Artificial Insemination : the process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female’s reproductive system
Embryo Transfer : the process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s uterus
These strategies are often used in selective breeding of animals in agriculture and reproductive technologies for human

Assisted Reproductive Technologies
In vitro fertilization : technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body offers a reproductive solution for women who have blocked fallopian tubes
Immature eggs are retrieved from the woman and are combined with sperm in a laboratory dish. (“Test-tube babies”)

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
• Used for parents who have a history of genetic disorders in their family
• Once IVF is performed, zygotes begin to divide
• One cell from each of the developing embryos is analyzed for presence of a genetic disorder
• Only healthy embryos are implanted in the female’s uterus

Are undifferentiated (unspecialized) cells that, under the right condition, can develop into different types of somatic cells
Controversial due to the use of embryos as a source of stem cells

3 Sources for Stem Cells:
1.
Embryonic Stem Cells - obtained from embryos
2. Adult Stem Cells - somatic cells that have the ability to differentiate into other cell types
3. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - adult cells that have been induced to return to a stem-cell-like state

Turn to Page 189 in textbook

Are organisms whose genetic material includes
DNA from different species
They are a type of genetically modified organism
( GMO )
GMO is an organism that has had the sequence of its genome altered for a specific purpose

Resistance to herbicides, insects, pests or viruses
Plants with increased nutritional value
Medical Purposes (production of insulin)

Medical Purposes Ex. transgenic milk-producing animals (goats) are being used to produce medical protein products such as human growth hormone and anti-clotting factors
Transgenic animals can serve as organ donors .
Limited success due to tissue rejection and fear of transmission of diseases from animal to human

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