WELCOME
University of Baghdad
College of Nursing
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Overview of
Anatomy and Physioloy –II
Second Year Students
Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.
Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
2012 - 2013
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II
Brief Contents
1- Cardiovascular System
2- Blood
3- Lymphatic System
4- Urinary System
5- Male Reproductive System
6- Female Reproductive System
7- Sensory Function
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
Text book
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
2001.
References:
1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical
Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.
2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,
Philadelphia, 2005.
3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base
Syndromes. 5th ed., Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.
4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.
5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and
Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston,
2006.
7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed.,
Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.
8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill,
Boston, 1998.
NINTH LECTURE
ANATOMY OF
URINARY SYSTEM
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Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology
College of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013
asaad50.2011@gmail.com
ANATOMY of KIDNEY
Location of Kidneys
In humans the kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity,
the liver typically results in the right kidney being slightly
lower than the left. The left kidney is approximately at the
vertebral level T12 to L3. The right kidney sits just below the
diaphragm and posterior to the liver, the left below the
diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. Resting on top of
each kidney is an adrenal gland. Each adult kidney weighs
between 125 and 170 grams in males and between 115 and
155 grams in females. The left kidney is typically slightly larger
than the right.
The kidneys receive a rich supply of blood.
Each kidney has two distinct portions: the
outside (cortex) and the inner portion
(medulla). In addition to blood and lymph
vessels and nerve fibers, most of the
kidney consists of over a million tiny units,
called nephrons.
STRUCTURES OF KIDNEYS
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Renal capsule
Cortex
Medulla : consist of 6-18 renal pyramids
Renal papilla : the tip of each pyramid
Renal column: cortical tissue separated renal pyramid
Renal lobe :renal pyramid and overlying renal cortex
Minor calyx : place where papilla discharge urine into a
cup shape structure
8- Renal pelvis : large funnel shaped chamber connect to
ureter
9- Nephron : the basic functional unit of kidney
1. Renal pyramid • 2. Interlobular artery • 3. Renal artery • 4. Renal vein 5. Renal hilum • 6. Renal
pelvis • 7. Ureter • 8. Minor calyx • 9. Renal capsule • 10. Inferior renal capsule • 11. Superior
renal capsule • 12. Interlobular vein • 13. Nephron • 14. Minor calyx • 15. Major calyx • 16. Renal
papilla 17. Renal column
BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY p.946
ARTERIES
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Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
a- Peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron)
b- Vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron)
Continue: BLOOD SUPPLY OF KIDNEY
VEINS
1- Interlobular vein
2- Arcuate vein
3- Interlobar vein
4- Renal vein
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEYS p.947
NEPHRON
TYPES OF NEPHRON
1- Cortical nephron 85%
2- Juxtamedullary
nephron 15%
TYPES OF NEPHRON
P. 950
STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON
I- Afferent Arteriole
II- Efferent Arteriole
III- Renal Corpuscle
IV- Renal Tubules
STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON
I- STRUCTURES OF RENAL
CORPUSCLE
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Bowman`s capsule
Parietal epithelium
Capsular space
Lamina densa
Podocytes
Pedicels
Filtration slits
Glomerulus capillaries
Glomerulus (The afferent and efferent arteriole are
shown, with a capillary anastomosis )
GLOMERULUS
RENAL CORPUSCLE P. 951
RENAL CORPUSCLE p.951
Continue: STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON
II- STRUCTURES OF RENAL
TUBULES
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Proximal cnovoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
a- macula densa (D.C.T.)
b- juxtaglomerular cells (afferent arteriole)
5- Collecting ducts
STRUCTURES OF NEPHRON P.948
RENAL ARTERY BRANCHES
Renal Pelvis
Structures of Renal Pelvis
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Minor calyces (CA1)
Major calyces (CA2)
Renal pelvis (P)
Ureter (U).
Renal Pelvis :Minor calyces (CA1) fuse to form major calyces (CA2) that
finally become the renal pelvis (P), which tapers to continue on as the
ureter (U).
Urinary Tract
1- Two Ureters
2- Urinary Bladder
3- Urethra
WALL STRUCTURES OF URETER P.974
1- Mucosa
a- Transitional epithelium
b- Lamina properia
2- Muscular (smooth muscle)
a- Longitudinal
b- Circular
3- Serosa ( fibrous connective tissue)
URETERS
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URETERS
RENAL CALCULI
Renal Stone (kidney stone)
Urinary Bladder
STRUCTURES OF THE WALL OF THE
URINARY BLADDER
1- Mucosa; compose from
a- Transitional epithelium
b- Lamina properia
2- Submucosa
3- Muscularis ‘ detrusor muscle’
4- Adventitia
Calyces and renal pelvises of the kidneys, the
ureters, and the urinary bladder.
URINARY BLADDER
Urethra
male and female urinary bladder and urethra.
PARTS OF URETHRA
IN MALE
1- Prostatic urethra
2- Penile urethra
STRUCTURES OF URETHRA IN MALE P.975
1- Urethral sinuses
2- Openings of prostate gland
3- Opening of ejuculatory glands
4- Prostate utricle (sac)
5- Seminal collicus (prominent)
6- Opening of bulbourethral glands (male)
7- Internal urethral sphincter ( involuntary)
8- External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
9- Urethral orifice
STRUCTURES OF URETHRA IN FEMALE
1- Opening of paraurethral glands
2- Internal urethral sphincter (
involuntary)
3- External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
4- Urethral orifice
Cystoscopic examination of a male.
Male Urethral Catheter
Clinical photograph of penis and scrotum shows
extensive erosion of penile urethra by indwelling
urethral catheter.
Femal Urethral Catheter
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