Subject Index
Ad hoc government. See Special-purpose
government
Ad hoc political groups, 146-48, 160-61
Administrators. See Municipal administra
tors; City manager; Mayor
Advisory boards
citizen participation on, 127-28
function of, 127-28
political power of, 190-91
American Medical Association (AMA), 150-51
Annexation, 247-49
Anti-growth movement, 146-48, 48In
Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing De
velopment Corp., 298
Atlanta
downtown development in, 448
public housing in, 466
Automobile. Sec also Freeway construction
Affirmative action, 300-302
impact on society, 202-3
in hiring decisions, 301
through minority set asides, 301-2
Agenda, definition of, 222
Agenda setting, 222-25
as stage in public policy process, 223
and street maintenance, 339-41
Ballot propositions, 136
Agent, city as, 18
Baltimore. See also Schmoke, Kurt
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
and suburban growth, 356
Baker v. Can, 259n, 262n
Community Building in Partnership, 456
Harborplace, 196n, 221
(AFDC), 400, 469
Alexander v. Holmes Board of Education, 295n
service cutbacks in, 360
Alinsky, Saul D, 157, 169-71
taxing and spending disparities, with sub
American Bar Association (ABA), 150-51
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 124,
151
urban areas, 439-40
Banking practices
and racial discrimination, 421-22
and residential segregation, 422
539
Subject Index
Bankruptcy and near bankruptcy of cities,
counties, and special-purpose govern
ments, 328-29
Beal v. Lindsay, 438
Bias in urban services
in criminal justice, 428-32
in education, 413-18
in health care, 432-33
in roads and public works, 435-38
in siting decisions, 423-25
Blacks. See also Race
and civil rights movement, 169, 281
election to municipal offices, 113, 118,
162-66
migration from South to northern cities,
233
as municipal administrators, 123
and poverty, 378
and the underclass, 387-88
and the war on drugs, 430-32
Block grants, 269-70
CETA block grant, 274, 288-89
Community Development block grant,
134-35,288
problems with, 288-90
Safe Streets block grant, 289-90
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
block grant, 468-70
Board of Directors of Rotary International et al.
v. Rotary Club of Duarte et al., 415n
Boards and Commissions, 127-28
Boards of realtors, 145-46
Bonded indebtedness, municipal, 326-29
Cabrini-Green (Chicago), 404, 407, 465-66
Camden, NJ, 485-86
Carter, Jimmy, 291-92, 358n
Categorical grants, 269-70
Hill-Burton grant program, 280
Model Cities grant program, 282, 284-87
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)
grant program, 282, 284
problems with, 285-87
Urban Development Action Grant
(UDAG) program, 291-92, 448
Urban renewal grant program, 220n, 27880,286,451
Celebration, FL, 47n
Census Bureau classification of cities
Comprehensive Metropolitan Statistical
Area (CMSA), 14n
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA),
14-15
New England Comprehensive Metropoli
tan Statistical Area (NECMSA), 14n
Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area
(PMSA), 14n
Urban place, 14
Urbanized area, 14
Chicago. See also Byrne, Jayne; Daley, Rich
ard J.; Daley, Richard M; Wishington,
Harold
central business district in, 279
downtown development in, 278-79, 449
machine politics in, 62, 97, 349n
public housing in, 389, 404-8, 465-66
residential segregation in, 425
urban renewal in, 278-79
Boston
central city-suburban income disparities,
427n
Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative,
455-56
school bussing in, 79, 413
Bradley, Thomas, 118, 164
Broum v. Board of Education ofTopeka, 294-95,
305
Bureaucracy. See Municipal bureaucracy;
Street-level bureaucracy
Bush, George, 292
Bush v. Vera, 113n
Business owners and managers
and machine politics, 55-56
as policy entrepreneurs, 216-17
political power of, 193-95
Byrne, Jane, 97
540
Childs, Richard S., 99
Cincinnati
service cutbacks in, 360
user fees in, 366
Citizen-initiated contacts, 138-41
Citizen participation
in ad hoc groups, 146-48, 160-61
through citizen-initiated contacts, 138-41
in civic and social groups, 148-50
in political parties, 142-43
through protest, 166-71
reasons for, 131-35
through voting, 135-38
City. See also entries beginning with Municipal
and Urban
as agent of state, 18
ambivalence about, 65-66
Subject Index
in American history, 479-80
and legislative policy, 258-60
classification of, 14-20
and rural-urban conflict, 259-60
corporate, 17-18
state mandates in, 262-63
crime and law enforcement in, 335-36,
428-32
definitions of, 3-4
educational services in, 344-45, 413-18
fire protection in, 336-39
garbage collection in, 332-35
historical growth of, 47-48
importance of service delivery in, 331-32
legal, 17
as lobbyist, 263-64
and national government, 267-302, 322
opportunity for the chance encounter
in, 23
political power in, 177-97
as proprietor, 19-20
recreational opportunities in, 339
services for the needy in, 345-47
sociological, 15-16
and state government, 256-65, 322-25
statistical, 14-15
transportation services in, 339-44
City administrators. See Municipal adminis
trators
City clerk, 126
City council, 111-13
in council-manager plan of city govern
ment, 100-101
in mayor-council plan of city govern
ment, 94-95
minorities on, 113
reasons for serving on, 111-13
role of, in policy formation, 111-13
salary structure for, 111
City-county consolidation, 250-51
City manager
educational background of, 118-19
job security of, 119-22
as policy entrepreneur, 216
and policy development, 118-23
responsibilities of, 120
salary of, 120-21
turnover rate of, 119
Civic groups, 148-50
Civil Rights Act (1964), 281-82
Civil rights movement, 280-81
Cleveland, bankruptcy in, 328
Clinton, Bill, 292-93, 468-72
Colegrove v. Green, 459n
Colonial towns, 43-47
corporate and political patterns in, 45
economic patterns in, 44
patterns of social control in, 46-47
property rights in, 45
self-rule in, 44
Columbus Board of Education v. Penick, 296n
Commission plan of city government, 103-5
majority rule in, 106
management of conflict in, 109-10
minority rights in, 107
participation in, 108-9
responsiveness to citizen input, 110
Commodification of land and buildings,
theory of, 31-32
Community Development Block Grant,
134-35,288
Community development programs
assessment of, 457-58
definition of, 455
Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative
(Boston), 455-56
Community Building in Partnership (Bal
timore), 456
Community Mental Health Centers Act
(1963), 346
Community protest
nonviolence in, 168-71
violence in, 166-68
Community Reinvestment Act (1977), 422
Comprehensive Employment and Training
Act (1973), 274, 288-89
Conflict management, 109-10
Conservative ideology, 243-44
Contracting out municipal services, 366-69
Convention centers
City of Richmond v. J.A. Crosson Co., 301-2
City services. See Municipal services
assessment of, 450-51
City-state relationship
as downtown development strategy,
Dillon's rule, 257-58
home rule, 260-62
legal principles of, 256-58
in Atlanta, 448
447-49
financed by special purpose governments,
138
541
Subject Index
Coproduction of municipal services, 360-62
Corporations and businesses
bidding wars for relocation of, 324, 450
downsizing, 376-77
exodus from northern cities, 316, 357
Council-manager plan of city government,
99-103
city council in, 99-101
majority rule in, 106-7
management of conflict in, 109-10
minority rights in, 107-8
participation in, 108-9
responsiveness to citizen input, 110
Councils of government (COGs), 253
Crime. See also Law enforcement
and policy entrepreneurs, 215-21
in San Francisco, 446-47
Dillon, John E
Dillon's rule, 257-58, 261
Dinkins, David, 118, 163
Direct power, 185-90
Distributive policy, 209-10
Downtown, deterioration of, 203
Downtown development strategies. See also
Development policy
assessment of, 449-52
in Atlanta, 448
in Baltimore, 221
convention centers, 447-49
in Detroit, 165,211-12,219-20
fear of, and political participation, 80
growth in, 335
property, 335
and future of cities, 451-52
violent, 335
in New York City, 217-18, 292, 447
professional sports teams, 449
shopping centers, 220-21, 447-49
Cross-cutting cleavages, 173-74
hotels, 447-49
office towers, 447-49
sports arenas, 449
Dade-County, FL, two-tier government in,
252
Daley, Richard J., 62, 97, 349n
Daley, Richard M., 97, 98, 163
Davis v. Board of Education of Mobile County,
295n
Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman, 296n
De facto segregation, 295
De jure segregation, 295
Defaults, on bond payments, 328
Democratic norms and urban politics, 73-77
adherence to, under different governmen
tal plans, 105-10
majority rule, 73, 106-7
minority rights, 74, 107-8
participation, 75, 108-9
peaceful management of conflict, 74, 109
widespread distribution of benefits, 75, 110
Detroit. See alsoYoung, Coleman
development policy in, 165, 211-12,
219-20
political incorporation of minorities in, 165
Renaissance Center in, 219-20
Development Policy, 211-12
in Atlanta, 448
in Baltimore, 221
in Detroit, 165, 211-12, 219-20
in New Haven, 217-18
in New York City, 292, 447
542
in San Francisco, 147-48, 446-47
Downtown merchants associations, 146
Downtown shopping centers
assessment of, 449-52
in Baltimore, 221
as downtown development strategy,
447-48
and future of cities, 451-52
Rouse, James, as developer of, 220-21
Drug use
by the homeless, 399
in inner cities, 390-91
in public housing, 431-32
as underclass behavior, 390-91
Early republic, towns of the, 47-52
growth in, 47-48
land-use economies in, 48-49
social and political consequences of in
dustrialization in, 49-51
Economic trends
corporate downsizing, 376-78
corporate takeovers, 182-83
as explanation for homelessness, 400
and growth of the underclass, 376-78
loss ofjobs overseas, 355-56
shift from manufacturing to service sector
jobs, 355-56
Economic Opportunity Act (1964), 282-83
Subject Index
Edge cities, 234-35, 480
Fines and forfeitures, 326
Education
Fiscal strain
and bias in the classroom, 416-18
inequity in, 441-42
inter-city disparities in, 441-42
as municipal service, 344-45
tracking in, 416-17
Education for All Handicapped Children
Act (1975), 346
Eisenhower, Dwight D, 280
Elective offices
women in, 111
minorities in, 113, 118, 162-66
Electoral mobilization, 162-66
and political incorporation of minorities,
165-66
in Camden, NJ, 485-86
in Cleveland, 328
in large cities, 371
in New York City, 348-50
in Orange County, CA, 329
in Philadelphia, 328-29
Fire protection
improving efficiency in, 338-39
as municipal service, 336-39
privatization in, 367-68
volunteer, 338, 361
Fluoridation and community conflict, 78
Freeway construction
and neighborhood dislocation, 202-3
Emergency Finance Control Board (New
and neighborhood protest, 159
York City), 350
Empowerment zones and enterprise com
in San Francisco, 159
munities, 452-53, 486-87
racial issues in, 202-3
and growth of the suburbs, 202-3
assessment of, 453-55
in Cleveland, 453
in Louisville, 453
Entrepreneurial mayor, 117
Evans v. Buchanany, 296n
Executive centered coalition, 217
Gangs, 389-90
Garbage collection
inequity in, 436-37
as municipal service, 332-35
privatization of, 367
Gated communities, 235-36
Fair Housing Act (1968), 418-20
Fair Housing Act (1989 Amendments), 421
Farmworkers of Florida Housing Project, Inc. v.
City of Delray Beach, 434n
Faubus v.Aaron, 295n
Federal aid to cities. See Block grants; Cate
gorical grants
Federal Housing Administration (FHA),
274-75, 298
Federalism, 268-71
and interest groups, 272-73
under Bush, 292
under Carter, 291-92
under Clinton, 292-93
under Ford, 291-92
under Johnson, 280-87
under Nixon, 287-91
under Reagan, 292
under Roosevelt, 273-78
under Truman, 278-80
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corpo
ration (FSLIC), 274
Filter-down housing, 275
Gautreaux, Dorothy, 464
Gentrification, 486
Ghetto poverty, 383-85
Giuliani, Rudolph, 163
Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 299n
Goode, W Wilson, 164
Grants-in-Aid. See Categorical grants
Grass roots democracy, theory of, 28-29
Great Depression, 64-65
Great Society Program, 282-87
Greenwich Village
confrontation with New York University,
157-58
efforts to prevent urban renewal in, 157-58
Groupthink, 197
Hadnott v. City of Pratville, 434n
Harborplace (Baltimore), 196n, 221
Hawkins v.Town of Shaw, 434-35
Head Start Program, 282, 283, 415
Health care reform, 151n, 432-33
Health services
inequity in, 432-33
543
Subject Index
Health services (continued)
and poverty, 432-33
siting decisions for, 424-25
Henry Horner Homes (Chicago), 389
Hills Development Company v. Township of
Bernards, 300n
Historical preservation movement, 160-61, 486
citizen participation in, 160-61
in Seattle, 160-61
Holmdel Builders Association v. Township of
Holmdel, 300n
Homeless people
coexistence with nonhomeless, 461
legal restrictions on, 88, 459
services for, 459-61
Homelessness
agenda to address, 193n
causes of, 399-402
definitions of, 396-97
in downtown areas, 375-76, 460, 461
magnitude of, 395-97
reactions to, 193n, 459-63
in Seattle, 461
in San Diego, 460
Homeowners' associations. Sec Neighbor
hood associations
Home rule, 260-62
Hospital Survey and Construction Act
(1946), 280
Hotel construction
assessment of, 449-52
as downtown development strategy,447-49
Housing
destruction of low-income, 401
and homelessness, 458-62
and poverty, 380-81
Housing Act (1949), 276, 278, 464
Housing Act Amendments (1954), 278
Housing and Community Development Act
Incorporation
municipal, 17-18
political, 165-66
Incremental policy, 205-6
Indianapolis
city-county consolidation in, 250-51
downtown development in, 449
and location of United Airlines mainte
nance facility, 324
sports as downtown development strategy
in, 449
Indirect power, 185-90
Industrial age, cities in, 52-59
Industrial parks, 234-35
Industrialization, social and political conse
quences of, 49-51
Influence, theory of, 32-33
Infrastructure decay, 369-70
Interest groups in federal system, 272-73
Intergovernmental revenue
from federal government, 269-70, 28587,288-90, 322
from state governments, 322-25
International Association of Firefighters v. City of
Cleveland, 30In
International City Management Association
(ICMA), 118-19, 122
Interpersonal power, 185-90
Jackson, Andrew, 51
Jacksonville, FL, city-county consolidation
in, 251
James v. Valtierra, 297n, 298n
Jarvis, Howard, 354
Johnson, Lyndon B., 280-87
Jones v.Alfred Mayer Co., 418n
Judges
political participation by, 126-27
political power of, 191n
(1974), 288
Housing and Urban Development Act
(1965), 253
Kennedy, John E, 224, 346
Kerner Commission. Sec National Advisory
Commission on Civil Disorders
Ideology, theory of, 35-36
Immigrants
and machine politics, 57-58, 60
settlement in cities, 52-53
In re Township of Warren, 300n
Income tax, municipal
problems with, 316
rationale for, 315
544
Keys v. School District No. 1, 296n
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 169, 186n, 193
Kingdome (Seattle), 180n
Kiwanis, 148-49
Koch, Edward, 63n, 163
Labor organizations, as political participants,
150-52
Subject Index
Lakewood Plan, 249
Land developers, as policy entrepreneurs,
216-17
Law enforcement. See also Crime
inequities in, 428-32
as municipal service, 335-36
privatization of, 368
Lawrence, KS
political participation in, 146-47
political power in, 180-81, 183n
League of Women Voters, 149, 150
Lee, Richard C, 116-17, 217-18
Life-style and territory, theory of, 33-34
Lobbyist, city as, 263-64
Local Community Action Agencies
(LCAAs), 283-85
Los Angeles. See also Bradley, Thomas
mass transit in, 64
political incorporation of minorities in, 164
riots in, 166-67, 454n, 483n
Machine politics, 52-59
and businessmen, 55-56
Metropolitan area
and annexation, 247-49
and city-county consolidation, 250-51
and Councils of Government (COGs), 253
and service delivery contracts, 249-50
as system, 246
and two-tier government, 251-52
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), 14-15
Miami, FL
riots in, 483
two-tier government in, 252
Miller v. Johnson, 113n
Milliken v. Bradley, 296n
Minneapolis, downtown development in,
447,451
Minority rights as democratic norm, 74
adherence to, by municipal government,
107-8
Model Cities program, 284-87
Moses, Robert, 242-43, 340
MOVE (Philadelphia), 164
Multiple realities, theory of, 37-38
Municipal administrators, 118-26
as cause of urban reform, 59-63
minorities as, 123
demise of, 62-63
as policymakers, 121-22
political power of, 189-90
and immigrants, 57-58
Majority rule, as democratic norm, 73
adherence to, by municipal government,
106-7
Mandates, 262-63, 293
unfunded mandates, 293
Market externalities, theory of, 31-32
Mass transit systems, finance of, 342-44
Mayor, 114-18
ceremonial, 117
in council-manager plan of city govern
ment, 100
entrepreneurial, 117
as policy entrepreneur, 216
in political networks, 116-17
political power of, 188-89
political roles of, 114-18
women as, 123
Municipal bonds, 326-29
Municipal bureaucracy
hierarchy in, 123-24
impersonality in, 124-26
as policymakers, 225-27
specialization in, 124
Municipal finance
bonded indebtedness, 326-29
fines and forfeitures, 326
growth and retrenchment in, 306-7
health of, 369-71
interest payments, 326
intergovernmental revenues, 322-25
sale of municipal property, 325
taxes, 307-17
resources needed to be effective, 115-16
user fees, 317-22, 365-66
in strong-mayor plan of city government, 97
style of, 116-17
in weak-mayor plan of city government, 94
McCulloch v. Maryland, 311 n
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 305
utility charges, 325
Municipal property, sale of, 325
Municipal services
Mental illness
as cause of homelessness, 399-400
and services for the needy, 346-47
cutbacks in, 348-59
decline of, 348-59
distribution of, 434-38
efficiency in, 362-65
inequality in, 434-38
545
Subject Index
Municipal services (continued)
inter-city disparities in, 438-42
privatization and contracting out of,
No-growth movement, 146-48, 48In
in San Francisco, 148
in Seattle, 148
366-69
resurgence of, 369-71
volunteerism in, 360-62
Nashville, city-county consolidation in, 251
National Advisory Commission on Civil
Disorders (Kerner Commission), 76, 168
National Housing Act (1934), 274
National Municipal League, 261, 273
on responsibilities of city manager, 120
National urban policy
through the courts, 293-302
lack of coherent, 292, 358n, 450n
through legislation, 272-93
Neighborhood
changing character of, 153-54
definition of, 152-53
neighboring and social support in, 154
newspapers and newsletters, 155
organizing strategies for, 169-71
Neighborhood associations, 152-60
effectiveness of, 159-60
goals of, 156-59
participation in, 154-56
political power of, 193-94
New Deal, 272-79
New Haven. See also Lee, Richard C.
urban renewal in, 217-18
New York City. See also Dinkins, David;
Giuliani, Rudolph; Koch, Edward;
Moses, Robert
boroughs in, 21-22
downtown development in, 217-18, 292,
447
near-bankruptcy of, 348-50
police department, 215n
political incorporation of minorities in,
163
public transit in, 340-42
Oakland
inequality in services in, 435-36
service cutbacks in, 359-60
Office construction
assessment of, 449-52
as downtown development strategy, 446-47
Olathe, KS
political participation in, 180-81, 183n
political power in, 180-81, 183n
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets
Act (1968), 288
Orange County, CA, bankruptcy of, 329
Palm Beach, FL, 252n
Palmer v. Thompson, 434n
Partnership in Health Act (1966), 288
Part-time politics, urban politics as, 81-83
Peaceful management of conflict, as a de
mocratic norm, 74
adherence to, by municipal government,
109-10
Permeable boundaries, theory of, 29-30
Philadelphia. See also Goode, W Wilson
near-bankruptcy of, 328-29
political incorporation of minorities in,
164
residential segregation in, 423n
Pike Place Market (Seattle), 160-61
Police departments. See Law enforcement
Policy. See Public policy
Policy entrepreneurs, 215-21
and development policy, 217-21
Policy formulation, as stage in the policy
process, 223-25
Policy implementation, as stage in the pol
icy process, 225-27
Political incorporation of minorities
racial tension in, 169
in Baltimore, 164
service cutbacks in, 350
in Detroit, 165
special-purpose governments in, 239-40,
in Los Angeles, 164
and minority electoral mobilization, 113,
242-43
street life in, 22, 88
taxes in, 317
New York State Urban Development Cor
poration, 349
Nixon, Richard M., 287-91
546
165-66
in New York City, 163
in Philadelphia, 164
Political participation
of city manager, 118-23
Subject Index
and community commitment, 182-83
as a democratic norm, 75
in low-income neighborhoods, 131-35
and political power, 180-84
proactive versus reactive, 108-9
social trends affecting urban, 80-81
Political parties, citizen participation in,
142-43
Political power
of advisory boards, 191-92
of business owners and managers, 193-95
and city size and heterogeneity, 183
and community commitment, 182-83
of the governing body, 187-88
and governmental structure, 183
of homeowners, 193-95
idiosyncratic factors affecting, 195-96
implications for public policy, 196-97
of the mayor, 188-89
of municipal administrators, 189-90
of municipal bureaucrats, 190
of neighborhood groups, 193-95
and nonpolitical participation, 181-82
and political participation, 180-84
of protestors, 192-93
social stratification in, 178
types of, 184-87
of voters, 192
Politics. See also Urban politics
as conflict, 70-71
definitions of, 69-73
as the exercise of power, 71
human quality of, 70
Population shifts, 482-83
Port Authority of New York and New Jer
sey, 239-41
Poverty
Privatization of public housing, 464-65, 467
in Louisville, 465
Proactive political participation, 108-9
Progressivism, 59-62
Property rights in colonial towns, 45
Property tax, 308-13
assessment of, 309
problems with, 310-13
rationale for, 308
Proposition 13, 352-55
Proposition 2'A, 355
Protest, citizen participation through, 161-71
Pruitt-Igoe (St. Louis), 277, 404
Public action versus private action, 71-73
Public good
definition of, 8n
municipal funding for, 321, 343-44
Public housing
in Chicago, 404-8
decentralization of, 463-64
disrepair of, 405n
Home Ownership for People Everywhere
(HOPE) program, 465-66, 467-68
life in, 402-7
in Louisville, 465
One Strike and You're Out policy, 43132, 466
in Philadelphia, 405, 423, 467
popular conceptions of, 403-8
revitalizing, 465-66
in St. Louis, 277, 404
Section 8 and, 402-3, 464-65
vacancy rates in, 467n
Public policy
class bias in development of, 196
constraints imposed by limited knowl
edge, 202-3
culture of, 224
definition of, 8
demographics of, 378-80
development, 211-12
and health, 381-83
distributive, 209-10
and housing conditions, 380-81
implications of political power for, 196-97
and race, 378-80
Poverty and the underclass, theory of, 36-37
Prescriptive theories, of social justice, 243-44
incremental, 205-6
as rational enterprise, 201-3
reconstructive, 205-6
President's Task Force on Urban Problems, 284
redistributive, 210-11
Private action versus public action, 71-73
Private power versus public power, 84-87
Private space versus public space, 87-88
regulatory, 208-9
stages of, 222-27
streets and sidewalks as, 87-88
malls and shopping centers as, 88
Privatization of municipal services, 366-69
substantive, 206-7
symbolic, 206-7
time constraints in, 207-8
unintended consequences of, 202-3
547
Subject Index
Public power versus private power, 84-87
Public space versus private space
streets and sidewalks as, 87-88
malls and shopping centers as, 88
St. Louis
public housing in, 277, 404
residential segregation in, 427-28
St. Petersburg, riot in, 167
Sales tax
Quality of life issues in urban politics, 77-78
problems with, 313-15
rationale for, 313
San Antonio
Race, and poverty, 378
Racial discrimination
in banking practices, 421-22
in courts, 429-30
and growth of the underclass, 384-85
and housing patterns, 425-28
legal recourse for, 420-21
by police, 428-29
in real estate practices, 418-21
in school classrooms, 416-18
and school desegregation, 294-96
and zoning, 297-300
Reagan, Ronald, 292
Real estate practices
legal recourse for discriminatory, 420-21
and racial discrimination, 418-21
and residential segregation, 418-21
Reconstructive policy, 205-6
Recreational programs, as municipal ser
vices, 339
Redistributive policy, 210-11
Redlining, 421-22
Regulatory policy, 208-9
Renaissance Center (Detroit), 219-20
Residential segregation
banking practices and, 421-22
Good Government League in, 146
underclass hypothesis tested in, 434-35
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rod
riguez, 44 In
San Diego. See also Wilson, Pete
homelessness in, 460-61
improving efficiency in, 363
sale of municipal property in, 325
San Francisco
downtown development in, 446-47
freeway construction in, 159
hotel demolition in, 401
no-growth movement in, 147-48
San Jose
growth versus no-growth in, 192
political participation in, 147
political power in, 192
San Telmo Associates v. City of Seattle, 263n
Schmoke, Kurt, 164-65, 360
School busing, 295-96, 413
School segregation, 294—96, 413—15. See also
Residential segregation
Seattle
historical preservation in, 160-61
homelessness in, 461
de facto, 295
no-growth movement in, 148
Segregation. See Residential segregation;
School segregation
de jure, 295
Self-rule, in colonial towns, 44
and health care facilities, 424-25
legal recourse for, 420-21
and low-cost housing, 423-24
real estate practices and, 418-21
and zoning, 297-300
Restrictive covenants, 296-97
Revenue sharing, 291-92
Richmond, VA, minority set asides in, 301-2
Riots, 166-68,482-84
Roosevelt, Franklin D, 272-79
Rotary Club, 148-49
Rouse, James, 196n, 220-21, 448
Rural communities
characteristics of, 6
conflict with urban areas, 259-60
546
Serrano v. Priest, 44In
Service delivery. See Municipal services
Shaffer v. Valticrra, 297n, 298n
Shaw, MS, 434
Shaw v. Hunt, 113n
Shelley v. Kraemer, 296-97
Shopping malls
implications of, 203
private versus public space in, 88
Single Room Occupancy Hotels (SROs)
destruction of, 401
and homelessness, 462, 463
Social justice
in metropolitan area, 244-46
prescriptive theories of, 243-44
Subject Index
Social learning, theory of, 30-31
Social Security Act (1965 Amendment), 282
Southern Burlington NAACP v. Township of
Mt. Laurel, 299, 300
Special purpose governments, 138, 237-41
as financial agents, 138
growth in, 138
problems with, 239-41
Sports arenas and sports teams
assessment of, 449-52
in Chicago, 449
as downtown development strategy, 449
in Indianapolis, 449
State, relationship with city, 256-64
State aid to cities, 322-25
State and Local Assistance Act (1972), 291
Steffens, Lincoln, 58n
Stratification theory of power, 178
Street-fighting pluralism, 108
Street-level bureaucrats
and bias in municipal services, 428, 436-37
as policymakers, 226-27
political power of, 190
Strong-mayor plan of city government
majority rule in, 106-7
management of conflict in, 109-10
minority rights in, 107-8
participation in, 108-9
responsiveness to citizen input, 110
Substantive policy, 206-7
Suburbs
in New York City, 316-17
progressive versus regressive, 308n
property, 308-13
sales, 313-15
Taxpayer revolt, 351-55
and migration from cities, 356
Theories of urban politics
commodification of land and buildings,
31-32
grass roots democracy, 28-29
ideology, 35-36
influence. 32-33
lifestyle and territory, 33-34
multiple realities, 37-38
permeable boundaries, 29-30
poverty and the underclass, 36-37
social learning, 30-31
urban administration, 35
urban reform, 34
Toledo, urban renewal in, 287
Town meeting plan of city government, 105
Trash collection. See Garbage collection
Trenton v. New Jersey, 257
Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority
(New York City), 242-43
Truman, Harry S., 278-80
Tuscaloosa, AL
location of Daimler Benz manufacturing
plant in, 324
women's clubs in, 149n
Two-tier government, 251-52
evolution of, 232-34, 408-9
federal tax policy and, 270-71
freeways and, 202-3
old versus new settlers in, 254
taxing and spending, comparisons with
central cities, 438-42
white flight to, 415-16
Supreme Court, U.S., as policymaker,
293-302
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Edu
cation, 295n, 296n
Sweatr v. Painter, 305
Symbolic policy, 206-7
Underclass
definitions of, 385-87
and the future of cities, 408-9, 488-90
growth of, 383-85
size of, 386-87
Underclass behavior
drug use, 390-91
sexuality, teen pregnancy, and parenting,
391-92
violence, 388-90
welfire dependency, 392-95
Underclass hypothesis of service delivery,
434-37
Tax incentives for business relocation in
cities, 21 In, 323-24, 447, 450
Taxes
commercial rental, 317
corporate, 316-17
income, 315-16
U.S. Housing Authority (USHA), 276
U.S. v. City of Blackjack, Missouri, 298-99
United Way, 347
Urban. See also City
definition of, 5-6
Urban administration, theory of, 35
549
Subject Index
Urban areas, conflict with rural areas, 259-60
Urban place, definition of, 14
Urban reform
in industrial city, 59-62
theory of, 34
Urban renewal, 220n, 278-80
failure of, 451
housing demolition during, 279-80
Urban riots, 166-67, 482-84
User fees
problems with, 320-22, 366
rationale for, 317-18
Utility charges, 325
and political incorporation of minorities,
113,165-66
Voting Rights Act (1965), 113, 135, 281-82
War on Drugs, 430-32
War on Poverty, 223-25, 282-84
Warth v. Seldin, 207n
Washington, Harold, 97-98, 116, 118, 163
Weak-mayor plan of city government
majority rule in, 106-7
management of conflict in, 109-10
minority rights in, 107-8
participation in, 108-9
responsiveness to citizen input, 110
Vickers v. Township Committee of Gloucester
Town-ship, 297n
Village of BelleTerre v. Boraas, 297n
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 297
Wilson, Pete, 363
Violence
Women
in inner cities, 388-90
in public housing, 404, 406
and riots, 166-68
and underclass, 388-90
as an urban problem, 490
Volunteer firefighters, 338
Volunteerism
problems with, 361-62
Welfare
dependency on, 392-95
reform of, 468-72
in local elective offices, 111
in labor force, 80
in municipal administration, 123
Woodlawn Organization, The (Chicago),
169-71
decline of the Woodlawn neighborhood,
171
World Congress Center (Atlanta), 448
rationale for, 360-61
Voters, political power of, 192
Voting
ballot propositions, 136
as citizen participation, 135-38
Ybarra v. City of Los Altos, 298n
Young, Coleman, 165
Zoning
and electoral mobilization, 162-66
Euclidean, 297
misplaced faith in power of elected offi
and racial discrimination, 297-98
cials, 136-38
550
and residential segregation, 297-300