGHWAY INSPECTION MAINTENANCE
NOR HUSNA BINTI MOHD GHAZALEE
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
Master o f Science (Construction Management)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JA N U A R Y 2012
ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY
INSPECTION MAINTENANCE
NOR HUSNA BINTI MOHD GHAZALEE
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Construction Management)
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JA N U A R Y 2012
iv
Special dedicated to
my supportiveparents,
my beloved husband and
myprecious son.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise to Allah who has made it possible for me to complete this project
report.
Deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Madya. Ir. Dr.
Rosli Mohamad Zin for all the guidance, suggestion and advices throughou the
making of this thesis.
Thanks to all staff of Senai-Desaru Expressway Berhad (SDE) and
Malaysia Highway Authority (MHA) for the cooperation and information given.
Last but not least, sincere thanks to my husband and parents for the
support, encouragement and understanding.
May Allah bless all of you.
vi
ABSTRACT
Compared to traditional maintenance inspection with paper sheets,
electronic
maintenance
data
collection
can
improve
maintenance
data
management. The traditional process of collecting highway inspection data is
based on paper sheets where the records are to be filed manually. The inspection
in paper based is hard to be used whereby the inspector need to take out pen from
his pocket to write up the inspection data manually, measure the length in critical
condition such as slope and also need to bring camera to take the photos.
Therefore, an Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) has been
approached in this research for helping the inspectors to collect and record the
field inspection data. The system uses a Tablet PC as a device to collect and record
the inspection data. The objectives of this study are to review the current practice
of field inspection process in highway maintenance; to develop a prototype of
Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) for highway inspection
maintenance by using the technology of Tablet PC and to address the potential and
limitation of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) in highway
inspection maintenance. Data were collected from Malaysian Highway Authority
(MHA) and Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad (SDE) by means of interviews and
structured interview questionnaires. The prototype of Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS) was developed by using two type of Android
application software; D atadroid and Smart Measure. The finding showed that the
Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) has a great potential in field
inspection maintenance as the system able to increase the accuracy of collecting
field data, reduce the tools and equipment of inspection, prevent duplication of
data, eliminate re-entry of data and speed up the inspection time.
vii
ABSTRAK
Berbanding dengan pemeriksaan penyelenggaraan tradisional dengan
helaian kertas, pengumpulan data penyenggaraan elektronik boleh meningkatkan
penyelenggaraan
pengurusan
data.
Proses
tradisional mengumpul
data
pemeriksaan lebuh raya adalah berdasarkan lembaran kertas di mana rekod yang
akan difailkan secara manual. Penggunaan kertas ketika menjalankan activiti
pemeriksaan adalah sukar dimana pemeriksa perlu mengambil pen dari sakunya
untuk menulis data pemeriksaan secara manual, mengukur panjang dalam keadaan
kritikal seperti cerun dan perlu membawa kamera untuk mengambil gambar. Oleh
itu, ‘Electronic Field Data Collection System’ (EFDCS) telah didatangi dalam
penyelidikan ini untuk membantu pemeriksa untuk mengumpul dan merekodkan
data pemeriksaan. Sistem ini menggunakan Tablet PC sebagai alat untuk
mengumpul dan merekodkan data pemeriksaan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk
mengkaji semula amalan semasa proses pemeriksaan bidang dalam penyenggaraan
lebuh raya; untuk membangunkan prototaip ‘Electronic Field Data Collection
System’ (EFDCS) untuk pemeriksaan penyelenggaraan lebuh raya dengan
menggunakan teknologi PC Tablet dan bagi menangani potensi dan batasan
‘Electronic Field Data Collection System’ (EFDCS) dalam penyelenggaraan
pemeriksaan lebuh raya. Data yang dikumpul daripada Lembaga Lebuhraya
Malaysia (LLM) dan Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad (SDE) melalui temu bual
dan soal selidik temuduga berstruktur. Prototaip ‘Electronic Field Data Collection
System’ (EFDCS) telah dibangunkan dengan menggunakan dua jenis perisian
aplikasi Android; ‘D3atadroid’ dan ‘Smart Measure’. Hasil daripada kajian
tersebut menunjukkan bahawa ‘Electronic Field Data Collection System’
(EFDCS)
mempunyai
potensi
yang
besar
dalam
bidang
pemeriksaan
penyelenggaraan yang dapat meningkatkan ketepatan mengumpul data bidang,
viii
mengurangkan
peralatan
pemeriksaan,
mengelakkan
pertindihan
data,
menghapuskan semula kemasukan data dan mempercepatkan masa pemeriksaan.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xix
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Aim and objective
4
1.4
Scope of study
4
1.5
Research methodology
5
1.6
Summary of the chapter
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Inspection and monitoring
10
2.2.1
Planning the inspection
11
2.2.2
Preparing the inspection
11
2.2.3
Performing the inspection
12
2.2.4
3
Preparing the report
12
2.3
Routine Maintenance Inspection Highway
13
2.4
Type of maintenance inspectionof highway
13
2.4.1
Generalinspection
14
2.4.2
Periodic inspection
15
2.4.3
Specialinspection
16
2.5
Inspection Target
16
2.6
Inspection Works
18
2.7
Inspection Programme and operation
20
2.8
Assessment
21
2.9
Report
23
2.9.1
Annual Summary Report
23
2.9.2
Monthly Summary Report
23
2.9.3
Daily Summary Report
23
2.9.4
Periodic or special Inspection Report
24
2.10
Process data collection forhighway inspection
26
2.11
Electronic Record Keeping
27
2.12
Technologies for data collection
28
2.13
The technology choice for field inspection
28
2.14
Field toolselection and comparison
30
2.14.1 Handheld
30
2.14.2 Tablet PC
31
2.15
Field data collection tools by other researchers
32
2.16
Benefitof electronically field inspectionrecord
34
2.17
Hardware Technology Choice
36
2.18
Android Operating System
38
2.18.1 Android Architecture
40
2.18.2 Application Framework
41
2.18.2 Library
42
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
43
3.2
Researchprocess
45
xi
3.3
Researchmethodology
3.3.1
Literature review
45
3.3.2
Data collection
45
3.3.2.1 Primary data
47
3.3.2.2 Secondary data
49
Data analysis
49
3.3.3.1 Content Analysis
50
3.3.3.2 Frequency Analysis
50
3.3.3.3 Average Index Analysis
50
3.3.3.4 Conceptual model development
52
3.3.4
Prototype development
55
3.3.5
Prototype testing and evaluation
54
3.3.6
Conclusion and recommendation
55
3.3.3
4
DATA ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
57
4.2
Respondent Background
57
4.3
Current Practice to Collect and Record the Field Highway
Inspection of SDE
4.4
4.5
60
Potential and limitation of Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS)
64
Comments and Main Benefit of the Electronic Field
Data Collection System (EFDCS)
5
45
66
ELECTRONIC FIELD INSPECTION FOR HIGHWAY
MAINTENANCE
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Component of Electronic Field Data Collection
5.3
68
System (EFDCS)
69
The Developmentof Electronic Checklist
72
5.3.1
Create the inspection form
73
5.3.2
Create the workpackage
74
5.3.3
Workpackage delivered
76
5.3.4
Viewreport
76
5.4
Smart Measure Application
79
5.5
Application Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS) in Tablet PC
80
5.5.1
Login
81
5.5.2
Main Menu
81
5.5.3
Fill Inspection Form
82
5.5.4
Submission of Field Inspection Data
85
EVALUATION OF ELECTRONIC FILED DATA
COLLECTION SYSTEM PROTOTYPE
6.1
Introduction
87
6.2
Evaluation Questionnaire Design
88
6.3
Analysis of Evaluation Results
89
6.4
Prototype Limitation
94
6.5
Summary
94
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Realization of Study Objective
7.2.1
6
To review the current practice of field inspection
process in highway maintenance
7.2.2
96
97
To develop a prototype of Electronic Field
Data Collection System (EFDCS) by using
Tablet PC
7.2.3
97
To address the potential and limitation of
Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) 98
7.3
Recommendation of Further Improvement
99
REFERENCES
Appendices A-T
100-101
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
The inspection target in the inspection work
17
2.2
General Rating/Judgment
21
2.3
Inspection items and rating of slope
22
2.4
Type of Inspection report
25
2.5
Prioritization of functional capabilities for a highway
Inspection field tool
2.6
29
Application of information technology to support field
Data collection
33
2.7
Benefits of information technology implementation
35
2.8
Comparison of tablet PC hardware choices
36
4.1
Response data for year experience of respondents
58
4.2
Response of highest academic qualificationof respondents
59
4.3
Tools and equipmentused in current field inspection
61
4.4
Problems occur regarding tools and equipment
63
4.5
Response to the potential of electronic field inspection
65
4.6
Ranked benefit of electronic field inspection
66
4.7
Summary comment and main benefit of electronic field
Inspection
68
6.1
Resultof evaluationprototype
90
6.2
The benefit of prototype program
93
6.3
The way of improvement
94
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAG
1.1
Chart of research methodology
6
2.1
Inspection Works Process
19
2.2
Process collecting the field inspection of highway
26
2.3
Android Architecture
39
3.1
The flow chartof methodology
45
3.2
Structuralmodel development
51
3.3
Sequence of prototype development
52
4.1
Percentage breakdownof respondent’sworking experience
59
4.2
Percentage of respondent’s highest academic qualification
60
4.3
Graph of Tools and equipment used in field inspection
62
4.4
Problems occur regarding tools and equipment
64
5.1
Componentof electronic field inspection
70
5.2
Flow chartof processof electronic inspection
71
5.3
Steps to produce inspection form by using D atadroid
Software
72
5.4
Login interface
73
5.5
Create new form of checklist
74
5.6
Work package screen and active work package
75
5.7
Reportreceived by the D atadroid
77
5.8
GPS location
77
5.9
Report exportto Excel
78
5.10
Report exportto PDF
78
5.11
Function of Smart measure
80
5.12
Login screen
81
5.13
M ainmenuscreen
82
5.14
List of form to be choose, Checklist form item and
Filled form
83
5.15
Set time, Set date and GPS marker
83
5.16
Select Smart Measure App, Set the height and Start measure 84
5.17
Selection for answers, Capture photo, and Signature
85
5.18
Form complete and form submit
86
6.1
Chart of the system performance rating
91
6.2
Chartof the applicability to field inspectionof highway
92
6.3
Chart of the general rating of prototype
92
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION
FULLNAME
D3
-
D3atadroid
EFDCS
-
Electronic Field Data Collection System
EMS
-
Expressway Management System
GIS
-
Geographical Information System
GPS
-
Geographical Positioning System
MHA
-
Ministry of Highway Authority
PDA
-
Personal Digital Assistance
SDE
-
Senai-Desaru Expressway
SM
-
Smart Measure
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
Structure Interview Questionnaire
102
B
Evaluation Questionnaire
105
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Compared to traditional maintenance inspection with paper based
approach, electronic inspection system can improve the maintenance data
collection and record. The traditional process of a highway inspection data is
based on paper sheets where the records are to be filed manually.
In regard to this situation, Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS) would be approached in this research for helping the inspectors to
collect and record the field inspection data of highway maintenance. The system
can greatly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the inspection activity.
Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) uses a technology of portable
computer whereby it able to mobile the information here and there as the nature of
field inspection is to move from one site to other sites. Therefore, there are new
technologies available that use portable computers for collecting and recording the
field data inspection. One of the technologies is Tablet PC which is likely to
familiar in this 2000’an. It is varies in several brand such I-Pad by Apple and
Galaxy Tab by Samsung.
2
The purpose of this research is to complement the traditional paper based
highway inspection process with an electronic based inspection to carry out the
inspection process by increasing the accuracy of collecting field data, maintaining
a good record keeping, prevent duplicate data, eliminate re-entry data and reduce
the inspection time. To achieve this research the Electronic Field Data Collection
System (EFDCS) is developed by using a Tablet PC whereby android application
software is used as tools for field inspection of highway maintenance. The system
also generates a detailed inspection report together with the checklist and site
measurement, GPS and photos of defect.
1.2
Problem Statement
Highway inspection is one of the most important highway maintenance
activities in order to identify the highway conditions as well as traffic condition.
Inspections are performed to understand, evaluate, assessed and judge the highway
conditions so that the roads can be maintained and repaired in good condition for
the traffic and road environment.
The physical highways that need to be inspected cover pavement, drainage,
slope, bridge and tunnel. The requirement to carry out the inspection normally
refers on the maintenance inspection guideline procedure by Malaysian Highway
Authority (MHA).
Slope inspection for example needs to check debris from
drainage channels and slope surface in every 6 months. In this situation, paper
based inspection is hard to be used whereby the inspector need to take out pen
from his pocket to write up the inspection data, measure the length of slope and
also need to bring camera to take the photos. Thus, in every inspection the
inspector has to bring these items; checklist sheet, pen, camera and tape as well. If
one of them is missing, they cannot proceed for the inspection.
3
At present, the Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad (SDE) has developed the
integrated Expressway Maintenance System called EMS which consists of asset of
highway, inventory, maintenance regime and application of GIS in future. The
system operated in web-based platform where the internet applications are utilises.
The system cannot be accessed if the internet is not available. Preliminary
observation show that the system does not focus on the field inspection whereby
the inspectors have to key in the inspection data into the system once he is back
from the field inspection. In directly, re-entry work is happen. The inspector may
have flexibility on time and place to key in the data as the system is internet basis.
They can work on the data entry after office hour at home or any other places.
On the other hand, maintenance highway inspection is an operation that
requires a lot of man-hours. Traditionally the maintenance data has been collected
with paper sheets, and if information systems have been used for maintenance data
management, inspection records have been fed manually to databases. Mobile
applications are needed for electronic collection of maintenance data, and as well
for other field tasks of distribution utilities as described by Janne et al, (2007).
In order to enhance the effectiveness and the quality of field data collection
in highway maintenance, the Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
based on the Tablet PC is designed to enable collect and record field data, take
photos and do the site measurement by using one tool only. The proposed system
will simplify the existing process and acts saving tool for collecting and reporting
highway inspection data. Furthermore, mobile inspection is easy to carry and
suitable to handle in any situation.
4
1.3
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this study is to develop an Electronic Field Data Collection
System (EFDCS) for highway inspection maintenance in order to collect and
record the field data. To achieve this aim, the following objectives have been set;
i.
To review the current practice of field inspection process in
highway maintenance
ii.
To develop an Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
prototype for highway inspection maintenance by using the
technology of Tablet PC.
iii.
To address the potential and limitation of Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS) in highway maintenance.
1.4
Scope of Study
This study is limited to data collection and record activities for field
inspection maintenance activities undertaken throughout the province on the Senai
Desaru Expressway, Malaysia. The scope of study will focus on the development
of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) by using the technology of
Tablet PC and Android application software.
5
1.5
Research Methodology
In general, the following methodology has been adopted in order to
achieve the objectives and Figure 1.1 showed the flow chart of the research
methodology;
i.
In order to achieve the first objective is to review the current
practice of field inspection process in highway maintenance, the
method for acquisition data will be obtaining from Ministry of
Highway Authority (MHA), Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad
(SDE) and some interviews among them will be conducted.
ii.
The second objective which is to develop a prototype of electronic
field inspection for highway maintenance by using the technology
of Tablet PC, D atadroid and Smart Measure application software
will be chosen to develop the database system.
iii.
To achieve the final objective which is to address the potential and
limitation of electronic field inspection, the method to acquire data
is by giving the structure interview questionnaires and evaluation
questionnaires to the inspectors and other related person and
support by literature research from previous thesis which had been
carried out before.
6
Identify Problems
__________ _______________
Establish aims and objectives
____ i z ______
Data collection
¥
Literature Review
Questionnaire
Interview
_________________ SZ_____________________
Development of prototype
_________________ i i _____________________
Testing and Evaluation the prototype
Ii
Data Analysis
_________________ iz _____________________
Conclusion and Recommendation
Figure 1.1: Chart of the research methodology
1.6
Summary of the Chapters
The study has been outlined to seven (7) chapters. The explanation of each
chapter is as following;
7
1.6.1
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Chapter 1 describes the overall intention of the study. It also explains the
problems statement, objectives, the scope of study and the brief methodology
adopted for the study.
1.6.2
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 2 is a literature review on the background of research related to the
environment of highway inspection in Malaysia, electronic record keeping and the
tools selection for data collection.
1.6.3
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 3 describes in detail the methodologies of study to achieve the
objectives. This includes methodology for data collection and data analysis for
questionnaire and interview with expert panels.
1.6.4
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 4 will show the collection of data obtained from the questionnaire
and interview by expert panels.
8
1.6.5
Chapter 5: Electronic Field Data Collection System for Highway
Inspection Maintenance
Chapter 5 discuss in details the development of Electronic Field Data
Collection System prototype by using Android application software’s named
D atadroid and Smart Measure.
The structure and the environment of the
developed prototype will be described in this section. The application method of
the program also will be discussed.
1.6.6
Chapter 6: Evaluation of the Prototype
Chapter 6 will discuss the evaluation of the prototype of electronic field
inspection and also includes the aim and objectives of the evaluation,
methodology, results and discussions on the overall evaluation process.
1.6.7
Conclusion and Recommendation
Chapter 7 concludes the overall study on the subject and evaluate whether
the objectives of the study are met. Recommendations for future studies are also
suggested.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
Chapter 2 describes the process of field inspection of highway, electronic
record keeping, electronic support in field data collection, inspection tools for field
data collection and other consideration for the selection and technology choices.
Field inspection process present recommended frequencies and specific
area of inspection to look for in each of the following categories: road surface,
drainage, slope, bridge, culvert, tunnel, traffic safety devices, traffic safety devices
and miscellaneous.
The use of electronic inspection system in the highway maintenance for
helping inspectors during an inspection can greatly improve the effectiveness of
the inspection activity. In order to enhance the effectiveness and the quality of
field data collection in highway maintenance, the Electronic Field Data Collection
System based on the Tablet PC was designed in order to collect and record field
data, take photos and do the site measurement.
10
Tablet PC has been selected as an inspection tool for collecting and
recording data. The technology options considered include PDAs and Tablet PC.
Other considerations for selecting the field tool technology include the desire to
minimize paper sheets and other equipment such as camera and tape and provide
consistent look and feel to the inspectors in both the field and the office.
In this chapter, the author proposes on how to properly collect and record
the field inspection data of highway maintenance by implementing the electronic
field inspection.
2.2
Inspection and Monitoring
Highway inspections are one of the most important maintenance activities
in highway maintenance. The main objective of inspection is to identify the road
inventory conditions as well as traffic conditions. Inspections are performed to
understand, evaluate, assessed and judge the road inventory conditions so that the
roads can be maintained and repaired in good condition for the traffic and road
environment.
Inspection and monitoring are two of the most important maintenance
activities to establish the highway condition. Proper inspections would greatly aid
in the evaluation and condition assessment of the many slopes along the
expressways and where appropriate, allow remedial works to be carried out.
11
According to Garrent (1998), an engineering inspection process can be
divided into four stages; planning the inspection, preparing the inspection,
performing the inspection and preparing the report.
These inspection sub
processes are described below;
2.2.1
Planning the inspection
Planning an inspection involves developing a sequence and schedule for
the inspection task, organizing field notes that will need to be taken and other
needs during the inspection. During the planning stage, the elements that need to
be inspected and what data needs to be collected is identified.
2.2.2
Preparing the inspection
In preparing for an inspection, an inspector first reviews the sources of
information available about the inspection object.
For example, in highway
inspection, inspectors review the previous inspection report, maintenance and
repair records, etc. Previous inspection record is an important as the document
present the condition of highway in previous time and indicate what the special
attention might be highlighted. Maintenance and repair records are also valuable
in that they identify which of defect found during the previous inspections were
addressed and what additional maintenance was conducted.
12
2.2.3
Performing the inspection
Once the inspector has planned and prepared the inspection, he then will
do the inspection. This stage can be divided into two processes: data collection
and data analysis.
The data collection process involves collecting the actual
conditions of the inspection elements. Data collection can be done either through
visual observation or through the use of an inspection instrument.
For visual
observation, an inspector attempts to record the actual condition of an inspection
element.
Accurate records of these observations are obviously extremely
important to the success of the entire inspection process. Once the data has been
collected, the data has to be analyzed. When an inspection is performed without
computing support, an inspector has to determine from the collected data what
really happened to the inspection element. This process can be done by consulting
the inspection manual or other sources of available knowledge.
For example,
highway inspection knowledge can be found in the highway maintenance manual.
2.2.4
Preparing the report
After completing the inspection, inspectors require to submit a report in a
particular standard format. If the inspection report is required, the inspector has to
extract the data collected; the result of the analysis and the action required to be
performed or has been performed.
Based on the guideline book publish by Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia
titled “Expressway Maintenance System” (M1), outline briefly the types and
frequency of inspection works and its operation.
13
2.3
Routine Maintenance Inspection of Highway
As a minimum, it is recommended that Routine Maintenance Inspections
were carried out to ascertain the need for maintenance of man-made items
including:
i.
Clearance of accumulated debris from drainage channels and slope
surface
ii.
Repair of cracked or damaged drainage channels or pavement
iii.
Repair or replacement of cracked or damaged slope surface cover
iv.
Unblocking of weep holes and outlet drainpipes
v.
Removal of any vegetation that has caused severe cracking of slope
surface cover and drainage channels
vi.
Re-grassing of bare soil slope surface areas
vii.
Repair of missing or deteriorated pointing in masonry walls
viii.
Removal of loose rock debris and undesirable vegetation from rock
slopes or around boulders
2.4
ix.
Repair of leaky exposed water-carrying services
x.
Repair or replacement of rusted steel slope furniture
xi.
Maintenance of landscape items on the slope
Types of Maintenance Inspection of Highway
There are various types of inspections that can be carried out depending on
the objectives, scope, scale and frequency of the inspection. The thoroughness of
each inspection may vary depending on its purpose. The inspection activities can
be sub-divided into the following types:
14
2.4.1
General Inspection
This on-foot visual inspection is carried out at regular interval (e.g. every 3
months) or as and when required depending on the slope conditions and needs. It
is generally carried out in between the Periodic Inspection period. The inspection
is a simplified inspection that is to be carried out by the Section personnel.
The main objective of the inspection is to identify or check for common
defects and deficiencies in the routine maintenance works on the slope as early as
possible so that appropriate maintenance action can be carried out.
Defects and deficiencies that are observed are to be recorded in the
inspection form and reported to the Region Engineer for further action (i.e. repair,
monitor or further investigation).
The following are items to be observed, assessed and recorded in the
General Inspection:
2.4.1.1 Routine Works Checked
To identify the type of works required by indicating Yes or No in the
action required column. If works are indeed required, then details such as location,
extent of works etc must be clearly indicated. To also indicate the other routine
works required which are not on the form
15
2.4.1.2 Common Defects Observed
To identify the defects observed by indicating Yes or No in the action
required column. If action is required, indicate the details of work to be carried
out, location, extent or severity of the defects, etc. To also indicate other defects
observed which are not on the form
2.4.1.3 Status of Routine Maintenance
Determine whether it is Good, Average, Poor or Very Poor
2.4.1.4 Sketch of Slope
Provide sketch of slope indicating all defects
2.4.1.5 Photographs
Take photographs of defects for confirmation and record of the inspection
finding.
16
2.4.2
Periodic Inspection
This on foot inspection is carried out at specific intervals, to be determined
by the Maintenance Engineer or as required by the Malaysia Highway Authority
(MHA). Detail investigation is conducted periodically especially to the relevant
structure such as bridge and slope. In general, the frequency may vary from once
every 6 months or at more frequent intervals, depending on the requirement and
overall condition of the highway asset.
2.4.3
Special Inspection
Special inspection is the supplementary inspection of daily to periodic
inspection in order to carry out the occasional cases such as storm and heavy rain.
Immediate action is required upon completion of the repair works.
2.5
Inspection target
The Table 2.1 below indicates the inspection targets for each type of
inspection works
17
Table 2.1 : The inspection target in the inspection work. (Source: Book of
Expressway Maintenance System)
Functional
Category
Classification o f Structure
Pavement & shoulder
Road Surface surface
(flexible/rigid) Expansion joint (rigid
pavement)
Road curb
Shoulder
Drainage
Road Surface
Facility
Median
& Roadside
Slope / embankment
Bridge
Adjacent Area
Vegetation on slope
Slope
Specially treated slope
Masonry / Rubble
Retaining Wall
Bridge and
Concrete super structure
Viaduct
Concrete sub-structure
Steel structure
Slab
Painting
Shoe
Railing & kerbs
Culvert
Concrete Box
Concrete Pipe
Corrugated Metal Pipe
Tunnel
Concrete Lining
Entrance(portal)
Lining
Ceiling Panel
Drainage Facility
Shoulder
Traffic Safety Traffic Barrier
Devices
& Guardrail
i Median
Shoulder
Anti-Glare
ROW Fencing
Median
Anti-falling
Shoulder
Median
Objects fence
Traffic
Control
Traffic signs & Gantries
Devices
Road markings
Delineators
Hectometres/Kilometres
Others
Noise Barriers
Miscellaneous Landscaping
Daily
Inspection
Periodic
Inspection
Every
Every
6
(2)
months years(s)
X
0
X
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
X
X
X
0
0
X
X
X
Special
Inspection/
Special
Cases
In case
necessary
18
Note:
(1)
X : For Daily Inspection, the entire structure shall be inspected
visually from a moving vehicle while for Periodic Inspection full
inspection on foot shall be done.
(2)
O : Inspection of structured shall be done partially as full vision
inspection is not possible in some cases.
(3)
* : Additional detail inspection and investigation may be necessary
from time to time if damages/failure are detected by chance.
2.6
Inspection Works
The various processes for each inspection works are illustrated in
Figure 2.1. It is Important to establish this process to ensure that each
inspections are followed up with appropriate action systematically. Any
damages or defects detected during these inspections will damage recorded and
rated according, to the specified rating criteria.
19
Figure 2.1: Inspection Works Process (Source: Book of Expressway Maintenance System)
20
2.7
Inspection Programme and Operation
An inspection programme shall be set up before carrying out any periodic
inspection. The inspection programme shall contain the following items:
i.
Types of inspection
ii.
Objects/components and items
iii.
Time schedule and inspection route
iv.
Inspection members
v.
Inspection methods
vi.
Tools and equipments
Inspectors have to select and carry appropriate tools and equipment. The
following tools are usually carried by the inspector:
(i)
Daily Inspection and Special Inspection
Toots and equipments: Camera/ Polaroid camera/ video
camera,
binoculars, compact measuring tape, test hammer,
measuring tape, survey pole, black board, chalk, torch light,
maps, etc.
(ii) Periodic Inspection
Tools and equipment: Camera/ video camera, binoculars,
magnifying glass, gauge, test hammer, measuring tape,
survey pole, black calipers, clearance gauge, board, chalk, spade,
rope, torch light, maps, etc.
In addition, traffic safety equipment such as safety cones and a flag should be
prepared.
21
2.8
Assessment
The inspection findings/results will be assessed based on the rating criteria
as show in Table 2.2 below.
Table 2.2
: General Rating Criteria / Judgment (Source: Book of
Expressway Maintenance System (M l))
A
Emergency repair is required because the damage is serious such
that traffic safety or a third party is, or likely to be jeopardised.
B
Repair is required because of heavy damage.
C
Repair is recommended although the damage is not heavy.
D
No need to repair because of no damage or minor damage.
The example of inspection item slope is shown in Table 2.3.
22
Table 2.3 : Inspection Items and Rating of Slope (Source: Book of Expressway
Maintenance System)
Evaluation
Inspection Item
Slip slide
Crack, swelling
depression
A
Hindrance to traffic
or a third party.
Hindrance to traffic
or a third party.
Spalling.,
gully erosion
Seepage water
Fallen tree,
Unusual growth
of weeds
Seepage water with
mud or drastic
change o f seepage
water volume.
Hindrance to traffic
or a third party.
Hindrance to traffic
or to a third party.
Withering o f grass
Accumulation of
earth
Flaking stone
boulder
Hindrance to traffic
or a third party
B
C
Less possibility of
further slip.
Cracks, swelling or
depression
perceived
from a long
distance.
Very minor slip.
Less possibility of
further failure,
Wide range spalling
or gully erosion.
Possibility of
failure.
Drastic change of
water volume.
Less possibility of
further failure.
Partial spalling or
gully erosion.
Less possibility of
failure.
Seepage water.
Less possibility of
collapse.
Fallen or inclined
trees, or unusual
No possibility of
collapse.
growth o f weeds.
Covering rate of
vegetation: less
than 30%.
presence o f water
on
the slope
Unstable flaking
stones or boulders
on slope
Small cracks,
swelling or
depression.
Covering, rate of
vegetation 30% to
70%-
23
2.9
Report
Reports on inspection findings/results are very important for identifying
road conditions and preparing repair and rehabilitation plans. Reporting forms for
the various inspections shall be furnished and completed and the data are further
recorded in a computer database. The necessary reports shall be prepared are as
below;
2.9.1
Annual Summary Report
This report summarizes the daily, periodic, and special inspection
results/ findings annually.
2.9.2
Monthly Summary Report
This report summarizes the daily inspection results/findings monthly.
2.9.3
Daily Inspection Report
This report summarizes the daily inspection findings/results which has
been conducted.
Where necessary, it reports the detail damage detected with
sketches or pictures/photographs.
24
2.9.4
Periodic or Special Inspection Report
The reporting form used will be similar to that of daily inspection
form as it reports periodic or special inspection results. It reports the periodic or
special inspection results/findings.
The Concession Company(s) required conducting a daily inspection and
periodic inspection of the expressway as specified in the Maintenance Manual by
LLM. Generally, periodic inspection shall be conducted based on each cycle of the
respective maintenance activities. Periodic inspection programme is submitted to
MHA by the Concession Company(s) prior to any inspection works. Generally all
inspection conducted must be accompanied by a report and submitted to MHA.
For those daily inspections, the Concession Company(s) shall summarize its report
monthly and submit to MHA within the first week of the following month, while
for periodic inspection, the report shall be submitted a month after its inspection
has been carried out.
Besides the daily and periodic inspection, special inspection as well as
further detailed investigation from time to time is necessary to be carried out by
the Concession Company whenever required or as instructed by MHA followed by
the relevant reports. Special Inspection Reports for such as structures along the
expressway, cut and embankment slopes, bridges, tunnel, etc., must be submitted
to MHA immediately upon completion of these inspections. The Concession
Company(s) required to conduct additional/detailed inspection should the report
submitted found to be inadequate or insufficient. All counter measure works
proposed and taken for short or long term must be briefed in the relevant report.
Inspection report shall be verified and endorsed by an engineer.
25
Inspection Report for other public facilities and amenities along the
expressway such as Rest and Service Areas, Lay-bys, Toll Plazas and its
supervision buildings, etc., shall be submitted in January each year.
Pavement Condition Assessment Report shall be submitted in January each
year in accordance with the provisions stipulated under the Appendix in the
Concession Agreement to ascertain if any section of the expressway is due for any
overlay works. The frequency and details to be reported are described in Table 2.4
below;
Table 2.4 : Type of Inspection Report (Source: Book of Expressway Maintenance System)
ITEM
1
2
TYPE OF
INSPECTION
Daily inspection
Periodic
Inspection
DESCRIPTION
Routine inspection to evaluate
road and traffic condition
Public facilities and amenities
(RSA,LB,Toll Plazas etc)
More detailed investigation
periodically especially relevant
structures such as bridges and
slopes
Pavement Condition Assessment
(PCA)
M & E (Toll, Emergency
Telephone,
Street lighting, traffic light etc)
3
Special Inspection
Suplementary inspection to daily
and periodic inspection for
occasional cases such as storm and
heavy rain
Repair Works
Curative Maintenance & Repair
Works
REPORT TO
MHA
Monthly
Yearly
(January)
One month after
completion
Yearly
(January)
Every 6 months
Immediately
upon
completion
Every 3 months
26
2.10
Process Data Collection for Highway Inspection
Traditionally, inspectors execute the highway inspection according to the
determined frequency time in order to accomplish the maintenance objective,
check and rectify defects the highway assets. They required to carry checklist
paper sheets and related equipment to perform the inspection and completed the
checklist form at highway site and then transfer it to the database system.
Management would take necessary action regarding the inspection details obtained
from the field inspection. Below is the process of collecting field data of highway
inspection.
Inspectors require bringing checklist, tape and camera to the site
Complete the checklist form at highway site
Keep the field data into the file / Entry the inspection data to the
database system
Figure 2.2 : Process collecting the field inspection of highway
27
2.11
Electronic Record Keeping
Electronic records are simply records in electronic format rather than
having been printed or written onto paper. An “Electronic Record” means any
document or record created, communicated and maintained by means of electronic
equipment and includes, but is not limited to, electronic organiser, computer based
diaries, appointment books and calendars, electronic mail, facsimile transmissions,
websites and databases.
As described above electronic records come in many different formats and
are used for many different purposes. There are also viewed in different methods
as well which can have an impact on what records are to kept and how those
records are to be retained.
For many years, the trend on field inspection of
highway has been for more data to be stored and transferred electronically.
The ease of use of email and electronic devices has increased the volume
of documentation existing. The daily inspection report is efficiently generated and
updated by computer as electronic storage afford easy to access and search
capability. However, in addition to computer storage, it would be wise to print a
hardcopy of each daily report at the end of each business day and have it signed by
the inspector and placed in the file. If litigation occurs later, an original hardcopy
is available from the files which can be compared with the electronic storage
version as described by Edward and Randy (2004).
28
2.12
Technologies for Data Collection
Many technologies are available to support the data collection functionality
of the field inspection process. According to Sunkpho (2001), the data collected
from these technologies can be used in two different forms; raw data (i.e. photo
and measurement data) and identification data used as an index for retrieving more
information about a specific item from a database, file or server. (i.e. inventory of
highway)
Visual inspection is inadequate for a complete inspection of certain facility
component such as rail as many defects cannot be seen with the naked eyes as
described by McNeil (1992).
Present, mobile computer are becoming more powerful and less costly.
The potential to apply the mobile computer provides more convenient and better
solution in document keeping process. It is easier for inspector to bring one tool
that represent for three instrument which are checklist, camera and measurement
tape.
Mobile computer can be in two form; Handheld and Tablet personal
computer (Tablet PC).
2.13
The Technology Choice for Field Inspection
A list of desirable functional capabilities for the field inspection tool has
been identified by Teresa (2004) according to their result of brainstorming
sessions.
Some of the list has been adopted in this study in order to suit the
environment of highway maintenance. The results are summarized in Table 2.8.
29
Table 2.5 : Prioritization of Functional Capabilities for a Highway Inspection Field
Tool. (Source: Teresa (2004))
Priority
High
Medium
Functional Characteristic
Comment
Record and store the database
Traditional paper sheets based
inspection required a lot o f paper in
order to record the data and also some
space to store the database.
Avoid re-entering data
This capability could save time. The
time is saved by avoid recording data
twice (after field inspection by paper
checklist the inspector required to
enter the data again into the database
system.
Digital camera
The ability to capture, store, and
annotate images associated with the
inspection. Images could be annotated
in the field or later in the office.
Sketching bridge elements
The ability to draw and store hand
sketches associated with the
inspection. This capability would be
more useful for in-depth inspections.
GPS location referencing
Ability to support location based
services. The GPS would be an added
cost that probably would not provide
any added benefits.
Wireless network/Dial up
Internet
The wireless capabilities may not be
practical at this time because o f the
remote locations o f highways.
Low
30
2.14
Field Tool Selection and Comparison
Hardware options that were considered for highway field inspection
include both handheld such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) and Tablet PC.
2.14.1 Handheld
A handheld is a convenient device as it able to fit in the palm of hand and
the ultimate field device in terms of portability. One major advantage is especially
for inspection purposes. This allows inspector to climb ladders, get on roofs, and
enter attics and crawlspaces with ease, without worrying about the hassles of
carrying bulky equipment. Although the handheld device is small, most models
come with plenty of storage and memory so that the inspection software will run
smoothly.
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a handheld computer with very small
display screens (about 3 inches). They are intended to replace personal organizers
providing handwriting recognition and touch screens. The latest generation of
PDAs provides a range of functionality such as built in digital camera and wireless
connectivity. PDAs are the least expensive of all of the hardware options.
However, the inspection screens being developed were not designed for a small
PDA screen. Selecting a PDA for the field tool means that a new inspection form
would need to be designed, programmed, and maintained. In addition, specialized
database software probably in future would be required to enable the PDA to
communicate with the main database in order to download and upload data.
31
Since the handheld is designed to be small and convenient, some inspectors
will find that the screen is too small for them, and want something with a larger
screen. Furthermore, with the smaller screen, some inspectors may find it difficult
to use the stylus pen or touch screen with precision. With the limited memory
available in a handheld, most inspectors will not have any issue running their
reporting software on it; however, by looking to other run programs related to the
kind of business on it, the preference options may be limited.
2.14.2 Tablet PC
According to Wikipedia (2011) a tablet personal computer (tablet PC) is a
portable personal computer equipped with a touch screen as a primary input device
and designed to be operated and owned by an individual. The term was made
popular as a concept presented by Microsoft in 2001, but tablet PCs now refer to
any tablet sized personal computer, even if it's not using Windows but another PC
operating system. Tablets may use virtual keyboards and handwriting recognition
for text input through the touch screen.
A tablet PC has much larger viewing area and therefore the screens will be
easier on the eyes. The field inspection software will run seamlessly since the
majority of tablets offer more than enough memory. A tablet PC will also give the
exact same look of the software as used to seeing on desktop or laptop and many
practicable applications such as inspection software.
32
2.15
Field Data Collection Tools by Other Researches
Information technologies for managing field data collection increase the
reliability of inspections and the productivity of inspectors (Fortner, 2000). New
technology is offering capabilities that have not been previously available
(“Computer” 2001). New computer technologies are being used by inspectors to
fill out the inspection form, access previous inspection reports, make sketches of
the bridge elements, store photographs, and produce the inspection report while in
the field. The use of an automated inspection system simplifies the data processing
effort, improves inspection data accuracy, and permits bridge inspectors to devote
more time to the actual inspection process as descried by Elzarka (1999).
Table 2.6 summarizes the findings of a literature review by Terresa (2004)
regarding the use of information technology to support bridge inspection data
collection. Enabling technologies, such as handheld and pen based computers can
improve field inspection (Thierrin, 1999). Notebook PCs, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), Wearable PCs, and Tablet PCs are examples of the equipment
used to perform inspection. Pen based technology has been used at the South
Carolina DOT with success. PDAs are used to input inspection data as opposed to
paper forms. Tablet PC mobility, ease of use, and built-in wireless connectivity are
enabling information workers to use their PCs in the field and office as well.
Voice and handwriting recognition capabilities are not always reliable.
The inspection process can take inspectors to irregular and unstable terrain
where hands free movement is required. Pennsylvania experimented with a
wearable computer that allows hands free operation for data input and retrieval
(Garrett, 1998). Wearable computers are specially configured and programmed for
applications such as bridge inspection; as such cannot be used for other general
computing applications. Furthermore, the high cost of wearable computers could
be a substantial deterrent (Nobel, 2000) and inspectors may need to overcome a
33
bias against wearable computers because of the strange look and feel that
accompany the unit.
Table 2.6: Applications of information technology to support field data collection.
(Source: Teresa (2004))
Transportati
Description of Field Tool
on Agency
Iowa
Notebook PC accessing PONTIS for inspection
Maryland
PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) to access PONTIS for
bridge inspection
Massachusetts
Integrated Bridge Inspection Information System (IBIIS) is
used for electronic data collection, storage, and retrieval using
a Notebook PC and video camera (Leung 1996).
Michigan
Bridge inspectors use handheld touch-screen computers.
Sketches and photographs can be incorporated into the
handheld computer and downloaded at the office along with
other field inspection data (Aveni 2001).
Pennsylvania
Experimental use of wearable computers for field inspection
data collection (Sunkpho and Garrett 1998, 2002).
South
Pen-based notebook computers access the Automated Bridge
Carolina
Inspection System (ABIS) to enter inspection data
Ontario
Pen-based input (with numeric touch pad and drop down pick
Canada
lists) and voice recognition (for comments) used to enter field
inspection reports.
(personal communication with Don
Hamilton, EarthTech-Edmonton)
34
2.16
Benefits of Electronically Field Inspection Record
The documented potential benefits (Navarrete, 1999) of enabling the
inspectors to electronically record data in the field for later transfer to a centralized
database, where the data can be managed and analysed include the following;
i.
Reduced workload and costs
ii.
Qualified data
iii.
Shortened analysis time
iv.
Stored and easily accessible information
The quantifiable benefit of technology for field data collection is in terms
of time savings. Time savings leads to increased productivity. Inspectors realize
time savings by immediately entering data into the files, instead of copying down
information and inputting it later. Errors can be detected immediately, avoiding a
further, unnecessary inspection as described by Aveni (2001).
Non-quantifiable benefits may be realized through improved data quality,
consistency, and completeness. New technology may help with consistently
identifying the highway conditions. For routine inspections, new technology may
reduce the variability in element level inspection ratings, inspection notes, and
photographs as described by Phares and Rolander (2001).
According to Simmons (2004), the benefits of IT implementation should
be assessed before the decision to invest. The assessment may be an economic
35
analysis such as payback period or a qualitative description of benefits and or
other factors. Table 2.7 describes the types of benefits that can result from
investment in information technology.
Table 2.7 : Benefits of information technology implementation. (Source: Simmons
(1994)
Type of Benefit
Description
Measure
Increased
Benefits attributed to cost
Economic, through cost
Efficiency
avoidance or reduction
avoidance or reduction.
Increased
Provide better information for
Economic, through use
Effectiveness
decision making
of information.
Added Value
Benefits which enhance the
Usually no direct
strategic position of the
measure for IT system
organization
alone. Evaluate return
from entire business
strategy.
Marketable
Development of marketable
Economic, through
Product
product or service
establishment of market
price.
Development of Communication networks,
Usually no direct
Corporate
measure. Corporate
infrastructure
IT hardware, database
environments that provide little
direct benefit but are required as
a foundation for other systems
policy decision
36
2.17
Hardware Technology Choices
The author has choose Tablet PC as a field inspection tools in this research
as the inspection activities such as capture photos, linear measurement and entry
data can be done all in one by using one tool only. This kind of practice may
prevent the inspector to carry lot equipment along the way during inspection.
Author has considered two (2) brand of Tablet PCs which is I pad and
Samsung Galaxy Tab. In the end, Galaxy Tab was selected for development and
testing of a field data collection tool. The decision was made in based on a
comparison of their features summarized in Table 2.9.
Table 2.8 : Comparison of Tablet PC hardware choices
Apple iPad 2
Samsung P1000 Galaxy Tab
2G: GSM 8 5 0 /9 0 0 / 1800/
1900
Dimension(mm)
WiFi model / WiFi
+ 3G (GSM/EDGE
850, 900,1800, 1900
MHz,
UMTS/HSDPA
850, 1900,2100
MHz)
241.2 x 185.7 x 8.8
Item Weight
613
380
SARRating
-
Line of Text
9.7 inch, 1024 X
768, Ambient light
sensor, Multi-touch
LED-backlit IPS
TFT 16M colours
-
Menu Type
-
Design Type
Tablet
Model
Technology
Screen size
Screen Color
3G: HSDPA 900/ 1900/2100
190 x 120.45 x 11.98
600 x 1024 pixels, 7.0 inches
TFT, 16M colors
TouchWiz UI, Three-axis gyro
sensor, Proximity sensor for
auto turn-off
Tablet
37
Keypad Lighting
Accelerometer
sensor, Proximity
sensor
Three-axis
gyroscope,
Magnetometer
-
Antenna
Internal
Phonebook
-
Internal Memory
512MB RAM /
16GB, 32GB, 64GB
Memory
Expansion
-
Battery Type
25Wh
Talk
Time(minutes)
Standby
Time(hours)
Web Surfing :3G up
to 9 hours
Navigation key
Soft Key
Other keys
TFT capacitive touchscreen,
Accelerometer sensor
Touch-sensitive controls
Multi-touch input method,
auto-rotater
Internal
Unlimited entries of
phonebook, call records
16/32 GB storage, 512 MB
RAM
microSD, up to 32GB
Standard battery, Li-Po 4000
mAh
Connectivity
Samsung P1000 Galaxy
Model
Bluetooth
Apple iPad 2
Tab
Yes, Ver 2.1 + EDR
Yes, v3.0 with A2DP
Infrared (IrDA)
No
No
USB port
No
Yes
EDGE
Yes
Yes
Support 3G
Yes
No
Data Types/GPRS
Yes
Yes
(802.11 a/b/g/n)
Yes, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g
Yes (with 3G version)
Yes, HSDPA, 7.2 Mbps;
WIFI
HSDPA
HSUPA, 5.76 Mbps
GPS
Data cable
Yes
Yes
microUSB
v2.0(proprietary)
38
Camera Features
Samsung P1000 Galaxy
Model
Apple iPad 2
Tab
Lens Type
CMOS
CMOS
Mega pixel
0
3.2
(Secondary VGA
2048x1536
Max. Resolution
Camera)
Digital Zoom
5X
Flash
No
Yes
Night Mode
Yes
-
-
-
Geo-tagging,
Auto focus, Secondary
FaceTime Support
Camera: 1.3 MP
Yes, 720p HD (1280
Yes, 30 fps
Frame
Extra Features
Video
x 720)
2.18
Photo Format
-
-
Video Format
-
720x480
Android Operation System
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating
system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools
and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform
using the Java programming language. The features for Android are below;
39
i.
Application
framework enabling
reuse
and
replacement
of
components
ii.
Dalvik virtual machine optimized for mobile devices
iii.
Integrated browser based on the open source WebKit engine
iv.
Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D
graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware
acceleration optional)
v.
SQLite for structured data storage
vi.
Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats
(MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)
vii.
GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)
viii.
Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi (hardware dependent)
ix.
Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent)
x.
Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools
for debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plugin for
the Eclipse IDE
Android will ship with a set of core applications including an email client,
SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are
written using the Java programming language.
40
2.18.1 Android Architecture
The following diagram shows the major components of the Android
operating system. Each section is described in more detail in Figure 2.3 below.
A
Home
Contacts
Brow ser
Phone
A
F
p p l ic a t io n
L
View
System
Content
Providers
Telephony
Manager
...
r a m e w o r k
Activity Manager
Package Manager
1
p p l ic a t io n s
Resource
Manager
A
ib r a r ies
Surface Manager
Media
Framework
SQLite
O penGL | ES
FreeType
W ebKit
SGL
SSL
libc
Notificaoon
Manager
Location
Manager
n d r o id
R
u n tim e
C o re Libraries
A
L
in u x
K
Dalvik Virtual
Machine
e r n e l
Display
Driver
Cam era Driver
Flash Memory
Driver
Binder (IPC)
Driver
Keypad Driver
WiFi Driver
Audio
Drivers
Power
Management
Figure 2.3: Android Architecture
41
2.18.2 Application Framework
By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers
the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are free
to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run
background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much,
much more.
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core
applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of
components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application
may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced
by the framework). This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by
the user.
Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including:
•
A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an
application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an
embeddable web browser
•
Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other
applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data
•
A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such
as localized strings, graphics, and layout files
•
A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display
custom alerts in the status bar
•
An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and
provides a common navigation backstack
42
2.18.3 Libraries
Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of
the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the
Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:
•
System C library - a BSD-derived implementation of the standard
C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices
•
Media Libraries - based on PacketVideo's OpenCORE; the
libraries support playback and recording of many popular audio and
video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4,
H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG
•
Surface Manager - manages access to the display subsystem and
seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple
applications
•
LibWebCore - a modern web browser engine which powers both
the Android browser and an embeddable web view
•
SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine
•
3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs;
the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available)
or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer
•
FreeType - bitmap and vector font rendering
•
SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine
available to all applications
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
3.1
Introduction
The purpose of research methodology is to provide a sound platform for
the researcher to achieve the aim and objectives of the study.
This chapter
highlights the chronological order of research methodology, discusses on how the
research methodology will be conducted in order to achieve the objectives of this
research. It is also important in obtaining relevant primary data from the selected
group. From there, an analysis is conducted to study the data obtained from
respondent and finally, based on the results obtained, a conclusion is derived.
Two main aspects should be considered in order to obtain the best
methodology in this research. First, the author has to review the current practice
of field inspection process in highway maintenance system.
An observation
survey should be initially made in order to have a full understanding of procedures
and activities involved in data collection in inspection of highway. Second, it is to
develop a conceptual model for Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
prototype. The prototype will develop by using Android application software.
44
For this study, the main aim is to develop an Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS) model by using a Tablet PC with Android application
named D atadroid and Smart Measure. The methodology of this study is shown in
flow chart as follow;
Identify Problems
7
Establish aims and objectives
7
*o
n
tiio
c
le
Data c
-
Literature Review
Questionnaire
_________ x z ____________
Development o f prototype
Testing and Evaluation the prototype
IT
Data Analysis
____________ XZ ______________
Conclusion and Recommendation
Figure 3.1 : The flow chart of methodology
Interview
45
3.2
Research Process
The research process is mainly divided into two phases. In first phase, this
research involved literature review and look forward for highway inspection
practice in order to identify the most common practice in data collection of
highway inspection.
Structure interview questionnaire will be carried out as a
pilot study to investigate the current practice of field inspection in Senai Desaru
Expressway. Besides, an interview also will be conducted with head inspector to
gain more information regarding field inspection process.
The data collection
from interview and questionnaire will be analyzed to select and rank of the most
particular items used in the highway inspection maintenance system.
Later on, in second phase of this research will involve the prototyping
method in process of creating a prototype. The prototype as a primary platform
for the EFDCS and it will be tested by using Tablet PC.
3.3
Research Methodology
Research methodology conducted in this study is to make sure the study
was done with the right procedure. Research methodology contained seven (7)
stages. They are listed below in chronological order:
i.
Literature review;
ii.
Data collection;
iii.
Data analysis;
iv.
Conceptual Model Development;
46
v.
Prototype Development;
vi.
Prototype testing and evaluation; and
vii.
Conclusion and Recommendation
3.3.1
Literature Review
In order to conduct a literature review, reading materials such as books,
journals, online journals, online websites, conference papers and previous research
are gathered. These reading materials provide a good source for secondary data
and the collection data from the interviews and questionnaire serves as a
benchmark for primary data collection.
Most of the literature review is regard to the procedure and elements of
highway inspection and also the current practice of data collection in field
inspection system. The output of these reviews gives the better understanding of
the method that required to be implemented in developing the prototype of
Electronic Field Data Collection System.
3.3.2
Data Collection
Data can be obtained from various sources and it is important to look for
data at the right place. Data required for research purpose can be divided into two
types, as discuss below.
47
3.3.2.1 Primary data
The collection of initial information obtains from the target audience. The
data collection was done through two methods as follows:
i.
Face to Face Interview
A total number of 5 professionals from Malaysian Highway
Authority (MHA) and Senai Desaru Expressway (SDE) have been
approached for face to face interviews. Their views were obtained to
evaluate the understanding and the current scenario over data collection in
field inspection of highway maintenance. The experts also been asked
about the opinion in establishing a quality of data maintenance.
ii.
The Structured Interview Questionnaires
A structured interview questionnaire was distributed to the target
personnel to obtain the required data. In this study, 4 of questionnaires
were distributed to those who are involved in field inspection of highway
at Senai Desaru Expressway Berhad. This main purpose is to identify the
current practice of field inspection in highway maintenance in regard to
inspection data collection. The potential and the limitation of Electronic
Field Data Collection System were determined through the questionnaire
method.
48
The structured interview questionnaire comprise of three (3) sections as
below;
a) Section A
In this part, the respondents were asked about their general
information and background. The purpose of this part is to determine the
experience of the respondents whereby it were used in judging the
performance of prototype.
b) Section B
In this part, the respondents were approached to give some views
on the current method of checklist used for recording the field data
inspection.
c) Section C
Questions in this section were designed to find out the potential and
limitation of the proposed system in order to improve the current method in
collecting and recording the field inspection data. The respondents were
allowed to recommend and comment for the proposed method. These data
collection was used to review the prototype development.
49
3.2.2.2 Secondary data
Secondary data can be obtained through literature, references such as
books, journals, conference papers, magazines, newspapers, reports, internet
surfing and so on.
3.3.3
Data Analysis
Data analysis is carried out for the qualitative data obtained from the
questionnaire survey. Qualitative data collected through the questionnaire were
first segregated and separated to answer different study objectives. The data will
be categorized under different variables to represent the result of the research
objectives. Different statistical methods are used such as content analysis,
frequency analysis, and average index analysis. The discussions are mainly to
evaluate the results obtained from the survey to compare any similarity with the
expert’s opinions in conjunctions with the objectives of the study. The summary of
the study are then presented with the recommendation along with the conclusion
for further studies in this area.
50
3.3.3.1 Content Analysis
Content analysis is used to analyse the number of response that the
respondent’s gives in proposing to different variables based on the same
questionnaires. The proposed variables are tabulated and analysed based on the
opinions given by the respondents.
3.3.3.2 Frequency Analysis
The frequency analysis is used to represent result of data analysis of the
number of response that the respondent gives to different variables in the
questionnaire. The result has been tabulated in the form of frequency number and
percentage according to total respondents. For graphic result presentation, pie
chart has been used as the summary.
3.3.3.3 Average Index Analysis
In Average index analysis, the results are further summarized to obtain the
level of importance in evaluating the factors which involve in the understanding of
contract document. The respondents have been requested to gauge and evaluate
the proposed factors element in every section of the questionnaire in structured
interview questionnaire.
51
This stage is very important for this study as it described the result of the
raw data collected from all sources. All the data obtained were presented in the
form of Table, Graphs and Pie Charts to generate findings clearly and easy to
understand. The average index is calculated using the following formula;
Average Index =
'Laixi
Lxi
Where,
Ai = value of importance scale (i=l, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Xi = respondent frequency (i = l, 2, 3, 4, 5)
In order to describe the potential and limitation of the proposed system,
average index method was implemented in this study by using five scales to
describe the potential and limitation of the proposed system. The scale that be used
in this study were as shown below:
l= least important
2=slightly important
3=moderate important
4=important
5=most important
52
The classification for average index value is as follow;
1 = ‘least important’ l.OO < Average Index < l.50
2 = ‘slightly important’ l .50 < Average Index < 2.50
3 = ‘moderate important’ 2.50 < Average Index < 3.50
4 = ‘important’ 3.50 < Average Index < 4.50
5 = ‘most important’ 4.50 < Average Index < 5.00
3.3.4
Conceptual of Model Development
A conceptual model is a map of concept and their relationship. Concept is
rough plan of an idea which is formulated before it is put into development. It
gives the model developer better understanding of the model before start to
develop a model system. Ting, (200l) has mentioned the significant of conceptual
development as below;
a.
It presents a rough idea in the sketches of a paper so that the
developer can visualize the idea.
b.
It allows the developer to see the bigger and entire picture of the
idea.
c.
It allows addiction and rectification to be done before the
development of the project commences.
53
All gathered information gained from the questionnaires and interviews
analysis were blended and used to develop the model development of Electronic
Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
Regarding to this study, a conceptual model of EFDCS has developed as
shown in the Figure 3.2 below;
Figure 3.2 : Structural model development
3.3.4
Prototype Development
Prototype is an easily modified and extensible model (representation,
simulation or demonstration) of a planned system, likely including its interface
and input/output functionality.
The purpose of prototyping is the design
54
verification phase of product development used to demonstrate or prove aspects of
a design. Prototyping is simply taking the design from the virtual and imaginary
realm to the physical worlds.
Figure 3.3 below shows graphically the steps that involved in developing
the prototype of the proposed system
Plan the study
Design the form
Create form and site
measurement by using
Android application software
Test and evaluation the
system
Figure 3.3 Sequence of prototype development
a.
Plan and identify the output of the prototype. The output has to
synchronize with the objective of the research.
b.
Design form of electronic checklist.
The elements of highway
inspection such pavement, slope, drainage and culvert and
particular details in the existing paper checklist shall be considered
in designing the checklist form.
55
c.
The form of electronic checklist is created by using Android
software application named D3 atadroid. The software is web-based
application which internet application is necessary in order to
create the form. The form has to design by using computer and it
will be run by using Tablet PC.
Smart Measure software is
installed to Tablet PC and will be used to measure the site
measurement.
d.
Testing and evaluate the system after developing the database to
ensure that no errors occur. If there is an error, the system has to
modify immediately.
3.3.5
Prototype Testing, Evaluation and Validation
The evaluation of the prototype is to assess the performance of the
prototype. The program was performed prototype testing for design optimization
in order to ensure it function, operability, satisfaction, performance and reliability.
When the development prototype is satisfied, the prototype will be tested in the
real inspection situation with the real input and output. The results of testing need
to be evaluated and validated by the inspectors in order to view the potential and
limitation of the prototype.
3.3.6
Conclusion and Recommendation
As a conclusion of the research methodology, all the literature review
regarding to the current practice in recording data of field inspection highway,
56
structure interview questionnaire and interview session have been conducted in the
first phase of this research. The development of the prototype is carried out at the
second phase and the author required to test and evaluates the proposed system by
using Tablet PC application.
The relevant recommendation will be noted to
improve the prototype development for next research in real inspection highway
practice.
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
4.1
Introduction
This chapter will discuss the analysis of data and interpreting of the results
in the required manner. The data were analysed by using the Average Index (AI)
method and other techniques to identify the practicability of using Electronic Field
Data Collection System (EFDCS) for highway maintenance at Senai Desaru
Expressway.
4.2
Respondent Background
Four respondents had given a good cooperation to the questionnaire
survey.
Respondent’s experiences and the organization which serviced are very
important in this study to determine the accuracy of the information given.
58
Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 below present the working experience of
respondents. One or 25% of the respondent had less than 3 years of working
experience, one had 3-5 years, one had 5-8 years and the last respondent had over
15 years working experiences. Another three of respondents each had 3-5 years
and over 15 years of working experience.
Table 4.1 : Respondent’s working experiences
Total of
Percentage
Respondent
(%)
Less than 3 years
1
25%
3-5 years
1
25%
5-8 years
1
25%
8-10 years
0
0%
10-15 years
0
0%
Over 15 years
1
25%
4
100%
Working Experience (Year)
Total
Working Experience
■ Less than 3 years
■ 3-5 years
■ 5-8 years
■ Over 15 years
Figure 4.1 : Percentage breakdown of respondent’s working experience
59
Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2 below showed that the highest academic
qualification that respondents had obtained.
The qualifications stated in
questionnaire are Diploma, Bachelor Degree, Master Degree and others. Two or
50% or respondents had obtained Bachelor Degree as their highest academic
qualification and two or 50% of the respondent holds Others (SPM) as the highest
academic qualification.
Table 4.2: Respondent’s highest academic qualification
Total of
Percentage
Respondent
(%)
Diploma
0
0%
Bachelor Degree
2
50%
Master Degree
0
0%
Others
2
50%
Total
4
100%
Working Experience (Year)
Figure 4.2 : Percentage of respondent’s highest academic qualification
60
4.3
Current Practice to Collect and Record the Field Highway Inspection
of SDE
As mentioned in the scope of study earlier, the information of current
practice is required to be taken as it is a part of the research methodology in this
study. A series of analysis was carried out in order to analyse the current practice
used in field inspection of highway.
From the structure interview questionnaire surveyed, all respondents
(100%) did use the checklist to record the field inspection data. The form of
inspection used is paper checklist and none of them used electronic checklist as
their record of inspection data.
All respondents (100%) have record the site measurement data, photos and
report on defects into the checklist during carry out the field inspection. The
elements of inspection are Road surface, slope, culverts, drainage, bridge,
Vehicular box culvert, turf/landscaping and traffic safety devices.
All respondents (100%) spent about a half day per day to execute the field
inspection at highway. After the inspection data have been collected at field, all
the respondents (100%) mention that they have to key in the checklist data into the
existing database system by using computer and submit the data via the internet in
order to record and store the data.
Table 4.3 and Figure 4.3 present the tools and equipment used by the
respondents during carry out the field inspection of highway. Checklist sheet, pen,
measurement tape and camera are the tools and equipment that all the respondents
(100%) bring into field to execute the highway inspection. One of them mention
61
that video camera, touch light, and white board required to bring along when it’s
necessary.
Table 4.3 : Tools and equipment used in current field inspection
Tools and
Equipment
Responden
tl
Responden
12
Responden
13
Responden
14
Percentag
e (%)
Checklist sheet
Pen
Measurement
tape
Camera
Touch Light
Others (White
Board)
Total
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
22%
22%
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
22%
22%
6%
1
6
0
4
0
4
0
4
6%
100%
Tools and Equipment in Field Inspection
1.2
0.2
0
Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4
Figure 4.3 : Graph of Tools and equipment used in field inspection
62
Table 4.4 and Figure 4.4 present the problems that usually faced by the
respondents in order to bring the tools and equipment during execute the field
inspection. All the respondents felt that the tools and equipment tend to fall down
at slope area and most of them mentioned that measurement also hard to execute
in that area.
Table 4.4 : Problems occur regarding tools and equipment
Problem occur
The equipment
are hard to bring
along
No proper
storage to keep
the tools and
equipment in safe
Some tools and
equipment such
as camera tend to
fall down at
slope area
The
measurement is
hard to execute at
risky area such as
slope and ravine
area
Total
Respondent
Respondent
1
2
Respondent
3
Respondent
4
Percentage
(%)
0
0
0
1
13%
0
0
1
0
13%
1
1
1
1
50%
1
1
0
0
25%
2
2
2
2
100 %
63
Problems Occur Regarding Tools and Equipment
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Respondent 1 Respondent 2 Respondent 3 Respondent 4
Figure 4.4 : Problems occur regarding tools and equipment
4.4
Potential and limitation of Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS)
In the section C of the structure interview questionnaire, the author gains
the potential and limitation of EFDCS from the respondents. Among four
respondents, two of them have heard about electronic inspection system and
another two never heard of it. All the respondents (100%) thought that Tablet PC
is easy to carry while doing the field inspection.
Electronic record keeping will bring many benefits in term of convenience,
makes the works more efficient, more secure on the data collected and the
beneficial of Tablet PC application.
Table 4.5 presents the responses of the
benefits by using EFDCS. From Table 4.6, convenience is the most important and
the most concerned benefit by the inspectors. Then the efficient of the system was
64
rank number two and followed by security of the documentation and the beneficial
of Tablet PC application.
Table 4.5 : Response to the potential of electronic field inspection
No
Benefits
A
Convenience
Electronic field inspection able to
record the inspection data and act as
an inspection tools
Electronic field inspection is more
convenient than paper based checklist
Efficient
Electronic field inspection can makes
the field inspection fast and easy
Electronic field inspection makes the
inspection become more efficient.
The inspectors have no longer need to
come back to base to record/entry the
inspection data
Security of documentation
Electronic field inspection is more
safer and more security than
traditional paper based
Security o f documentation is
important in respect to my job
Tablet PC Application
Tablet PC is a good instrument to
execute the electronic field inspection
Tablet PC is easy to carry while doing
the field inspection
Most o f the inspection activities such
as linear measurement and GPS can be
done by using Tablet PC
Quantity o f tool and equipments can
be reduce by implementing the
electronic field inspection
1
2
B
3
4
5
D
6
7
E
8
9
10
11
l
No. of Respondent
2
4
3
5
Average
Index
4.25
0
0
0
3
1
4.25
0
0
0
3
1
4.25
3.92
0
0
1
2
1
4.00
0
0
0
4
0
4.00
0
1
0
2
1
3.75
3.75
0
0
1
3
0
3.75
0
0
1
3
0
3.75
3.56
0
0
22
22
0
3.50
0
0
2
2
0
3.50
0
0
2
2
0
3.50
0
0
1
3
0
3.75
*Notes:
1. Total number of respondents are 4
2. Scale used: 1=Strongly disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Uncertain, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly agreed
65
T able 4.6 : R anked ben efit o f electronic field inspection
Average Index
Ranking
Convenience
4.25
1
Efficiency
3.92
2
Security of documentation
3.75
3
3.56
4
Benefits
The benefit of Tablet PC
Application
4.5
Comments and Main Benefits of Electronic Field Data Collection
System (EFDCS)
The last section of questionnaire is the comment and main benefit about
the proposed system.
The comments are in term of their opinion of the field
inspection works and the main benefit of the proposed EFDCS.
All the respondents were written down their comment due to the proposed
EFDCS. Most of the respondents had mentioned that the electronic method make
an easier to be carried out during field inspection compared to the existing current
practice.
One of respondents mentioned that the tools and equipment can be
reduced by using EFDCS. Another respondent also commented that the system
will speed the inspection works and reduced the paper as well.
In term of main benefits of the proposed EFDCS, two of the respondents
had considered that the proposed program is very convenient to the field
inspection work whereby the process of collecting, recording and storing the
inspection data can be done easily and faster. One respondent written that the
66
number of tools to bring at site can be reduced by using the electronic field
inspection and another one respondent mentioned that the program may speed the
inspection works. Table 4.7 below presents the summary of comments and main
benefit of the electronic field inspection by the respondents.
Table 4.7 : Comments and main benefits of EFDCS
No.
Comment
Main Benefit
1
The EFDCS is easy to be carried out
Very convenient to the field
during field inspection compared to
inspection work whereby the
the existing current practice
process of collecting,
recording and storing the
inspection data can be done
easily and faster
2
The tools and equipment can be
The number of tools to bring
reduced by using EFDCS
at site can be reduced by
using EFDCS
3
Speed the inspection works
The system may speed the
inspection works
4
Reduced the paper
All the respondents (100%) agreed that their company will plan to use the
electronic field inspection in future. This shows that the SDE is interested to
implement the program as the system will give beneficial to them.
CHAPTER 5
ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM (EFDCS) FOR
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
5.1
Introduction
From the final product of this study, an Electronic Field Data Collection
System (EFDCS) for highway maintenance was developed in order to carry out
the field inspection activity. The main purpose of this system is to collect and
record the field data by using the technology of Tablet PC. In this study, the
electronic inspection will transform a paper-based checklist method into an
electronic checklist method.
The electronic forms cover everything that paper
forms can provide such as capture photos, signatures, GPS coordinates and self­
validation. The inspector no longer needs to come back to base to enter the
inspection data as they are able to submit over the web and export the data to PDF
and Excel format to produce report.
On the other hand, through the Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS),
the conventional tools and equipment that being used during field inspection are
eliminated as Android software applied in tablet PC capable to carry the activities
such as site measurement, capture photo and GPS marker. Thus, the
68
EFDCS is very beneficial in field inspection of highway as it able to improve their
field data quality, reduce the workload, save time and cost as well.
5.2
Component of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
The component of this system consist of electronic checklist, measurement
tool, camera and Geographical Positioning System (GPS) marker and these item
applied in one device; Tablet PC.
Figure 5.1 : Component of EFDCS
69
By implementing the EFDCS, the inspector has no longer to bring the tools
and equipment of inspection such as measurement tape, checklist, camera and
GPS. The inspector just needs to bring a Tablet PC only as the instrument to carry
out the field inspection. All tools and equipment activities for field inspection
have been united in Tablet PC (All in one).
After inspection of field data have been collected by using EFDCS, the
data is submitted via internet to the database centre called D atadroid to store the
inspection data and finally produce report. This process has been validated and
agreed by the SDE officer. Figure 5.2 below presents the flow chart of process
electronic inspection in highway maintenance.
70
Figure 5.2 : Flow chart of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS)
process
71
The system is developed by using two types of Android applications;
D3atadroid and Smart Measure.
D 3 atadroid is used to create the inspection
checklist form and act as an electronic checklist, camera and GPS while Smart
Measure is used to measure the distance and height of an object.
These two
applications are very useful to carry out the field inspection activities and it give a
significant for inventory data collection in future.
5.3
The Development of Electronic Checklist
3
Form of electronic checklist was designed at D atadroid Android
application.
The form is designed via online, which mean Internet access is
necessary. Below are the steps to produce a checklist form by using D atadroid
software.
Figure 5.3 : Steps to produce inspection form by using D atadroid software
72
5.3.1
Create the inspection form
The inspection form is designed via internet access at D atadroid website.
In order to enter into the website, login application is necessary.
Figure 5.4: Login interface
Before creating the inspection form, the features and element of highway
inspection such as type of inspection, date of inspection, time of inspection, scope
of works, element of defect, and site measurement need to be considered in
designing the new checklist form.
73
Figure 5.5 : Create new form of checklist
5.2.2
Create the Work package
Work package is used to assign form to users, the detail who, what, where
and when the form are complete. After checklist form has completely created and
saved, the form need to be assigned to the user (inspector) who are going to be
used during field inspection at site. If there are two or more forms are required to
be filled in at the site, then the forms are gathered in the Work package.
74
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75
5.2.3
Work package delivered
After the work package has been activated, the form was directly sent via
internet to the Tablet PC and the form is ready to be filled in.
5.2.4
View report
After field inspection has been conducted, the inspection data is submitted
online via the internet to the D atadroid website.
All data which have been
collected and recorded at field were stored in that particular database. To view the
inspection data, the inspector need to login to the D atadroid website to open the
data.
The report can be export to Excel or PDF for better performance and
appearance. All the field information required are contained in the report and able
to print if necessary.
76
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The GPS location and photo of defects contained in the field data
inspection also can be viewed in this report.
atadroid
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77
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78
5.4
Smart Measure Application
Smart Measure is applied in this electronic inspection program in order to
help the inspector to measure the site condition such as length of crack pavement,
height and width of slope, and length of broken drainage.
By using Smart
Measure, the inspector has no longer to bring measurement tape to the field. In
addition, the measurement in critical condition such as slope or steep area can be
conducted in easy way.
Smart Measure boasts a very good concept for a measuring application.
It allows inspector to measure the approximate distance and height of an object.
This application utilizes Tablet PC’s camera and accelerometer to triangulate the
distance or height of an object using basic geometric equations. The important
point is, the inspector need to calibrate the program and Table PC to avoid
inaccuracy. To calibrate the program, inspector must identify the height he will
holding the Tablet PC while measuring. Once the calibrations were done, hold the
phone at the entered height level and aim the camera at the ground/base of the
object.
In order to get very accurate measurements, the inspector need to find a
constant height of the Tablet PC’s camera from the ground that he input into the
program. Smart Measures can calculate the height and distance of an object that is
as far as 80 meters. However, in order to get 100 % precise values, then it is
recommended that not go further than 50 meters from the object. Besides the
accuracy levels, the Smart Measure provides a useful alternative to the traditional
measuring tape and calculating distances via foot paces.
presents the function of Smart Measure
Figure 5.11 below
79
S TEP
I
Phone's height (h) = A A '
n g 's height (H ) = AA”
height = h + H
Figure 5.11: Function of Smart Measure
5.5
Application of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) in
Tablet PC
Tablet PC is used as a working platform in order to run the EFDCS. Sub
topics below describe the application of the EFDCS from the beginner step to the
end of the form.
80
5.5.1
Login
Inspector requires to key in the correct username and password to get into
the main menu of checklist form. The username and password used had to be
assigned during creating the work package in D atadroid website.
New Users
Create an account and forms at
h t t p s y / w v w .d a t a t fr o id n m / j r o
we recommend cresting you- Kctxfrt
from yow PC
Figure 5.12 : Login screen
5.5.2
Main Menu
In main menu, inspector requires to select “Create New Report” to start the
field inspection or “Report in Progress” to continue the previous inspection.
Figure 5.13 presents the main menu screen.
81
Figure 5.13: Main Menu Screen
5.5.3
Fill Inspection Form
Figure 5.14 presents the forms for field inspection of highway
maintenance. The inspector required to choose one form only in order to conduct
one inspection. After completing the form, the inspection will continues for other
inspection with the new forms. Figure 5.14 - 5.16 present the process of filling
the inspection forms.
82
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Figure 5.14: (a) List of form to be choose, (b) Checklist form item, (c) Filled form
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 5.15: (a) Set time (b) Set date, (c) GPS marker
83
In order to enter the measurement item in the checklist form such as
Length, Width and Height, click the Home button and select the Smart Measure
application in the Main menu. Then, set the height of Tablet PC’s height while
measuring into the object and finally start measure the object and get distance.
Figure 5.16 presents how the application works.
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After getting the distance, turn back to D atadroid application by clicking
Home button.
Then, continue fill the checklist form by entering the distance
number into the form. Repeat the same step for other site measurement such as
length, width and height.
84
In some item, the data can be easily entered by clicking the selection
answers. It will cut the time of entering the data. Besides, the electronic checklist
form that is created by D atadroid able to capture the photo (if necessary) and
signature for self-validation.
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5.5.4
Submission of Field Inspection Data
Once the checklist form has completely filled by the inspector, the data
need to be stored online in D atadroid website. The internet application is required
in order to submit the data and view report. After the data has been submitted, the
report can be exported either in format Excel or PDF as mentioned before in 5.2.4
View report.
85
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.17: (a) Form complete, (b) Form submit
CHAPTER 6
EVALUATION OF ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM
PROTOTYPE
6.1
Introduction
This chapter will discuss the evaluation of the Electronic Field Inspection
prototype that includes the aim and objective of the evaluation, methodology,
results and discussions on the overall evaluation process.
The purpose of the
evaluation is to obtain the feedback from the inspectors and further improvement
and development can be made after evaluation process. In this chapter, it also
concludes the overall finding of this study.
Aim and objective of the evaluation;
S
To assess the performance of the prototype and the satisfaction of
the output;
S
To determine the applicability of the prototype to the environment
of field inspection activity;
87
S
To obtain the comments and recommendations for improving the
prototype.
Before the prototype is test runs on the field, the prototype had gone
through several trial runs with appropriate refinement to improve it. The process
is continuous until the prototype is ready to be demonstrated to the real situation of
field inspection. When the prototype is ready, the inspectors and site engineers
were invited for demonstration.
Once the prototype was demonstrated, the
summative evaluation was undertaken and the findings were used to improve the
final prototype.
6.2
Evaluation Questionnaire Design
Evaluation questionnaire was designed based on the aim and objectives of
the evaluation stated in sub-chapter 6.1. Appendix B had shown the sample of the
evaluation questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections as
describe as follow;
i.
Section A
In this section, various questions about the prototype satisfactory
were asked. The questions asked in this section were in Liker-scale
form. From here interviewee has to choose the suitable answer
among five choices.
The scale were 1 (poor), 2 (fair), 3
(satisfactory), 4 (good) and 5 (excellent). It was divided into three
sub heading as follow;
88
ii.
•
General
•
The system performance
•
Applicability to field inspection of highway
Section B
In this part the interviewee was requested to give their comment on
the benefit of the prototype, the limitation, and the way to improve
it.
6.3
Analysis of Evaluation Results
This section is report the feedback from the evaluation participants that
responses to the questions and give comment for the further improvements. The
target evaluation personnel were the inspector who conducted the field inspection
in Senai-Desaru Expressway.
Most of the respondent had given a good respond to the evaluation
questionnaire and had commented on the improvement to overcome the
shortcoming of the prototype. The comments of the respondents are considered
very significant in order to improve the developed prototype. Table 6.1 presents
the result from the evaluation of the prototype on the aspect of system
performance, the applicability to the highway maintenance and general rating of
the prototype. Table 6.2 presents the comments from the respondents about the
benefit of prototype system, ways for improving and other comments about the
prototype system.
89
Table 6.1 : Result of evaluation prototype of EFDCS
Poor
Questions
1
System Performance
%
Fair
2
%
Rating
Satisfy
3
%
0%
0%
4%
Good
4
%
Excelen^
5
% J
96%
0% I
1
How even the Electronic Inspection System
(ElS)does helps in field inspection works?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0% l
2
How well does the inspection template
provided in the system?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0% j
3
How well does the system reflect the field
inspection work in a real situation?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0% j
4
How well does the system save time in back
to office job?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0%|
5
How well docs the system manage the
documentation between site and office?
0%
0%
1 25% 3
75%
0% l
6
How well does the system reduce the paper
work load?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0% ]
0%
0%
12.5 %
87.5 %
0% 1
1
Applicability to Highway maintenance
7
How effective is the system in field
inspection system?
0%
0%
1
25%
3
75%
0%|
8
How convinced are you that professional
team will accept this proposed system
0%
0%
1 25%
3
75%
0% 1
9
How effectively will the system increase the
speed o f field inspection?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0%l
10
Is it applicable to field inspection highway in
next few years?
0%
0%
0%
4
100%
0% j
0%
17%
25%
58%
0% 1
2
50%
0% j
25% 3
50%
o%!
25%
75%
0%l
General
11 How well the prototype is designed?
0%
1 25% 1 25%
12 How user friendly is the system?
0%
2 25% 2
0%
0%
13
W hat is your overall rating for the prototype
system?
1
3
Generally the respondents had rated the prototype as good in the aspect of
overall rating. During the filling up of the evaluation questionnaire, an informal
interview had conducted with the respondents. Most of the interviewees had given
90
a good cooperation and had given several good comments on the prototype.
Figure 6.1 presents the pie chart of overall rating on the system performance.
The System Performance Rating
00964%
■ Poor
■ Fair
■ Satisfy
■ Good
■ Excellent
Figure 6.1: Chart of the system performance rating
From the above chart, 96% of respondents had rated the system
performance of prototype as good. This is because the prototype has the common
inspection features and the inspection template is easy to use and user friendly.
Only 4% of the respondent found that they are less satisfied with the system
performance due to the reduction of paper work load and documentation
management.
Some of them reflected that the prototype can only assist on
reducing paper work load as the features in the prototype are totally same in the
existing inspection checklist form.
In the other hand, most of the respondents (87%) had rated the electronic
field inspection prototype as good in the aspect of its applicability to field
inspection of highway maintenance.
Most of the respondents had confidently
agreed that the industry professional will accept the prototype and use it in future.
91
This may be due to its convenience and also take consideration of work
productivity improvement. Therefore, the prototype has a great potential to be
expanded to a better product. Figure 6.2 presents the pie chart of overall rating on
the applicability on the field inspection of highway.
Applicability to Field Inspection of
Highway
o%
o% ^_ 0%
■ Poor
■ Fair
■ ■
87%
j
■ Satisfy
■ Good
■ Excellent
Figure 6.2 : Chart of the applicability to field inspection of highway
The general rating of the prototype evaluation was falls in the categories of
good (58%) and satisfies (25%). The organization of the prototype is the key for
respondents to rate the prototype in aspect of user friendly and overall rating.
Figure 6.3 presents the general rating of the prototype.
92
The General Rating of Prototype
o%n o%
■ Poor
■ Fair
■ Satisfy
■ Good
■ Excellent
Figure 6.3 : Chart of the general rating of prototype
In the section C of the evaluation questionnaire, respondents were
requested to give their comment on the benefit of the prototype and the
shortcoming of the system and the way to improve it. All the respondents had
given different comments and their comments are in the list Table 6.2 and Table
6.3 respectively below.
Table 6.2: The benefit of the prototype program
The benefits of the prototype
1 The prototype program reveal that the field inspection data can be
easily conducted by using electronic checklist form
2 Tools and equipment can be reduced as the proposed system used one
instrument only to act as checklist sheet, measurement tape, camera
and GPS as well
3 Reduced the workload as the inspector has no longer to entry the data
into the existing database after field inspection has been carried out
4
Speed the field inspection time
5 Improve the data quality in highway maintenance system
Table 6.3: The way of improvement
93
The way of improvement
1 The items in the electronic checklist can be improved
The integration between D atadroid and existing database (EMS) of
2
SDE may enhance the quality of data highway management
Inventory asset of highway management could be developed into the
prototype as the process of collecting and recording the inventory
3 data is similar to the electronic field inspection.
From the evaluation above, most of the respondents had given a good
feedback and also gave some comments to improve the proposed system. The
comments of them can be used as the reference to improve the prototype for future
development and expansion.
6.4
Prototype Limitation
From the evaluation process, the prototype of Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS) has several limitations as follow;
S
The site measurement by using Smart Measure is limited to short
distance only (less then 80m).
S
The field inspection can be conducted if internet access is not
available but the submission of field data is depended on it. If no
internet access, the data cannot be submitted.
S
Not all people familiar with the Tablet PC application and need
proper user guide
94
6.5
Summary
This chapter had described the summative evaluation of the prototype. The
study adopted questionnaire and informal interview technique in evaluating the
prototype. The results from the evaluation show that the prototype has an overall
good performance base on the demonstration session.
Although the prototype
concept is new to the highway maintenance, yet the respondent agreed that this
prototype concept will be adopted in the future.
Finally, the limitation of
prototype, comments and suggestion from the evaluation were used to refine the
prototype.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1
Introduction
This chapter is to summarize and provide conclusion to this study as well
as recommendations for future improvement and development. It indicates the
key findings, confirmation of the targeted aim and objectives and overall summary
of the whole study.
7.2
Realization of Study Objective
The discussions herein reflect the accomplishment of the each specific
objective. From the data collection and the analysis together with the discussion
in Chapter 4 and Chapter 6, the results have confirmed and concluded as sub­
chapter follow.
96
7.2.1
To review the current practice of field inspection process in highway
maintenance
This objective was achieved based on the execution of extensive literature
review and background study. From the review, the conclusion for this objective
is as follow;
i.
The inspection of highway maintenance has its common inspection
process to conduct the field inspection. The common practice of
field inspection starts from data collection by using some tools and
equipment, submission the field data and finally produce report.
ii.
In Malaysia the field inspection highway still practice on paper
based record for data collection and record. In regard to the
enhancement of technology, highway concessionaire has used the
same form of a database system in order to manage their highway
management.
7.2.2
To develop a prototype of Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS) by using of Tablet PC
The prototype of Electronic Field Data Collection System (EFDCS) was
successfully developed by using Android application software and Tablet PC.
With the existing prototype, it is hoped that field inspection activity able to
increase the field data quality, reduce the tools and equipment of inspection,
eliminate re-entry data and speed the field inspection time.
97
7.2.3
To address the potential and limitation of Electronic Field Data
Collection System (EFDCS)
This objective was achieved based on the execution of literature review,
structured interview questionnaire, interview session and evaluation and
demonstration of prototype. The conclusion of the finding for this objective is
described as follow;
i.
Most of the respondent had rated the EFDCS prototype as good in
the system performance as the inspection features and the
inspection template is easy to use and user friendly.
However,
some of them reflected that the prototype can only assist on
reducing paper work load as the features in the prototype are totally
same in the existing inspection checklist form.
ii.
Most of the respondent had rated the EFDCS prototype as good in
the aspect of its applicability to field inspection of highway
maintenance and they confidently agreed that the industry
professional will accept the prototype and employ it in future.
iii.
The overall rating of prototype by respondents is good due to the
design of the prototype is fulfilling the need of the respondent in
field inspection of highway.
iv.
The limitation of the EFDCS prototype are the site measurement by
using Smart Measure is limited to short distance only (less than
80m), the submission of field data is depend on internet access and
not all people familiar with the Tablet PC application.
98
7.3
Recommendations of Further Improvement
Even though the EFDCS prototype had been developed, the author had
found out there is always a space for improvement. From the study findings, some
recommendation and following suggestion had been made and to be adapted for
future improvement and enhancement of the prototype system. The prototype has
revealed a number of areas for further research and development including;
i.
Further study on the integration between D atadroid and existing
database (EMS) of SDE may enhance the quality of data highway
management as both databases works in web-based application.
ii.
The prototype can be extended to allow collecting and recording of
inventory asset of highway as the process of collecting the
inventory data is similar to the electronic field inspection.
99
REFERENCES
Aveni, M. (2001). Software System Streamlines Bridge Inspection Process,
71(10), 34-37,Civil Engineering Magazine, ASCE
Elzarka, H. M. (1997). Development of Pen-Based Computer Field Applications,
Journal o f Computing in Civil Engineering, 11(2), 140-143
EMS (Expressway Maintenance System), (2002), Inspection and Monitoring, (1st
ed.), Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia
Endsley, M. (1994). Implementation Model for Reducing Resistance to
Technological
Change.”
International
Journal
of
Human
Factors
in
Manufacturing, 4(1), 65-80.
Fortner, B. (2000). On the Cutting Edge. Civil Engineering Magazine, ASCE,
70(7), 44-47.
Garrett, J. H., Sunkpho, J. (2002). Issues in Delivering IT Systems to Field Users.
Carnegie Mellon University.
Garrett, J. H. (1998). Wearable computers for field inspectors: delivering data and
knowledge-based support in the field.
Artificial Intelligence in Structural
Engineering - Information Technology fo r Design, Collaboration, Maintenance,
and Monitoring. 146-164.
Graff, E., (2003), Detecting Screen Orientation and Screen Rotation in Tablet PC
Applications. Redmond, Technical Articles MSDN. Microsoft Corporation.
Leung, A. (1996). Perfecting Bridge Inspecting.'”Civil Engineering Magazine,
ASCE, March, 59-61.
Janne T., A.R., Pertti J., (2007). Paper 0286 an xml-based mobile application for
distribution network maintenance inspection. 19th International Conference on
Electricity Distribution, 21-24 May 2007, Vienna, Paper 0286.
100
Navarrete, G. (1999). Digital Assistants Aid in Data Collection, Journal o f
Management in Engineering, July/August, 15, 43-45.
Nobel, C. (2000). The future is here now - wearable PCs, eWeek, June.
Phares, B. M., Rolander, D. D. (2001). Reliability of visual bridge inspection.
Public Roads, April/March, 64(5), 22-30.
Rolander, D., Phares, B. (2001). Highway Bridge Inspection: State of the Practice
Survey. Transportation Research Record, 1749, 73-81.
Simmons, P. (1994). Measurement and the evaluation of I.T. investments.
Proceedings o f the Second International Software Metrics Symposium, (October
24-26), 74-83.
Sunkpho, J., Garrett, J. (1998). MIA: a wearable computer for bridge inspectors.
Digest o f Papers - Second International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 160­
161.
Teresa M. Adams (2004). Integrated Field and Office Tools fo r Bridge
Management Wisconsin, Wisconsin Highway Research Program for the Wisconsin
Department of Transportation Research, Sheboygan Ave., Madison
Thierrin, R. D. (1999). Infrastructure and Asset Management Using Mobile
Technology. Data Development and Evolution, 23-33.
Ting Ding Kiat (2009), E-site Organiser fo r Project Monitoring System, Master,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.
101
APPENDIX A
STRUCTURE INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
TITLE
ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM (EFDCS) FOR
HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
CASE STUDY: SENAI-DESARU EXPRESSWAY (E22)
Prepared By
NOR HUSNA BINTI MOHD GHAZALEE
Master o f Science in Construction Management
Objective Study:
This study is aimed to review the current practice o f field inspection process in regard of
recording and collecting the inspection data in highway maintenance. Besides that, it also
helps to address the potential and limitation of developing the electronic field inspection
for highway maintenance.
This study intends to develop a prototype of Electronic Field Inspection.
Guidance:
1. Please tick or fill in the blank with appropriate information
2. All information filled in this questionnaire is CONFIDENTAL
YOUR CO-OPERATION IS HIGHLY APPRECIATED
THANK YOU
102
SECTIONA : General Information
Please tick (v) at the answer for the following questions:
A1.
How many years of working experience do you possess?
|
| Less than 3 years
|
3 - 5 years
10 - 15 years
A2.
| 5 - 8 years
8 - 10 years
_____ Over 15 years
The highest academic qualification do you possess?
Diploma
Bachelor Degree
|
| Master Degree
Others (Please specify : ................................................................................ )
SECTION B : Identifying the current practice in process recording thefield inspection
data.
B1.
Does your concession use a checklist to record the field inspection data?
Yes
B2.
The form o f field inspection checklist used
Paper checklist
B3.
No
Electronic checklist
What type o f inspection do you conducted? ( You can tick more than one)
Daily inspection
Special inspection
Periodic inspection
103
B4.
Please tick the item that you record in the field inspection checklist
(You can tick more than one)
Site measurement data
Photos
Report on defect/failure
Report on accident
Others (Please specify:..........
B5.
What kind o f item do you inspect? (You can tick more than one)
B6.
Road Surface
Drainage
Slope
Bridge and Viaduct
Culvert
Tunnel
Traffic Safety Devices
Traffic Control Devices
Turf/Landscaping
Others (Please specify:..
How long do you spend time to execute the field inspection a day?
Half day
Full day
Depends on the weather
B7.
Have you been carried out the special inspection?
Yes (Please specify:.....................................
No
B8.
How do you submit your field inspection checklist?
|
| Send the checklist to other person for further action
Key in the checklist data into the database system by using computer
Send report by using electronic checklist
104
B9.
Please tick the tools and equipment that you carry during field inspection.
(You can tick more than one)
Checklist sheet
Measurement tape
Pen
Camera
Video camera
Chalk
Touch light
Test hammer
Others (Please specify:..........
B10.
Please tick the tools and equipment that you usually left behind. (You can tick
more than one)
B11.
Checklist sheet
Measurement tape
Pen
Camera
Video camera
Chalk
Touch light
Test hammer
Never left behind
Others. (Please specify:............. )
Please tick the problems that usually occur in order to carry the tools and
equipment during execute the field inspection? (You can tick more than one)
The equipment (i.e: checklist, camera and tape) are hard to bring along
No proper storage to keep the tools and equipment in safe
-------|
| The measurement is hard to execute at risky area such as slope and ravine
area
_____
B12.
Some tools and equipment such as camera tend to fall down at slope area
and deep drain.
Others. (Please specify:.............................................................................. )
Have you face the problem to handle the measurement tools before?
_____
Yes (please specify:......................................................................... )
No
105
B13.
How do you record the captured photo data?
|
| After capturing the photo, I return back to the base and upload the digital
photos data into the existing system
After capturing the photo, I return back to the base and pass the camera to
other person in charge to record the photos data
After capturing the photo, I return back to the base and print out the
photos data and record them.
After capturing the photo, I email the photos immediately at site.
SECTION C: To address thepotential and limitation o f Electronic Field Data Collection
System (EFDCS) fo r highway maintenance.
C1.
Have you heard about electronic inspection system before?
Yes
C2.
Have you seen a Tablet PC before?
Yes
C3.
No
Have you use the android application software in Tablet PC before?
Yes
C4.
No
No
Do you think a Tablet PC is easy to carry while doing the field inspection?
Yes
No
106
C5.
Please rate the following factors according to weightage of influences.
The following factors have five possible responses
1 = Strongly disagree 2 =Disagree 3 = Slightly agree 4 = Agree 5 = Strongly
agree
No
Rating
Questions
Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS) capable to record the inspection data
and act as an inspection tools such as checklist,
camera and measurement equipment
2
3
4
Electronic checklist is more convenient than
traditional paper based checklist in order to
record the data
2
3
4
Electronic checklist can makes the field
inspection fast and easy
2
3
4
Electronic checklist is more safer and more
security than traditional paper based in term o f
recording data. (no missing data)
2
3
4
Security o f documentation is important in respect
to m yjob
2
3
4
Tablet PC is a good instrument to execute the
electronic field inspection in highway
maintenance
2
3
4
Tablet PC is easy to carry while doing the field
inspection
2
3
4
By using Electronic Field Data Collection
System, most o f the measurement activities such
as linear measurement can be done by using
Tablet PC
2
3
4
Quantity o f tool and equipment to bring along
for field inspection can be reduce by
implementing the Electronic Field Data
Collection System
2
3
4
10
The inspectors have no longer need to come back
to base to record/enter the inspection data
2
3
4
11
Electronic Field Data Collection System makes
the inspection become more efficient.
2
3
4
12
Every concession should implement the
Electronic Field Data Collection System to
conduct the field inspection
2
3
4
107
C6.
Is your company planning to use Electronic Field Data Collection System in
future?
\
\ Yes
\
\ No
C7.
In your opinion, in what way the proposed system can improve the field
inspection?
C8.
Can you consider the main benefit o f the proposed system?
“THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION”
108
A P P E N D IX B
EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE
TITLE
ELECTRONIC FIELD DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM (EFDCS) FOR HIGHWAY
MAINTENANCE
CASE STUDY: SENAI-DESARU EXPRESSW AY (E22)
A.
This evaluation questionnaire should be completed following a demonstration o f the
prototype program
(Please circle one o f the ratings among 5 choices to represent the best answer or your
assessment)
1 : Poor 2 : Fair
3 : Satisfactory
4: Good
Questions
5: Excellent
1
Rating
2
4
3
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
System Performance
1
2
3
4
5
6
How the Electronic Field Data Collection System
(EFDCS) does help in field inspection works?
How well does the inspection template provided in the
system?
How well does the system reflect the field inspection
work in a real situation?
How well does the system save time in back to office
job?
How well does the system manage the documentation
between site and office?
How well does the system reduce the paper work load?
Applicability to Highway maintenance
7
8
9
10
How effective is the system in field inspection system?
How convinced are you that professional team will
accept this proposed system.
How effectively will the system increase the speed of
field inspection?
Is it applicable to field inspection highway in next few
years?
General
11
How well the prototype is designed?
1
2
3
4
5
12
How user friendly is the system?
1
2
3
4
5
13
What is your overall rating for the prototype system?
1
2
3
4
5
109
B
Miscellaneous
14. What do you consider the main benefit of the prototype system?
15. In what way the system can be improved?
16. Further comment: