Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series
Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume I
National and State-Level Estimates of
Special Supplemental Nutrition
Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC) Eligibles and Program
Reach, 2012
Final Report
January 2015
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
January 2015
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume I
National and State-Level Estimates of Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012
Final Report
Authors:
Paul Johnson
Erika Huber
Linda Giannarelli
David Betson
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Policy Support
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Linda Giannarelli
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Urban
Institute. This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food
and Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service web site:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis.
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support. National and
State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012, by Paul Johnson, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David
Betson. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: January 2015.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance provided by FNS staff and other Urban
Institute staff and consultants. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided guidance
throughout the project. The WIC Division also reviewed earlier drafts of this report. Sheila
Zedlewski directed the first two years of the project and guided the initial phases of work on
the 2011 estimates. Michael Martinez-Schiferl was the lead analyst on this work for the first
two years of the project, and developed the technical framework used for these estimates.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Contents
VOLUME I
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................ i
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Overview of Methods for Estimates for 2012 .............................................................................................. 2
National Estimates .................................................................................................................................... 2
Territories................................................................................................................................................ 10
States ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
National Eligibility Estimates: 2012 ............................................................................................................ 13
Characteristics of WIC Eligibles in the U.S. ................................................................................................. 17
Territories ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Comparing 2012 to 2011 ............................................................................................................................ 22
Regional and State Estimates of WIC Eligibility: 2012 ................................................................................ 26
Distribution of WIC Eligibles ................................................................................................................... 26
WIC Eligibility Rates across States and Regions ...................................................................................... 28
WIC Coverage Rates .................................................................................................................................... 29
Measures of Precision of the Estimates of Eligibility .................................................................................. 45
Validating the Results ................................................................................................................................. 48
Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
References .................................................................................................................................................. 50
VOLUME II
Appendix A: Detailed National and Territorial Tables 2012
Appendix B: State Estimates: 2012
Appendix C: Coverage Rate Maps
Appendix D: Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
Figures and Tables
Exhibit ES.1: WIC National-Level Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Participant Group in an Average Month:
CY 2012 ........................................................................................................................................................ iii
Exhibit ES.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant
Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012..................................................... iv
Exhibit ES.3: Growth in WIC Eligible Population, 2000-2012 ........................................................................ v
Exhibit ES.4: Coverage Rate: Percent of Eligible Population Receiving WIC Benefits, CY 2000 to CY 2012 vi
Exhibit ES.5: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region, CY 2012 ................................................... vii
Table 1: Steps and Sources for 2012 Estimates of WIC Eligibility of Infants and Young Children (Ages 1-4),
Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base 3
Table 2: Population Adjustment Factors....................................................................................................... 5
Table 3: Steps and Sources for 2012 Estimates of WIC Eligibility of Pregnant and Postpartum Women,
Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base 8
Table 4: Estimates of the Total Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant
Group, CY 2012 ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Table 5: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group, CY 2011 ......................................................................................................................... 16
Table 6: Estimates of the Average Monthly Percent of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible for WIC by
Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics, CY 2012 ......... 18
Table 7: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in
Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012 ............................................ 21
Table 8: Estimates of the Total Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant
Group: A Comparison of CY 2011 and 2012 ............................................................................................... 24
Figure 1: Breastfeeding Rates Over Time ................................................................................................... 25
Table 9: Distribution of WIC Eligibles by FNS Region for each Participant Group, CY 2012 ....................... 26
Table 10: Distribution of WIC Eligibility by State and FNS Region, CY 2012 ............................................... 27
Table 11: WIC Eligibles by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2011 and CY 2012 ............................... 28
Table 12: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012.................... 30
Figure 2: WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012 ................................................. 31
Figure 3: WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012 .............................................................. 32
Figure 4: WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012 .......................................... 33
Figure 5: WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012 ............................................ 34
Figure 6: WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012 ................................... 35
Table 13: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012 ........................................ 37
Figure 7: WIC Coverage Rates for All Participants, by State, CY 2012 ........................................................ 38
Table 14: WIC Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012 and CY 2011 .................... 39
Figure 8: All Participants Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a........................................................ 40
Figure 9: Infants Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a..................................................................... 41
Figure 10: Children (Ages 1-4) Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a ............................................... 42
Figure 11: Pregnant Women Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012 a ................................................ 43
Figure 12: Postpartum Women Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a ............................................. 44
Table 15: WIC Eligibles and Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012 ................... 46
Table 16: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012............................................... 47
Executive Summary
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
provides supplemental nutritious foods, nutrition education (including breastfeeding promotion
and support), and referrals to health care and other social services at no charge. WIC serves
low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to age 5
who are at nutritional risk. Because WIC is a Federal grant program for which Congress
authorizes a specific amount of funds each year, the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) requires
estimates of the total number of individuals eligible for the program to anticipate funding
needs.
This report provides estimates of the population that met WIC eligibility criteria in 2012.
National eligibility is shown for each categorical subpopulation: infants, children age 1 through
4 by single year of age, pregnant women, postpartum women who are breastfeeding, and
postpartum women who are not breastfeeding. The ratio of program participants to eligibles,
defined as the coverage rate, is provided for all WIC participants and for these subpopulations.
The report also shows trends in WIC eligibility and coverage rates from 2000 through 2012.
Estimates of WIC eligibility are provided for the seven FNS regions and each State for 2012.
Methods
The estimation procedures used in this report build on the methodology recommended
by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Research Council (CNSTAT) in 2003.
National eligibility estimation requires nationally representative data and numerous
assumptions that take into account program certification periods, individuals’ enrollment in
other programs, and mothers’ breastfeeding choices. The 2012 national estimates use the 2013
Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (the CPS-ASEC, formerly
referred to as the March supplement), as originally recommended by CNSTAT. The State
estimates use the 2012 American Community Survey (ACS) and are converted to shares of the
national estimates to produce State-specific eligibility estimates consistent with national totals.
The number eligible in the territories is based on data from the 2012 Puerto Rico Community
Survey (PRCS) and estimates of the population in other territories. Standard errors of the
estimates are calculated for national, regional, State, and Puerto Rico estimates.
The estimation requires numerous assumptions. Demographically eligible individuals are
first identified in the surveys. These weighted counts are adjusted based on recent Census
population estimates. Demographically eligible individuals are income eligible if their families’
annual cash incomes are less than 185 percent of the federal poverty guideline, and they are
adjunctively income eligible if they participate in another safety net program.1 Specifically,
individuals in families that participate in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
1
Participation in one of these programs is taken as proof that a person is income eligible for WIC.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
i
(SNAP), the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, or the Medicaid program
(either directly or as a member of a family in which a pregnant woman or an infant is certified
as eligible to receive Medicaid benefits) are adjunctively eligible for WIC. Partial-year eligibility
is estimated based on longitudinal data from the 2004 and 2008 Survey of Income and Program
Participation panels, which capture relationships between monthly and annual income and
program participation. An adjustment for nutritional risk takes into account that a small share
of otherwise-eligible individuals might not be found to be at nutritional risk. For postpartum
mothers, eligibility estimation requires data on the portion of mothers who begin
breastfeeding, as well as when they stop.
Results
How Many People Were Eligible for WIC in the Average Month of 2012, and What Portion
Received Benefits?
In Calendar Year (CY) 2012, the methods described above suggest that 14.1 million
individuals were eligible for WIC benefits in an average month (Exhibit ES.1). This is an estimate
and could differ from the true number of WIC eligibles because of methodological limitations
(for example, the adjustment for partial-year eligibility is an approximation) and because the
estimate is based on a sample of the population (different samples could lead to different
estimates). Considering potential errors due to the sample (sample variability), there is a 90
percent likelihood that the true number of WIC eligibles falls in the range from 13.6 million to
14.5 million.
Infants accounted for 17.2 percent of the total WIC-eligible individuals; children ages 1
through 4 comprised 62.8 percent of all eligible individuals (with approximately equal shares
across the single years of age); pregnant women accounted for 8.9 percent; and the remaining
11.1 percent were postpartum women.
Estimating the number of people who are eligible for WIC allows an estimation of WIC
coverage rates—the percent of WIC-eligible people who receive benefits from the program.
During CY 2012, 8.9 million individuals participated in the program in an average month,
producing a total coverage rate (participants divided by eligibles) of 63.1 percent. Coverage
rates vary across the subgroups. The coverage rate for children was estimated at 53.4 percent,
lower than the rates for other eligible groups. Infants and postpartum non-breastfeeding
women had the highest coverage rates at 85.1 and 84.6 percent, respectively.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
ii
Exhibit ES.1: WIC National-Level Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Participant Group in an
Average Month: CY 2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
Number
Eligible
Percent of
Total
Eligible
Number
Participating
Coverage
Rate
Infants
2,420,597
17.2%
2,059,436
85.1%
Total Children Ages 1-4
8,823,888
62.8%
4,716,344
53.4%
2,185,171
15.5%
2,196,651
15.6%
2,232,286
15.9%
Children Age 4
2,209,780
15.7%
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
8.9%
883,053
70.9%
Postpartum Women
Breastfeeding Women
Non-Breastfeeding Women
1,563,454
839,736
723,718
11.1%
6.0%
5.1%
1,203,489
591,393
612,097
77.0%
70.4%
84.6%
Participant Group
Children Age 1a
a
Children Age 2
a
Children Age 3
a
All Participant Groups
14,053,362
100.0%
8,862,323
63.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, PRCS and Census for territories, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
WIC coverage rates for children by single year of age are not provided because participation data are
not available by single year of age.
Did WIC Eligibility Change from 2011 to 2012?
Our best estimate of total WIC eligibility in 2012 is 1.6 percent lower than our best
estimate for 2011 (Exhibit ES.2). However, when specific participant groups are considered, the
changes from 2011 vary from the overall change in both magnitude and direction.
The decrease in the estimated number of WIC-eligible infants (3.8 percent) is more than
double the overall decrease. This decline in eligibility is a result of both a decrease in the
estimated population of infants and a decline in the portion of infants meeting program
eligibility requirements. The estimate of the total infant population used in creating the
estimates is 1.8 percent lower than the infant population figure used for the 2011 estimates;
also, the portion of infants meeting eligibility requirements declined from 63 percent to 61
percent. Among children however, the changes were more modest. Between 2011 and 2012
the estimated population decreased by 1.1 percent, while the portion of children meeting
eligibility requirements increased very slightly (from 54.3 percent to 54.5 percent), resulting in a
net decrease in the eligible population of children of 0.7 percent.
Among women, the change in eligibility of pregnant women follows the change for
infants (i.e., a 3.8 percent decrease). While postpartum women as a group show only a slight
decline (1.0 percent), each of the two subgroups show larger and opposite changes – the
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
iii
number of non-breastfeeding women eligible for WIC decreases by 5.7 percent and the number
of breastfeeding women eligible for WIC increases by 3.5 percent. This increase among
breastfeeding women is a result of an apparent increase in breastfeeding rates, according to
the survey used for this analysis (the Infant Feeding Survey, conducted annually by Abbott
Laboratories).
However, from a statistical standpoint, we cannot rule out the possibility that all of
these changes in WIC eligibility estimates are due solely to sampling variability in the CPS-ASEC
survey data. When tested at a 90 percent level of confidence, none of the changes described
above are statistically significant. In other words, we cannot be 90 percent certain that these
changes in eligibility are true changes, rather than being due to sampling variability in the
surveys.
Exhibit ES.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Total Eligibles
Participant Group
2012
2011
Percent Change
Infants
2,420,597
2,516,309
-3.8%
Total Children Ages 1-4
8,823,888
8,888,005
-0.7%
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
1,294,668
-3.8%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
811,356
3.5%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
767,116
-5.7%
14,053,362
14,277,453
-1.6%
Total WIC Eligibles
Source: 2013 and 2012 CPS-ASEC; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Note: Changes in the number of eligibles between 2011 and 2012 are not statistically significant at the 90
percent confidence level -- all changes could be due solely to sampling variability in the survey.
Since 2000, How Has Eligibility Changed On Average?
Since 2000 (the first year in the current series of estimates), growth in WIC eligibility has
averaged 1.1 percent per year, resulting in a total 2012 eligibility estimate 12.6 percent higher
than the 2000 estimate (Exhibit ES.3). Most of the increase in total WIC eligibility since 2000 is
due to a 19.2 percent increase in the estimated number of young children eligible for the
program. The number of eligible infants and eligible pregnant women has declined in recent
years, and is estimated to be only 0.1 percent higher in 2012 than in 2000, while the population
of eligible postpartum women is estimated to have increased by 10.1 percent. During the same
period, the number of annual births in the United States mainland and territories declined by
about 3 percent; the fact that estimated eligibility increased despite a decline in births suggests
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
iv
that the share of all infants and young children who are eligible for WIC has increased over the
decade.2
Exhibit ES.3: Growth in WIC Eligible Population, 2000-2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
Cumulative
Growth
Average Annual
Growth
Infants
0.1%
0.0%
Total Children Ages 1-4
19.2%
1.6%
Pregnant Women
0.1%
0.0%
All Postpartum Women
10.1%
0.9%
All Participant Groups
12.6%
1.1%
Participant Group
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, ACS, PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative
Data
How does the Coverage Rate Vary Over Time?
Estimated coverage rates by subpopulation fluctuate over the 2000 to 2012 time frame
(Exhibit ES.4). The current estimated coverage rate of about 85 percent for infants is higher
than the estimated rate for 2000 (just under 80 percent) but lower than the highest rate
estimated for the period (88 percent in 2002). It is similar to the rates since 2007, which have
ranged from about 82 percent to 85 percent. The estimated coverage rate for children, while
considerably lower than for other groups, has increased from about 48 percent in 2000 to 53
percent in 2012.
Note, however, that the WIC eligibility estimates that underlie the coverage rate
estimates are not precisely comparable across the period. In particular, whenever new
decennial census information is available, that information is incorporated into the CPS-ASEC
weighting and into the weight adjustment procedures used for the WIC eligibility estimates,
which can cause discontinuities in the series. For example, the 2010 decennial census showed a
substantial decrease in the number of infants relative to the figures that had been estimated
prior to the availability of the new census, a change that affects the WIC eligibility and coverage
estimates for years 2010 and later;3 the increase in the estimated coverage rates for infants and
women in 2002 is also related to weighting changes.
2
Data published by the Center for Disease Control, National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 50, Number 5,Table
10, February 12, 2002 and Volume 62 Number 9, Table 5, December 30, 2013.
3
For details see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), and Johnson et al. (2014).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
v
2001
Infants
2000
2003
Children (Ages 1-4)
2002
2005
2006
Year
Pregnant Women
2004
2008
2009
Breastfeeding Women
2007
2011
Postpartum Women
2010
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
vi
Note: Results are not perfectly comparable across the period. In particular, changes in CPS-ASEC weighting and Census Bureau population estimates when new
decennial census data are available affect the estimates from 1999 to 2002 and from 2009 to 2011. Trends for postpartum women (both breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding) are sensitive to changes in breastfeeding rates; a substantial increase in estimated breastfeeding rates from 2010 to 2011 sharply increased estimated
eligibility among breastfeeding women. The 2011 and 2012 estimates are also affected by an update to an adjustment factor and changes in weight adjustment
procedures.
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Exhibit ES.4: Coverage Rate: Percent of Eligible Population Receiving WIC Benefits, CY 2000 to CY 2012
Percent Receiving WIC
How does the Coverage Rate Vary across Regions of the Country?
WIC coverage rates for all participants vary somewhat across the regions (Exhibit ES.5).
The highest coverage rate is 74.2 percent in the Western region, and the lowest is 53.8 percent
in the Mountain Plains. These regions also had the highest and lowest estimated coverage
rates, respectively, in our analyses of WIC eligibility and program reach for the years 2009 to
2011.4 As mentioned above in the context of the national estimates, all the WIC eligibility
estimates are affected by sampling variability. For example, while our best estimate of
eligibility in the Northeast is 1.220 million people, we can say with 90 percent confidence that
the actual number of eligible people is in the range from 1.156 to 1.283 million. Thus, the actual
coverage rates could be somewhat higher or lower than shown.
Exhibit ES.5: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region, CY 2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
Confidence Interval
for Eligibility Estimate a
FNS Region
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage Rate
1,219,580
1,588,855
2,966,650
2,099,738
2,202,458
1,056,789
2,919,291
14,053,362
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
Lower bound
Upper bound
1,156,325
1,500,228
2,848,149
2,007,948
2,107,455
999,135
2,802,952
13,617,886
1,282,835
1,677,482
3,085,151
2,191,528
2,297,462
1,114,444
3,035,630
14,488,839
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
a
We are 90 percent confident that the true number of eligibles falls within this range.
Summary
In the average month of 2012, 14.1 million individuals were estimated to be eligible for
WIC benefits. The eligibility estimate is 1.6 percent lower than it was for 2011, due to a
decrease in the total population of infants and young children, as well as a drop among infants
in the portion meeting program eligibility requirements. The program covered 63.1 percent of
the WIC-eligible individuals—approximately 8.9 million people. Infants and non-breastfeeding
postpartum women had the highest coverage rates at 85.1 and 84.6 percent, respectively. The
coverage rate for children ages 1 through 4 was 53.4 percent. Coverage rates also varied by
region. The estimated regional coverage rates ranged from a high of 74.2 percent in the
Western region to a low of 53.8 percent for the Mountain Plains.
4
For 2009 regional coverage rates see Betson et al. (2011). For 2010 regional coverage rates see Martinez-Schiferl
et al. (2012). For 2011 regional coverage rates see Johnson et al. (2014).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
vii
Introduction
This report provides estimates of WIC eligibility for calendar year (CY) 2012. The
estimates are intended to capture eligibility in the average month of the year and can be
compared with monthly caseload data to derive coverage rate estimates.
WIC eligibility estimates are presented for the nation, the fifty States, the District of
Columbia, and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands). State estimates are aggregated to
produce estimates for the seven FNS regions. The national and territory estimates are shown
for each different WIC participant subcategory— infants, children ages 1 through 4 (by single
year of age), pregnant women, and breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding postpartum women,
while the State and regional estimates are presented at more aggregate levels.
The estimates use multiple data sources. The national estimates use the Current
Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC) data and generally
follow methods originally developed by the Committee on National Statistics of the National
Research Council (CNSTAT).5 The territorial estimates use the Puerto Rico Community Survey
(PRCS) to directly estimate the number of eligibles in Puerto Rico and the Census Bureau
International Data Base to estimate WIC eligibility in other island territories. The State-level
estimates are based on the American Community Survey (ACS). WIC eligibility is estimated in
each State, and that information is then used to determine each State’s share of WIC-eligible
individuals. These shares are applied to the CPS-ASEC national estimates to produce a
consistent set of national and State estimates.
The project uses the updates and extensions to the CNSTAT methods described in
Betson et al. (2011). The updated methods revised the original approach for producing
estimates for the U.S. territories and developed new methods to produce estimates at the State
level and standard errors for all estimates. Additional modifications were made to the
methodology for adjusting population weights for the 2011 report (see Johnson et al., 2014),
and have been continued in this report.
This report begins by reviewing the specific methods and assumptions used to develop
the estimates. Then estimates of the total WIC-eligible population in 2012 are presented. The
results of each step in the national estimation process are discussed, and the characteristics of
the WIC-eligible population are summarized. The presentation of the national estimation
process is followed by a discussion of the steps used to produce the territorial estimates. The
2012 WIC eligible population then is compared with the 2011 results. The next section presents
State and regional level eligibility results, and the section following presents the coverage rates
5
See Ver Ploeg and Betson (2003) for the CNSTAT report.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
1
implied by comparing the estimated eligibility counts with actual WIC caseload data. The last
two sections discuss measures of precision and validation methods.
Additional details are provided in appendices in Volume II of this report. Appendix A
presents all of the national tables for 2012, including more details on interim steps than are
presented in the main report. Similarly, Appendix B provides more detailed results for the State
estimates. Appendix C contains maps of 2012 WIC coverage rates—defined as the number of
WIC participants divided by the estimated number of individuals eligible for the program.
Appendix D provides estimates of WIC eligibility and coverage rates from 2000 through 2012.6
Overview of Methods for Estimates for 2012
The national, territorial, and State estimates of WIC eligibility are developed through
separate but interrelated procedures, discussed below.
National Estimates
The national WIC eligibility estimates are based primarily on the recommendations of
the CNSTAT Panel members. They recommended using the annual CPS-ASEC data for an initial
count of eligible infants and children in the fifty States and the District of Columbia. Those
figures are refined through a series of adjustment factors designed to more closely mimic WIC
program procedures. The estimates of eligible infants are used to estimate WIC-eligible
pregnant and postpartum women. For postpartum women, separate estimates are produced
for breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding mothers since certification periods and benefits vary
for these two groups. Various data sets must be used to impute breastfeeding prevalence, as
described later in this section.
Infants and Children, Initial and Adjusted Counts: The CPS-ASEC survey conducted each
spring is used to count the number of infants (younger than 1 year old) and young children (age
1 through 4 years old).7 The CPS-ASEC, which asks respondents to report their income and
program participation in the prior calendar year, is the same survey used for official poverty
estimates.8 We use the CPS-ASEC data collected in spring 2013 to estimate WIC eligibility during
calendar year 2012.
As indicated in Table 1, the preliminary counts of infants and children are adjusted to
compensate for differences between weighted counts of infants and children in the CPS-ASEC
data and the Census Bureau population estimates. The two sets of figures may differ because
6
See USDA (2006) for national-level estimates of WIC eligibility for 1994 through 2003 that are also based on the
CNSTAT methodology.
7
The survey was formerly known as the March CPS supplement. Interviews are conducted from February through
April.
8
Technical documentation of the CPS-ASEC is available from the Census Bureau,
http://www.census.gov/cps/methodology/techdocs.html.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
2
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and race.
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185 percent
of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income purposes is
defined as the broadly defined family, with related subfamilies included
in the primary.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports food
stamps, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as being
enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Weight adjustment
Income eligibility
Adjunctive eligibility
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and children
might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of the
estimated population of infants and children.
Adjust for nutritional risk
Territories
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the definition
is the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Description
Identify infants and children (ages 1-4) in the survey.
Step
Demographic eligibility
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
PRCS 2012 - Puerto Rico
No update.
Average of factors for 2005, 2006, and 2010, as computed from the
SIPP panels from 2004 and 2008.
2013 CPS-ASEC
2012 ACS
2012 PRCS
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau and the
March CPS-ASEC for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau for CY
2012
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
2010 Census - Other Island Territories Estimates
3
Table 1: Steps and Sources for 2012 Estimates of WIC Eligibility of Infants and Young Children (Ages 1-4), Using Data from the
2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
the Census Bureau’s weighting procedures are not designed to meet population targets by
exact year of age, and also because the population estimates may change after the point that
CPS-ASEC data are weighted. Thus, the CPS-ASEC counts for a particular subgroup of infants or
children may be inflated or deflated to better reflect the Census Bureau estimate for that
subgroup. The population adjustment factors are recomputed each time the eligibility
estimates are updated. The factors vary by three characteristics: age (separate factors are
computed for each exact age, 0 through 4), race (three groups: white, black, and other), and
gender (two groups: female and male).
The adjustment factors are computed by comparing four years of Census Bureau
population estimates and four years of CPS-ASEC weighted counts for each subgroup. A fouryear period is used in order to minimize large year-to-year swings in the factors. Specifically, for
the CY 2012 WIC eligibility estimates, the population adjustment factors are computed using
Census Bureau population data for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013, and CPS-ASEC data collected in
those same four years.9 The Census population estimates used in the adjustment factors are
vintage 2012 postcensal estimates for all four years.10 Table 2 shows the resulting adjustment
factors. No adjustment was performed for white infants and children (i.e. the factor was
computed to be “1”). However, among black and “other” infants and children, some subgroups
were adjusted upwards ( the computed factor was greater than “1”) and some downwards (the
factor was less than “1”). The adjustments range from a 10.4 percent reduction in weights (for
black females age 1) to a 5.5 percent increase (for females of other races age 2 and for males of
other races age 1).11 (Note that for purposes of defining racial subgroups for the population
adjustment factors, the “white” and “black” groups include only infants and children for whom
a single race was reported. Infants and children for whom more than one race was reported
and those who are reported to be a race other than white or black are combined into the single
group “other.” This follows current federal guidelines by not tabulating individuals who report
more than one race as being of only a single specific race.12
Infants and Children, Eligibility Estimates and Further Adjustments: After the
adjustments to the CPS-ASEC weights, the next step is to tabulate the number of infants and
young children living in families with cash income in the prior calendar year (2012) that is less
than 185 percent of the federal poverty guideline (the threshold for income eligibility). As
recommended by the CNSTAT Panel, we define the family as all persons living in the household
who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. (The WIC program does not specifically define
the family unit that must be used for eligibility determination.) The poverty guidelines used in
9
See Johnson et al. (2014) for more details on the weight adjustment procedures, including a refinement that was
added as part of the 2011 update and retained for the 2012 update.
10
Since the vintage 2012 postcensal estimates are only available beginning with April 2010, estimates for March of
2010 were imputed in order to maintain consistency with the timing of the CPS-ASEC (primarily conducted in
March) and with prior methodology. Linear interpolation between the postcensal estimates for April 2010 and
March 2011 was used to impute population estimates for March 2010.
11
See Ver Ploeg and Betson (2003) for a discussion of the CPS undercount of infants.
12
See OMB (1997).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
4
this step are an average of the guidelines released in 2011 (which would have been used by
WIC programs for the first half of calendar year 2012), and the guidelines released in 2012
(which would have been used by WIC programs in the second half of calendar year 2012).
Individuals also are considered eligible for WIC through adjunctive eligibility. An
individual is adjunctively income eligible for WIC if the person receives benefits from the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Temporary Assistance to Needy
Families (TANF) program, or Medicaid, if the person’s family receives benefits from TANF, or if
the person’s family includes a pregnant woman or infant who is enrolled in Medicaid.13,14, 15
Thus, the next step is to count the infants and children who appear adjunctively eligible
according to the CPS-ASEC data, which asks about enrollment in each of these programs during
the prior year. However, adjunctive eligibility is likely underestimated due to the
underreporting of benefit receipt in survey data.16
Table 2: Population Adjustment Factors
Weight Adjustment Factors:
White
Females
Black
Other
White
Males
Black
Other
Infants
1.000
1.044
1.043
1.000
1.000
1.000
Children (age 1)
1.000
0.896
0.971
1.000
0.902
1.055
Children (age 2)
1.000
1.034
1.055
1.000
1.000
1.002
Children (age 3)
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.962
1.000
Children (age 4)
1.000
0.988
1.001
1.000
1.000
1.047
Notes:
Factors are set to 1 unless both four-year accumulations and 2012 population figures show the same
direction of difference between Census and CPS-ASEC data.
13
Participation in one of these programs is taken as proof that a person is income eligible for WIC.
Enrollment in a State’s Medicaid-expansion program funded through the Children’s Health Insurance Program
(CHIP) also confers adjunctive eligibility, but enrollment in a separate State health program funded by CHIP does
not. However, if eligibility in a separate State health program is limited to individuals with incomes at or below the
WIC income threshold, and the program collects income information in the enrollment process, then participation
in such a program can serve as evidence of income eligibility for WIC. Because the CPS-ASEC data do not separately
identify the two types of CHIP programs, enrollment in CHIP is not counted as conferring adjunctive eligibility; this
may lead to a slight underestimate of the count of adjunctively eligible infants and children.
15
Note that implementation of the adjunctive eligibility rules in the eligibility estimation is restricted by the
available data in the CPS-ASEC. These data do not indicate whether each person receives SNAP, only if the
household receives SNAP and the total number of SNAP recipients. However, in the absence of more information,
we treat all infants and children in SNAP-recipient households as if they are themselves in the SNAP assistance
unit. See Table 1 for additional information on how adjunctive eligibility is operationalized using the CPS-ASEC.
16
All surveys underestimate enrollment because some individuals fail to report participation (Wheaton 2007). The
CNSTAT-recommended methods do not attempt to correct for the impacts of program underreporting.
14
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
5
Two proportional adjustments are made to these initial eligibility estimates as
summarized in Table 1. The first adjustment—the “annual-to-monthly” adjustment—accounts
for three reasons why annual data on income and program participation can misestimate
average monthly eligibility. First, family incomes may fluctuate during the year. Even if annual
income appears above the income limit (so a child is not counted as eligible based on the CPSASEC data), the child could be eligible if the family applied in certain months of low income.
Conversely, if family income falls substantially during the year, annual income might suggest a
child is eligible when in fact the child would not have been eligible at the start of the year. A
second reason that annual data misestimates average monthly eligibility is that program
participation varies during a year. The initial counts consider an infant or child adjunctively
eligible if program benefits are received at any point during the year; however, if the family
only started receiving benefits at some point during the year, the infant or child would not have
been adjunctively eligible at the start of the year. Third, annual income misestimates average
monthly eligibility due to the WIC program’s certification periods. Eligible infants are certified
for a year, while eligible children are generally certified for only 6 months. An infant or child
who appears ineligible based on annual income may in fact have been eligible at the start of the
year due to having been certified in the prior year; conversely, a child who appears eligible
based on annual income may have only been eligible for 6 months, if the family income had
risen by the point they returned for recertification.
The annual-to-monthly adjustment factor is computed using the Survey of Income and
Program Participation (SIPP);17 the SIPP, unlike the CPS-ASEC, allows month-by-month
observation of family circumstances. The annual-to-monthly factor differs for infants and
children, reflecting the fact that infants and children have different certification periods. The
factors are computed by comparing two different SIPP-based eligibility estimates for infants
and children: one estimate using the monthly data and including certification periods, and
another that mimics the type of estimate that can be computed with the CPS-ASEC data.18 For
the 2012 WIC eligibility estimates, we used factors of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for children,
which were obtained by averaging the results from analysis of SIPP data for 2005, 2006, and
2010. In other words, the SIPP analysis suggests that the average monthly number of WICeligible infants is 16 percent higher than it would appear based only on annual income and
program participation; however, for young children the impacts of the six-month certification
period, the cross-year variation in income, and the cross-year variation in program participation
are offsetting.
Note that the current annual-to-month adjustment factor for young children does not
take into account the potential impact of a recent policy change — the fact that states now
have the option to certify young children for 12 months instead of 6 months. The option was
enacted as part of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, PL 111-296, passed in December
2010. According to WIC State Plans, at least eight states had implemented 12-month
certification for young children by the middle of 2012. (Since 12-month certification is not
17
18
More information on the SIPP can be found at the Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/sipp/
The details of these procedures are summarized in Betson et al. (2011).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
6
applied retroactively, the change in policy does not affect eligibility until 6 months following
implementation.) Thus, our WIC eligibility estimates for young children may be slightly
understated. Analysis conducted in the previous year of this contract suggested that young
children’s eligibility would be four percent higher if 12-month certification was fully phased in
in all states.19 However, since only a minority of states had adopted the policy in time to affect
2012 eligibility—and in most of those, the policy was not yet fully phased in—the estimates for
young children’s eligibility are likely understated by a very small amount due to the use of the
1.0 annual-to-monthly factor.
The second of the two proportional adjustments—and the final step in estimating WIC
eligibility for infants and children in the fifty States and the District of Columbia—is to adjust for
nutritional risk. (WIC eligibility estimates for infants and children in the territories are discussed
below.) Women, infants, and children who are not determined to be at nutritional risk are not
eligible for WIC, regardless of their income. A constant nutritional risk adjustment factor,
calculated in the original CNSTAT panel report, has been used in all recent WIC eligibles
estimates. Using data from the 1994-1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals
(CSFII), the CNSTAT Panel found that at least 97 percent of income-eligible pregnant women
were at nutritional risk. Since an infant whose mother would have qualified for WIC during
pregnancy is automatically considered at-risk, the nutritional risk adjustment factor for infants
has been 0.97. The CSFII data also suggested that more than 99 percent of young children failed
to meet dietary guidelines, leading to a 0.99 nutritional risk adjustment for children.
Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Estimates of the number of WIC-eligible women
(pregnant, postpartum breastfeeding, and postpartum non-breastfeeding) are based upon
adjusted counts of WIC-eligible infants rather than separate counts from the CPS-ASEC data.
(The CPS-ASEC does not identify pregnancy or breastfeeding status.) The proportional
adjustments made to the infant estimates to arrive at the final estimates for women are
summarized in Table 3.
The first adjustment to the count of WIC-eligible infants reflects the fact that the
number of pregnant and postpartum women can differ from the number of infants, for two
reasons. The number of pregnant and postpartum women can be lower than the number of
infants seen in the CPS-ASEC survey data due to multiple births. However, the number of
pregnant and postpartum women can be greater than the number of infants in the CPS-ASEC
due to fetal and infant deaths (the infants are absent in the CPS-ASEC). The adjustment that
accounts for both of these factors is small and was very similar when estimated at two different
points. A factor of 0.9966 was used from 2000 through 2003 and 0.9961 has been used from
2004 through 2012.
19
Under the assumption that the 12 month certification period for children is fully phased in in all states, the
annual-to-monthly adjustment factor is calculated as 1.04. For details, see Appendix E in Johnson et al. (2014).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
7
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update.
Adjust for nutritional risk
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
8
2012 Abbott Laboratories Infant Feeding Survey (formerly the Mother
Survey); 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 waves of National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and
2004 SIPP panels.
For postpartum mothers :
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
No update.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
Infants as estimated using methods outlined in Table 1.
For pregnant women :
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate for
infants.
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers is
not exactly equal to the number of infants).
Step
Starting point
Table 3: Steps and Sources for 2012 Estimates of WIC Eligibility of Pregnant and Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2013
CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
The eligibility estimates for pregnant women must also take into account that some
mothers of WIC-eligible infants were not themselves eligible during pregnancy. (It is also
possible, but less likely, that a woman could be WIC-eligible during pregnancy but not WICeligible after the birth.) Analysis of the 1990 through 1996 panels of SIPP found that women
whose infants were eligible for WIC were themselves eligible in an average of 6.4 months of
pregnancy, or 71 percent of the maximum nine months of pregnancy eligibility.20 Thus, the
gestation adjustment factor used consistently starting with WIC eligibility estimates for 1994
has been 0.5330 (0.71 x 0.75). After this adjustment for gestation, the number of pregnant
women is reduced by an additional 3 percent (the adjustment factor is equal to 0.97) to reflect
that an otherwise-eligible pregnant woman may not be at nutritional risk. (The estimates
assume that all postpartum women are at nutritional risk.)
For a postpartum woman, the duration of WIC eligibility depends on the extent to which
she breastfeeds her child as well as the other factors. A new mother can be certified to receive
benefits for 12 months if she is breastfeeding and her child is not receiving the food package for
infants who are fully fed with formula. If the mother is not breastfeeding or her child receives
the fully formula fed food package, then she can be eligible for benefits as a postpartum
woman until her infant turns six months old. Thus, adjustments are applied to the count of
mothers whose infants are WIC-eligible to separately estimate eligibility for postpartum women
certified as breastfeeding vs. non-breastfeeding.
The adjustments that identify women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding vs. nonbreastfeeding combine data from three sources: the Abbott Laboratories’ Infant Feeding Survey
(IFS, formerly the Ross Lab’s Mothers Survey), the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES),21 and the SIPP. Abbott annually releases their estimates of the percentage of
WIC mothers who breastfeed their infant in the hospital and the percentage who are
breastfeeding at six months.22 For 2012, for example, the IFS data showed 61 percent of WIC
mothers breastfeeding in the hospital, and 31 percent breastfeeding at six months. Since
estimates show that mothers who are eligible but not participating in WIC have higher rates of
breastfeeding than WIC participants, the rates reported in IFS for WIC participants will
underestimate rates for all WIC-eligible mothers. The 2005-2006 NHANES data are used to
adjust for this difference. The NHANES ratios of breastfeeding rates for WIC-eligible to WICparticipating mothers in the hospital and at six months are applied to the IFS annual estimates
to approximate the current breastfeeding rates in the WIC-eligible population. Analysis of the
NHANES data showed that the breastfeeding rate of WIC-eligible mothers in the hospital was
5.6 percent higher than for WIC participants. At six months, WIC-eligible mothers were 15
percent more likely to breastfeed than WIC participants.
20
See Yelowitz (2002)
More information on the NHANES can be found at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm
22
Appendix Table A.4 provides the time series for the IFS and the NHANES data as well as the adjustment factors
calculated from these data.
21
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
9
The estimation of postpartum WIC eligibility is complicated by the decline in
breastfeeding throughout the first year. (A woman who is breastfeeding in the hospital may
stop breastfeeding at any point.) Although the CNSTAT Panel did not discuss an adjustment
factor to address this issue, subsequent estimates have used a factor computed from SIPPbased simulations to adjust for breastfeeding cessation. The simulations assume that mothers
inform WIC staff members as soon as they stop breastfeeding so that they can qualify for infant
formula. The simulations assign a breastfeeding status and duration to each postpartum
mother of a WIC-eligible infant, using breastfeeding rates for WIC-eligible mothers from
NHANES. Eligibility is then simulated month-by-month, using each woman’s monthly income,
program participation, breastfeeding status, and appropriate certification periods. One
simulation uses the in-hospital breastfeeding status for the first six months and the status at six
months for the remainder of the year, while a second simulation uses the monthly status. In the
second simulation, fewer eligible women are counted as breastfeeding, and the total number of
WIC-eligible postpartum women is lower also. The ratio of the second set of estimates to the
first provides an additional adjustment factor. The current values of these adjustment factors
are 0.620 (for in-hospital breastfeeding) and 0.832 (for breastfeeding at 6 months).
Territories
Estimates of infants and children eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico are calculated directly
using the Puerto Rico Community Survey (PRCS) data collected during 2012 and applying the
same methods used for the U.S. population.23 Since Puerto Rico accounts for 89 percent of WICeligible persons in the territories, the use of recent demographic and income data for Puerto
Rico (from the PRCS) provides a more accurate WIC eligibility estimate than the original CNSTAT
territorial adjustment that simply increased the national estimates to account for WIC eligibles
in all the territories based on decennial Census data. However, it should be noted that the 2012
PRCS captures a combination of 2011 and 2012 income; households are surveyed in each
month of the year, and each household is asked to report income for the 12 months prior to the
survey.
Estimates of infants and children eligible for WIC in the other territories (American
Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the Virgin Islands), are
based on two adjustments to Census’s population estimates for those territories. The first
adjustment uses a special tabulation of the 2010 decennial Census to estimate the portion of
the population that is income eligible. The second adjustment uses the relationship between
adjunctive eligibility and income eligibility in Puerto Rico and the mainland in 2012 to estimate
the number of additional infants and children in the other island territories made eligible
through adjunctive eligibility.
23
Information about the PRCS is available on the Census Bureau website, at
http://www.census.gov/acs/www/about_the_survey/puerto_rico_community_survey/.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
10
Estimates for pregnant and postpartum women in Puerto Rico and the other island
territories are determined using a method that parallels the method used to estimate the
number of WIC-eligible women in the fifty States and the District of Columbia. The estimates
begin with the number of fully eligible infants in the territories. The estimates for pregnant
women are adjusted for length of pregnancy, differences in income during pregnancy vs. after
the birth, fetal and infant deaths, multiple births, and nutritional risk. All adjustments are the
same as those applied at the national level. The estimates for postpartum women are adjusted
for fetal and infant deaths, multiple births, breastfeeding, and nutritional risk. Since the Infant
Feeding Survey (IFS) does not provide breastfeeding rates for Puerto Rico or the other island
territories, the national breastfeeding rates were assumed.
States
The State estimates begin with the ACS data collected during 2012.24 Like the 2012
PRCS, the 2012 ACS captures a combination of 2011 and 2012 income. This is not ideal for
estimation of 2012 WIC eligibility; but the ACS is nevertheless the best data source for
determining State shares of WIC eligibility due to its very large sample sizes in all States.
As explained earlier, the CNSTAT Panel recommended that all members of a household
related by blood, marriage, or adoption be considered as one family unit for the purposes of
determining WIC eligibility. However, the only information the ACS provides on family
relationships is each individual’s relationship to the reference person (householder); for people
not related to the householder, their relationships to each other are unknown. In complex
households, WIC eligibility requires understanding relationships across all members of the
household. For example, an unmarried partner of the householder with a child from a prior
relationship would be considered a separate family according to the CNSTAT procedures. Since
the Minnesota Population Center’s Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS-USA)
provides researchers with educated conjectures about the relationships between persons not
related to the householder, we use the ACS with these imputations.25 For each State, the
numbers of infants and children who are income-eligible or adjunctively-eligible for WIC
(enrolled in SNAP, TANF, or public health insurance26) are estimated using the ACS data.
Like the process for estimating national-level WIC eligibility from the CPS-ASEC data, the
process for estimating State-level eligibility from the ACS data involves the use of adjustment
factors. State-specific data were used in two of the adjustments—for population and for
24
ACS documentation is available on the Census Bureau website,
http://www.census.gov/acs/www/about_the_survey/american_community_survey/.
25
See Ruggles et al. (2010).
26
The ACS asks whether individuals are enrolled in “Medicaid, Medical Assistance, or any kind of government
assistance plan for those with low income or a disability”. There is no separate identification of enrollment in
Medicaid vs. CHIP. Thus, infants and children reported to be enrolled in government-assisted insurance according
to this variable are counted as adjunctively eligible for WIC.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
11
breastfeeding. For the other adjustments—addressing annual-to-monthly income differences
and nutritional risk—the national factors were used in each State.27
The ACS population weights are adjusted by state and by exact age, 0 through 4.
Specifically, the ACS person weights for infants and children are proportionally adjusted so that
the sums of the persons by age are equal to the Census Bureau population estimates for each
State. This method differs somewhat from the method used for the CPS-ASEC in that the ACS
method only considers the Census and ACS population estimates for the current year, not for
the prior three years as well. Also, the ACS weight adjustments do not vary by racial group,
since the Census Bureau does not release population estimates for racial subgroups by single
year of age at the state level.
Estimates for pregnant and postpartum women are derived from the infant estimates
as with the national estimates, with the exception that the breastfeeding adjustments
incorporate State variation in breastfeeding rates. As explained above, the breastfeeding
adjustment includes three components—the in-hospital and six-month breastfeeding rates for
women participating in WIC, the adjustment for differences between WIC participants and WICeligible women, and the adjustment for the fact that breastfeeding declines from each month
to the next. For the State-level WIC eligibility estimates, the second and third components of
the adjustment remain as in the national estimates, but the first component—breastfeeding
rates in the hospital and at six months—is modified to capture State-level variation in
breastfeeding rates.28 Using information gathered through its Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott
Laboratories publishes both in-hospital and at-six-month breastfeeding rates for women
participating in WIC by State (see Table B7 in Appendix B).
These procedures produce ACS-based WIC eligibility estimates for each State and the
District of Columbia; however, the sum of these estimates is not the same as the national
estimate produced from the CPS-ASEC data. The CPS-ASEC has been judged as the better
source for a national WIC eligibility estimate, due to the fact that the CPS-ASEC has more
complete income and program participation data. Also, the CPS asks respondents for their
income during the calendar year, while the ACS surveys households throughout the year and
asks about income in the twelve months prior to the interview.29 Consequently, the ACS is less
likely to detect increases in eligibility as the economy falters or decreases in eligibility when the
economy improves.
27
Note that (as mentioned in the discussion of annual-to-monthly adjustment of the national estimates) if a State
began implementing 12-month certification for children during 2012, the use of the national annual-to-monthly
factor could slightly underestimate eligibility in that state.
28
For example, in 2012 the in-hospital breastfeeding rate for all infants (not just infants enrolled in WIC) ranged
from 44 percent in Mississippi to 88 percent in Montana according to the IFS.
29
Respondents provide their income over the 12 months preceding the month they are surveyed; households
surveyed in January 2012 thus provided their 2011 income, households surveyed in July 2012 provided their
income from July 2011 through June 2012, and so on.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
12
To create a consistent set of national and State WIC eligibility estimates, a top-down
approach is used. Specifically, we compute each State’s share of the total ACS-based eligibility
estimate, and then allocate the national estimates computed from the CPS-ASEC according to
those State shares. With this approach, the accepted methodology for producing national
estimates and a consistent time series of estimates can be maintained.
We calculate State shares for each subgroup, which are applied to the CPS-ASEC
national estimates for each subgroup. This produces estimates by subgroup at the FNS regional
level (by summing the states within each FNS Region) and total WIC eligibility estimates at the
State level. While estimates for subpopulations help to build total WIC eligibility variation
across the States, they are not sufficiently reliable to publish individually, as eligibility
subgroups are relatively small in many States.
National Eligibility Estimates: 2012
This section presents the 2012 national estimates, first describing the total estimates,
including the estimates for the territories. Then it addresses the results specific to the U.S.
mainland, including the results of the individual steps used to produce the estimates and the
characteristics of the WIC-eligible population. Subsequently, we present the results of the
individual steps used to produce the estimates for the island territories. Total WIC eligibility
results for 2012 are compared with 2011 eligibility estimates.
Table 4 shows that 14.053 million individuals are estimated to have been eligible for
WIC in the average month of CY 2012 across the fifty States, the District of Columbia, Puerto
Rico, and the four other island territories.30 Of course, this is an estimate and could differ from
the true number of eligibles due to differences between the survey and the full population and
due to various methodological choices. However, we can be 90 percent confident that the true
number of eligibles falls in the range from 13.6 million to 14.5 million.31
The overall estimate includes 2.421 million infants (61 percent of all infants in the
United States and territories) and 8.824 million children age 1 through 4 (55 percent of all
young children). The number of children eligible for WIC varies somewhat across each year of
age, as does the total number of children. The estimated average monthly number of pregnant
women eligible for WIC, 1.245 million, is derived directly from the number of eligible infants
(adjusted for multiple births and differences in income and adjunctive eligibility between
infants and mothers, and adjusted for a maximum of nine months of benefits). The average
monthly number of WIC-eligible postpartum women is also derived from the number of eligible
infants and the estimates of breastfeeding rates calculated as summarized in Table 3 above.
There were an estimated 0.840 million women eligible as breastfeeding mothers in the average
30
Table 4 provides unrounded eligibility estimates for consistency with Table 5, which shows the precise impact of
each adjustment.
31
See Table 16 for the statistical information that underlies the computation of this confidence interval.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
13
month of CY 2012, and an estimated 0.724 million eligible non-breastfeeding postpartum
women.
Table 4: Estimates of the Total Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group, CY 2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
Eligibles
2012
NonEligiblesa
Total b
Infants
2,420,597
1,521,068
3,941,665
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
Participant Group
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
All Postpartum Women
1,563,454
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
for territories
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the
WIC-eligible infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2012 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
14
As described above, the national totals are derived from numerous factors. The results
of each step in the estimation process are presented in Table 5. The estimation process begins
by adjusting the counts of the number of infants and children from the 2013 CPS-ASEC
(reflecting income in CY 2012) to compensate for the difference between CPS-ASEC weighted
population counts and Census Bureau population counts. The total number of infants is
adjusted upward from 3.873 to 3.895 million (0.6 percent) while the total number of children is
adjusted downward from 16.044 million to 15.990 million (0.3 percent).32 Overall, the
population of infants and children ages 0 through 4, as measured in the CPS-ASEC data, is
almost unchanged, decreasing by only 0.2 percent.
After the application of the population adjustment factors, the next step is to count the
income-eligible infants and children, by comparing their annual family incomes to 185 percent
of a two-year average of the federal poverty guidelines. For CY 2012, the CPS-ASEC data (with
adjusted weights) include 1.713 million infants and 6.992 million children with annual family
income under that level. Adjunctive eligibility due to enrollment in SNAP, TANF, or Medicaid
increases the infant eligibility estimate by 23 percent (2.112 million compared with 1.713
million) and increases the estimate for young children by 25 percent (8.753 million compared
with 6.992 million). Medicaid accounted for most of those adjunctively eligible for WIC in 2012
(0.294 million infants and 1.350 million children age 1 to 4). The roles of Medicaid, SNAP, and
TANF in adjunctive eligibility reflect program eligibility policies and caseload sizes. More
children are enrolled in Medicaid than the other two programs,33 as many States have
expanded eligibility for Medicaid to income levels above 185 percent of poverty.34
The next adjustment accounts for intra-year fluctuation in income, intra-year
fluctuations in enrollment in the programs that confer adjunctive eligibility, and the fact that
individuals are certified eligible for six or 12 months. The number of infants who appear eligible
based on annual income and program participation is increased by 16 percent while the
number of children is unaffected by this adjustment. The final adjustment to the number of
infants and children reduces the estimates slightly to reflect the fact that some may meet all
other criteria but not be considered at nutritional risk. The estimate is reduced by three percent
for infants and one percent for children as shown in Table 1. Total WIC eligibility in the U.S. (not
including territories) in 2012 is estimated at 2.377 million for infants and 8.665 million for
32
Note that because the weight adjustments use four years of data, the adjusted weighted figures do not exactly
match Census Bureau population estimates for 2012.
33
In 2012, 27.8 million non-disabled children (age 18 and under) were enrolled in Medicaid in June, 20.5 million
children (under age 18) were enrolled in SNAP sometime during the fiscal year, and 3.3 million children (age 19 and
under) received TANF benefits in the average month. Medicaid caseload data are from Kaiser (2014), SNAP
caseload data are from Gray and Eslami (2014), and TANF caseload data are from Administration for Children and
Families (2013).
34
In 2013, for example, 25 States offered either regular Medicaid or CHIP-expansion coverage to infants in families
with incomes above 185 percent of poverty; 15 of these States offered this coverage to children through age 5.
Tabulated from the Kaiser Family Foundation’s State Health Facts, http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/incomeeligibility-fpl-medicaid/.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
15
2,146,363
2,185,171
38,808
43,688
2,420,597
Children
Age 1
Infants
2,196,651
39,276
2,232,286
40,217
Children
Age 3
2,192,069
2,214,211
2,214,211
2,209,780
40,201
Children
Age 4
2,169,579
2,191,494
2,191,494
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
See Tables 1 and 3 for adjustment factors applied.
a
Adjunctive eligibility is counted by the first program that qualifies the person for WIC, in this order: SNAP, TANF, and Medicaid.
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
CY 2012 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Children
Age 2
2,157,376
2,179,167
2,179,167
385,338
74,882
8,630
301,826
8,823,888
158,502
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
8,665,386
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
1,245,423
22,478
Pregnant
Women
1,222,945
1,260,768
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)
2,168,043
2,168,043
449,068
99,734
6,787
342,547
4,032,677
1,806,156
16,044,013
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths
2,376,909
Number after monthly income adjustment
472,801
98,669
9,084
365,049
3,997,484
1,765,143
4,035,414
1,265,704
2,450,422
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
454,103
110,286
3,082
340,735
3,996,781
1,706,366
4,009,402
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income
of woman during pregnancy
2,112,432
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPGa
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
3,963,309
1,713,940
3,973,737
2,376,909
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
Number with annual income <185% FPG
4,025,460
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
3,894,846
1,712,910
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/over count
3,873,054
Total number of infants/children in the 2013 CPS-ASEC
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Total
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Pregnant
Infants
Age 1 to 4
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Women
839,736
15,156
824,580
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
824,580
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
723,718
13,062
Total
14,053,362
Total
252,886
2,758,181
1,535,237
5,996,046
1,265,704
7,130,727
11,042,295
11,203,337
10,865,348
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
16
710,656
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
710,656
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Table 5: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group, CY 2011
children; with the territories included, 2.421 million infants and 8.824 million children are
estimated to be eligible for WIC.
The estimates for pregnant women begin from the final estimate of 2.377 million WICeligible infants in the U.S. in the average month of CY 2012. As explained above, this figure is
adjusted for the length of pregnancy and the fact that a woman may have higher income during
pregnancy than after birth (the factor is 0.533 as shown in Table 3). The next adjustment
(0.9961) compensates for the fact that the count of infants very slightly overstates the count of
pregnant women, and the final adjustment (0.97) reflects the assumption that 3 percent of
otherwise-eligible pregnant women are not at nutritional risk. The final estimate is 1.223 million
women eligible for WIC during pregnancy in the U.S. (excluding the territories) during the
average month of CY 2012.
The estimates for postpartum women—breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding—also
begin from the estimate of 2.377 million WIC-eligible infants in the U.S. As in the estimation
process for pregnant women, this figure is adjusted by 0.9961 to adjust for fetal and infant
deaths and multiple births. The next three adjustments take into account that mothers who
receive WIC may not receive it for as many months as their infants, and that breastfeeding
status affects eligibility. The average monthly estimate of postpartum breastfeeding women
eligible for WIC in the U.S. in 2012 is 0.825 million, and the estimate of postpartum nonbreastfeeding women is 0.711 million. (These figures exclude the territories.)
Characteristics of WIC Eligibles in the U.S.
The CPS-ASEC data allow an examination of the characteristics of the infants and
children identified as eligible for WIC based on annual characteristics in 2012 (Table 6).
Focusing first on basic demographics, the WIC-eligible infants and children are almost evenly
divided between boys (51 percent) and girls (49 percent), and are predominantly white (66
percent of infants and 67 percent of children), with most of the remainder being black (21
percent of infants and 20 percent of children); other WIC-eligible children report another race
or multiple races. Small sample size prevents the “other” category from being subdivided.
Thirty-six percent of the WIC-eligible infants and children are Hispanic (39 percent of infants
and 36 percent of children).
Turning to the family characteristics of the eligible infants and children, most live in twoparent families (62 percent of infants and 55 percent of children). Most of the remainder live in
single-parent families (34 percent of infants and 39 percent of children), and a small portion live
with a non-parent caretaker (5 percent overall). Large households are relatively common, with
one quarter of WIC-eligible infants and children living in households with six or more persons.
Most WIC-eligible infants and children live with working parents (64 percent of infants and 70
percent of children). Among those who are estimated to be eligible based on annual income, 59
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
17
Table 6: Estimates of the Average Monthly Percent of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics, CY 2012
a
Fully adjusted weights
WIC-Eligible Infants
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Family
Adjunct-ively
income
b
c
eligible
<185% FPG
Total
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
b
c
Total
eligible
FPG
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 0 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
b
c
Total
eligible
FPG
1,960,597
457,294
2,417,891
6,990,906
1,761,135
8,752,041
8,951,502
2,218,429
11,169,932
Gender
Male
Female
49.0
51.0
56.7
43.3
50.4
49.6
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.7
49.3
50.2
49.8
52.6
47.4
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
64.7
20.8
14.5
71.0
20.2
8.8
65.9
20.7
13.4
65.1
21.6
13.3
72.8
14.9
12.3
66.6
20.2
13.1
65.0
21.4
13.6
72.4
16.0
11.6
66.5
20.3
13.2
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.3
59.7
34.3
65.7
39.2
60.8
37.2
62.8
29.6
70.4
35.7
64.3
37.9
62.1
30.5
69.5
36.4
63.6
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.2
35.0
3.8
2.1
1.7
66.3
29.8
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
52.8
42.0
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.4
29.0
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.3
39.4
5.3
3.6
1.6
54.6
40.5
4.9
2.9
2.0
65.6
29.2
5.3
5.3
0.0
56.8
38.2
4.9
3.3
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.8
30.2
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
6.0
20.0
27.5
21.5
24.9
3.6
19.7
31.8
22.7
22.2
5.6
19.9
28.4
21.8
24.4
5.8
20.5
27.0
21.6
25.0
3.0
21.0
31.4
22.4
22.2
5.2
20.6
27.9
21.8
24.5
60.7
79.2
64.2
65.7
85.4
69.7
64.6
84.2
68.5
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPL
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
30.5
28.5
17.1
23.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.2
58.4
24.8
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.3
29.3
16.6
24.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.1
23.4
23.4
13.3
20.6
2.7
6.0
10.7
29.6
29.1
16.7
24.2
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.4
11.6
28.9
54.2
23.7
23.3
13.4
20.5
2.5
5.8
10.8
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
23.3
6.2
0.0
39.0
0.3
6.3
0.0
25.0
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.7
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.2
23.2
7.8
0.0
38.2
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.6
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.7
18.5
6.5
0.0
33.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.9
23.2
7.5
0.0
38.4
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.5
0.0
1.7
0.0
16.5
1.7
3.9
0.1
76.0
18.6
6.3
0.0
34.0
0.7
5.5
0.0
34.7
Number with working parent(s)
b
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
Notes:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk. See Appendix TablesA.3a/b and A.6 for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or "Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family
income to the poverty threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two
categories are mutually exclusive.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
18
percent of both infants and children live in families with annual incomes below the poverty
threshold.35
The table also provides some insight into the characteristics of infants and children who
become eligible through adjunctive eligibility compared with those who are eligible based on
income. The infants and children who are eligible due only to adjunctive eligibility are more
likely to have two parents (66 percent of adjunctively-eligible infants and children compared
with 55 percent of those who are income-eligible) and more likely to have working parents (84
percent vs. 65 percent).
The families of adjunctively-eligible infants and children also tend to have higher
incomes. Among those only eligible through adjunctive eligibility rules, just over half (54
percent) live in families that have annual income of 250 percent of the poverty threshold and
higher. Even though annual income among these eligibles seems relatively high, they may have
experienced drops in income during the year that caused the family to enroll in TANF, SNAP, or
Medicaid. In that case, their eligibility for WIC would depend on their income and program
participation at the point they applied for benefits. Some of the WIC-eligible infants and
children at higher annual income levels may be adjunctively eligible because the TANF, SNAP,
and Medicaid programs do not necessarily count all the income of all members of the family.
For example, when a child’s caretaker is his or her grandparent, the grandparent’s income is
typically not a factor in the child’s eligibility for Medicaid.36
Territories
We computed the number of infants and children (age 1 to 4) residing in Puerto Rico
from the 2012 PRCS and adjusted the number for the 2012 Census under/over count (Table 7).
Using the adjusted population counts, 78 percent of infants (31,813) as well as 81 percent of
children (136,480) were eligible for WIC based on having annual income under 185 percent of
the poverty guideline—higher than the percentages of infants and children in the fifty States
and the District of Columbia who appear eligible based on annual income. Factoring in
adjunctive eligibility increased these eligibility estimates by seven percent for infants (2,279)
and by four percent for children (5,389). Given the high proportions of infants and children who
are income-eligible, it is reasonable that adjunctive eligibility due to program enrollment
matters less in Puerto Rico than in the fifty States and the District of Columbia.
An adjustment must be applied to the direct estimates from the 2012 PRCS to take into
account the impact of certification periods and changes during a year in income and program
35
The table shows family income relative to the poverty threshold, the measure used for the Census Bureau’s
tabulations of poverty status for research purposes (as opposed to the poverty guidelines, used for program
administrative purposes).
36
Note that while 19 percent of WIC-eligible infants and children have incomes above 185 percent of the poverty
threshold, among actual WIC participants this percentage is much lower (1.3 percent in 2012 according to USDA,
2012, p 43).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
19
participation. The SIPP-estimated annual-to-monthly adjustment factors (1.16 for infants and
1.0 for children) do not reflect data for Puerto Rico. Since a high proportion of infants and
children are income-eligible in Puerto Rico, it is possible that the true factors should be lower.
However, in the absence of other data, the SIPP annual-to-monthly factors are applied to derive
the Puerto Rico eligibility estimates. The nutritional risk adjustment factors of 0.97 for infants
and 0.99 for children also are applied. The final average monthly eligibility estimates for Puerto
Rico are 38,360 infants (94 percent of the total adjusted infant population) and 140,450
children age 1 to 4 (83 percent of the total adjusted population). Note that these eligibility
rates are considerably higher than those of the mainland U.S. (61 percent for infants and 54
percent for children).
For infants and children residing in other island territories (American Samoa, Guam, the
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands), the only data
available are annual population estimates for single year of age (from the Census Bureau’s
International Database) and the percent of infants and children who are income eligible (from
the 2010 decennial Census data). Our methods therefore use the 2012 population estimates,
but assume that the percentage of the population that is income eligible for WIC is the same as
in the 2010 decennial Census (67.4 percent). While this percentage represents the most
recently available evidence on income eligibility in the other island territories, it does not
account for adjunctive eligibility. To estimate the additional number of infants and children who
would gain eligibility through participation in other safety net programs, we examined the
relationship between adjunctive eligibility and income eligibility in Puerto Rico and the
mainland in 2012. That information implies roughly an increase of 13 percent in the number of
WIC-eligible infants, and an increase of 11 percent in the number of WIC-eligible children, due
to adjunctive eligibility. These procedures result in an estimate of 76 percent of infants and 75
percent of children eligible for WIC in the other island territories due to annual income or
program participation.
As with the estimates for Puerto Rico, the final steps in the estimation of WIC-eligible
infants and children in the other island territories are to apply the annual-to-monthly
adjustment factors and the nutritional risk adjustment factors. The final eligibility estimates
suggest that in the other island territories combined, the average monthly number of eligible
infants is 5,328 (86 percent of total infants), and the average monthly number of eligible
children is 18,052 (74 percent of total children).
As described earlier, estimates for pregnant and postpartum women in Puerto Rico and
the other island territories are determined using a method that parallels that used for the
estimates for the fifty States and the District of Columbia. The estimates begin with the number
of fully eligible infants in the territories (43,688, including Puerto Rico and the other island
territories). After adjustments for length of pregnancy, income during pregnancy, and multiple
births, we estimate that in 2012 across the territories there were 22,478 WIC-eligible pregnant
women, 15,156 WIC-eligible postpartum breastfeeding women, and 13,062 WIC-eligible nonbreastfeeding women (Table 7).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
20
34,249
38,808
39,276
40,217
40,201
Adjunctive eligibility is counted by the first program that qualifies the person for WIC, in this order: SNAP, TANF, and Medicaid.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
a
Total Eligibles - U.S. Territories Total
See Tables 1 and 3 for adjustment factors applied.
158,502
22,478
15,156
1,848
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)
2,741
1,848
5,307
5,328
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
43,688
18,052
18,235
2,826
4,467
4,513
2,837
4,504
4,550
24,411
18,235
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths
4,521
4,567
6,041
4,513
5,328
4,559
4,605
6,091
4,550
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancy
5,328
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
6,114
4,567
Pregnant
Women
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
5,493
Number after monthly income adjustment
4,605
6,165
6,207
4,735
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factor
Children
Age 1
Other Island Territories
Total number of infants/children in the Other Island
Territories Age 0-4
Infants
13,062
1,593
1,593
5,307
5,328
11,469
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
11,469
38,210
38,360
13,308
19,737
38,210
38,360
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Total Children
Ages 1-4
140,450
141,869
141,869
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)
Children
Age 4
35,733
36,094
36,094
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
13,308
Children
Age 3
35,713
36,074
36,074
5,389
2,630
0
2,759
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Children
Age 2
34,754
35,105
35,105
1,087
544
0
543
168,985
136,480
20,347
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
34,595
34,595
978
426
0
552
43,071
35,008
20,427
38,360
Number after monthly income adjustment
1,000
141
0
859
42,961
35,096
172,025
Pregnant
Women
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths
39,546
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
2,324
1,520
0
805
42,567
34,105
45,542
Total Children
Ages 1-4
38,360
34,092
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPGa
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
40,386
32,271
44,444
Children
Age 4
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancy
2,279
1,061
0
1,218
Number with annual income <185% FPG
42,997
39,042
Children
Age 3
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
40,612
31,813
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/over count
Infants
37,334
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2012 PRCS
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 1
252,886
6,183
3,441
13,440
2,837
15,984
23,380
23,727
22,970
30,618
Total
44,513
24,777
96,768
20,427
115,080
178,810
181,415
175,960
7,668
3,691
0
3,977
168,292
209,597
209,359
Total
Table 7: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the
Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012
21
Comparing 2012 to 2011
Overall, the number of people estimated as eligible for WIC in 2012 is 1.6 percent lower
than the number estimated as eligible in 2011 (Table 8). The differences from the 2011
estimates vary by type of individual—infants, young children, pregnant women, and
postpartum women – but all of these major groups show decreases.
Changes in the size of the eligible population are a result of two other changes – the
change in total population size and the change in eligibility rate (i.e. the percentage of that
population estimated to be eligible). From 2011 to 2012 the total population of infants as
defined by these procedures decreased by 1.8 percent and the population of young children by
1.1 percent, while the eligibility rate among infants decreased by 2.1 percent but increased
slightly among young children by 0.4 percent.37 Note that Table 8 displays percentage changes
rather than percentage point changes to aid in decomposing the changes in the eligibility
estimates. For each subgroup, the change in total eligibles is equal to the starting-point
number of eligibles (in 2011), increased (or decreased) by the percentage change in total
population, and increased (or decreased) again by the percentage change in the eligibility rate.
For example, for children age two, the 1.9 percent increase in eligibility from 2011 to 2012 is
due to a one percent increase in population and 0.9 percent increase in the eligibility rate;
mathematically, the 2011 eligibility figure times 1.01 times 1.009 equals the 2012 eligibility
figure. Thus, for each change in eligibility, the relative contributions of the population change
and the eligibility rate change can be easily observed.
The change in the eligibility rate is also likely due to a combination of factors, including
changing economic conditions (for example, the unemployment rate fell slightly from 8.9
percent in 2011 to 8.1 percent in 201238) and changes in the extent to which families are
receiving benefits from the programs that confer adjunctive eligibility (for example, the average
SNAP caseload increased from 44.7 million households in 2011 to 46.6 million in 2012).39
Combining the changes in population and the change in the eligibility rate, the 2012
estimate for WIC-eligible infants is 3.8 percent lower than the 2011 estimate, and the 2012
estimate for WIC-eligible children is 0.7 percent lower than the 2011 estimate. The decrease in
the estimate for pregnant women (3.8 percent) follows the decrease among infants since this
estimate begins with the number of eligible infants. The eligibility estimate for postpartum
women decreased one percent. However, note that from a statistical standpoint, we cannot
37
The Census Bureau’s most recent postcensal population estimates for March 2013 vs. March 2012 show
somewhat smaller declines in these populations — 0.01 percent in the infant population and 0.8 percent in the
population of young children. These percentages differ from those used in this analysis since the population
estimates used for this analysis are not tied solely to the annual Census population estimates.
38
See the Bureau of Labor Statistics website, http://data.bls.gov, series ID LNU04000000.
39
See the Food and Nutrition Service website, http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplemental-nutrition-assistanceprogram-snap, “Participation and Costs, 1969-2013.”
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
22
rule out the possibility that these changes are all due solely to sampling variability in the CPSASEC survey data.40
While all four major groups showed a decrease in eligibility, within two of these groups
(children and postpartum women), some subgroups actually showed an increase. Among
children, those aged 2 and 3 each increased by about two percent. This was due to a
combination of increases in the total population of 2-3 year olds, as well as an increase in their
eligibility rate. Among postpartum women, the number of eligible breastfeeding women
increased by 3.5 percent. This increase is due to an increase in breastfeeding rates from 2011 to
2012 according to the data used for this analysis. Figure 1 shows breastfeeding rates from 2000
to 2012. For WIC mothers, the IFS survey shows an increase in the in-hospital breastfeeding
rate from 59 percent in 2011 to 61 percent in 2012, and an increase in the rate at six months
from 27 percent to 31 percent. Since these survey-reported breastfeeding rates are used in our
estimates of the number of WIC-eligible postpartum breastfeeding mothers, the trend in the
percent of WIC-eligible postpartum mothers who are modeled as breastfeeding is very similar
to the trend in the breastfeeding rates. However, it is worth noting that the administrative data
have not shown a similar pattern in the percent of postpartum mothers who report
breastfeeding at least once per day. That measure has trended upwards slightly over the last
ten years, but there is no substantial increase. 41
40
When tested at a 90 percent level of confidence, the changes are not statistically significant. In other words, we
cannot be 90 percent certain that the changes in eligibility for infants, children, and pregnant women are true
changes, rather than being due to sampling variability in the surveys.
41
Given the importance of the breastfeeding rates to the eligibility estimates for postpartum mothers, more
analysis of these data is warranted. For example, despite the increase in the IFS rates from 2011 to 2012, the IFS
2012 rate of 41.3 percent for all mothers breastfeeding at six months is still substantially below the six-month
breastfeeding rate of 47.8 percent for 2009 from the National Immunization Survey (Centers for Disease Control,
National Immunization Survey webpage, “Breastfeeding among U.S. Children born 2000-2009, CDC National
Immunization Survey,” http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/index.htm). Also, the National
Immunization Survey shows a different trend; for example, for all mothers, there are no year-to-year declines in
the six-month rate over the period from 2000 to their (provisional) 2010 data.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
23
14,053,362
14,277,453
1,578,471
811,356
767,116
1,294,668
8,888,005
2,325,258
2,154,671
2,180,779
2,227,296
2,516,309
-1.6%
-1.0%
3.5%
-5.7%
-3.8%
-0.7%
-6.0%
1.9%
2.4%
-0.8%
-3.8%
Percent
Change
54.5
54.5
54.3
55.2
54.1
61.4
2012
54.3
56.4
53.8
53.9
53.1
62.7
2011
Eligibility Rate
0.4%
-3.4%
0.9%
2.4%
1.9%
-2.1%
Percent
Change
63.1
77.0
70.4
84.6
70.9
53.4
85.1
2012
62.7
76.0
71.1
81.2
69.5
53.6
83.4
2011
Coverage Rate
0.5%
1.3%
-0.9%
4.2%
2.0%
-0.2%
2.0%
Percent
Change
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
24
Note: Changes in the number of eligibles between 2011 and 2012 are not statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level -- all changes could be due solely to sampling variability in the
survey.
Source: March 2013 and March 2012 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Total WIC Eligibles
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
1,563,454
839,736
723,718
-1.1%
-2.7%
1.0%
0.0%
-2.6%
2,420,597
2011
Total Eligibles
2012
All Postpartum Women
Breastfeeding Women
Non-Breastfeeding Women
16,365,464
4,120,473
4,005,439
4,046,978
4,192,574
-1.8%
Percent
Change
1,245,423
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
4,012,975
2011
Pregnant Women
3,941,665
2012
Infants
Participant Group
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Total
Table 8: Estimates of the Total Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of CY 2011 and 2012
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Figure 1: Breastfeeding Rates Over Time
2011
2012
All BF rate, 6-mo (IFS)
All BF rate, in-hosp (IFS)
WIC BF rate, 6-mo (IFS)
WIC BF rate, in-hosp (IFS)
25
Pct of postpartum women simulated as eligible
for WIC who are breastfeeding
Pct of postpartum women receiving WIC who
report breastfeeding at least once per day
(admin data)
Regional and State Estimates of WIC Eligibility: 2012
As explained above, the large sample size of the ACS allows WIC eligibility to be
estimated for each State and the District of Columbia. Eligibility varies across the country due to
variations in total population, demographic characteristics, income levels, and State policy
choices. This section first examines the distribution of WIC eligibility across regions and States
and then presents the regional-level eligibility rates—the percentages of women, infants and
children who are estimated to meet program eligibility requirements. As mentioned above in
the context of the national estimates, all the WIC eligibility estimates are affected by sampling
variability.
Distribution of WIC Eligibles
The estimated distribution of WIC eligibility by FNS region (Table 9) shows the greatest
portions of WIC eligibles in the Southeast and Western regions (with 22 and 21 percent of all
WIC eligibles, respectively), while the Northeast and Mountain Plains regions have the fewest
WIC-eligible individuals (about nine percent and eight percent, respectively). The distribution of
estimated eligibility across regions is approximately the same for each subgroup of WIC-eligible
individuals. By State (Table 10), California has the largest share of WIC eligibles, with an
estimated 13 percent of all WIC-eligible individuals. Other States with large shares of total WIC
eligibility are Texas (11 percent), Florida (6 percent), and New York (6 percent).42
Table 9: Distribution of WIC Eligibles by FNS Region for each Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Distribution of Eligibles
Northeast
8.5%
8.8%
8.5%
8.4%
Mid-Atlantic
11.4%
11.3%
11.4%
11.1%
Southeast
21.5%
21.1%
21.5%
20.4%
Midwest
15.0%
14.9%
15.0%
15.2%
Southwest
15.7%
15.7%
15.7%
15.3%
Mountain Plains
7.4%
7.6%
7.4%
7.4%
Western
20.6%
20.6%
20.6%
22.2%
Total
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base
Total
8.7%
11.3%
21.1%
14.9%
15.7%
7.5%
20.8%
100.0%
42
If a State had 12-month certification of young children in place in 2012, the use of the national-level “annual-tomonthly” factor (which assumes 6-month certification for all states) could very slightly under-estimate that State’s
share of total national eligibility.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
26
Table 10: Distribution of WIC Eligibility by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Percent Share of
National WIC
Eligibles
Percent Share of
National WIC
Eligibles
State a
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
1.7%
0.3%
2.3%
1.1%
12.7%
1.5%
0.8%
0.3%
0.2%
6.1%
3.7%
0.4%
0.6%
3.8%
2.2%
0.8%
0.9%
1.4%
1.8%
0.3%
1.5%
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
5.6%
3.3%
0.1%
3.4%
1.4%
1.2%
3.3%
1.6%
0.2%
1.6%
0.3%
2.1%
10.5%
1.1%
0.2%
2.0%
2.1%
0.5%
1.4%
0.2%
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
1.3%
2.9%
1.2%
1.3%
1.8%
0.3%
0.5%
1.0%
0.3%
2.1%
0.8%
FNS Regionb
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
8.7%
11.3%
21.1%
14.9%
15.7%
7.5%
20.8%
Total
100.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data
Base
Notes:
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for
WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than
Puerto Rico) are included in regional totals but not shown
separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
27
WIC Eligibility Rates across States and Regions
A State’s or region’s share of total WIC eligibles is due in large part to that State’s or
region’s share of total population. (California has the largest population and, not surprisingly,
has the most WIC eligibles.) However, States and regions do show some variation in their WIC
eligibility rates—the portions of the population of women, infants, and children who appear to
meet other eligibility requirements – that is unrelated to the State or region’s share of total
population. As shown earlier, the national-level analysis suggests that 61.4 percent of infants
and 54.5 percent of young children were eligible for WIC in the average month of 2012.
However, at the regional level, the percentage of infants who appear eligible for WIC varies
from 53.8 percent in the Northeast to 69.5 percent in the Southeast; and the percentage of
children who appear eligible for WIC varies from 48.8 percent in the Mountain Plans to 60.9
percent in the Southwest (Table 11).
Table 11: WIC Eligibles by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2011 and CY 2012
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Total
Eligiblility Rate, 2012
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
53.8%
55.8%
69.5%
58.8%
67.7%
54.4%
61.4%
61.4%
50.1%
49.2%
60.3%
51.0%
60.9%
48.8%
55.2%
54.5%
37.0%
38.5%
47.8%
40.5%
46.7%
37.5%
42.3%
42.3%
34.6%
35.3%
42.9%
38.6%
42.9%
35.1%
43.0%
39.8%
46.9%
47.0%
57.7%
49.2%
57.7%
46.4%
52.9%
52.1%
Eligiblility Rate, 2011
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
56.3%
54.8%
69.1%
61.3%
72.1%
55.4%
62.2%
62.7%
48.1%
48.2%
60.0%
52.1%
60.6%
49.2%
55.0%
54.3%
38.8%
37.7%
47.6%
42.2%
49.7%
38.1%
42.8%
43.2%
37.2%
33.6%
41.6%
37.3%
43.4%
35.5%
42.9%
39.5%
46.7%
45.9%
57.3%
50.2%
58.6%
46.9%
53.0%
52.2%
-7.0%
4.9%
3.0%
3.6%
-1.1%
-1.1%
0.2%
0.8%
0.5%
2.3%
0.8%
-2.1%
-1.5%
-1.1%
-0.1%
-0.2%
Percent Change in Eligibility Rate, 2012 vs 2011
Northeast
-4.6%
4.2%
-4.6%
Mid-Atlantic
1.9%
2.0%
1.9%
Southeast
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
Midwest
-4.0%
-2.3%
-4.0%
Southwest
-6.1%
0.4%
-6.1%
Mountain Plains
-1.7%
-0.8%
-1.7%
Western
-1.2%
0.3%
-1.2%
Total
-2.1%
0.4%
-2.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
28
WIC eligibility rates for infants and pregnant women appeared to decrease between
2011 and 2012 in most of the regions. However, the degree of change varied across the regions.
For infants, while the national WIC eligibility rate decreased by 2.1 percent between 2011 and
2012, the regional changes ranged from a 1.9 percent increase in the Mid-Atlantic to a
reduction of 6.1 percent in the Southwest. The regional pattern of change in the eligibility rates
for pregnant women follows that for infants, although the eligibility rates themselves are
smaller for pregnant women than for infants. The eligibility rates for children and postpartum
women rose slightly, by 0.4 percent and 0.8 percent, respectively. At the regional level, the
direction and magnitude of changes are more varied. For children, the eligibility rate decreased
2.3 percent in the Midwest while rising 4.2 percent in the Northeast. For postpartum women,
the eligibility rate decreased 7.0 percent in the Northeast, while rising 4.9 percent in the MidAtlantic.
WIC Coverage Rates
The WIC eligibility estimates at the national, regional, and State levels can be compared
with program administrative data to estimate program coverage rates—defined as the number
of individuals enrolled in the WIC program divided by the number eligible (these are alternately
referred to as participation rates). At the national level, the WIC coverage rate for 2012 is
estimated at 63.1 percent overall (Table 12), with the highest rate for infants (85.1 percent of
eligible infants appear to be enrolled in the program), and the lowest for children (53.4
percent). Among eligible women, postpartum women appear to have a higher coverage rate
than pregnant women, with 77.0 percent of eligible postpartum women enrolled compared
with 70.9 percent of eligible pregnant women.
The 2012 WIC coverage rate appears to vary somewhat by region (Table 12 and Figure
2). Considering all WIC-eligible individuals combined, the overall WIC coverage rate is lowest in
the Mountain Plains region, at 53.8 percent and highest in the Western region, at 74.2 percent.
Some regions, while having an overall coverage rate similar to the national rate, have rates in
some subgroups that are noticeably higher or lower than the national rate (Figures 3 through 6
map the coverage rates by region for infants, children, pregnant women, and postpartum
women, respectively). For example, the Mid-Atlantic and Southwest have overall coverage rates
similar to the national rate, but in the Southwest the rate for postpartum women is about 10
percentage points higher than the national rate, while in the Mid-Atlantic the rate for pregnant
women is 3.6 percentage points lower than the national rate. However, as mentioned above,
all the WIC eligibility estimates are affected by sampling variability. Thus, the actual coverage
rates could be somewhat higher or lower than shown.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
29
Table 12: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
275,073
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
498,880
2,420,597
775,876
999,170
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,816,403
8,823,888
105,947
141,528
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
256,679
1,245,423
131,840
173,085
319,665
237,132
239,014
115,389
347,330
1,563,454
1,219,580
1,588,855
2,966,650
2,099,738
2,202,458
1,056,789
2,919,291
14,053,362
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
178,578
236,565
426,990
303,583
334,671
135,975
443,074
2,059,436
422,634
543,228
882,005
634,740
701,715
297,390
1,234,632
4,716,344
75,232
95,311
178,915
129,532
146,500
55,777
201,787
883,053
107,348
135,261
233,685
154,849
207,312
79,197
285,838
1,203,489
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.7%
54.5%
71.0%
81.4%
64.3%
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
54.4%
67.3%
78.1%
63.6%
Southeast
82.2%
47.4%
66.9%
73.1%
58.0%
Midwest
83.7%
48.3%
69.4%
65.3%
58.2%
Southwest
88.3%
50.5%
75.2%
86.7%
63.1%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
44.4%
60.4%
68.6%
53.8%
Western
88.8%
68.0%
78.6%
82.3%
74.2%
Total
85.1%
53.4%
70.9%
77.0%
63.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
30
Southwest
63.1%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Southeast
58.0%
Midwest
58.2%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
74.2%
Mountain Plains
53.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Figure 2: WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Northeast
64.3%
31
Mid-Atlantic
63.6%
Southwest
88.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
88.8%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
National Coverage Rate: 85.1%
Figure 3: WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Northeast
86.7%
32
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southwest
50.5%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Southeast
47.4%
Midwest
48.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
68.0%
Mountain Plains
44.4%
National Coverage Rate: 53.4%
Figure 4: WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012
Northeast
54.5%
33
Mid-Atlantic
54.4%
Southwest
75.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Southeast
66.9%
Midwest
69.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
78.6%
Mountain Plains
60.4%
National Coverage Rate: 70.9%
Figure 5: WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
Northeast
71.0%
34
Mid-Atlantic
67.3%
Southwest
86.7%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Southeast
73.1%
Midwest
65.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
82.3%
Mountain Plains
68.6%
National Coverage Rate: 77.0%
Figure 6: WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
Northeast
81.4%
35
Mid-Atlantic
78.1%
Coverage rate estimates for 2012 show substantial variation between States (Table 13
and Figure 7).43 In 2012, the State coverage rates range from 44 percent in New Hampshire to
82 percent in California (and 86 percent in Puerto Rico). While California’s rate is well above the
national rate, the coverage rates of the other four States with the largest numbers of WIC
eligibles range from slightly below the national rate (Florida, at 58 percent) to slightly above the
national rate (New York and Texas, both at 66 percent).
Between 2011 and 2012, national-level coverage rates appear to have increased for
infants and pregnant women by 2.0 percent and for postpartum women by 1.3 percent, but
decreased slightly for children (0.2 percent), resulting in an overall increase in the coverage rate
of 0.5 percent (Table 14). At the regional level, coverage rates show somewhat larger changes
from 2011 (Table 14 and Figure 8), ranging from a 9.9 percent increase in the Northeast for
postpartum women to a 3.4 percent decrease in the Mid-Atlantic among pregnant women.
Considering all WIC subgroups together, the coverage rates in the Western region have
been consistently higher than in any other region across the entire period from 2000 to 2012,
while the coverage rates in the Mountain Plains have generally been lower than in other
regions (Figure 8).44 In all regions, coverage rates have risen slightly since the middle part of the
decade. The regional-level coverage rates for infants across the decade (Figure 9) show a spike
in the rate in 2002; this is due to a drop in the national-level infant eligibility estimate for that
year (2.2 million for 2002, relative to 2.5 million in both 2001 and 2003). Coverage rates across
time by region are shown for children in Figure 10, for pregnant women in Figure 11, and for
postpartum women in Figure 12.
Note that while this analysis can point to cross-State and cross-region variations in
coverage rates, it does not allow us to understand the reasons that the WIC coverage rates
appear to vary. That would require more in-depth analysis of variations in the characteristics of
the eligible individuals across States and regions, as well as variations in procedures for
administering the WIC program.
43
Table B.2 in the Appendix shows the same information as Table 14, but the States are categorized by region
rather than alphabetically.
44
The high rates in the Western region have been primarily due to the high rates in California.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
36
Table 13: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State a
Alabama
237,339
141,347
59.6%
New York
792,255
524,076
Alaska
40,443
24,545
60.7%
North Carolina
462,173
268,833
Arizona
324,215
190,862
58.9%
North Dakota
17,455
13,605
Arkansas
155,437
93,695
60.3%
Ohio
476,825
273,157
California
1,788,014
1,468,723
82.1%
Oklahoma
197,522
122,394
Colorado
210,253
102,583
48.8%
Oregon
169,283
111,016
Connecticut
105,520
56,254
53.3%
Pennsylvania
460,184
251,891
Delaware
37,935
21,929
57.8%
Puerto Rico
223,323
192,041
D.C.
26,073
16,248
62.3%
Rhode Island
34,937
24,113
Florida
858,262
493,285
57.5%
South Carolina
227,259
129,551
Georgia
517,367
301,046
58.2%
South Dakota
35,309
21,865
Hawaii
59,118
37,132
62.8%
Tennessee
291,610
162,507
Idaho
82,538
44,037
53.4%
Texas
1,478,063
967,774
Illinois
531,554
285,864
53.8%
Utah
151,906
68,729
Indiana
303,240
163,165
53.8%
Vermont
22,030
15,357
Iowa
110,511
68,023
61.6%
Virginia
274,177
158,479
Kansas
131,391
74,276
56.5%
Washington
296,695
195,088
Kentucky
194,758
131,081
67.3%
West Virginia
65,149
47,310
Louisiana
253,269
143,234
56.6%
Wisconsin
202,724
117,588
Maine
47,769
25,289
52.9%
Wyoming
24,104
12,401
Maryland
206,752
145,725
70.5%
Massachusetts
180,026
122,446
68.0%
FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,393
255,618
62.1%
Northeast
1,219,580
783,792
Minnesota
174,002
127,312
73.2%
Mid-Atlantic
1,588,855
1,010,364
Mississippi
177,883
93,946
52.8%
Southeast
2,966,650
1,721,595
Missouri
256,640
144,612
56.3%
Midwest
2,099,738
1,222,703
Montana
44,112
20,390
46.2%
Southwest
2,202,458
1,390,197
Nebraska
75,111
41,856
55.7%
Mountain Plains
1,056,789
568,340
Nevada
135,250
75,581
55.9%
Western
2,919,291
2,165,332
New Hampshire
37,044
16,257
43.9%
New Jersey
289,434
171,468
59.2%
Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
New Mexico
118,167
63,101
53.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
Coverage
Rate
66.1%
58.2%
77.9%
57.3%
62.0%
65.6%
54.7%
86.0%
69.0%
57.0%
61.9%
55.7%
65.5%
45.2%
69.7%
57.8%
65.8%
72.6%
58.0%
51.4%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
37
53.4%
48.8%
51.4%
65.5%
52.8% 59.6%
56.6%
60.3%
55.7%
58.2%
57.0%
57.5%
58.2%
67.3%
54.7%
66.1%
72.6%
57.8%
5
57.3%
62.1%
53.8% 53.8%
58.0%
56.3%
61.6%
73.2%
62.0%
56.5%
55.7%
61.9%
77.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
58.9%
45.2%
53.4%
46.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
70 percent or greater
60 - 69.9 percent
50 - 59.9 percent
55.9%
65.6%
82.1%
49.9 percent or less
Coverage Rate:
62.8%
60.7%
65.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Figure 7: WIC Coverage Rates for All Participants, by State, CY 2012
38
86.0 %
CT: 53.3%
DE: 57.8%
DC: 62.3%
MA: 68.0%
MD: 70.5%
NH: 43.9%
NJ: 59.2%
RI: 69.0%
VT: 69.7%
52.9%
Table 14: WIC Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012 and CY 2011
Infants
Children
(age 1 to 4)
Pregnant
Women
All Postpartum
Women
Total
Coverage Rate, 2012
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
86.7%
86.0%
82.2%
83.7%
88.3%
75.7%
88.8%
85.1%
54.5%
54.4%
47.4%
48.3%
50.5%
44.4%
68.0%
53.4%
71.0%
67.3%
66.9%
69.4%
75.2%
60.4%
78.6%
70.9%
81.4%
78.1%
73.1%
65.3%
86.7%
68.6%
82.3%
77.0%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
Coverage Rate, 2011
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
81.9%
86.8%
83.2%
79.6%
82.0%
76.1%
89.0%
83.4%
54.7%
55.4%
47.5%
47.6%
52.0%
44.5%
67.3%
53.6%
66.9%
69.7%
67.6%
65.6%
69.4%
60.1%
79.0%
69.5%
74.1%
79.1%
73.8%
65.5%
82.5%
66.9%
82.9%
76.0%
63.0%
64.7%
58.3%
56.9%
62.4%
53.7%
73.9%
62.7%
Percent Change in Coverage Rate, 2012 vs 2011
Northeast
5.9%
-0.4%
6.1%
Mid-Atlantic
-0.9%
-1.9%
-3.4%
Southeast
-1.3%
-0.1%
-1.0%
Midwest
5.2%
1.5%
5.8%
Southwest
7.8%
-2.8%
8.4%
Mountain Plains
-0.5%
-0.1%
0.4%
Western
-0.2%
0.9%
-0.4%
Total
2.0%
-0.2%
2.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base,
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
9.9%
2.0%
-1.2%
-1.7%
-1.0%
-0.5%
-0.3%
2.4%
5.2%
1.1%
2.5%
0.2%
-0.7%
0.3%
1.3%
0.5%
WIC Administrative Data
39
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 8: All Participants Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a
U.S.
Western
Mountain Plains
Southwest
Midwest
Southeast
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
40
Notes:
a
The upward trend in coverage rates between 2009 and 2010 reflects, in part, the decline in the number of eligibles in 2010 due to new Census population
weights.
See Appendix Table D.2 for source information.
Coverage Rate
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 9: Infants Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a
U.S.
Western
Mountain Plains
Southwest
Midwest
Southeast
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
41
Notes:
a
The upward trend in coverage rates between 2009 and 2010 reflects, in part, the decline in the number of eligibles in 2010 due to new Census population
weights.
See Appendix Table D.2 for source information.
Coverage Rate
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 10: Children (Ages 1-4) Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a
U.S.
Western
Mountain Plains
Southwest
Midwest
Southeast
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
42
Notes:
a
The upward trend in coverage rates between 2009 and 2010 reflects, in part, the decline in the number of eligibles in 2010 due to new Census population
weights.
See Appendix Table D.2 for source information.
Coverage Rate
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 11: Pregnant Women Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012 a
U.S.
Western
Mountain Plains
Southwest
Midwest
Southeast
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
43
Notes:
a
The upward trend in coverage rates between 2009 and 2010 reflects, in part, the decline in the number of eligibles in 2010 due to new Census population
weights.
See Appendix Table D.2 for source information.
Coverage Rate
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 12: Postpartum Women Coverage Rate by FNS Region, 2000–2012a
U.S.
Western
Mountain Plains
Southwest
Midwest
Southeast
Mid-Atlantic
Northeast
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
44
Notes:
a
The upward trend in coverage rates between 2009 and 2010 reflects, in part, the decline in the number of eligibles in 2010 due to new Census population
weights.
See Appendix Table D.2 for source information.
Coverage Rate
I
Measures of Precision of the Estimates of Eligibility
Standard errors of estimates were produced for the 2012 national, State, and regional
estimates.45 The national-level estimates are all derived from the CPS-ASEC using the
generalized variance estimates described in the technical documentation for the March 2013
CPS-ASEC.46 The standard errors for the State-level estimates were derived using a generalized
variance model described in the annual ACS report based on one year accuracy of the data.47
Tables 15 and 16 show these standard errors and also the coefficient of variation, which is the
ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate. Since the coefficient of variation is
expressed in percentage terms, it allows easier comparisons of the relative precision of various
estimates.
The coefficients of variation for the 2012 national eligibility estimates for infants and
pregnant women are the highest among all participant groups at 4.7 percent (Table 15). While
the coefficient of variation for postpartum women is slightly lower at 3.3 percent, the relative
error for the estimate for all children drops to 2.4 percent, reflecting the larger sample size for
this estimation group. The greatest precision of eligibility estimates is for the total of all WIC
eligibles (1.9 percent).
At the State level, the precision of the estimates is considerably lower than at the
national level (Table 16). Given the large range of coefficient of variation (2.5 percent for
California to 18.5 percent for North Dakota), caution should be exercised when using the State
estimates, especially for smaller States. At the regional level, however, the relative precision of
the estimates is quite high.
The statistics can be used to estimate a confidence interval around the estimates of WIC
eligibility. For example, we can be 90 percent sure that the actual number of WIC eligible
people (overall, by subgroup, by region, or by State) is at minimum equal to our best guess
minus 1.65 times the standard error, and is at most equal to our best guess plus 1.65 times the
standard error. As an illustration of the computation, consider the overall WIC eligibility
estimate for the Northeast. Our best estimate is that there are 1,219,580 people eligible for
WIC in the Northeast in the average month of 2012. The standard error of that estimate is
38,336. We can be 90 percent sure that the true number falls within the range from (1,219,589
minus (1.65 * 38,336)) to (1,219,580 plus (1.65 * 38,336)), or from 1,156,325 to 1,282,835. For
a 95 percent level of confidence, the process is the same, but a factor of 1.96 is applied to the
standard error.
45
Estimates of WIC eligibility in the other island territories are not based upon samples but on Census Bureau
estimates of the population by age and are not subject to sampling variability. While non-sampling error can still
be present in the other island estimates, standard errors for the other island territories cannot be computed
because of the non-sample based methodology used in the estimation.
46
These reports can be found at http://www.census.gov/cps/methodology/techdocs.html.
47
These reports can be found at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/pums_documentation/.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
45
Table 15: WIC Eligibles and Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children
(age 1-4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
235,723
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
494,542
2,376,909
775,876
855,030
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,802,040
8,665,386
105,947
121,282
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
254,447
1,222,945
131,840
147,669
319,665
237,132
239,014
115,389
344,528
1,535,237
1,219,580
1,359,704
2,966,650
2,099,738
2,202,458
1,056,789
2,895,556
13,800,476
Standard Errora
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
16,058
17,553
30,832
23,629
24,388
14,706
29,692
111,619
30,335
32,373
56,699
43,720
45,554
27,536
55,343
210,936
8,262
9,031
15,864
12,157
12,548
7,566
15,277
57,429
7,395
8,244
13,879
11,091
11,227
6,770
14,647
51,119
38,336
41,191
71,819
55,630
57,578
34,942
70,508
263,925
a
Coefficient of Variation b
Northeast
7.8%
3.9%
7.8%
Mid-Atlantic
7.4%
3.8%
7.4%
Southeast
5.9%
3.0%
5.9%
Midwest
6.5%
3.3%
6.5%
Southwest
6.4%
3.3%
6.4%
Mountain Plains
8.2%
4.1%
8.2%
Western
6.0%
3.1%
6.0%
Total
4.7%
2.4%
4.7%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base,
5.6%
3.1%
5.6%
3.0%
4.3%
2.4%
4.7%
2.6%
4.7%
2.6%
5.9%
3.3%
4.3%
2.4%
3.3%
1.9%
WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
46
Table 16: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient of
Variationa
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient of
Variationa
State b
Alabama
237,339
12,522
5.3%
New York
792,255
25,457
Alaska
40,443
4,916
12.2%
North Carolina
462,173
18,267
Arizona
324,215
14,923
4.6%
North Dakota
17,455
3,226
Arkansas
155,437
9,955
6.4%
Ohio
476,825
18,566
California
1,788,014
44,346
2.5%
Oklahoma
197,522
11,347
Colorado
210,253
11,689
5.6%
Oregon
169,283
10,433
Connecticut
105,520
8,136
7.7%
Pennsylvania
460,184
18,211
Delaware
37,935
4,793
12.6%
Puerto Rico
223,323
12,522
D.C.
26,073
3,961
15.2%
Rhode Island
34,937
4,533
Florida
858,262
26,705
3.1%
South Carolina
227,259
12,227
Georgia
517,367
19,614
3.8%
South Dakota
35,309
4,629
Hawaii
59,118
6,030
10.2%
Tennessee
291,610
14,111
Idaho
82,538
7,107
8.6%
Texas
1,478,063
38,725
Illinois
531,554
19,891
3.7%
Utah
151,906
9,839
Indiana
303,240
14,297
4.7%
Vermont
22,030
3,637
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5%
Virginia
274,177
13,579
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9%
Washington
296,695
14,157
Kentucky
194,758
11,253
5.8%
West Virginia
65,149
6,291
Louisiana
253,269
12,978
5.1%
Wisconsin
202,724
11,510
Maine
47,769
5,400
11.3%
Wyoming
24,104
3,778
Maryland
206,752
11,574
5.6%
Massachusetts
180,026
10,831
6.0%
FNS Regionc
Michigan
411,393
17,085
4.2%
Northeast
1,219,580
38,336
Minnesota
174,002
10,531
6.1%
Mid-Atlantic
1,359,704
41,191
Mississippi
177,883
10,679
6.0%
Southeast
2,966,650
71,819
Missouri
256,640
13,081
5.1%
Midwest
2,099,738
55,630
Montana
44,112
5,184
11.8%
Southwest
2,202,458
57,578
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0%
Mountain Plains 1,056,789
34,942
Nevada
135,250
9,236
6.8%
Western
2,895,556
70,508
New Hampshire
37,044
4,731
12.8%
New Jersey
289,434
13,987
4.8%
Total
13,800,476
263,925
New Mexico
118,167
8,649
7.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
3.2%
4.0%
18.5%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.0%
5.6%
13.0%
5.4%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.5%
16.5%
5.0%
4.8%
9.7%
5.7%
15.7%
3.1%
3.0%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
Notes:
a
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
b
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
c
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
47
Validating the Results
While one would like to assess the accuracy of the eligibility estimates, this cannot be
known with certainty since it is impossible to observe eligibility. However, it is important that
the estimates are reasonable. One comparison that can produce confidence in the eligibility
estimates is to examine whether the FNS participation figures ever exceed the eligibility
estimates by State or region. While it is quite possible that some ineligible individuals do
participate, there also are eligible individuals who fail to enroll in the program or who have
been inappropriately denied benefits. Thus, any occurrences where the number of participants
exceeds the estimated count of eligibles would lead to concerns about the estimation methods.
At the level of detail shown in this report, there are no cases where estimated eligibility falls
short of FNS participation figures.
Summary
This report estimates that 14.1 million individuals were eligible for WIC during an
average month of 2012 across the fifty States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and four
other island territories. The estimate includes 2.4 million infants (approximately 61 percent of
all infants in the United States and territories), 8.8 million children age one through four (54
percent of all young children), 1.2 million pregnant women, and 1.6 million postpartum women.
Compared to estimates of WIC eligibility in 2011, the estimates for 2012 show a decline
in WIC eligibility for all groups except children age 2-3 and postpartum breastfeeding women.
The number of infants who were WIC eligible declined by 3.8 percent, while the number of WIC
eligible children decreased by 0.7 percent. For both groups, these overall declines are partially
caused by decreases in the total size of the populations as defined for this analysis—the total
number of infants in the population decreased by 1.8 percent, and the total number of young
children in the population decreased by 1.1 percent. However, while the percentage of infants
estimated eligible for WIC also decreased (from 62.7 percent in 2011 to 61.4 percent in 2012),
the percentage of young children estimated eligible for WIC actually increased slightly (from
54.3 to 54.5 percent) but not enough to offset the decline in the total population of young
children. Similarly, there was actually an increase in the number of WIC-eligible children age 23, but not enough to offset the decrease among the other ages. The number of eligible
pregnant women followed the trend among infants and decreased by 3.8 percent. The number
of eligible postpartum women also decreased (by 1.0 percent) although among those
postpartum women eligible for the breastfeeding benefits eligibility increased by 3.5 percent.
Estimates of eligibles across the regions vary, with the Southeast and Western regions
having the largest eligible populations (almost 3 million each), and the Mountain Plains and
Northeast regions having the lowest eligible populations (just over 1 million each). The
geographic distribution of individuals who are WIC-eligible reflect population and income
differences, as well as differences in adjunctive eligibility (due to participation in Medicaid,
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
48
SNAP, and TANF). Two States, California (12.7 percent) and Texas (10.5 percent), together
account for almost one quarter of all WIC eligible individuals.
The WIC coverage rate (the ratio of the number of participants relative to the number of
eligibles) was 63.1 percent in 2012. Nationwide, infants have the highest coverage rate at 85.1
percent and children age one through four have the lowest rate at 53.4 percent. Coverage rates
also vary by FNS region, ranging from 53.8 percent in the Mountain Plains to 74.2 percent in the
Western region. Since 2000, coverage rates have been increasing. In 2012, the overall coverage
rate showed a small increase compared to 2011, with increases in the coverage rate for infants
and women offsetting a slight decrease in the coverage rate for children.
There are four appendices to this report. The first provides more detailed tables for the
national and territorial estimates, and the second provides more detailed tables for the State
and regional eligibility estimates. The third appendix provides coverage rate maps for all
regions. The fourth appendix shows the WIC eligibility and coverage results for 2000 through
2012. Interested readers should consult Betson et al. (2011) for more details on all methods
used to produce these estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach
49
References
Administration for Children and Families. 2013. “Caseload Data 2012.” Data are preliminary.
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/resource/caseload-data-2012.
Betson, David, Linda Giannarelli, Michael Martinez-Schiferl, and Sheila Zedlewski. 2011.
National and State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2000-2009. Project Officer: Grant
Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of
Research and Analysis.
Center for Disease Control. 2011. National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 60 Number 2 and
Volume 60 number 2 in 2002.
Gray, Kelsey Farson and Esa Eslami. 2014. Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program Households: Fiscal Year 2012. Alexandria, VA: USDA Food and Nutrition Service.
Johnson, B., Thorn, B., McGill, B., Suchman, A., Mendelson, M., Patlan, K.L., Freeman, B.,
Gotlieb, R., & Connor, P. (2013). WIC Participant and Program Characteristics 2012. Prepared by
Insight Policy Research under Contract No. AG-3198-C-11-0010. Alexandria, VA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.
http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/WICPC2012.pdf.
Johnson, Paul, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David Betson. 2014. National and State-Level
Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Eligibles and Program Reach, 2011. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis.
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. 2014. “Monthly Medicaid Enrollment for
Children—June 2012.” http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/monthly-medicaid-enrollment-fornon-elderly-non-disabled-adults-and-children-in-thousands/, accessed May 23, 2014.
Michael Martinez-Schiferl, Sheila Zedlewski, and Linda Giannarelli. 2012. National and StateLevel Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2010. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis.
Office of Management and Budget. 1997. “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of
Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/.
Ruggles, Steven, J. Trent Alexander, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Matthew B. Schroeder, and
Matthew Sobek. 2010. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable
database]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United
States.” Annual P-60 Reports. http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/p60.html.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2006. “WIC Program Coverage: How Many Eligible Individuals
Participated in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC): 1994-2003?”.
http://www.fns.usda.gov/Ora/menu/Published/WIC/FILES/WICEligibles.pdf .
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1999. “Estimating the Number of People Eligible for WIC and
the Full-Funding Participation Rate: A Review of the Issues”, Chapter 2.
http://www.fns.usda.gov/Ora/menu/Published/WIC/FILES/WICEstimatePt2.pdf .
Ver Ploeg, Michele and David M. Betson (Eds.). 2003. Estimating Eligibility and Participation for
the WIC Program: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Wheaton, Laura. 2007. “Underreporting of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the CPS and
SIPP” 2007 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Social Statistics Section [CDROM]. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association: 3622-3629.
Yelowitz, Aaron. 2002. “Income Variability and WIC Eligibility: Evidence from the SIPP.”
http://gatton.uky.edu/faculty/yelowitz/Yelowitz-WIC.pdf, accessed August 1, 2011.
Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series
Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
January 2015
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
January 2015
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
Authors:
Paul Johnson
Linda Giannarelli
Erika Huber
David Betson
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Policy Support
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Linda Giannarelli
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not the Urban Institute.
This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food and
Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support. National and
State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012, by Paul Johnson, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David
Betson. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: January 2015.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance provided by FNS staff and other Urban
Institute staff and consultants. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided guidance
throughout the project. The WIC Division also reviewed earlier drafts of this report. Sheila
Zedlewski directed the first two years of the project and guided the initial phases of work on
the estimates in this report. Michael Martinez-Schiferl was the lead analyst on this work for the
first two years of the project, and developed the technical framework used for this year’s
analysis.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Contents
Appendix A. National Estimates: 2012
A-1
Appendix B. State Estimates: 2012
B-1
Appendix C. Coverage Rate Maps
C-1
Appendix D. Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
D-1
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix A
National Estimates: 2012
The appendix tables show the detailed estimates of WIC-eligible individuals by
participant group. A brief description of each of these tables is given below. These tables
document the assumptions and calculations used to produce the estimates.
CY 2012 National Estimates Appendix Tables
Tables A.1a and A.1b: Steps and Sources for Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants,
Young Children, Pregnant Women, and Postpartum Women
These tables document the data sources used and summarize the steps performed in producing
national and State eligibility estimates.
Table A.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group
This table shows the estimated average monthly number of WIC eligibles in the calendar year
along with the total number of infants and children. Note that the number of non-eligible
infants and children is calculated as the difference between the total population and the
number of eligible infants and children. These figures include infants and children in the U.S.
territories. The reader is referred to table A.6 for the steps used in calculating the estimated
number of eligible individuals.
Table A.3a: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age
Groups, Race, and Gender
This table shows the four-year accumulations of census estimates next to the four-year
accumulations of March CPS total weighted populations used to calculate the population
factors used to adjust the CPS weights.
Table A.3b: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race
and Gender
This table shows the current year Census estimates and CPS estimates by single-year age
groups, race, and gender, and the ratio of Census estimates to CPS estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-1
Table A.3c: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the CPS
ASEC by Race and Gender
This table shows the results of applying the population adjustment factors shown in Table A.3a
to the weights on the March CPS.
Table A.4: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC-Eligible Postpartum Women
This table shows the calculated national breastfeeding adjustment factors assuming the use of
the current NHANES and SIPP adjustments.
Table A.5: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group According to the Year of Breastfeeding Rates Used
This table shows the effect of the change in breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year by
applying the breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year to the current year. The result is
the estimated change in the number of eligible postpartum breastfeeding women and
postpartum non-breastfeeding women that can be attributable to the year-to-year change in
the breastfeeding rate. This table includes infants and children in the U.S. territories.
Table A.6: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group
This table shows the step-by-step adjustments made in calculating the total number of infants,
children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are eligible for WIC.
Tables A.7a and A.7b: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the March 2012 CPS by Demographic
Characteristics
These two tables show the estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children (in total and by single
year of age) by demographic and income characteristics in the March CPS. Note that these
tables do not include infants and children from the territories. Table A.7a shows characteristics
of WIC-eligible infants and children in the March CPS using unadjusted person weights, and
Table A.7b shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted, including
adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and
certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are
shown as both total counts and column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic
and income characteristics. A comparison of Table A.7a to Table A.7b shows the impact of the
CPS weight adjustments on the national estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-2
Table A.8: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
This table shows change between the 2011 and 2012 in the total number of infants and
children, the numbers of WIC-eligible individuals, and the eligibility rate (including infants and
children in the U.S. territories). The percent change for each participant group is calculated.
Table A.9: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and
Children Eligible for WIC, as estimated by the March CPS
This table shows a step-by-step comparison of the difference in estimates from year to year.
The percentage change from year to year is calculated after each adjustment.
Table A.10: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the CPSASEC by Participant Group
This table presents the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of variance for the
national estimates for the total population and the number eligible for WIC by participant
group.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-3
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
Income eligibility
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
Adjust for nutritional risk
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Territories
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Adjunctive eligibility
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Weight adjustment
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
SNAP, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as being
enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Description
Identify infants and children (ages 1-4) in the survey.
Step
Demographic eligibility
Page A-4
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
PRCS 2012 - Puerto Rico
No update.
Average of factors for 2005, 2006, and 2010, as computed from the
SIPP panels from 2004 and 2008.
2013 CPS-ASEC
2012 ACS
2012 PRCS
Blended FY 2012 and FY 2013 poverty guidelines
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau and the
March CPS-ASEC for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau for CY
2012
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
2010 Census - Other Island Territories Estimates
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children (Ages 1-4), Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1a-2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants.
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
For pregnant women:
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
For postpartum mothers:
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
Step
Starting point
Page A-5
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update.
2012 Abbott Laboratories Infant Feeding Survey (formerly the Mother
Survey); 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 waves of National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and
2004 SIPP panels.
No update.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
Infants as estimated using methods outlined in Table A.1a.
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1b-2012
Table A.2-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
2012
NonParticipant Group
a
Eligibles Eligibles
Infants
2,420,597 1,521,068
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
All Postpartum Women
Totalb
3,941,665
7,359,759 16,183,647
1,824,689 4,009,860
1,848,811 4,045,462
1,814,250 4,046,536
1,872,010 4,081,789
1,563,454
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, 2012 PRCS and Census International Data
Base for territories
Notes:
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2012 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
a
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-6
0.962
1.071
976,579
912,176
1.027
986,996
961,054
1.055
991,982
940,401
0.971
1.029
1.046
0.972
39,298,731
40,448,965
0.968
31,571,449
32,602,170
0.981
7,985,505
8,136,181
0.960
7,939,498
8,269,113
0.982
7,874,347
8,019,733
0.950
7,772,099
8,179,891
0.902
1.055
1.000
1.112
0.936
1.067
0.931
1.047
0.941
1.070
0.944
0.951
1.078
29,755,405 6,189,303 5,099,116
31,515,340 6,507,487 4,732,104
0.942
23,919,987 4,964,012 4,076,421
25,401,320 5,275,637 3,810,230
0.948
6,081,849 1,249,223 1,009,833
6,415,980 1,341,858
964,722
0.937
6,016,365 1,248,073 1,019,940
6,420,785 1,333,411
955,723
0.938
5,951,509 1,239,870 1,026,456
6,345,692 1,239,898
922,745
0.944
5,870,264 1,226,846 1,020,192
6,218,863 1,360,470
967,040
0.960
41,043,824
42,754,931
0.956
32,960,420
34,487,187
0.956
8,340,905
8,725,430
0.951
8,284,378
8,710,757
0.966
8,217,835
8,508,758
0.950
8,117,302
8,546,373
1.012
1.083
1.047
0.958
1.058
2,463,838 1,986,412
2,571,127 1,876,898
0.921
2,460,761 2,006,937
2,671,389 1,916,777
1.016
2,444,771 2,018,438
2,405,333 1,863,146
0.899
2,416,292 2,001,005
2,687,309 1,977,420
0.947
1.050
0.952
0.960
1.062
58,135,768 12,193,515 10,013,272
61,073,577 12,699,935 9,430,384
0.951
46,733,415 9,785,662 8,012,791
49,119,958 10,335,158 7,634,241
0.957
11,876,160
12,409,471
0.949
11,756,178
12,389,666
0.949
11,628,973
12,259,286
0.951
11,472,103
12,061,535
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-7
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
0.966
80,342,555
83,203,896
0.962
64,531,868
67,089,357
0.968
16,326,410
16,861,611
0.955
16,223,876
16,979,870
0.974
16,092,182
16,528,491
0.950
15,889,400
16,726,264
0.974
15,810,687
16,225,646
Total
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.970
6,004,212 4,914,157
6,192,448 4,698,280
0.953
4,821,651 3,936,370
5,059,521 3,824,011
0.988
0.967
22,813,428
23,718,638
1,214,615
1,229,269
0.906
0.962
5,794,311
5,993,491
1,212,688
1,337,978
1.034
0.960
5,739,813
5,968,881
1,204,901
1,165,435
0.896
1,189,446
980,813
1,326,839 1,010,380
5,677,464
5,913,594
0.959
5,601,839
5,842,672
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
28,380,363
CPS estimate
29,558,237
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
0.960
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Table A.3a-2012: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2010-2013
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
5,566,935 1,182,561
977,787
7,727,283
5,835,418 1,225,292 1,022,695
8,083,404
11,402,353 2,407,853 2,000,481
CPS estimate
5,839,599 1,132,927
874,269
7,847,896
6,114,020 1,231,850
921,874
8,377,750
11,953,619 2,364,777 1,796,143
Ratio of Census estimate
0.953
1.044
1.118
0.985
0.954
0.995
1.109
0.965
0.954
1.018
1.114
to CPS estimate
1.000
1.001
247,583
247,276
0.952
250,782
263,393
1.064
252,808
237,564
0.964
247,480
256,591
0.994
1.003
1.000
1.024
1.001
9,743,366
9,736,725
0.995
7,816,960
7,855,913
0.988
1,973,725
1,997,154
0.997
1,947,023
1,953,512
1.016
1,961,571
1,930,288
0.978
Males
1.016
311,852
306,904
0.962
305,040
316,968
1.025
309,190
301,766
0.889
306,697
345,067
1.144
308,146
269,305
Black
1.075
256,485
238,654
0.949
258,249
272,200
1.002
263,146
262,721
1.057
258,156
244,328
0.950
260,135
273,801
Other
0.970
1.018
1.001
1.003
1.001
10,179,272
10,172,363
0.998
8,162,452
8,181,222
1.010
2,058,428
2,038,261
0.987
2,029,428
2,055,890
1.004
2,051,110
2,043,449
0.988
2,023,486
2,047,753
1.013
2,016,820
1,991,141
Total
1.000
14,348,181
14,345,037
1.000
11,516,875
11,514,812
1.000
2,912,854
2,912,360
1.000
2,865,673
2,865,128
1.000
2,888,621
2,888,140
1.000
2,849,727
2,849,184
1.000
2,831,306
2,830,225
White
Total
1.037
504,068
485,930
0.950
509,031
535,593
1.031
515,954
500,285
1.009
505,636
500,919
0.994
509,459
512,755
Other
1.006
1.001
1.003
3,030,309 2,544,148
3,028,569 2,535,482
0.971
2,427,848 2,034,689
2,499,596 2,022,727
0.972
615,231
633,008
0.992
601,747
606,644
1.040
608,106
584,587
0.893
602,764
675,357
1.139
602,461
528,973
Black
1.001
19,922,638
19,909,088
0.996
15,979,412
16,037,135
0.999
4,032,153
4,035,415
0.992
3,976,451
4,009,402
1.010
4,012,681
3,973,737
0.983
3,958,127
4,025,460
1.018
3,943,226
3,873,054
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-8
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2010 Census (March 2013), and with updated Census controls
used in the weight calculations.
1.000
7,342,176 1,540,925 1,296,171
7,340,649 1,540,010 1,291,704
1.000
5,893,637 1,232,779 1,036,036
5,892,614 1,270,705 1,017,903
1.000
1,490,091
1,489,833
1.000
1,466,139
1,465,884
1.000
1,478,774
1,478,539
1.000
1,458,633
1,458,358
1,448,539
1,448,035
1,926,406
1,881,913
1,934,641
1,977,707
White
Total
Source: March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
1.001
1,489,384 1,247,977
1,488,559 1,243,778
0.972
1,195,069
998,653
1,228,891 1,004,824
0.930
1.000
5,623,238
5,622,198
303,379
326,104
1.024
1.000
1,422,763
1,422,527
296,707
289,676
1.057
1.000
1,399,534
1,399,244
298,916
282,821
0.896
1.000
1,409,847
1,409,601
296,067
330,290
1,391,094
1,390,826
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
7,006,005
CPS estimate
7,004,388
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
1.000
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
1,382,767
294,315
249,324
CPS estimate
1,382,190
259,668
238,954
Ratio of Census estimate
1.000
1.133
1.043
to CPS estimate
Table A.3b-2012: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2013
na
1,013,387
1,007,571
0.6%
na
1,263,859
1,247,626
1.3%
1.000
1,409,601
1,409,601
0.0%
1.000
1,399,244
1,399,244
0.0%
1.000
1,422,527
1,422,527
0.0%
na
na
5,622,199 1,200,413
5,622,199 1,228,891
0.0%
-2.3%
Children Age 3
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Children Age 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Population adjustment factor
na
na
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,471,455
Original 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,488,559
% relative change
0.0%
-1.1%
1.001
248,821
248,523
0.1%
1.000
264,591
264,591
0.0%
1.055
250,901
237,866
5.5%
na
9,739,703
9,740,574
0.0%
na
7,835,998
7,858,661
-0.3%
na
1,993,571
1,997,154
-0.2%
na
1,953,512
1,953,512
0.0%
na
1,952,910
1,930,288
1.2%
na
1,936,004
1,977,707
-2.1%
na
1,903,705
1,881,913
1.2%
Total
1.000
306,904
306,904
0.0%
0.962
305,050
316,968
-3.8%
1.000
301,766
301,766
0.0%
0.902
311,182
345,067
-9.8%
na
na
7,340,649 1,494,206
7,340,649 1,540,010
0.0%
-3.0%
na
8,154,254
8,185,353
-0.4%
na
2,039,106
2,038,261
0.0%
na
2,043,972
2,055,890
-0.6%
na
2,043,871
2,043,449
0.0%
na
2,027,305
2,047,753
-1.0%
na
1,991,141
1,991,141
0.0%
Total
na
na
1,310,539 10,145,395
1,295,835 10,176,494
1.1%
-0.3%
na
1,036,738
1,022,034
1.4%
1.047
242,369
241,524
0.3%
1.000
273,038
273,038
0.0%
1.002
263,565
263,144
0.2%
1.055
257,766
244,328
5.5%
1.000
273,801
273,801
0.0%
Males
Other
1.000
269,305
269,305
0.0%
Black
na
na
5,892,614 1,224,902
5,892,614 1,270,705
0.0%
-3.6%
1.000
1,489,833
1,489,833
0.0%
1.000
1,465,884
1,465,884
0.0%
1.000
1,478,539
1,478,539
0.0%
1.000
1,458,358
1,458,358
0.0%
1.000
1,448,035
1,448,035
0.0%
White
Total
na
629,127
633,008
-0.6%
na
594,726
606,644
-2.0%
na
594,175
584,587
1.6%
na
607,286
675,357
-10.1%
na
540,347
528,973
2.2%
Black
na
491,190
490,046
0.2%
na
537,629
537,629
0.0%
na
514,466
501,010
2.7%
na
506,839
500,919
1.2%
na
524,274
513,856
2.0%
Other
na
4,032,677
4,035,414
-0.1%
na
3,997,484
4,009,402
-0.3%
na
3,996,781
3,973,737
0.6%
na
3,963,309
4,025,460
-1.5%
na
3,894,846
3,873,054
0.6%
Total
na
na
na
na
14,345,037 2,965,661 2,574,399 19,885,097
14,345,037 3,028,569 2,543,461 19,917,068
0.0%
-2.1%
1.2%
-0.2%
na
na
na
na
11,514,813 2,425,314 2,050,125 15,990,251
11,514,813 2,499,596 2,029,605 16,044,013
0.0%
-3.0%
1.0%
-0.3%
na
2,912,360
2,912,360
0.0%
na
2,865,128
2,865,128
0.0%
na
2,888,140
2,888,140
0.0%
na
2,849,184
2,849,184
0.0%
na
2,830,225
2,830,225
0.0%
White
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-9
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the
CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.988
322,223
326,104
-1.2%
1.000
289,676
289,676
0.0%
1.034
292,408
282,821
3.4%
0.971
249,073
256,591
-2.9%
Children Age 2
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.896
296,105
330,290
-10.4%
1.000
1,390,826
1,390,826
0.0%
1.043
250,473
240,055
4.3%
Children Age 1
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.044
271,042
259,668
4.4%
1.000
1,382,190
1,382,190
0.0%
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Table A.3c-2012: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the 2013 CPS ASEC by Race and Gender
0.096
At 6 months
0.103
0.113
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.138
0.482
0.127
0.466
0.115
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.140
0.482
0.129
0.466
0.147
0.332
1.085
1.034
0.179
0.521
0.165
0.504
0.168
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.205
0.587
0.189
0.568
0.177
0.370
1.085
1.034
0.216
0.580
0.199
0.561
0.179
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.218
0.587
0.201
0.568
0.185
0.384
1.085
1.034
0.226
0.602
0.208
0.582
0.197
0.388
1.085
1.034
0.240
0.608
0.221
0.588
0.187
0.358
1.085
1.034
0.228
0.561
0.210
0.543
0.191
0.353
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.554
0.214
0.536
0.191
0.371
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.581
0.214
0.562
0.170
0.350
1.085
1.034
0.207
0.549
0.191
0.531
0.153
0.327
1.150
1.056
0.184
0.527
0.160
0.499
2007
0.163
0.324
1.150
1.056
0.196
0.523
0.170
0.495
2008
0.169
0.332
1.150
1.056
0.202
0.535
0.176
0.507
2009
0.177
0.349
1.150
1.056
0.213
0.563
0.185
0.533
2010
0.260
0.388
1.150
1.056
0.312
0.625
0.271
0.592
2011
0.297
0.400
1.150
1.056
0.357
0.644
0.310
0.610
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-10
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
0.260
0.240
0.244
0.250
0.263
0.324
0.348
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
0.175
0.164
0.162
0.166
0.175
0.194
0.200
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
0.085
0.077
0.081
0.084
0.089
0.130
0.148
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
0.325
0.337
0.338
0.334
0.325
0.306
0.300
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 2012 are from the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in "2012 Breastfeeding Trends" . This survey was formerly known as the "Ross
Mothers Survey".
Adjustment for WIC eligible versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the
combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 through 2012 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
Breastfeeding adjustment
Breastfeeding
0.274
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after
adjustment for overestimate
of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
0.292
1.085
0.126
1.085
0.117
At 6 months
0.458
1.034
0.430
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after NHANES
adjustment
In-hospital
0.116
1.034
0.108
At 6 months
0.443
Table A.4-2012: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2012)
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NHANES 'In-hospital'
adjustment factor
NHANES 'At 6 months'
adjustment factor
0.416
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-participants (IFS)
In-hospital
1993
1,245,423
Pregnant Women
a
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
780,494
737,937
1,245,423
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Eligibles
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
a
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
2012 (Using 2011 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
7.59%
-1.93%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Eligibles
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
NonEligibles
Percent Change
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-11
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of infants and
children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based on the 2012 PRCS and
annual Census Bureau population estimates.
b
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
14,008,339
0.32%
Source: March 2013 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
2,420,597
Participant Group
Infants
Eligibles
2012 (Using 2012 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Table A.5-2012: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS.
According to Whether the 2012 or 2011 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
43,688
2,185,171
38,808
Infants
2,420,597
Children
Age 1
2,196,651
39,276
2,232,286
40,217
Children
Age 3
2,209,780
40,201
Children
Age 4
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
CY 2012 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: March 2013 CPS
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Children
Age 2
8,823,888
158,502
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
8,665,386
1,245,423
22,478
Pregnant
Women
1,222,945
1,260,768
2,169,579
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
1,265,704
2,192,069
2,191,494
2,191,494
385,338
74,882
8,630
301,826
1,806,156
4,032,677
4,035,414
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths f
2,157,376
2,214,211
2,214,211
449,068
99,734
6,787
342,547
1,765,143
3,997,484
4,009,402
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income
of woman during pregnancye
2,146,363
2,179,167
2,179,167
472,801
98,669
9,084
365,049
1,706,366
3,996,781
3,973,737
2,376,909
2,376,909
2,168,043
2,168,043
454,103
110,286
3,082
340,735
1,713,940
3,963,309
4,025,460
Pregnant
Women
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
risk (infants and children)d
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
2,450,422
2,112,432
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPG
Through SNAPb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number after monthly income adjustment
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
Number with annual income <185% FPG
c
3,894,846
1,712,910
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/over counta
3,873,054
Total number of infants/children in the 2013 CPS-ASEC
Table A.6-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2012 (March 2013 CPS)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Total
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Infants
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Age 1 to 4
839,736
15,156
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
824,580
824,580
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
723,718
13,062
Total
14,053,362
Total
252,886
2,758,181
1,535,237
5,996,046
1,265,704
7,130,727
11,042,295
11,203,337
10,865,348
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
Page A-12
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
710,656
710,656
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Notes for Table A.6-2012:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables A.3a and A3.b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in
the CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table A.3a compares 4 years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children ages 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table A.3b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original March 2013 CPS estimates of children ages 0-4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP
receipt is coded as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF,
coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-13
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
839,240
860,503
226,478
170,495
1,065,718
1,030,998
870,987
882,012
219,193
242,665
1,090,180
1,124,677
851,112
843,120
253,276
217,488
1,104,388
1,060,608
Race
White
Black
Other
1,108,450
347,774
243,519
283,576
79,163
34,233
1,392,027
426,937
277,752
1,110,929
412,873
229,197
332,642
79,292
49,924
1,443,571
492,165
279,121
1,124,596
342,922
226,714
344,649
64,590
61,525
1,469,245
407,512
288,239
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
687,714
1,012,029
136,599
260,374
824,313
1,272,403
631,093
1,121,905
145,075
316,783
776,168
1,438,688
656,605
1,037,627
141,649
329,115
798,254
1,366,742
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,041,975
Single-parent family
593,513
No-parent family
64,255
Related non-parent caretaker
34,682
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 29,573
262,912
118,647
15,414
15,414
0
1,304,887
712,160
79,669
50,097
29,573
1,008,829
655,863
88,307
43,545
44,763
303,716
134,599
23,542
23,542
0
1,312,545
790,462
111,850
67,087
44,763
891,578
711,079
91,574
55,723
35,851
321,044
131,529
18,191
18,191
0
1,212,622
842,608
109,765
73,914
35,851
Household size (number of persons)
2
83,017
3
383,007
4
430,488
5
373,457
6 or more
429,774
Mean
4.7
2,399
102,072
120,254
84,161
88,088
4.6
85,415
485,078
550,742
457,618
517,862
4.7
89,946
397,543
477,351
363,136
425,022
4.6
21,386
99,387
145,181
101,253
94,650
4.5
111,332
496,930
622,532
464,390
519,672
4.6
110,432
345,110
478,088
352,102
408,499
4.6
10,612
94,214
149,319
114,991
101,627
4.6
121,044
439,324
627,408
467,093
510,127
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
314,461
1,345,447
1,107,742
398,362
1,506,104
1,122,317
409,787
1,532,105
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
517,297
50% to <100% FPL
483,931
100% to <130% FPL
291,741
d
130% to <185% FPL
402,980
185% to <200% FPL
3,072
200% to <250% FPL
723
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
19,453
37,211
108,191
232,118
517,297
483,931
291,741
422,432
40,283
108,914
232,118
523,962
531,966
288,411
401,893
5,727
1,039
0
0
0
0
37,449
69,829
133,464
221,116
523,962
531,966
288,411
439,342
75,556
134,503
221,116
520,060
471,231
298,733
396,177
6,595
1,016
0
0
0
0
19,165
51,292
128,907
271,400
520,060
471,231
298,733
415,342
57,887
129,924
271,400
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,807
$19,500
$78,221
$66,398
$31,677
$24,710
$20,906
$19,760
$69,578
$61,517
$31,055
$25,000
$20,876
$20,000
$84,448
$67,166
$34,699
$25,004
397,163
104,587
0
660,760
4,456
106,082
0
426,694
0
11,062
0
65,215
11,202
17,736
0
291,758
397,163
115,649
0
725,975
15,659
123,818
0
718,453
376,949
136,028
0
708,380
3,811
85,998
0
441,833
0
7,871
0
87,575
3,113
17,742
0
345,556
376,949
143,900
0
795,955
6,924
103,740
0
787,389
399,109
135,769
0
603,167
6,021
132,691
0
417,476
0
5,119
0
74,528
9,084
18,294
0
363,739
399,109
140,888
0
677,695
15,104
150,984
0
781,215
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,030,985
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-14
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
923,462
849,252
232,758
217,786
1,156,220
1,067,038
911,104
897,013
206,346
179,225
1,117,451
1,076,238
3,556,665
3,471,396
911,573
857,163
4,468,238
4,328,560
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,170
377,142
234,402
319,103
79,181
52,259
1,480,273
456,323
286,662
1,153,302
422,232
232,583
285,271
48,908
51,393
1,438,572
471,140
283,976
4,549,998
1,555,169
922,896
1,281,664
271,971
215,101
5,831,661
1,827,140
1,137,997
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
676,260
1,096,454
124,927
325,616
801,187
1,422,070
641,227
1,166,891
110,393
275,178
751,620
1,442,069
2,605,185
4,422,877
522,045
1,246,691
3,127,230
5,669,568
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
901,104
772,390
99,220
65,663
33,558
287,364
133,000
30,179
30,179
0
1,188,468
905,390
129,399
95,842
33,558
898,179
825,989
83,950
53,473
30,477
243,143
115,447
26,980
26,980
0
1,141,322
941,436
110,931
80,453
30,477
3,699,689
2,965,321
363,052
218,404
144,648
1,155,268
514,576
98,892
98,892
0
4,854,957
3,479,896
461,944
317,296
144,648
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
122,518
337,563
460,479
395,194
456,961
4.7
12,763
92,574
135,722
106,077
103,407
4.7
135,281
430,137
596,201
501,271
560,367
4.7
102,693
328,738
512,937
402,551
461,199
4.7
20,418
62,751
131,281
78,876
92,245
4.6
123,111
391,489
644,218
481,427
553,444
4.7
425,588
1,408,954
1,928,856
1,512,983
1,751,680
4.6
65,180
348,925
561,503
401,198
391,930
4.6
490,768
1,757,880
2,490,358
1,914,181
2,143,610
4.6
1,187,416
377,780
1,565,196
1,196,483
326,076
1,522,559
4,613,958
1,512,006
6,125,964
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
486,983
50% to <100% FPL
544,418
100% to <130% FPL
281,261
d
130% to <185% FPL
451,199
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,811
50,475
141,140
237,117
486,983
544,418
281,261
473,010
57,291
142,807
237,117
532,202
515,122
296,350
459,546
3,349
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,578
43,754
115,225
208,015
532,202
515,122
296,350
478,123
47,102
116,774
208,015
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,708,815
22,488
5,270
0
0
0
0
97,003
215,348
518,736
937,648
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,805,818
237,836
524,007
937,648
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,798
$20,000
$80,158
$67,000
$33,624
$25,000
$21,476
$20,000
$80,989
$65,177
$31,936
$24,709
$21,270
$20,000
$78,718
$64,800
$32,821
$25,000
414,238
127,779
0
690,091
15,850
103,796
0
420,960
0
6,326
0
80,306
5,186
13,527
1,637
343,562
414,238
134,105
0
770,397
21,036
117,323
1,637
764,521
433,701
153,640
0
692,054
12,683
88,455
0
427,585
0
5,437
0
52,090
7,442
17,492
1,188
301,923
433,701
159,076
0
744,144
20,125
105,947
1,188
729,507
1,623,997
553,216
0
2,693,692
38,364
410,940
0
1,707,853
0
24,753
0
294,499
24,825
67,055
2,824
1,354,779
1,623,997
577,970
0
2,988,191
63,188
477,995
2,824
3,062,632
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-15
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
Gender
Male
Female
49.4
50.6
57.1
42.9
50.8
49.2
49.7
50.3
47.5
52.5
49.2
50.8
50.2
49.8
53.8
46.2
51.0
49.0
Race
White
Black
Other
65.2
20.5
14.3
71.4
19.9
8.6
66.4
20.4
13.2
63.4
23.6
13.1
72.0
17.2
10.8
65.2
22.2
12.6
66.4
20.2
13.4
73.2
13.7
13.1
67.9
18.8
13.3
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.5
59.5
34.4
65.6
39.3
60.7
36.0
64.0
31.4
68.6
35.0
65.0
38.8
61.2
30.1
69.9
36.9
63.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.3
34.9
3.8
2.0
1.7
66.2
29.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
57.5
37.4
5.0
2.5
2.6
65.8
29.1
5.1
5.1
0.0
59.3
35.7
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.6
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
27.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
56.0
38.9
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.7
30.3
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.1
22.7
27.2
20.7
24.2
4.6
21.5
31.4
21.9
20.5
5.0
22.4
28.1
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.4
28.2
20.8
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.7
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.6
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.2
86.3
68.0
66.2
87.0
70.8
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.4
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.2
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.7
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.3
58.5
24.7
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.9
30.3
16.5
22.9
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.9
47.9
23.7
24.0
13.0
19.8
3.4
6.1
10.0
30.7
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
10.9
27.4
57.7
24.0
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.6
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.3
21.5
7.8
0.0
40.4
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.2
0.0
1.7
0.0
19.0
0.7
3.8
0.0
74.8
17.0
6.5
0.0
35.9
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.6
23.6
8.0
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.8
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.8
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.3
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.1
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
6.2
0.0
38.9
0.3
6.2
0.0
25.1
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-16
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
Gender
Male
Female
52.1
47.9
51.7
48.3
52.0
48.0
50.4
49.6
53.5
46.5
50.9
49.1
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.8
49.2
Race
White
Black
Other
65.5
21.3
13.2
70.8
17.6
11.6
66.6
20.5
12.9
63.8
23.4
12.9
74.0
12.7
13.3
65.6
21.5
12.9
64.7
22.1
13.1
72.5
15.4
12.2
66.3
20.8
12.9
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.1
61.9
27.7
72.3
36.0
64.0
35.5
64.5
28.6
71.4
34.3
65.7
37.1
62.9
29.5
70.5
35.5
64.5
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
50.8
43.6
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.5
40.7
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.7
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.0
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.6
42.2
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.3
29.1
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.2
39.6
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.1
23.5
23.0
6.1
19.3
26.8
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.0
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.1
20.0
27.4
21.5
24.9
3.7
19.7
31.7
22.7
22.2
5.6
20.0
28.3
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.5
69.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.3
29.9
53.9
24.3
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.4
29.4
16.6
24.3
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.0
23.5
23.4
13.2
20.5
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.2
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.7
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.6
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.3
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.1
7.9
0.0
38.3
0.5
5.8
0.0
24.3
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.7
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.6
18.5
6.6
0.0
34.0
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.8
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
130% to <185% FPLd
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
7.2
0.0
38.9
0.9
5.9
0.0
23.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-17
Notes for Table A.7a-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal
Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce
official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in
determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-18
This page was left intentionally blank.
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
Demographic Characteristics
Total
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
960,595
1,000,002
259,227
198,067
1,219,821
1,198,069
855,940
857,828
216,112
237,946
1,072,052
1,095,774
851,208
854,987
253,317
219,437
1,104,525
1,074,425
Race
White
Black
Other
1,268,732
407,370
284,495
324,582
92,407
40,305
1,593,314
499,777
324,800
1,110,818
371,237
231,713
332,608
71,303
50,147
1,443,427
442,539
281,860
1,124,484
348,615
233,096
344,614
65,450
62,690
1,469,098
414,065
295,786
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
790,275
1,170,321
156,885
300,409
947,161
1,470,730
628,616
1,085,152
143,340
310,717
771,957
1,395,869
658,501
1,047,694
141,870
330,884
800,371
1,378,578
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,199,951
Single-parent family
686,225
No-parent family
74,420
Related non-parent caretaker
40,325
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 34,096
303,035
136,472
17,787
17,787
0
1,502,986
822,697
92,207
58,112
34,096
997,238
630,571
85,960
41,973
43,986
299,690
130,872
23,496
23,496
0
1,296,929
761,442
109,455
65,469
43,986
896,370
717,223
92,601
56,347
36,255
322,220
132,345
18,189
18,189
0
1,218,590
849,569
110,790
74,536
36,255
Household size (number of persons)
2
96,128
3
440,828
4
496,837
5
430,703
6 or more
496,101
Mean
4.7
2,745
117,857
138,283
96,994
101,414
4.6
98,874
558,685
635,120
527,697
597,515
4.7
86,452
386,561
469,494
355,797
415,465
4.6
20,565
98,099
142,328
99,731
93,334
4.5
107,017
484,661
611,822
455,528
508,799
4.6
111,555
347,198
481,769
354,031
411,641
4.6
10,667
94,562
150,342
115,301
101,882
4.6
122,222
441,760
632,112
469,332
513,524
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
362,158
1,551,641
1,087,920
390,977
1,478,898
1,128,991
411,437
1,540,428
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
598,499
50% to <100% FPL
558,293
100% to <130% FPL
335,779
130% to <185% FPLd
463,613
185% to <200% FPL
3,550
200% to <250% FPL
863
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
22,584
43,034
124,457
267,218
598,499
558,293
335,779
486,197
46,584
125,321
267,218
508,399
519,358
283,685
395,734
5,568
1,024
0
0
0
0
36,909
68,640
130,451
218,059
508,399
519,358
283,685
432,643
74,208
131,475
218,059
524,817
474,340
300,401
398,490
6,663
1,065
0
0
0
0
19,216
51,803
129,357
272,378
524,817
474,340
300,401
417,706
58,466
130,423
272,378
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,779
$19,500
$78,283
$66,398
$31,655
$24,668
$21,007
$19,800
$69,767
$61,517
$31,220
$25,000
$20,860
$20,000
$84,422
$67,166
$34,651
$25,003
456,864
120,910
0
763,723
5,144
123,184
0
490,772
0
12,661
0
75,136
12,837
20,432
0
336,227
456,864
133,571
0
838,859
17,981
143,616
0
826,999
371,547
130,661
0
688,185
3,786
83,261
0
436,328
0
7,820
0
84,646
3,082
17,809
0
340,701
371,547
138,482
0
772,831
6,868
101,070
0
777,028
401,873
137,368
0
606,928
6,113
133,965
0
419,948
0
5,245
0
75,060
9,083
18,354
0
365,013
401,873
142,613
0
681,988
15,196
152,318
0
784,961
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,189,483
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-20
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Ages 1-4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
915,800
849,167
231,259
217,764
1,147,059
1,066,931
911,463
894,513
206,406
178,893
1,117,869
1,073,406
3,534,411
3,456,495
907,094
854,041
4,441,505
4,310,536
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,054
369,534
234,379
319,071
77,698
52,254
1,480,125
447,232
286,633
1,153,187
419,655
233,134
285,242
48,555
51,503
1,438,429
468,210
284,637
4,549,543
1,509,040
932,323
1,281,536
263,006
216,593
5,831,078
1,772,047
1,148,916
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
675,519
1,089,447
124,903
324,120
800,422
1,413,568
641,013
1,164,963
110,393
274,907
751,406
1,439,870
2,603,649
4,387,256
520,506
1,240,629
3,124,155
5,627,886
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
899,503
766,761
98,702
65,238
33,464
286,667
132,260
30,096
30,096
0
1,186,171
899,021
128,798
95,334
33,464
897,975
824,096
83,905
53,445
30,459
243,100
115,283
26,916
26,916
0
1,141,075
939,380
110,821
80,362
30,459
3,691,087
2,938,651
361,168
217,003
144,164
1,151,678
510,761
98,697
98,697
0
4,842,764
3,449,412
459,865
315,700
144,164
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
121,147
335,679
459,140
393,605
455,396
4.7
12,651
92,038
135,435
105,611
103,287
4.7
133,799
427,718
594,575
499,216
558,682
4.7
102,540
328,054
512,467
402,092
460,823
4.7
20,365
62,621
131,236
78,855
92,223
4.6
122,905
390,675
643,703
480,947
553,046
4.7
421,694
1,397,493
1,922,870
1,505,524
1,743,324
4.6
64,249
347,320
559,341
399,499
390,726
4.6
485,943
1,744,813
2,482,212
1,905,024
2,134,050
4.6
1,182,615
376,423
1,559,038
1,195,609
325,917
1,521,526
4,595,136
1,504,754
6,099,891
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
484,616
50% to <100% FPL
541,695
100% to <130% FPL
280,122
d
130% to <185% FPL
449,682
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,646
50,321
140,679
236,377
484,616
541,695
280,122
471,328
57,136
142,345
236,377
531,280
514,381
296,216
459,207
3,343
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,545
43,768
115,084
207,903
531,280
514,381
296,216
477,752
47,111
116,633
207,903
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,703,113
22,389
5,304
0
0
0
0
96,315
214,531
515,572
934,717
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,799,429
236,920
520,876
934,717
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,810
$20,000
$80,195
$67,000
$33,651
$25,000
$21,483
$20,000
$81,015
$65,177
$31,951
$24,709
$21,297
$20,000
$78,821
$65,000
$32,872
$25,000
412,673
126,945
0
686,470
15,709
103,468
0
419,701
0
6,325
0
79,941
5,150
13,458
1,636
342,513
412,673
133,270
0
766,411
20,858
116,926
1,636
762,215
433,505
153,205
0
690,824
12,646
88,369
0
427,427
0
5,438
0
51,970
7,441
17,466
1,188
301,796
433,505
158,643
0
742,795
20,088
105,834
1,188
729,223
1,619,598
548,180
0
2,672,406
38,254
409,063
0
1,703,404
0
24,828
0
291,618
24,756
67,086
2,824
1,350,023
1,619,598
573,008
0
2,964,025
63,010
476,149
2,824
3,053,427
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-21
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
49.0
51.0
56.7
43.3
50.4
49.6
49.9
50.1
47.6
52.4
49.5
50.5
49.9
50.1
53.6
46.4
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
64.7
20.8
14.5
71.0
20.2
8.8
65.9
20.7
13.4
64.8
21.7
13.5
73.3
15.7
11.0
66.6
20.4
13.0
65.9
20.4
13.7
72.9
13.8
13.3
67.4
19.0
13.6
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.3
59.7
34.3
65.7
39.2
60.8
36.7
63.3
31.6
68.4
35.6
64.4
38.6
61.4
30.0
70.0
36.7
63.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.2
35.0
3.8
2.1
1.7
66.3
29.8
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
58.2
36.8
5.0
2.4
2.6
66.0
28.8
5.2
5.2
0.0
59.8
35.1
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.5
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
28.0
3.8
3.8
0.0
55.9
39.0
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.8
30.2
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.0
22.6
27.4
20.8
24.2
4.5
21.6
31.3
22.0
20.6
4.9
22.4
28.2
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.3
28.2
20.7
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.8
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.5
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.5
86.1
68.2
66.2
87.0
70.7
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.5
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.1
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.6
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.2
58.4
24.8
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.7
30.3
16.6
23.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.7
48.0
23.5
24.0
13.1
20.0
3.4
6.1
10.1
30.8
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
11.0
27.4
57.6
24.1
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.7
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.2
21.7
7.6
0.0
40.2
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.5
0.0
1.7
0.0
18.6
0.7
3.9
0.0
75.0
17.1
6.4
0.0
35.7
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.8
23.6
8.1
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.9
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.9
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.2
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.0
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.3
6.2
0.0
39.0
0.3
6.3
0.0
25.0
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-22
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
Gender
Male
Female
51.9
48.1
51.5
48.5
51.8
48.2
50.5
49.5
53.6
46.4
51.0
49.0
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
65.8
20.9
13.3
71.1
17.3
11.6
66.9
20.2
12.9
63.9
23.2
12.9
74.0
12.6
13.4
65.6
21.4
13.0
65.1
21.6
13.3
72.8
14.9
12.3
66.6
20.2
13.1
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.3
61.7
27.8
72.2
36.2
63.8
35.5
64.5
28.7
71.3
34.3
65.7
37.2
62.8
29.6
70.4
35.7
64.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
51.0
43.4
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.6
40.6
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.6
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.1
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.8
42.0
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.4
29.0
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.3
39.4
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.2
23.5
23.0
6.0
19.3
26.9
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.1
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.0
20.0
27.5
21.5
24.9
3.6
19.7
31.8
22.7
22.2
5.6
19.9
28.4
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.4
69.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.4
29.9
54.0
24.2
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.3
29.3
16.6
24.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.1
23.4
23.4
13.3
20.6
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.1
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.6
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.2
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.2
7.8
0.0
38.2
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.6
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.7
18.5
6.5
0.0
33.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.9
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
d
130% to <185% FPL
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
23.4
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
7.2
SNAP & TANF
0.0
SNAP & Medicaid
38.9
TANF & Medicaid
0.9
SNAP only
5.9
TANF only
0.0
Medicaid only
23.8
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-23
Notes for Table A.7b-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They
are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk. See Tables A.3a and A.3b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal Poverty
Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce official
poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in determining
financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-24
2011
2012
2011
811,356
767,116
1,294,668
8,888,005
2,325,258
2,154,671
2,180,779
2,227,296
2,516,309
3.5%
-5.7%
-3.8%
-0.7%
-6.0%
1.9%
2.4%
-0.8%
-3.8%
Percent
Change
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362 14,277,453
-1.6%
Source: March 2013 and March 2012 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
-1.1%
-2.7%
1.0%
0.0%
-2.6%
-1.8%
Total Eligibles
1,245,423
16,365,464
4,120,473
4,005,439
4,046,978
4,192,574
4,012,975
Percent
Change
Pregnant Women
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
2012
3,941,665
Infants
Participant Group
Total
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
54.5
54.5
54.3
55.2
54.1
61.4
2012
54.3
56.4
53.8
53.9
53.1
62.7
2011
Eligibility Rate
Table A.8-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
0.4%
-3.4%
0.9%
2.4%
1.9%
-2.1%
Percent
Change
63.1
70.4
84.6
70.9
53.3
85.1
2012
62.7
71.1
81.2
69.5
53.6
83.4
2011
Coverage Rate
Page A-25
0.5%
-0.9%
4.2%
2.1%
-0.6%
2.1%
Percent
Change
3,894,846
1,712,910
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
2,112,432
2,450,422
2,376,909
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
8,665,386
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
11,042,295
10,865,348
11,203,337
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
2,472,118
2,197,047
2,548,575
413,998
87,844
18,899
307,255
1,783,049
3,965,001
Infants
3,903,110
8,723,527
8,811,643
8,811,643
1,730,698
396,624
28,611
1,305,463
7,080,945
16,164,917
16,206,657
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Children
Age 1 to 4
11,195,644
11,008,690
11,360,218
2,144,696
484,468
47,510
1,612,718
8,863,994
20,129,919
20,109,767
Total
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.5%
7.6%
-40.7%
-4.4%
-3.9%
-1.8%
Infants
-0.8%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
-0.7%
-0.7%
-0.7%
1.8%
-3.3%
-3.6%
3.4%
-1.3%
-1.1%
-1.0%
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
-1.4%
-1.3%
-1.4%
0.8%
-1.3%
-18.3%
1.9%
-1.8%
-1.2%
-1.0%
Page A-26
Percent Change a
Source: March 2012 CPS and March 2013 CPS
See footnotes on Table A.6 for adjustment factor calculations for 2012.
a
When interpreting percent changes keep in mind that groups with small populations can show large changes simply as a result of year-to-year sample variation.
Infants
3,873,054
2011
2012
Table A.9-2012: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012 as estimated
by the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Table A.10-2012: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the 2013 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories
2012
Estimate
Total
Eligibles
2,376,909
69,201
111,619
1.8%
4.7%
15,990,251
3,963,309
3,996,781
3,997,484
4,032,677
.
2,909,742
8,665,386
2,146,363
2,157,376
2,192,069
2,169,579
136,724
69,797
70,086
70,092
70,395
210,936
106,107
106,377
107,223
106,676
0.9%
1.8%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
2.4%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
1,222,945
51,699
57,429
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
2,151,269
824,580
38,222
38,722
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
1,728,387
710,656
30,709
33,372
1.8%
4.7%
26,674,495 13,800,476
172,507
263,925
0.6%
1.9%
Infants
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Pregnant Women
Total
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
Total
Total
Eligibles
Coefficient of
Variation
3,894,846
Participant Group
Eligibles
Standard Error
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-27
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix B
State and Regional Estimates: 2012
The tables in this appendix show the estimates of total WIC-eligible individuals by State
and by participant group and region for calendar year 2012 as summarized in Volume I of this
report. Note that these estimates refer to the FNS regions as defined on page B-3. The
estimates rely on the American Community Survey (ACS) that allows calculation of income and
adjunctive eligibility by State. Note that adjunctive eligibility reflects individuals that report
receipt of SNAP, TANF, or public health coverage on the ACS but are not already income-eligible
for WIC. The ACS does not separately identify Medicaid vs. the State’s Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP).
State and Regional Estimates Appendix Table Definitions
Table B.1: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by State (alphabetical)
and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories.
Table B.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region with each
State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated
coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the
territories.
Table B.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region and
participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant
group include the territories.
Table B.4: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by State (listed alphabetically) and FNS region.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-1
Table B.5: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region with each State listed under its
region.
Table B.6: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated standard
errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region and participant group.
Table B.7: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
This table shows the State-specific breastfeeding adjustment factors. These factors were
determined using the same methodology used to produce the national breastfeeding
adjustments but substitute the State-specific breastfeeding rates as reported by the Abbott
Laboratories’ Infant Feeding Survey (IFS). Estimates for the territories assumed the national
breastfeeding rates.
Table B.8: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
Analogous to Table A.6 of the national estimates, this table shows the step-by-step adjustments
made from the total number of infants and children to the final numbers of infants, children,
and pregnant and postpartum women that are fully eligible for WIC for the territories based on
the ACS data and population estimates from the Census Bureau.
Table B.9: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
This tables shows the estimates of total WIC-eligible infants and children by demographic and
income characteristics in the CPS-ASEC. Note that these tables do not include infants and
children from the territories. This table shows these characteristics using weights that have
been fully adjusted, including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population
adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and
nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as a single total count and the column percentages of
eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-2
FNS Regions
Northeast
x Connecticut
x Maine
x Massachusetts
x New Hampshire
x New York
x Rhode Island
x Vermont
Mid-Atlantic
x Delaware
x District of Columbia
x Maryland
x New Jersey
x Pennsylvania
x Puerto Rico
x Virgin Islands
x Virginia
x West Virginia
Southeast
x Alabama
x Florida
x Georgia
x Kentucky
x Mississippi
x North Carolina
x South Carolina
x Tennessee
Midwest
x Illinois
x Indiana
x Michigan
x Minnesota
x Ohio
x Wisconsin
Southwest
x Arkansas
x Louisiana
x New Mexico
x Oklahoma
x Texas
Mountain Plains
x Colorado
x Iowa
x Kansas
x Missouri
x Montana
x Nebraska
x North Dakota
x South Dakota
x Utah
x Wyoming
Western
x Alaska
x American Samoa
x Arizona
x California
x Guam
x Hawaii
x Idaho
x Nevada
x Northern Mariana Islands
x Oregon
x Washington
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-3
Table B.1-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State a
Alabama
237,338
141,347
59.6% New York
792,260
524,076
Alaska
40,444
24,545
60.7% North Carolina
462,176
268,833
Arizona
324,219
190,862
58.9% North Dakota
17,455
13,605
Arkansas
155,436
93,695
60.3% Ohio
476,829
273,157
California
1,788,042
1,468,723
82.1% Oklahoma
197,523
122,394
Colorado
210,257
102,583
48.8% Oregon
169,287
111,016
Connecticut
105,521
56,254
53.3% Pennsylvania
460,187
251,891
Delaware
37,402
21,929
58.6% Puerto Rico
223,323
192,041
D.C.
26,492
16,248
61.3% Rhode Island
34,937
24,113
Florida
858,270
493,285
57.5% South Carolina
227,258
129,551
Georgia
517,368
301,046
58.2% South Dakota
35,309
21,865
Hawaii
59,119
37,132
62.8% Tennessee
291,609
162,507
Idaho
82,539
44,037
53.4% Texas
1,478,074
967,774
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8% Utah
151,908
68,729
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8% Vermont
22,031
15,357
Iowa
110,511
68,023
61.6% Virginia
274,179
158,479
Kansas
131,391
74,276
56.5% Washington
296,700
195,088
Kentucky
194,758
131,081
67.3% West Virginia
65,149
47,310
Louisiana
253,268
143,234
56.6% Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
Maine
47,769
25,289
52.9% Wyoming
24,104
12,401
Maryland
206,753
145,725
70.5%
Massachusetts
180,027
122,446
68.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1% Northeast
1,219,589
783,792
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2% Mid-Atlantic
1,588,747
1,010,364
Mississippi
177,882
93,946
52.8% Southeast
2,966,659
1,721,595
Missouri
256,642
144,612
56.3% Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
Montana
44,113
20,390
46.2% Southwest
2,202,470
1,390,197
Nebraska
75,111
41,856
55.7% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
568,340
Nevada
135,252
75,581
55.9% Western
2,919,339
2,165,332
New Hampshire
37,044
16,257
43.9%
New Jersey
289,435
171,468
59.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
New Mexico
118,169
63,101
53.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
Coverage
Rate
66.1%
58.2%
77.9%
57.3%
62.0%
65.6%
54.7%
86.0%
69.0%
57.0%
61.9%
55.7%
65.5%
45.2%
69.7%
57.8%
65.8%
72.6%
58.0%
51.4%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-4
Table B.2-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
783,792
56,254
25,289
122,446
16,257
524,076
24,113
15,357
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,588,747
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
223,323
274,179
65,149
1,010,364
21,929
16,248
145,725
171,468
251,891
192,041
158,479
47,310
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
1,721,595
141,347
493,285
301,046
131,081
93,946
268,833
129,551
162,507
Coverage
Rate
64.3% Southwest
53.3%
Arkansas
52.9%
Louisiana
68.0%
New Mexico
43.9%
Oklahoma
66.1%
Texas
69.0%
69.7% Mountain Plains
Colorado
63.6%
Iowa
58.6%
Kansas
61.3%
Missouri
70.5%
Montana
59.2%
Nebraska
54.7%
North Dakota
86.0%
South Dakota
57.8%
Utah
72.6%
Wyoming
58.0% Western
59.6%
Alaska
57.5%
Arizona
58.2%
California
67.3%
Hawaii
52.8%
Idaho
58.2%
Nevada
57.0%
Oregon
55.7%
Washington
2,202,470
155,436
253,268
118,169
197,523
1,478,074
1,390,197
93,695
143,234
63,101
122,394
967,774
Coverage
Rate
63.1%
60.3%
56.6%
53.4%
62.0%
65.5%
1,056,801
210,257
110,511
131,391
256,642
44,113
75,111
17,455
35,309
151,908
24,104
568,340
102,583
68,023
74,276
144,612
20,390
41,856
13,605
21,865
68,729
12,401
53.8%
48.8%
61.6%
56.5%
56.3%
46.2%
55.7%
77.9%
61.9%
45.2%
51.4%
2,919,339
40,444
324,219
1,788,042
59,119
82,539
135,252
169,287
296,700
2,165,332
24,545
190,862
1,468,723
37,132
44,037
75,581
111,016
195,088
74.2%
60.7%
58.9%
82.1%
62.8%
53.4%
55.9%
65.6%
65.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
58.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8%
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8%
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1%
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2%
Ohio
476,829
273,157
57.3%
Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
58.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-5
Table B.3-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
275,073
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
498,880
2,420,597
178,578
236,565
426,990
303,583
334,671
135,975
443,074
2,059,436
Children (1-4)
775,876
999,170
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,816,403
8,823,888
422,634
543,228
882,005
634,740
701,715
297,390
1,234,632
4,716,344
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7%
Southwest
88.3%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
Western
88.8%
Total
85.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS,
Pregnant
Women
105,947
141,528
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
256,679
1,245,423
75,232
95,311
178,915
129,532
146,500
55,777
201,787
883,053
All Post-Partum
Women
131,849
172,977
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
347,377
1,563,454
107,348
135,261
233,685
154,849
207,312
79,197
285,838
1,203,489
Total
1,219,589
1,588,747
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,919,339
14,053,362
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
54.5%
71.0%
81.4%
64.3%
54.4%
67.3%
78.2%
63.6%
47.4%
66.9%
73.1%
58.0%
48.3%
69.4%
65.3%
58.2%
50.5%
75.2%
86.7%
63.1%
44.4%
60.4%
68.6%
53.8%
68.0%
78.6%
82.3%
74.2%
53.4%
70.9%
77.0%
63.1%
Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-6
Table B.4-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
State a
Alabama
237,338
12,522
5.3% New York
792,260
25,457
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2% North Carolina
462,176
18,267
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6% North Dakota
17,455
3,226
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4% Ohio
476,829
18,566
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5% Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6% Oregon
169,287
10,434
Connecticut
105,521
8,136
7.7% Pennsylvania
460,187
18,211
Delaware
37,402
4,792
12.8% Puerto Rico
223,323
12,522
D.C.
26,492
3,962
15.0% Rhode Island
34,937
4,533
Florida
858,270
26,705
3.1% South Carolina
227,258
12,227
Georgia
517,368
19,614
3.8% South Dakota
35,309
4,629
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2% Tennessee
291,609
14,111
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6% Texas
1,478,074
38,725
Illinois
531,558
19,891
3.7% Utah
151,908
9,839
Indiana
303,243
14,297
4.7% Vermont
22,031
3,637
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5% Virginia
274,179
13,579
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9% Washington
296,700
14,157
Kentucky
194,758
11,253
5.8% West Virginia
65,149
6,291
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1% Wisconsin
202,726
11,510
Maine
47,769
5,400
11.3% Wyoming
24,104
3,778
Maryland
206,753
11,574
5.6%
Massachusetts
180,027
10,831
6.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
17,085
4.2% Northeast
1,219,589
38,336
Minnesota
174,004
10,531
6.1% Mid-Atlantic
1,359,597
41,189
Mississippi
177,882
10,679
6.0% Southeast
2,966,659
71,819
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1% Midwest
2,099,757
55,631
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8% Western
2,895,603
70,509
New Hampshire
37,044
4,731
12.8%
New Jersey
289,435
13,987
4.8% Total
13,800,476
263,925
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
3.2%
4.0%
18.5%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.0%
5.6%
13.0%
5.4%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.5%
16.5%
5.0%
4.8%
9.7%
5.7%
15.7%
3.1%
3.0%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal
Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-7
Table B.5-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
1,359,597
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
274,179
65,149
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
Midwest
2,099,757
Illinois
531,558
Indiana
303,243
Michigan
411,397
Minnesota
174,004
Ohio
476,829
Wisconsin
202,726
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012
Coefficient
Standard Coefficient of
Standard
Eligibles
Error
Error
Variationc
of Variationc
38,336
3.1% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
2.6%
8,136
7.7%
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4%
5,400
11.3%
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1%
10,831
6.0%
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
4,731
12.8%
Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
5.7%
25,457
3.2%
Texas
1,478,074
38,725
2.6%
4,533
13.0%
3,637
16.5% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
3.3%
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6%
41,189
3.0%
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5%
4,792
12.8%
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9%
3,962
15.0%
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1%
11,574
5.6%
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8%
13,987
4.8%
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0%
18,211
4.0%
North Dakota
17,455
3,226
18.5%
13,579
5.0%
South Dakota
35,309
4,629
13.1%
6,291
9.7%
Utah
151,908
9,839
6.5%
Wyoming
24,104
3,778
15.7%
71,819
2.4%
12,522
5.3% Western
2,895,603
70,509
2.4%
26,705
3.1%
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2%
19,614
3.8%
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6%
11,253
5.8%
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5%
10,679
6.0%
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2%
18,267
4.0%
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6%
12,227
5.4%
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8%
14,111
4.8%
Oregon
169,287
10,434
6.2%
Washington
296,700
14,157
4.8%
55,631
2.6%
19,891
3.7% Total
13,800,476
263,925
1.9%
14,297
4.7%
17,085
4.2%
10,531
6.1%
18,566
3.9%
11,510
5.7%
ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
c
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-8
Table B.6-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children (1-4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
a
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
235,723
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
494,542
2,376,909
775,876
855,030
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,802,040
8,665,386
105,947
121,282
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
254,447
1,222,945
131,849
147,561
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
344,575
1,535,237
1,219,589
1,359,597
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,895,603
13,800,476
Standard Errora
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
16,058
17,553
30,832
23,629
24,388
14,706
29,692
111,619
30,335
32,373
56,699
43,720
45,554
27,536
55,343
210,936
8,262
9,031
15,864
12,157
12,548
7,566
15,277
57,429
7,395
8,237
13,880
11,092
11,228
6,770
14,648
51,119
38,336
41,189
71,819
55,631
57,578
34,942
70,509
263,925
Coefficient of Variation b
Northeast
7.8%
3.9%
7.8%
5.6%
3.1%
Mid-Atlantic
7.4%
3.8%
7.4%
5.6%
3.0%
Southeast
5.9%
3.0%
5.9%
4.3%
2.4%
Midwest
6.5%
3.3%
6.5%
4.7%
2.6%
Southwest
6.4%
3.3%
6.4%
4.7%
2.6%
Mountain Plains
8.2%
4.1%
8.2%
5.9%
3.3%
Western
6.0%
3.1%
6.0%
4.3%
2.4%
Total
4.7%
2.4%
4.7%
3.3%
1.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
b
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-9
Table B.7-2012: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2012
All Mothers
WIC Participants
Not Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
<6 months
<6 months
postpartum
postpartum
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
0.364
0.682
0.601
0.400
0.646
0.658
0.608
0.395
0.512
0.536
0.476
0.707
0.637
0.543
0.542
0.520
0.536
0.415
0.388
0.605
0.537
0.553
0.552
0.624
0.366
0.568
0.673
0.612
0.657
0.621
0.502
0.574
0.519
0.557
0.638
0.534
0.486
0.706
0.521
0.639
0.459
0.681
0.420
0.503
0.715
0.647
0.587
0.733
0.400
0.608
0.750
0.552
0.633
0.314
0.395
0.596
0.350
0.338
0.388
0.601
0.484
0.460
0.520
0.289
0.359
0.453
0.454
0.476
0.460
0.581
0.608
0.391
0.459
0.443
0.444
0.372
0.630
0.428
0.323
0.384
0.339
0.375
0.495
0.422
0.477
0.439
0.359
0.462
0.510
0.290
0.475
0.357
0.537
0.315
0.576
0.493
0.281
0.349
0.409
0.263
0.596
0.388
0.246
0.444
0.190
0.493
0.392
0.235
0.440
0.427
0.352
0.111
0.330
0.359
0.255
0.581
0.387
0.336
0.358
0.267
0.307
0.244
0.210
0.355
0.314
0.301
0.359
0.399
0.224
0.330
0.439
0.371
0.529
0.342
0.319
0.431
0.335
0.329
0.398
0.342
0.286
0.473
0.308
0.483
0.250
0.504
0.210
0.337
0.432
0.332
0.313
0.478
0.230
0.405
0.596
0.347
0.377
0.250
0.259
0.351
0.254
0.251
0.279
0.417
0.282
0.304
0.325
0.248
0.256
0.302
0.296
0.304
0.309
0.341
0.362
0.279
0.306
0.296
0.292
0.267
0.387
0.279
0.211
0.259
0.270
0.251
0.326
0.279
0.312
0.318
0.314
0.320
0.320
0.218
0.319
0.328
0.357
0.250
0.344
0.308
0.233
0.267
0.322
0.234
0.360
0.276
0.240
0.299
Calculated factor based on the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in
"2012 Breastfeeding Trends"
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-10
34,092
39,546
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through SNAPa
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
5,493
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
42,567
42,961
43,071
168,985
Pregnant
Women
19,737
20,347
20,427
38,360
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
2,741
2,826
18,052
18,235
18,235
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
140,450
141,869
141,869
5,389
2,630
0
2,759
136,480
2,837
4,467
4,513
4,513
Children
Age 4
35,733
36,094
36,094
1,087
544
0
543
35,008
172,025
Pregnant
Women
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
4,504
4,550
4,550
Children
Age 3
35,713
36,074
36,074
978
426
0
552
35,096
45,542
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
5,328
4,521
4,567
4,567
Children
Age 2
34,754
35,105
35,105
1,000
141
0
859
34,105
44,444
Children
Age 4
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
4,559
4,605
4,605
Children
Age 1
34,249
34,595
34,595
2,324
1,520
0
805
32,271
40,386
42,997
39,042
Children
Age 3
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
5,328
4,735
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factor g
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Infants
Other Island Territories
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyd
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
38,360
2,279
1,061
0
1,218
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
40,612
31,813
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcount
Infants
37,334
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2012 PRCS
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 1
1,848
1,848
5,307
5,328
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
13,308
13,308
38,210
38,360
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
1,593
1,593
5,307
5,328
Total
6,183
3,441
13,440
2,837
15,984
23,380
23,727
22,970
Total
44,513
24,777
96,768
20,427
115,080
178,810
181,415
175,960
7,668
3,691
0
3,977
168,292
209,597
209,359
Page B-11
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
11,469
11,469
38,210
38,360
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Table B.8-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
g
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories in CY2012 is:
Infants
0.763
Children
0.747
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
d
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
e
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
f
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Page B-12
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP receipt is coded
as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
b
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
c
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
a
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55.9%
22.2%
21.9%
27.3%
72.7%
65.6%
30.7%
3.7%
1.5%
2.1%
2.7%
29.8%
26.8%
21.4%
19.2%
37.7%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
8.2%
7.3%
37.2%
1.1%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
41.5%
14.9%
8.1%
31.3%
1.0%
4.1%
0.0%
0.0%
40.5%
19.6%
25.1%
11.0%
18.4%
3.4%
7.2%
15.3%
29.2%
5.6%
24.9%
26.9%
18.4%
24.2%
57.3%
37.8%
4.9%
4.1%
0.8%
33.5%
66.5%
63.4%
22.0%
14.6%
13.5%
7.9%
32.6%
1.1%
4.3%
0.0%
0.0%
40.7%
18.9%
25.3%
11.6%
18.7%
3.0%
6.4%
16.2%
31.1%
5.0%
26.0%
26.9%
19.0%
23.1%
59.1%
36.2%
4.6%
3.5%
1.1%
32.2%
67.8%
61.8%
22.1%
16.2%
51.7%
48.3%
1,133,586
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.4%
5.5%
39.0%
0.8%
5.1%
0.0%
0.0%
25.2%
27.5%
26.7%
9.9%
16.7%
0.7%
4.4%
14.1%
33.9%
6.9%
20.5%
34.2%
17.3%
21.1%
48.0%
43.1%
8.9%
4.9%
4.0%
24.3%
75.7%
57.3%
27.1%
15.6%
56.8%
43.2%
193,566
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.8%
6.8%
31.0%
1.6%
6.4%
0.0%
0.0%
35.4%
23.7%
21.0%
13.9%
18.3%
2.1%
7.4%
13.7%
32.8%
5.0%
22.5%
30.4%
20.7%
21.4%
50.1%
42.5%
7.4%
5.2%
2.2%
27.4%
72.6%
61.9%
27.8%
10.3%
49.7%
50.3%
839,041
Mid-Atlantic
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
19.8%
6.6%
32.5%
1.4%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
33.5%
24.4%
22.1%
13.1%
18.0%
1.9%
6.8%
13.8%
33.0%
5.3%
22.1%
31.2%
20.0%
21.4%
49.7%
42.6%
7.7%
5.2%
2.5%
26.8%
73.2%
61.0%
27.7%
11.3%
51.1%
48.9%
1,032,608
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
16.3%
26.0%
13.5%
19.7%
1.8%
3.3%
19.5%
52.6%
47.4%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
246,151
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
887,436
WIC Eligible
Infants
51.5%
48.5%
Northeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
16.4%
5.0%
37.9%
0.0%
8.4%
0.0%
0.0%
32.4%
25.2%
25.0%
17.6%
18.2%
2.3%
3.7%
8.0%
39.7%
5.8%
20.4%
24.1%
18.2%
31.5%
57.8%
38.9%
3.3%
2.9%
0.5%
23.5%
76.5%
57.3%
34.0%
8.8%
46.0%
54.0%
480,932
WIC Eligible
Infants
17.8%
4.6%
36.3%
0.9%
6.6%
0.0%
0.0%
33.7%
26.3%
24.0%
11.9%
19.6%
2.6%
5.1%
10.4%
33.7%
6.2%
22.2%
29.3%
21.5%
20.9%
51.6%
43.4%
5.0%
3.6%
1.4%
21.1%
78.9%
60.0%
32.1%
7.9%
47.8%
52.2%
1,833,232
Southeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
17.5%
4.7%
36.7%
0.7%
7.0%
0.0%
0.0%
33.4%
26.1%
24.3%
13.0%
19.3%
2.5%
4.8%
9.9%
34.9%
6.1%
21.8%
28.2%
20.8%
23.1%
52.9%
42.5%
4.6%
3.4%
1.2%
21.6%
78.4%
59.4%
32.5%
8.1%
47.4%
52.6%
2,314,164
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.4%
3.8%
35.3%
1.5%
7.2%
0.0%
0.0%
33.9%
29.7%
18.1%
14.8%
17.4%
1.3%
9.3%
9.5%
36.5%
4.4%
23.1%
31.4%
23.9%
17.2%
58.7%
36.4%
4.9%
4.2%
0.7%
22.8%
77.2%
64.1%
29.0%
7.0%
53.9%
46.1%
354,587
WIC Eligible
Infants
16.8%
5.5%
38.6%
0.5%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
33.3%
26.9%
20.1%
13.1%
20.9%
2.0%
6.9%
10.2%
31.5%
6.4%
19.7%
29.1%
24.7%
20.1%
53.4%
42.7%
3.9%
2.4%
1.5%
21.8%
78.2%
65.6%
24.3%
10.1%
51.4%
48.6%
1,616,384
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-14
16.3%
6.0%
39.6%
0.3%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
26.1%
20.6%
12.6%
21.9%
2.2%
6.3%
10.4%
30.1%
7.0%
18.7%
28.4%
24.9%
20.9%
51.9%
44.4%
3.7%
1.9%
1.7%
21.5%
78.5%
66.1%
23.0%
11.0%
50.7%
49.3%
1,261,797
Midwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
70.6%
16.3%
13.1%
57.3%
42.7%
66.4%
33.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
2.1%
29.2%
24.6%
24.1%
20.0%
34.6%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
22.3%
0.0%
40.4%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
0.0%
34.5%
16.2%
3.8%
42.5%
0.3%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
31.1%
23.1%
27.2%
13.9%
21.0%
2.4%
4.9%
7.4%
29.1%
5.7%
18.0%
29.7%
22.0%
24.5%
51.0%
43.0%
6.0%
4.8%
1.3%
52.3%
47.7%
68.6%
17.1%
14.3%
17.6%
2.9%
42.0%
0.2%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
31.9%
23.4%
26.6%
13.7%
21.2%
2.4%
5.1%
7.5%
30.4%
4.9%
20.7%
28.5%
22.5%
23.4%
54.7%
40.6%
4.7%
3.7%
1.0%
53.5%
46.5%
69.1%
16.9%
14.0%
50.9%
49.1%
1,845,286
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.1%
7.3%
31.8%
1.3%
8.8%
0.0%
0.0%
26.8%
26.1%
21.3%
14.3%
26.3%
0.2%
3.7%
8.3%
31.4%
5.5%
23.2%
29.6%
19.9%
21.7%
72.3%
26.0%
1.7%
0.5%
1.2%
26.2%
73.8%
69.5%
15.4%
15.2%
46.2%
53.8%
184,329
25.9%
5.3%
31.2%
0.5%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
23.7%
21.6%
11.9%
23.4%
2.8%
5.0%
11.5%
25.1%
5.6%
19.7%
27.3%
20.0%
27.4%
55.9%
37.9%
6.2%
3.9%
2.3%
24.2%
75.8%
73.7%
11.2%
15.1%
54.5%
45.5%
683,151
25.5%
5.7%
31.4%
0.7%
4.9%
0.0%
0.0%
31.8%
24.2%
21.5%
12.4%
24.0%
2.2%
4.7%
10.8%
26.4%
5.6%
20.4%
27.8%
20.0%
26.2%
59.4%
35.4%
5.2%
3.2%
2.0%
24.6%
75.4%
72.8%
12.1%
15.1%
52.7%
47.3%
867,480
Mountain Plains
WIC Eligible
WIC Eligible
Infants and
WIC Eligible Children Age
1-4
Children
Infants
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
24.4%
24.5%
13.1%
22.0%
2.5%
5.8%
7.6%
47.0%
53.0%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
442,318
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
1,402,968
WIC Eligible
Infants
52.1%
47.9%
Southwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
19.9%
10.5%
24.7%
1.2%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
38.4%
23.8%
21.3%
12.0%
21.4%
2.7%
5.0%
13.8%
34.2%
3.1%
18.3%
21.6%
24.4%
32.6%
65.0%
29.6%
5.3%
2.6%
2.7%
65.4%
34.6%
77.8%
5.1%
17.1%
53.2%
46.8%
516,008
WIC Eligible
Infants
21.3%
10.5%
24.4%
0.7%
5.1%
0.2%
0.0%
37.9%
20.5%
22.8%
15.9%
21.3%
3.3%
6.4%
9.8%
29.3%
4.0%
16.5%
26.5%
22.5%
30.4%
65.9%
29.2%
4.9%
2.8%
2.1%
56.3%
43.7%
73.2%
8.0%
18.8%
51.5%
48.5%
1,844,416
Western
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
21.0%
10.5%
24.5%
0.8%
5.1%
0.1%
0.0%
38.0%
21.2%
22.4%
15.1%
21.3%
3.2%
6.1%
10.7%
30.4%
3.8%
16.9%
25.5%
22.9%
30.9%
65.7%
29.3%
5.0%
2.8%
2.2%
58.3%
41.7%
74.2%
7.4%
18.4%
51.9%
48.1%
2,360,424
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.9%
5.5%
34.7%
0.7%
5.9%
0.0%
0.0%
34.2%
24.8%
23.1%
13.9%
20.1%
1.9%
5.2%
11.1%
35.8%
4.1%
23.1%
26.3%
21.8%
24.7%
62.2%
34.0%
3.8%
2.4%
1.4%
39.2%
60.8%
65.9%
20.7%
13.4%
50.4%
49.6%
2,417,891
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.6%
6.3%
34.0%
0.7%
5.5%
0.0%
0.0%
34.7%
23.7%
23.3%
13.4%
20.5%
2.5%
5.8%
10.8%
31.5%
5.2%
20.6%
27.9%
21.8%
24.5%
56.8%
38.2%
4.9%
3.3%
1.6%
36.4%
63.6%
66.5%
20.3%
13.2%
50.7%
49.3%
11,169,932
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-15
18.5%
6.5%
33.9%
0.7%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
34.9%
23.4%
23.4%
13.3%
20.6%
2.7%
6.0%
10.7%
30.3%
5.6%
19.9%
28.4%
21.8%
24.4%
55.3%
39.4%
5.3%
3.6%
1.6%
35.7%
64.3%
66.6%
20.2%
13.1%
50.7%
49.3%
8,752,041
Total
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Notes for Table B.9:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
B-16
Appendix C
Coverage Rate Maps
The maps in this appendix display WIC coverage rates at the State and regional levels. A
coverage rate is defined here as the number of individuals participating in the WIC program
divided by the number estimated to be eligible. For 2012, rates are shown at the regional level
for all participants and for each of four subgroups—infants, children, pregnant women, and
postpartum women. Coverage rates are also shown at the State level for 2012 for all
participants combined. The maps are listed individually below.
FNS Region Level Coverage Rate
x C.1 – All Groups
x C.2 – Infants
x C.3 – Children
x C.4 – Pregnant Women
x C.5 – Postpartum Women
State Level Coverage Rate, All Groups
x C.6 – 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-1
Southwest
64.8%
Southeast
58.0%
Midwest
58.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
74.2%
Mountain Plains
53.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Northeast
64.3%
Page C-2
Mid-Atlantic
63.6%
Figure C-1. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
88.3%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
88.8%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
National Coverage Rate: 85.1%
Northeast
86.7%
Page C-3
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Figure C-2. WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
50.5%
Southeast
47.4%
Midwest
48.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
68.0%
Mountain Plains
44.4%
National Coverage Rate: 53.4%
Northeast
54.5%
Page C-4
Mid-Atlantic
54.4%
Figure C-3. WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
75.2%
Southeast
66.9%
Midwest
69.4%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
78.6%
Mountain Plains
60.4%
National Coverage Rate: 70.9%
Northeast
71.0%
Page C-5
Mid-Atlantic
67.3%
Figure C-4. WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
86.7%
Southeast
73.1%
Midwest
65.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
82.3%
Mountain Plains
68.6%
National Coverage Rate: 77.0%
Northeast
81.4%
Page C-6
Mid-Atlantic
78.2%
Figure C-5. WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
53.4%
48.8%
51.4%
65.5%
52.8% 59.6%
56.6%
60.3%
55.7%
58.2%
57.0%
57.5%
58.2%
%
67.3%
54.7%
66.1%
72.6%
57.8%
5
57.3%
62.1%
53.8% 53.8%
58.0%
56.3%
61.6%
73.2%
62.0%
56.5%
55.7%
61.9%
77.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
58.9%
45.2%
53.4%
46.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
70 percent or greater
60 - 69.9 percent
50 - 59.9 percent
55.9%
65.6%
82.1%
49.9 percent or less
Coverage Rate:
62.8%
60.7%
65.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Figure C-6. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2012
Page C-7
86.0 %
CT: 53.3%
DE: 58.6%
DC: 61.3%
MA: 68.0%
MD: 70.5%
NH: 43.9%
NJ: 59.2%
RI: 69.0%
VT: 69.7%
52.9%
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix D
Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the population eligible for WIC benefits for the total U.S. by
year.
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the coverage rate for each WIC participant group by FNS
Region and the U.S by year.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-1
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-2
12,482,201 13,035,181 12,990,331 13,654,070 13,906,742 14,065,636 14,289,805 14,079,339 14,171,378 15,074,591 14,550,116 14,277,453 14,053,362
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.4.
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2001), Appendix Table C.3.
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
Total
1,420,038 1,473,125 1,313,853 1,479,398 1,529,028 1,539,590 1,574,645 1,522,834 1,525,315 1,556,053 1,486,265 1,578,471 1,563,454
2006
All Postpartum Women
2005
1,244,265 1,283,991 1,134,091 1,287,524 1,326,735 1,335,900 1,390,233 1,364,156 1,355,127 1,375,638 1,304,322 1,294,668 1,245,423
2004
7,400,765 7,783,758 8,339,280 8,385,979 8,472,345 8,593,698 8,622,879 8,540,981 8,657,117 9,469,217 9,224,455 8,888,005 8,823,888
2003
Pregnant Women
2002
Children (Ages 1-4)
2001
2,417,133 2,494,306 2,203,108 2,501,169 2,578,635 2,596,448 2,702,049 2,651,367 2,633,819 2,673,683 2,535,074 2,516,309 2,420,597
2000
Infants
Participant Group
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
All Participants
U.S.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
57.8%
56.5%
57.8%
56.3%
57.3%
57.1%
56.9%
59.5%
62.2%
60.9%
62.6%
62.7%
63.1%
Northeast
61.1%
58.6%
59.8%
57.3%
58.2%
60.7%
59.5%
63.0%
64.9%
63.7%
63.0%
63.0%
64.3%
Mid-Atlantic
58.0%
56.6%
55.8%
57.9%
57.8%
57.8%
60.1%
61.2%
64.8%
62.6%
62.8%
64.7%
63.6%
Southeast
53.5%
51.7%
53.4%
51.3%
52.2%
51.3%
51.1%
54.3%
58.9%
57.0%
58.6%
58.3%
58.0%
Midwest
53.4%
53.2%
54.1%
54.6%
56.2%
55.4%
56.0%
57.6%
59.3%
57.3%
57.4%
56.9%
58.2%
Southwest
58.0%
57.4%
58.9%
55.1%
56.6%
56.2%
53.9%
56.0%
59.0%
61.2%
63.9%
62.4%
63.1%
Mountain Plains
50.0%
50.7%
52.2%
51.3%
53.9%
51.4%
50.0%
51.3%
54.2%
52.8%
53.6%
53.7%
53.8%
65.8%
2000
63.5%
2001
66.3%
2002
63.4%
2003
63.8%
2004
64.7%
2005
65.3%
2006
69.5%
2007
70.6%
2008
68.2%
2009
72.5%
2010
73.9%
2011
74.2%
2012
Western
Infants
U.S.
78.6%
77.2%
87.7%
78.3%
78.7%
79.1%
77.5%
82.4%
84.6%
82.9%
84.8%
83.4%
85.1%
Northeast
79.0%
83.1%
95.0%
83.7%
78.4%
84.4%
82.9%
88.6%
89.1%
86.3%
84.8%
81.9%
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
80.7%
77.3%
82.9%
79.6%
81.2%
79.9%
81.9%
85.5%
88.4%
83.1%
85.5%
86.8%
86.0%
Southeast
80.4%
77.0%
85.6%
76.5%
76.7%
75.0%
73.2%
80.5%
85.0%
81.5%
83.6%
83.2%
82.2%
Midwest
74.6%
78.0%
87.3%
82.0%
83.7%
81.6%
82.1%
84.7%
83.4%
80.8%
82.8%
79.6%
83.7%
Southwest
77.7%
78.3%
88.7%
75.3%
76.6%
76.7%
73.7%
77.2%
81.3%
85.2%
87.0%
82.0%
88.3%
Mountain Plains
66.0%
67.2%
76.6%
72.3%
74.0%
72.4%
68.9%
72.1%
73.0%
74.0%
76.7%
76.1%
75.7%
84.0%
2000
77.1%
2001
93.0%
2002
79.2%
2003
79.0%
2004
82.9%
2005
80.3%
2006
86.7%
2007
88.2%
2008
86.1%
2009
88.6%
2010
89.0%
2011
88.8%
2012
Western
Children (Ages 1-4)
U.S.
48.0%
46.9%
45.1%
45.9%
47.1%
46.6%
46.2%
47.8%
51.2%
50.6%
52.4%
53.6%
53.4%
Northeast
53.6%
48.4%
46.1%
45.9%
48.6%
49.4%
47.8%
49.9%
53.1%
52.5%
52.8%
54.7%
54.5%
Mid-Atlantic
48.3%
47.8%
44.8%
48.2%
47.9%
48.0%
49.6%
49.5%
53.5%
53.2%
53.3%
55.4%
54.4%
Southeast
40.4%
39.6%
39.5%
39.4%
40.5%
39.5%
39.6%
41.2%
46.2%
45.8%
47.5%
47.5%
47.4%
Midwest
44.3%
42.8%
41.1%
42.9%
44.2%
44.0%
43.7%
45.2%
48.5%
47.2%
47.0%
47.6%
48.3%
Southwest
47.8%
46.8%
45.3%
45.0%
46.5%
46.1%
43.6%
44.8%
47.7%
49.1%
52.2%
52.0%
50.5%
Mountain Plains
41.9%
42.5%
41.0%
41.3%
44.0%
41.5%
40.5%
41.2%
44.8%
43.5%
43.7%
44.5%
44.4%
Western
Pregnant Women
56.9%
2000
56.8%
2001
54.3%
2002
55.5%
2003
55.9%
2004
55.3%
2005
56.5%
2006
59.3%
2007
60.9%
2008
59.3%
2009
64.4%
2010
67.3%
2011
68.0%
2012
U.S.
67.6%
64.0%
72.6%
65.6%
65.5%
65.4%
64.6%
66.7%
68.4%
68.6%
70.8%
69.5%
70.9%
Northeast
83.2%
79.9%
76.0%
67.9%
63.9%
69.8%
69.5%
72.3%
71.7%
71.1%
70.0%
66.9%
71.0%
Mid-Atlantic
64.6%
60.4%
66.3%
64.9%
64.8%
63.6%
66.0%
67.4%
70.7%
67.9%
69.2%
69.7%
67.3%
Southeast
67.7%
61.4%
68.7%
63.1%
62.8%
60.7%
59.5%
62.3%
66.0%
64.7%
68.8%
67.6%
66.9%
Midwest
57.2%
59.1%
68.5%
65.6%
65.7%
64.8%
66.0%
66.5%
65.9%
67.1%
68.5%
65.6%
69.4%
Southwest
65.7%
64.9%
74.7%
63.9%
65.0%
64.2%
62.0%
63.1%
67.6%
71.8%
73.2%
69.4%
75.2%
Mountain Plains
56.0%
57.1%
66.3%
62.3%
62.7%
60.5%
54.5%
55.2%
55.8%
58.4%
58.7%
60.1%
60.4%
75.9%
2000
67.2%
2001
82.7%
2002
70.0%
2003
70.4%
2004
72.6%
2005
71.7%
2006
75.7%
2007
75.5%
2008
74.2%
2009
78.4%
2010
79.0%
2011
78.6%
2012
Western
All Post-Partum Women
U.S.
64.7%
65.6%
75.7%
69.6%
70.3%
71.5%
72.8%
78.8%
81.0%
79.4%
80.6%
76.0%
77.0%
Northeast
49.7%
56.9%
77.6%
71.7%
71.0%
78.0%
78.8%
87.6%
84.6%
88.6%
82.1%
74.1%
81.4%
Mid-Atlantic
68.2%
68.1%
72.3%
71.7%
70.8%
71.6%
77.2%
83.6%
87.6%
80.6%
78.6%
79.1%
78.2%
Southeast
63.2%
65.1%
73.1%
67.9%
67.8%
68.8%
66.9%
74.7%
81.1%
77.4%
76.6%
73.8%
73.1%
Midwest
58.5%
60.8%
68.8%
66.5%
68.4%
65.7%
71.6%
72.2%
70.9%
69.5%
70.2%
65.5%
65.3%
Southwest
68.1%
68.9%
78.4%
68.1%
70.4%
69.9%
69.0%
74.6%
77.7%
85.0%
87.7%
82.5%
86.7%
Mountain Plains
58.6%
59.0%
67.0%
63.5%
65.8%
62.5%
64.8%
67.6%
71.9%
65.2%
71.4%
66.9%
68.6%
Western
74.9%
71.3%
85.0%
74.2%
74.6%
79.7%
80.3%
89.3%
89.0%
85.6%
90.0%
82.9%
82.3%
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.2
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2011), Volume I, Tables 18 and 19
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
D-3
Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series
Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
January 2015
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
January 2015
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
Authors:
Paul Johnson
Linda Giannarelli
Erika Huber
David Betson
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Policy Support
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Linda Giannarelli
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not the Urban Institute.
This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food and
Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support. National and
State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012, by Paul Johnson, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David
Betson. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: January 2015.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance provided by FNS staff and other Urban
Institute staff and consultants. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided guidance
throughout the project. The WIC Division also reviewed earlier drafts of this report. Sheila
Zedlewski directed the first two years of the project and guided the initial phases of work on
the estimates in this report. Michael Martinez-Schiferl was the lead analyst on this work for the
first two years of the project, and developed the technical framework used for this year’s
analysis.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Contents
Appendix A. National Estimates: 2012
A-1
Appendix B. State Estimates: 2012
B-1
Appendix C. Coverage Rate Maps
C-1
Appendix D. Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
D-1
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix A
National Estimates: 2012
The appendix tables show the detailed estimates of WIC-eligible individuals by
participant group. A brief description of each of these tables is given below. These tables
document the assumptions and calculations used to produce the estimates.
CY 2012 National Estimates Appendix Tables
Tables A.1a and A.1b: Steps and Sources for Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants,
Young Children, Pregnant Women, and Postpartum Women
These tables document the data sources used and summarize the steps performed in producing
national and State eligibility estimates.
Table A.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group
This table shows the estimated average monthly number of WIC eligibles in the calendar year
along with the total number of infants and children. Note that the number of non-eligible
infants and children is calculated as the difference between the total population and the
number of eligible infants and children. These figures include infants and children in the U.S.
territories. The reader is referred to table A.6 for the steps used in calculating the estimated
number of eligible individuals.
Table A.3a: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age
Groups, Race, and Gender
This table shows the four-year accumulations of census estimates next to the four-year
accumulations of March CPS total weighted populations used to calculate the population
factors used to adjust the CPS weights.
Table A.3b: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race
and Gender
This table shows the current year Census estimates and CPS estimates by single-year age
groups, race, and gender, and the ratio of Census estimates to CPS estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-1
Table A.3c: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the CPS
ASEC by Race and Gender
This table shows the results of applying the population adjustment factors shown in Table A.3a
to the weights on the March CPS.
Table A.4: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC-Eligible Postpartum Women
This table shows the calculated national breastfeeding adjustment factors assuming the use of
the current NHANES and SIPP adjustments.
Table A.5: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group According to the Year of Breastfeeding Rates Used
This table shows the effect of the change in breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year by
applying the breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year to the current year. The result is
the estimated change in the number of eligible postpartum breastfeeding women and
postpartum non-breastfeeding women that can be attributable to the year-to-year change in
the breastfeeding rate. This table includes infants and children in the U.S. territories.
Table A.6: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group
This table shows the step-by-step adjustments made in calculating the total number of infants,
children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are eligible for WIC.
Tables A.7a and A.7b: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the March 2012 CPS by Demographic
Characteristics
These two tables show the estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children (in total and by single
year of age) by demographic and income characteristics in the March CPS. Note that these
tables do not include infants and children from the territories. Table A.7a shows characteristics
of WIC-eligible infants and children in the March CPS using unadjusted person weights, and
Table A.7b shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted, including
adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and
certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are
shown as both total counts and column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic
and income characteristics. A comparison of Table A.7a to Table A.7b shows the impact of the
CPS weight adjustments on the national estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-2
Table A.8: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
This table shows change between the 2011 and 2012 in the total number of infants and
children, the numbers of WIC-eligible individuals, and the eligibility rate (including infants and
children in the U.S. territories). The percent change for each participant group is calculated.
Table A.9: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and
Children Eligible for WIC, as estimated by the March CPS
This table shows a step-by-step comparison of the difference in estimates from year to year.
The percentage change from year to year is calculated after each adjustment.
Table A.10: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the CPSASEC by Participant Group
This table presents the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of variance for the
national estimates for the total population and the number eligible for WIC by participant
group.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-3
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
Income eligibility
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
Adjust for nutritional risk
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Territories
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Adjunctive eligibility
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Weight adjustment
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
SNAP, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as being
enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Description
Identify infants and children (ages 1-4) in the survey.
Step
Demographic eligibility
Page A-4
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
PRCS 2012 - Puerto Rico
No update.
Average of factors for 2005, 2006, and 2010, as computed from the
SIPP panels from 2004 and 2008.
2013 CPS-ASEC
2012 ACS
2012 PRCS
Blended FY 2012 and FY 2013 poverty guidelines
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau and the
March CPS-ASEC for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau for CY
2012
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
2010 Census - Other Island Territories Estimates
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children (Ages 1-4), Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1a-2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants.
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
For pregnant women:
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
For postpartum mothers:
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
Step
Starting point
Page A-5
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update.
2012 Abbott Laboratories Infant Feeding Survey (formerly the Mother
Survey); 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 waves of National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and
2004 SIPP panels.
No update.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
Infants as estimated using methods outlined in Table A.1a.
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1b-2012
Table A.2-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
2012
NonParticipant Group
a
Eligibles Eligibles
Infants
2,420,597 1,521,068
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
All Postpartum Women
Totalb
3,941,665
7,359,759 16,183,647
1,824,689 4,009,860
1,848,811 4,045,462
1,814,250 4,046,536
1,872,010 4,081,789
1,563,454
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, 2012 PRCS and Census International Data
Base for territories
Notes:
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2012 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
a
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-6
0.962
1.071
976,579
912,176
1.027
986,996
961,054
1.055
991,982
940,401
0.971
1.029
1.046
0.972
39,298,731
40,448,965
0.968
31,571,449
32,602,170
0.981
7,985,505
8,136,181
0.960
7,939,498
8,269,113
0.982
7,874,347
8,019,733
0.950
7,772,099
8,179,891
0.902
1.055
1.000
1.112
0.936
1.067
0.931
1.047
0.941
1.070
0.944
0.951
1.078
29,755,405 6,189,303 5,099,116
31,515,340 6,507,487 4,732,104
0.942
23,919,987 4,964,012 4,076,421
25,401,320 5,275,637 3,810,230
0.948
6,081,849 1,249,223 1,009,833
6,415,980 1,341,858
964,722
0.937
6,016,365 1,248,073 1,019,940
6,420,785 1,333,411
955,723
0.938
5,951,509 1,239,870 1,026,456
6,345,692 1,239,898
922,745
0.944
5,870,264 1,226,846 1,020,192
6,218,863 1,360,470
967,040
0.960
41,043,824
42,754,931
0.956
32,960,420
34,487,187
0.956
8,340,905
8,725,430
0.951
8,284,378
8,710,757
0.966
8,217,835
8,508,758
0.950
8,117,302
8,546,373
1.012
1.083
1.047
0.958
1.058
2,463,838 1,986,412
2,571,127 1,876,898
0.921
2,460,761 2,006,937
2,671,389 1,916,777
1.016
2,444,771 2,018,438
2,405,333 1,863,146
0.899
2,416,292 2,001,005
2,687,309 1,977,420
0.947
1.050
0.952
0.960
1.062
58,135,768 12,193,515 10,013,272
61,073,577 12,699,935 9,430,384
0.951
46,733,415 9,785,662 8,012,791
49,119,958 10,335,158 7,634,241
0.957
11,876,160
12,409,471
0.949
11,756,178
12,389,666
0.949
11,628,973
12,259,286
0.951
11,472,103
12,061,535
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-7
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
0.966
80,342,555
83,203,896
0.962
64,531,868
67,089,357
0.968
16,326,410
16,861,611
0.955
16,223,876
16,979,870
0.974
16,092,182
16,528,491
0.950
15,889,400
16,726,264
0.974
15,810,687
16,225,646
Total
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.970
6,004,212 4,914,157
6,192,448 4,698,280
0.953
4,821,651 3,936,370
5,059,521 3,824,011
0.988
0.967
22,813,428
23,718,638
1,214,615
1,229,269
0.906
0.962
5,794,311
5,993,491
1,212,688
1,337,978
1.034
0.960
5,739,813
5,968,881
1,204,901
1,165,435
0.896
1,189,446
980,813
1,326,839 1,010,380
5,677,464
5,913,594
0.959
5,601,839
5,842,672
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
28,380,363
CPS estimate
29,558,237
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
0.960
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Table A.3a-2012: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2010-2013
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
5,566,935 1,182,561
977,787
7,727,283
5,835,418 1,225,292 1,022,695
8,083,404
11,402,353 2,407,853 2,000,481
CPS estimate
5,839,599 1,132,927
874,269
7,847,896
6,114,020 1,231,850
921,874
8,377,750
11,953,619 2,364,777 1,796,143
Ratio of Census estimate
0.953
1.044
1.118
0.985
0.954
0.995
1.109
0.965
0.954
1.018
1.114
to CPS estimate
1.000
1.001
247,583
247,276
0.952
250,782
263,393
1.064
252,808
237,564
0.964
247,480
256,591
0.994
1.003
1.000
1.024
1.001
9,743,366
9,736,725
0.995
7,816,960
7,855,913
0.988
1,973,725
1,997,154
0.997
1,947,023
1,953,512
1.016
1,961,571
1,930,288
0.978
Males
1.016
311,852
306,904
0.962
305,040
316,968
1.025
309,190
301,766
0.889
306,697
345,067
1.144
308,146
269,305
Black
1.075
256,485
238,654
0.949
258,249
272,200
1.002
263,146
262,721
1.057
258,156
244,328
0.950
260,135
273,801
Other
0.970
1.018
1.001
1.003
1.001
10,179,272
10,172,363
0.998
8,162,452
8,181,222
1.010
2,058,428
2,038,261
0.987
2,029,428
2,055,890
1.004
2,051,110
2,043,449
0.988
2,023,486
2,047,753
1.013
2,016,820
1,991,141
Total
1.000
14,348,181
14,345,037
1.000
11,516,875
11,514,812
1.000
2,912,854
2,912,360
1.000
2,865,673
2,865,128
1.000
2,888,621
2,888,140
1.000
2,849,727
2,849,184
1.000
2,831,306
2,830,225
White
Total
1.037
504,068
485,930
0.950
509,031
535,593
1.031
515,954
500,285
1.009
505,636
500,919
0.994
509,459
512,755
Other
1.006
1.001
1.003
3,030,309 2,544,148
3,028,569 2,535,482
0.971
2,427,848 2,034,689
2,499,596 2,022,727
0.972
615,231
633,008
0.992
601,747
606,644
1.040
608,106
584,587
0.893
602,764
675,357
1.139
602,461
528,973
Black
1.001
19,922,638
19,909,088
0.996
15,979,412
16,037,135
0.999
4,032,153
4,035,415
0.992
3,976,451
4,009,402
1.010
4,012,681
3,973,737
0.983
3,958,127
4,025,460
1.018
3,943,226
3,873,054
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-8
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2010 Census (March 2013), and with updated Census controls
used in the weight calculations.
1.000
7,342,176 1,540,925 1,296,171
7,340,649 1,540,010 1,291,704
1.000
5,893,637 1,232,779 1,036,036
5,892,614 1,270,705 1,017,903
1.000
1,490,091
1,489,833
1.000
1,466,139
1,465,884
1.000
1,478,774
1,478,539
1.000
1,458,633
1,458,358
1,448,539
1,448,035
1,926,406
1,881,913
1,934,641
1,977,707
White
Total
Source: March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
1.001
1,489,384 1,247,977
1,488,559 1,243,778
0.972
1,195,069
998,653
1,228,891 1,004,824
0.930
1.000
5,623,238
5,622,198
303,379
326,104
1.024
1.000
1,422,763
1,422,527
296,707
289,676
1.057
1.000
1,399,534
1,399,244
298,916
282,821
0.896
1.000
1,409,847
1,409,601
296,067
330,290
1,391,094
1,390,826
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
7,006,005
CPS estimate
7,004,388
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
1.000
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
1,382,767
294,315
249,324
CPS estimate
1,382,190
259,668
238,954
Ratio of Census estimate
1.000
1.133
1.043
to CPS estimate
Table A.3b-2012: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2013
na
1,013,387
1,007,571
0.6%
na
1,263,859
1,247,626
1.3%
1.000
1,409,601
1,409,601
0.0%
1.000
1,399,244
1,399,244
0.0%
1.000
1,422,527
1,422,527
0.0%
na
na
5,622,199 1,200,413
5,622,199 1,228,891
0.0%
-2.3%
Children Age 3
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Children Age 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Population adjustment factor
na
na
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,471,455
Original 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,488,559
% relative change
0.0%
-1.1%
1.001
248,821
248,523
0.1%
1.000
264,591
264,591
0.0%
1.055
250,901
237,866
5.5%
na
9,739,703
9,740,574
0.0%
na
7,835,998
7,858,661
-0.3%
na
1,993,571
1,997,154
-0.2%
na
1,953,512
1,953,512
0.0%
na
1,952,910
1,930,288
1.2%
na
1,936,004
1,977,707
-2.1%
na
1,903,705
1,881,913
1.2%
Total
1.000
306,904
306,904
0.0%
0.962
305,050
316,968
-3.8%
1.000
301,766
301,766
0.0%
0.902
311,182
345,067
-9.8%
na
na
7,340,649 1,494,206
7,340,649 1,540,010
0.0%
-3.0%
na
8,154,254
8,185,353
-0.4%
na
2,039,106
2,038,261
0.0%
na
2,043,972
2,055,890
-0.6%
na
2,043,871
2,043,449
0.0%
na
2,027,305
2,047,753
-1.0%
na
1,991,141
1,991,141
0.0%
Total
na
na
1,310,539 10,145,395
1,295,835 10,176,494
1.1%
-0.3%
na
1,036,738
1,022,034
1.4%
1.047
242,369
241,524
0.3%
1.000
273,038
273,038
0.0%
1.002
263,565
263,144
0.2%
1.055
257,766
244,328
5.5%
1.000
273,801
273,801
0.0%
Males
Other
1.000
269,305
269,305
0.0%
Black
na
na
5,892,614 1,224,902
5,892,614 1,270,705
0.0%
-3.6%
1.000
1,489,833
1,489,833
0.0%
1.000
1,465,884
1,465,884
0.0%
1.000
1,478,539
1,478,539
0.0%
1.000
1,458,358
1,458,358
0.0%
1.000
1,448,035
1,448,035
0.0%
White
Total
na
629,127
633,008
-0.6%
na
594,726
606,644
-2.0%
na
594,175
584,587
1.6%
na
607,286
675,357
-10.1%
na
540,347
528,973
2.2%
Black
na
491,190
490,046
0.2%
na
537,629
537,629
0.0%
na
514,466
501,010
2.7%
na
506,839
500,919
1.2%
na
524,274
513,856
2.0%
Other
na
4,032,677
4,035,414
-0.1%
na
3,997,484
4,009,402
-0.3%
na
3,996,781
3,973,737
0.6%
na
3,963,309
4,025,460
-1.5%
na
3,894,846
3,873,054
0.6%
Total
na
na
na
na
14,345,037 2,965,661 2,574,399 19,885,097
14,345,037 3,028,569 2,543,461 19,917,068
0.0%
-2.1%
1.2%
-0.2%
na
na
na
na
11,514,813 2,425,314 2,050,125 15,990,251
11,514,813 2,499,596 2,029,605 16,044,013
0.0%
-3.0%
1.0%
-0.3%
na
2,912,360
2,912,360
0.0%
na
2,865,128
2,865,128
0.0%
na
2,888,140
2,888,140
0.0%
na
2,849,184
2,849,184
0.0%
na
2,830,225
2,830,225
0.0%
White
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-9
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the
CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.988
322,223
326,104
-1.2%
1.000
289,676
289,676
0.0%
1.034
292,408
282,821
3.4%
0.971
249,073
256,591
-2.9%
Children Age 2
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.896
296,105
330,290
-10.4%
1.000
1,390,826
1,390,826
0.0%
1.043
250,473
240,055
4.3%
Children Age 1
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.044
271,042
259,668
4.4%
1.000
1,382,190
1,382,190
0.0%
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Table A.3c-2012: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the 2013 CPS ASEC by Race and Gender
0.096
At 6 months
0.103
0.113
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.138
0.482
0.127
0.466
0.115
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.140
0.482
0.129
0.466
0.147
0.332
1.085
1.034
0.179
0.521
0.165
0.504
0.168
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.205
0.587
0.189
0.568
0.177
0.370
1.085
1.034
0.216
0.580
0.199
0.561
0.179
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.218
0.587
0.201
0.568
0.185
0.384
1.085
1.034
0.226
0.602
0.208
0.582
0.197
0.388
1.085
1.034
0.240
0.608
0.221
0.588
0.187
0.358
1.085
1.034
0.228
0.561
0.210
0.543
0.191
0.353
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.554
0.214
0.536
0.191
0.371
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.581
0.214
0.562
0.170
0.350
1.085
1.034
0.207
0.549
0.191
0.531
0.153
0.327
1.150
1.056
0.184
0.527
0.160
0.499
2007
0.163
0.324
1.150
1.056
0.196
0.523
0.170
0.495
2008
0.169
0.332
1.150
1.056
0.202
0.535
0.176
0.507
2009
0.177
0.349
1.150
1.056
0.213
0.563
0.185
0.533
2010
0.260
0.388
1.150
1.056
0.312
0.625
0.271
0.592
2011
0.297
0.400
1.150
1.056
0.357
0.644
0.310
0.610
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-10
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
0.260
0.240
0.244
0.250
0.263
0.324
0.348
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
0.175
0.164
0.162
0.166
0.175
0.194
0.200
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
0.085
0.077
0.081
0.084
0.089
0.130
0.148
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
0.325
0.337
0.338
0.334
0.325
0.306
0.300
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 2012 are from the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in "2012 Breastfeeding Trends" . This survey was formerly known as the "Ross
Mothers Survey".
Adjustment for WIC eligible versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the
combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 through 2012 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
Breastfeeding adjustment
Breastfeeding
0.274
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after
adjustment for overestimate
of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
0.292
1.085
0.126
1.085
0.117
At 6 months
0.458
1.034
0.430
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after NHANES
adjustment
In-hospital
0.116
1.034
0.108
At 6 months
0.443
Table A.4-2012: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2012)
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NHANES 'In-hospital'
adjustment factor
NHANES 'At 6 months'
adjustment factor
0.416
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-participants (IFS)
In-hospital
1993
1,245,423
Pregnant Women
a
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
780,494
737,937
1,245,423
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Eligibles
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
a
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
2012 (Using 2011 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
7.59%
-1.93%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Eligibles
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
NonEligibles
Percent Change
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-11
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of infants and
children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based on the 2012 PRCS and
annual Census Bureau population estimates.
b
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
14,008,339
0.32%
Source: March 2013 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
2,420,597
Participant Group
Infants
Eligibles
2012 (Using 2012 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Table A.5-2012: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS.
According to Whether the 2012 or 2011 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
43,688
2,185,171
38,808
Infants
2,420,597
Children
Age 1
2,196,651
39,276
2,232,286
40,217
Children
Age 3
2,209,780
40,201
Children
Age 4
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
CY 2012 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: March 2013 CPS
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Children
Age 2
8,823,888
158,502
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
8,665,386
1,245,423
22,478
Pregnant
Women
1,222,945
1,260,768
2,169,579
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
1,265,704
2,192,069
2,191,494
2,191,494
385,338
74,882
8,630
301,826
1,806,156
4,032,677
4,035,414
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths f
2,157,376
2,214,211
2,214,211
449,068
99,734
6,787
342,547
1,765,143
3,997,484
4,009,402
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income
of woman during pregnancye
2,146,363
2,179,167
2,179,167
472,801
98,669
9,084
365,049
1,706,366
3,996,781
3,973,737
2,376,909
2,376,909
2,168,043
2,168,043
454,103
110,286
3,082
340,735
1,713,940
3,963,309
4,025,460
Pregnant
Women
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
risk (infants and children)d
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
2,450,422
2,112,432
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPG
Through SNAPb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number after monthly income adjustment
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
Number with annual income <185% FPG
c
3,894,846
1,712,910
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/over counta
3,873,054
Total number of infants/children in the 2013 CPS-ASEC
Table A.6-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2012 (March 2013 CPS)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Total
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Infants
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Age 1 to 4
839,736
15,156
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
824,580
824,580
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
723,718
13,062
Total
14,053,362
Total
252,886
2,758,181
1,535,237
5,996,046
1,265,704
7,130,727
11,042,295
11,203,337
10,865,348
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
Page A-12
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
710,656
710,656
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Notes for Table A.6-2012:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables A.3a and A3.b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in
the CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table A.3a compares 4 years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children ages 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table A.3b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original March 2013 CPS estimates of children ages 0-4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP
receipt is coded as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF,
coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-13
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
839,240
860,503
226,478
170,495
1,065,718
1,030,998
870,987
882,012
219,193
242,665
1,090,180
1,124,677
851,112
843,120
253,276
217,488
1,104,388
1,060,608
Race
White
Black
Other
1,108,450
347,774
243,519
283,576
79,163
34,233
1,392,027
426,937
277,752
1,110,929
412,873
229,197
332,642
79,292
49,924
1,443,571
492,165
279,121
1,124,596
342,922
226,714
344,649
64,590
61,525
1,469,245
407,512
288,239
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
687,714
1,012,029
136,599
260,374
824,313
1,272,403
631,093
1,121,905
145,075
316,783
776,168
1,438,688
656,605
1,037,627
141,649
329,115
798,254
1,366,742
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,041,975
Single-parent family
593,513
No-parent family
64,255
Related non-parent caretaker
34,682
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 29,573
262,912
118,647
15,414
15,414
0
1,304,887
712,160
79,669
50,097
29,573
1,008,829
655,863
88,307
43,545
44,763
303,716
134,599
23,542
23,542
0
1,312,545
790,462
111,850
67,087
44,763
891,578
711,079
91,574
55,723
35,851
321,044
131,529
18,191
18,191
0
1,212,622
842,608
109,765
73,914
35,851
Household size (number of persons)
2
83,017
3
383,007
4
430,488
5
373,457
6 or more
429,774
Mean
4.7
2,399
102,072
120,254
84,161
88,088
4.6
85,415
485,078
550,742
457,618
517,862
4.7
89,946
397,543
477,351
363,136
425,022
4.6
21,386
99,387
145,181
101,253
94,650
4.5
111,332
496,930
622,532
464,390
519,672
4.6
110,432
345,110
478,088
352,102
408,499
4.6
10,612
94,214
149,319
114,991
101,627
4.6
121,044
439,324
627,408
467,093
510,127
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
314,461
1,345,447
1,107,742
398,362
1,506,104
1,122,317
409,787
1,532,105
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
517,297
50% to <100% FPL
483,931
100% to <130% FPL
291,741
d
130% to <185% FPL
402,980
185% to <200% FPL
3,072
200% to <250% FPL
723
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
19,453
37,211
108,191
232,118
517,297
483,931
291,741
422,432
40,283
108,914
232,118
523,962
531,966
288,411
401,893
5,727
1,039
0
0
0
0
37,449
69,829
133,464
221,116
523,962
531,966
288,411
439,342
75,556
134,503
221,116
520,060
471,231
298,733
396,177
6,595
1,016
0
0
0
0
19,165
51,292
128,907
271,400
520,060
471,231
298,733
415,342
57,887
129,924
271,400
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,807
$19,500
$78,221
$66,398
$31,677
$24,710
$20,906
$19,760
$69,578
$61,517
$31,055
$25,000
$20,876
$20,000
$84,448
$67,166
$34,699
$25,004
397,163
104,587
0
660,760
4,456
106,082
0
426,694
0
11,062
0
65,215
11,202
17,736
0
291,758
397,163
115,649
0
725,975
15,659
123,818
0
718,453
376,949
136,028
0
708,380
3,811
85,998
0
441,833
0
7,871
0
87,575
3,113
17,742
0
345,556
376,949
143,900
0
795,955
6,924
103,740
0
787,389
399,109
135,769
0
603,167
6,021
132,691
0
417,476
0
5,119
0
74,528
9,084
18,294
0
363,739
399,109
140,888
0
677,695
15,104
150,984
0
781,215
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,030,985
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-14
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
923,462
849,252
232,758
217,786
1,156,220
1,067,038
911,104
897,013
206,346
179,225
1,117,451
1,076,238
3,556,665
3,471,396
911,573
857,163
4,468,238
4,328,560
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,170
377,142
234,402
319,103
79,181
52,259
1,480,273
456,323
286,662
1,153,302
422,232
232,583
285,271
48,908
51,393
1,438,572
471,140
283,976
4,549,998
1,555,169
922,896
1,281,664
271,971
215,101
5,831,661
1,827,140
1,137,997
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
676,260
1,096,454
124,927
325,616
801,187
1,422,070
641,227
1,166,891
110,393
275,178
751,620
1,442,069
2,605,185
4,422,877
522,045
1,246,691
3,127,230
5,669,568
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
901,104
772,390
99,220
65,663
33,558
287,364
133,000
30,179
30,179
0
1,188,468
905,390
129,399
95,842
33,558
898,179
825,989
83,950
53,473
30,477
243,143
115,447
26,980
26,980
0
1,141,322
941,436
110,931
80,453
30,477
3,699,689
2,965,321
363,052
218,404
144,648
1,155,268
514,576
98,892
98,892
0
4,854,957
3,479,896
461,944
317,296
144,648
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
122,518
337,563
460,479
395,194
456,961
4.7
12,763
92,574
135,722
106,077
103,407
4.7
135,281
430,137
596,201
501,271
560,367
4.7
102,693
328,738
512,937
402,551
461,199
4.7
20,418
62,751
131,281
78,876
92,245
4.6
123,111
391,489
644,218
481,427
553,444
4.7
425,588
1,408,954
1,928,856
1,512,983
1,751,680
4.6
65,180
348,925
561,503
401,198
391,930
4.6
490,768
1,757,880
2,490,358
1,914,181
2,143,610
4.6
1,187,416
377,780
1,565,196
1,196,483
326,076
1,522,559
4,613,958
1,512,006
6,125,964
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
486,983
50% to <100% FPL
544,418
100% to <130% FPL
281,261
d
130% to <185% FPL
451,199
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,811
50,475
141,140
237,117
486,983
544,418
281,261
473,010
57,291
142,807
237,117
532,202
515,122
296,350
459,546
3,349
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,578
43,754
115,225
208,015
532,202
515,122
296,350
478,123
47,102
116,774
208,015
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,708,815
22,488
5,270
0
0
0
0
97,003
215,348
518,736
937,648
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,805,818
237,836
524,007
937,648
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,798
$20,000
$80,158
$67,000
$33,624
$25,000
$21,476
$20,000
$80,989
$65,177
$31,936
$24,709
$21,270
$20,000
$78,718
$64,800
$32,821
$25,000
414,238
127,779
0
690,091
15,850
103,796
0
420,960
0
6,326
0
80,306
5,186
13,527
1,637
343,562
414,238
134,105
0
770,397
21,036
117,323
1,637
764,521
433,701
153,640
0
692,054
12,683
88,455
0
427,585
0
5,437
0
52,090
7,442
17,492
1,188
301,923
433,701
159,076
0
744,144
20,125
105,947
1,188
729,507
1,623,997
553,216
0
2,693,692
38,364
410,940
0
1,707,853
0
24,753
0
294,499
24,825
67,055
2,824
1,354,779
1,623,997
577,970
0
2,988,191
63,188
477,995
2,824
3,062,632
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-15
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
Gender
Male
Female
49.4
50.6
57.1
42.9
50.8
49.2
49.7
50.3
47.5
52.5
49.2
50.8
50.2
49.8
53.8
46.2
51.0
49.0
Race
White
Black
Other
65.2
20.5
14.3
71.4
19.9
8.6
66.4
20.4
13.2
63.4
23.6
13.1
72.0
17.2
10.8
65.2
22.2
12.6
66.4
20.2
13.4
73.2
13.7
13.1
67.9
18.8
13.3
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.5
59.5
34.4
65.6
39.3
60.7
36.0
64.0
31.4
68.6
35.0
65.0
38.8
61.2
30.1
69.9
36.9
63.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.3
34.9
3.8
2.0
1.7
66.2
29.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
57.5
37.4
5.0
2.5
2.6
65.8
29.1
5.1
5.1
0.0
59.3
35.7
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.6
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
27.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
56.0
38.9
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.7
30.3
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.1
22.7
27.2
20.7
24.2
4.6
21.5
31.4
21.9
20.5
5.0
22.4
28.1
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.4
28.2
20.8
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.7
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.6
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.2
86.3
68.0
66.2
87.0
70.8
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.4
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.2
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.7
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.3
58.5
24.7
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.9
30.3
16.5
22.9
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.9
47.9
23.7
24.0
13.0
19.8
3.4
6.1
10.0
30.7
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
10.9
27.4
57.7
24.0
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.6
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.3
21.5
7.8
0.0
40.4
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.2
0.0
1.7
0.0
19.0
0.7
3.8
0.0
74.8
17.0
6.5
0.0
35.9
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.6
23.6
8.0
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.8
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.8
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.3
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.1
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
6.2
0.0
38.9
0.3
6.2
0.0
25.1
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-16
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
Gender
Male
Female
52.1
47.9
51.7
48.3
52.0
48.0
50.4
49.6
53.5
46.5
50.9
49.1
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.8
49.2
Race
White
Black
Other
65.5
21.3
13.2
70.8
17.6
11.6
66.6
20.5
12.9
63.8
23.4
12.9
74.0
12.7
13.3
65.6
21.5
12.9
64.7
22.1
13.1
72.5
15.4
12.2
66.3
20.8
12.9
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.1
61.9
27.7
72.3
36.0
64.0
35.5
64.5
28.6
71.4
34.3
65.7
37.1
62.9
29.5
70.5
35.5
64.5
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
50.8
43.6
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.5
40.7
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.7
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.0
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.6
42.2
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.3
29.1
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.2
39.6
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.1
23.5
23.0
6.1
19.3
26.8
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.0
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.1
20.0
27.4
21.5
24.9
3.7
19.7
31.7
22.7
22.2
5.6
20.0
28.3
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.5
69.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.3
29.9
53.9
24.3
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.4
29.4
16.6
24.3
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.0
23.5
23.4
13.2
20.5
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.2
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.7
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.6
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.3
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.1
7.9
0.0
38.3
0.5
5.8
0.0
24.3
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.7
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.6
18.5
6.6
0.0
34.0
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.8
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
130% to <185% FPLd
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
7.2
0.0
38.9
0.9
5.9
0.0
23.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-17
Notes for Table A.7a-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal
Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce
official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in
determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-18
This page was left intentionally blank.
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
Demographic Characteristics
Total
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
960,595
1,000,002
259,227
198,067
1,219,821
1,198,069
855,940
857,828
216,112
237,946
1,072,052
1,095,774
851,208
854,987
253,317
219,437
1,104,525
1,074,425
Race
White
Black
Other
1,268,732
407,370
284,495
324,582
92,407
40,305
1,593,314
499,777
324,800
1,110,818
371,237
231,713
332,608
71,303
50,147
1,443,427
442,539
281,860
1,124,484
348,615
233,096
344,614
65,450
62,690
1,469,098
414,065
295,786
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
790,275
1,170,321
156,885
300,409
947,161
1,470,730
628,616
1,085,152
143,340
310,717
771,957
1,395,869
658,501
1,047,694
141,870
330,884
800,371
1,378,578
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,199,951
Single-parent family
686,225
No-parent family
74,420
Related non-parent caretaker
40,325
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 34,096
303,035
136,472
17,787
17,787
0
1,502,986
822,697
92,207
58,112
34,096
997,238
630,571
85,960
41,973
43,986
299,690
130,872
23,496
23,496
0
1,296,929
761,442
109,455
65,469
43,986
896,370
717,223
92,601
56,347
36,255
322,220
132,345
18,189
18,189
0
1,218,590
849,569
110,790
74,536
36,255
Household size (number of persons)
2
96,128
3
440,828
4
496,837
5
430,703
6 or more
496,101
Mean
4.7
2,745
117,857
138,283
96,994
101,414
4.6
98,874
558,685
635,120
527,697
597,515
4.7
86,452
386,561
469,494
355,797
415,465
4.6
20,565
98,099
142,328
99,731
93,334
4.5
107,017
484,661
611,822
455,528
508,799
4.6
111,555
347,198
481,769
354,031
411,641
4.6
10,667
94,562
150,342
115,301
101,882
4.6
122,222
441,760
632,112
469,332
513,524
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
362,158
1,551,641
1,087,920
390,977
1,478,898
1,128,991
411,437
1,540,428
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
598,499
50% to <100% FPL
558,293
100% to <130% FPL
335,779
130% to <185% FPLd
463,613
185% to <200% FPL
3,550
200% to <250% FPL
863
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
22,584
43,034
124,457
267,218
598,499
558,293
335,779
486,197
46,584
125,321
267,218
508,399
519,358
283,685
395,734
5,568
1,024
0
0
0
0
36,909
68,640
130,451
218,059
508,399
519,358
283,685
432,643
74,208
131,475
218,059
524,817
474,340
300,401
398,490
6,663
1,065
0
0
0
0
19,216
51,803
129,357
272,378
524,817
474,340
300,401
417,706
58,466
130,423
272,378
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,779
$19,500
$78,283
$66,398
$31,655
$24,668
$21,007
$19,800
$69,767
$61,517
$31,220
$25,000
$20,860
$20,000
$84,422
$67,166
$34,651
$25,003
456,864
120,910
0
763,723
5,144
123,184
0
490,772
0
12,661
0
75,136
12,837
20,432
0
336,227
456,864
133,571
0
838,859
17,981
143,616
0
826,999
371,547
130,661
0
688,185
3,786
83,261
0
436,328
0
7,820
0
84,646
3,082
17,809
0
340,701
371,547
138,482
0
772,831
6,868
101,070
0
777,028
401,873
137,368
0
606,928
6,113
133,965
0
419,948
0
5,245
0
75,060
9,083
18,354
0
365,013
401,873
142,613
0
681,988
15,196
152,318
0
784,961
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,189,483
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-20
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Ages 1-4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
915,800
849,167
231,259
217,764
1,147,059
1,066,931
911,463
894,513
206,406
178,893
1,117,869
1,073,406
3,534,411
3,456,495
907,094
854,041
4,441,505
4,310,536
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,054
369,534
234,379
319,071
77,698
52,254
1,480,125
447,232
286,633
1,153,187
419,655
233,134
285,242
48,555
51,503
1,438,429
468,210
284,637
4,549,543
1,509,040
932,323
1,281,536
263,006
216,593
5,831,078
1,772,047
1,148,916
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
675,519
1,089,447
124,903
324,120
800,422
1,413,568
641,013
1,164,963
110,393
274,907
751,406
1,439,870
2,603,649
4,387,256
520,506
1,240,629
3,124,155
5,627,886
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
899,503
766,761
98,702
65,238
33,464
286,667
132,260
30,096
30,096
0
1,186,171
899,021
128,798
95,334
33,464
897,975
824,096
83,905
53,445
30,459
243,100
115,283
26,916
26,916
0
1,141,075
939,380
110,821
80,362
30,459
3,691,087
2,938,651
361,168
217,003
144,164
1,151,678
510,761
98,697
98,697
0
4,842,764
3,449,412
459,865
315,700
144,164
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
121,147
335,679
459,140
393,605
455,396
4.7
12,651
92,038
135,435
105,611
103,287
4.7
133,799
427,718
594,575
499,216
558,682
4.7
102,540
328,054
512,467
402,092
460,823
4.7
20,365
62,621
131,236
78,855
92,223
4.6
122,905
390,675
643,703
480,947
553,046
4.7
421,694
1,397,493
1,922,870
1,505,524
1,743,324
4.6
64,249
347,320
559,341
399,499
390,726
4.6
485,943
1,744,813
2,482,212
1,905,024
2,134,050
4.6
1,182,615
376,423
1,559,038
1,195,609
325,917
1,521,526
4,595,136
1,504,754
6,099,891
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
484,616
50% to <100% FPL
541,695
100% to <130% FPL
280,122
d
130% to <185% FPL
449,682
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,646
50,321
140,679
236,377
484,616
541,695
280,122
471,328
57,136
142,345
236,377
531,280
514,381
296,216
459,207
3,343
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,545
43,768
115,084
207,903
531,280
514,381
296,216
477,752
47,111
116,633
207,903
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,703,113
22,389
5,304
0
0
0
0
96,315
214,531
515,572
934,717
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,799,429
236,920
520,876
934,717
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,810
$20,000
$80,195
$67,000
$33,651
$25,000
$21,483
$20,000
$81,015
$65,177
$31,951
$24,709
$21,297
$20,000
$78,821
$65,000
$32,872
$25,000
412,673
126,945
0
686,470
15,709
103,468
0
419,701
0
6,325
0
79,941
5,150
13,458
1,636
342,513
412,673
133,270
0
766,411
20,858
116,926
1,636
762,215
433,505
153,205
0
690,824
12,646
88,369
0
427,427
0
5,438
0
51,970
7,441
17,466
1,188
301,796
433,505
158,643
0
742,795
20,088
105,834
1,188
729,223
1,619,598
548,180
0
2,672,406
38,254
409,063
0
1,703,404
0
24,828
0
291,618
24,756
67,086
2,824
1,350,023
1,619,598
573,008
0
2,964,025
63,010
476,149
2,824
3,053,427
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-21
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
49.0
51.0
56.7
43.3
50.4
49.6
49.9
50.1
47.6
52.4
49.5
50.5
49.9
50.1
53.6
46.4
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
64.7
20.8
14.5
71.0
20.2
8.8
65.9
20.7
13.4
64.8
21.7
13.5
73.3
15.7
11.0
66.6
20.4
13.0
65.9
20.4
13.7
72.9
13.8
13.3
67.4
19.0
13.6
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.3
59.7
34.3
65.7
39.2
60.8
36.7
63.3
31.6
68.4
35.6
64.4
38.6
61.4
30.0
70.0
36.7
63.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.2
35.0
3.8
2.1
1.7
66.3
29.8
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
58.2
36.8
5.0
2.4
2.6
66.0
28.8
5.2
5.2
0.0
59.8
35.1
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.5
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
28.0
3.8
3.8
0.0
55.9
39.0
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.8
30.2
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.0
22.6
27.4
20.8
24.2
4.5
21.6
31.3
22.0
20.6
4.9
22.4
28.2
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.3
28.2
20.7
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.8
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.5
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.5
86.1
68.2
66.2
87.0
70.7
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.5
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.1
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.6
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.2
58.4
24.8
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.7
30.3
16.6
23.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.7
48.0
23.5
24.0
13.1
20.0
3.4
6.1
10.1
30.8
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
11.0
27.4
57.6
24.1
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.7
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.2
21.7
7.6
0.0
40.2
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.5
0.0
1.7
0.0
18.6
0.7
3.9
0.0
75.0
17.1
6.4
0.0
35.7
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.8
23.6
8.1
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.9
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.9
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.2
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.0
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.3
6.2
0.0
39.0
0.3
6.3
0.0
25.0
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-22
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
Gender
Male
Female
51.9
48.1
51.5
48.5
51.8
48.2
50.5
49.5
53.6
46.4
51.0
49.0
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
65.8
20.9
13.3
71.1
17.3
11.6
66.9
20.2
12.9
63.9
23.2
12.9
74.0
12.6
13.4
65.6
21.4
13.0
65.1
21.6
13.3
72.8
14.9
12.3
66.6
20.2
13.1
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.3
61.7
27.8
72.2
36.2
63.8
35.5
64.5
28.7
71.3
34.3
65.7
37.2
62.8
29.6
70.4
35.7
64.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
51.0
43.4
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.6
40.6
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.6
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.1
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.8
42.0
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.4
29.0
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.3
39.4
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.2
23.5
23.0
6.0
19.3
26.9
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.1
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.0
20.0
27.5
21.5
24.9
3.6
19.7
31.8
22.7
22.2
5.6
19.9
28.4
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.4
69.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.4
29.9
54.0
24.2
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.3
29.3
16.6
24.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.1
23.4
23.4
13.3
20.6
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.1
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.6
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.2
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.2
7.8
0.0
38.2
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.6
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.7
18.5
6.5
0.0
33.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.9
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
d
130% to <185% FPL
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
23.4
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
7.2
SNAP & TANF
0.0
SNAP & Medicaid
38.9
TANF & Medicaid
0.9
SNAP only
5.9
TANF only
0.0
Medicaid only
23.8
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-23
Notes for Table A.7b-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They
are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk. See Tables A.3a and A.3b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal Poverty
Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce official
poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in determining
financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-24
2011
2012
2011
811,356
767,116
1,294,668
8,888,005
2,325,258
2,154,671
2,180,779
2,227,296
2,516,309
3.5%
-5.7%
-3.8%
-0.7%
-6.0%
1.9%
2.4%
-0.8%
-3.8%
Percent
Change
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362 14,277,453
-1.6%
Source: March 2013 and March 2012 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
-1.1%
-2.7%
1.0%
0.0%
-2.6%
-1.8%
Total Eligibles
1,245,423
16,365,464
4,120,473
4,005,439
4,046,978
4,192,574
4,012,975
Percent
Change
Pregnant Women
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
2012
3,941,665
Infants
Participant Group
Total
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
54.5
54.5
54.3
55.2
54.1
61.4
2012
54.3
56.4
53.8
53.9
53.1
62.7
2011
Eligibility Rate
Table A.8-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
0.4%
-3.4%
0.9%
2.4%
1.9%
-2.1%
Percent
Change
63.1
70.4
84.6
70.9
53.3
85.1
2012
62.7
71.1
81.2
69.5
53.6
83.4
2011
Coverage Rate
Page A-25
0.5%
-0.9%
4.2%
2.1%
-0.6%
2.1%
Percent
Change
3,894,846
1,712,910
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
2,112,432
2,450,422
2,376,909
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
8,665,386
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
11,042,295
10,865,348
11,203,337
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
2,472,118
2,197,047
2,548,575
413,998
87,844
18,899
307,255
1,783,049
3,965,001
Infants
3,903,110
8,723,527
8,811,643
8,811,643
1,730,698
396,624
28,611
1,305,463
7,080,945
16,164,917
16,206,657
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Children
Age 1 to 4
11,195,644
11,008,690
11,360,218
2,144,696
484,468
47,510
1,612,718
8,863,994
20,129,919
20,109,767
Total
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.5%
7.6%
-40.7%
-4.4%
-3.9%
-1.8%
Infants
-0.8%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
-0.7%
-0.7%
-0.7%
1.8%
-3.3%
-3.6%
3.4%
-1.3%
-1.1%
-1.0%
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
-1.4%
-1.3%
-1.4%
0.8%
-1.3%
-18.3%
1.9%
-1.8%
-1.2%
-1.0%
Page A-26
Percent Change a
Source: March 2012 CPS and March 2013 CPS
See footnotes on Table A.6 for adjustment factor calculations for 2012.
a
When interpreting percent changes keep in mind that groups with small populations can show large changes simply as a result of year-to-year sample variation.
Infants
3,873,054
2011
2012
Table A.9-2012: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012 as estimated
by the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Table A.10-2012: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the 2013 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories
2012
Estimate
Total
Eligibles
2,376,909
69,201
111,619
1.8%
4.7%
15,990,251
3,963,309
3,996,781
3,997,484
4,032,677
.
2,909,742
8,665,386
2,146,363
2,157,376
2,192,069
2,169,579
136,724
69,797
70,086
70,092
70,395
210,936
106,107
106,377
107,223
106,676
0.9%
1.8%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
2.4%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
1,222,945
51,699
57,429
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
2,151,269
824,580
38,222
38,722
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
1,728,387
710,656
30,709
33,372
1.8%
4.7%
26,674,495 13,800,476
172,507
263,925
0.6%
1.9%
Infants
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Pregnant Women
Total
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
Total
Total
Eligibles
Coefficient of
Variation
3,894,846
Participant Group
Eligibles
Standard Error
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-27
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix B
State and Regional Estimates: 2012
The tables in this appendix show the estimates of total WIC-eligible individuals by State
and by participant group and region for calendar year 2012 as summarized in Volume I of this
report. Note that these estimates refer to the FNS regions as defined on page B-3. The
estimates rely on the American Community Survey (ACS) that allows calculation of income and
adjunctive eligibility by State. Note that adjunctive eligibility reflects individuals that report
receipt of SNAP, TANF, or public health coverage on the ACS but are not already income-eligible
for WIC. The ACS does not separately identify Medicaid vs. the State’s Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP).
State and Regional Estimates Appendix Table Definitions
Table B.1: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by State (alphabetical)
and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories.
Table B.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region with each
State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated
coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the
territories.
Table B.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region and
participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant
group include the territories.
Table B.4: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by State (listed alphabetically) and FNS region.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-1
Table B.5: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region with each State listed under its
region.
Table B.6: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated standard
errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region and participant group.
Table B.7: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
This table shows the State-specific breastfeeding adjustment factors. These factors were
determined using the same methodology used to produce the national breastfeeding
adjustments but substitute the State-specific breastfeeding rates as reported by the Abbott
Laboratories’ Infant Feeding Survey (IFS). Estimates for the territories assumed the national
breastfeeding rates.
Table B.8: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
Analogous to Table A.6 of the national estimates, this table shows the step-by-step adjustments
made from the total number of infants and children to the final numbers of infants, children,
and pregnant and postpartum women that are fully eligible for WIC for the territories based on
the ACS data and population estimates from the Census Bureau.
Table B.9: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
This tables shows the estimates of total WIC-eligible infants and children by demographic and
income characteristics in the CPS-ASEC. Note that these tables do not include infants and
children from the territories. This table shows these characteristics using weights that have
been fully adjusted, including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population
adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and
nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as a single total count and the column percentages of
eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-2
FNS Regions
Northeast
x Connecticut
x Maine
x Massachusetts
x New Hampshire
x New York
x Rhode Island
x Vermont
Mid-Atlantic
x Delaware
x District of Columbia
x Maryland
x New Jersey
x Pennsylvania
x Puerto Rico
x Virgin Islands
x Virginia
x West Virginia
Southeast
x Alabama
x Florida
x Georgia
x Kentucky
x Mississippi
x North Carolina
x South Carolina
x Tennessee
Midwest
x Illinois
x Indiana
x Michigan
x Minnesota
x Ohio
x Wisconsin
Southwest
x Arkansas
x Louisiana
x New Mexico
x Oklahoma
x Texas
Mountain Plains
x Colorado
x Iowa
x Kansas
x Missouri
x Montana
x Nebraska
x North Dakota
x South Dakota
x Utah
x Wyoming
Western
x Alaska
x American Samoa
x Arizona
x California
x Guam
x Hawaii
x Idaho
x Nevada
x Northern Mariana Islands
x Oregon
x Washington
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-3
Table B.1-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State a
Alabama
237,338
141,347
59.6% New York
792,260
524,076
Alaska
40,444
24,545
60.7% North Carolina
462,176
268,833
Arizona
324,219
190,862
58.9% North Dakota
17,455
13,605
Arkansas
155,436
93,695
60.3% Ohio
476,829
273,157
California
1,788,042
1,468,723
82.1% Oklahoma
197,523
122,394
Colorado
210,257
102,583
48.8% Oregon
169,287
111,016
Connecticut
105,521
56,254
53.3% Pennsylvania
460,187
251,891
Delaware
37,402
21,929
58.6% Puerto Rico
223,323
192,041
D.C.
26,492
16,248
61.3% Rhode Island
34,937
24,113
Florida
858,270
493,285
57.5% South Carolina
227,258
129,551
Georgia
517,368
301,046
58.2% South Dakota
35,309
21,865
Hawaii
59,119
37,132
62.8% Tennessee
291,609
162,507
Idaho
82,539
44,037
53.4% Texas
1,478,074
967,774
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8% Utah
151,908
68,729
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8% Vermont
22,031
15,357
Iowa
110,511
68,023
61.6% Virginia
274,179
158,479
Kansas
131,391
74,276
56.5% Washington
296,700
195,088
Kentucky
194,758
131,081
67.3% West Virginia
65,149
47,310
Louisiana
253,268
143,234
56.6% Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
Maine
47,769
25,289
52.9% Wyoming
24,104
12,401
Maryland
206,753
145,725
70.5%
Massachusetts
180,027
122,446
68.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1% Northeast
1,219,589
783,792
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2% Mid-Atlantic
1,588,747
1,010,364
Mississippi
177,882
93,946
52.8% Southeast
2,966,659
1,721,595
Missouri
256,642
144,612
56.3% Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
Montana
44,113
20,390
46.2% Southwest
2,202,470
1,390,197
Nebraska
75,111
41,856
55.7% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
568,340
Nevada
135,252
75,581
55.9% Western
2,919,339
2,165,332
New Hampshire
37,044
16,257
43.9%
New Jersey
289,435
171,468
59.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
New Mexico
118,169
63,101
53.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
Coverage
Rate
66.1%
58.2%
77.9%
57.3%
62.0%
65.6%
54.7%
86.0%
69.0%
57.0%
61.9%
55.7%
65.5%
45.2%
69.7%
57.8%
65.8%
72.6%
58.0%
51.4%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-4
Table B.2-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
783,792
56,254
25,289
122,446
16,257
524,076
24,113
15,357
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,588,747
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
223,323
274,179
65,149
1,010,364
21,929
16,248
145,725
171,468
251,891
192,041
158,479
47,310
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
1,721,595
141,347
493,285
301,046
131,081
93,946
268,833
129,551
162,507
Coverage
Rate
64.3% Southwest
53.3%
Arkansas
52.9%
Louisiana
68.0%
New Mexico
43.9%
Oklahoma
66.1%
Texas
69.0%
69.7% Mountain Plains
Colorado
63.6%
Iowa
58.6%
Kansas
61.3%
Missouri
70.5%
Montana
59.2%
Nebraska
54.7%
North Dakota
86.0%
South Dakota
57.8%
Utah
72.6%
Wyoming
58.0% Western
59.6%
Alaska
57.5%
Arizona
58.2%
California
67.3%
Hawaii
52.8%
Idaho
58.2%
Nevada
57.0%
Oregon
55.7%
Washington
2,202,470
155,436
253,268
118,169
197,523
1,478,074
1,390,197
93,695
143,234
63,101
122,394
967,774
Coverage
Rate
63.1%
60.3%
56.6%
53.4%
62.0%
65.5%
1,056,801
210,257
110,511
131,391
256,642
44,113
75,111
17,455
35,309
151,908
24,104
568,340
102,583
68,023
74,276
144,612
20,390
41,856
13,605
21,865
68,729
12,401
53.8%
48.8%
61.6%
56.5%
56.3%
46.2%
55.7%
77.9%
61.9%
45.2%
51.4%
2,919,339
40,444
324,219
1,788,042
59,119
82,539
135,252
169,287
296,700
2,165,332
24,545
190,862
1,468,723
37,132
44,037
75,581
111,016
195,088
74.2%
60.7%
58.9%
82.1%
62.8%
53.4%
55.9%
65.6%
65.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
58.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8%
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8%
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1%
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2%
Ohio
476,829
273,157
57.3%
Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
58.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-5
Table B.3-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
275,073
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
498,880
2,420,597
178,578
236,565
426,990
303,583
334,671
135,975
443,074
2,059,436
Children (1-4)
775,876
999,170
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,816,403
8,823,888
422,634
543,228
882,005
634,740
701,715
297,390
1,234,632
4,716,344
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7%
Southwest
88.3%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
Western
88.8%
Total
85.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS,
Pregnant
Women
105,947
141,528
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
256,679
1,245,423
75,232
95,311
178,915
129,532
146,500
55,777
201,787
883,053
All Post-Partum
Women
131,849
172,977
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
347,377
1,563,454
107,348
135,261
233,685
154,849
207,312
79,197
285,838
1,203,489
Total
1,219,589
1,588,747
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,919,339
14,053,362
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
54.5%
71.0%
81.4%
64.3%
54.4%
67.3%
78.2%
63.6%
47.4%
66.9%
73.1%
58.0%
48.3%
69.4%
65.3%
58.2%
50.5%
75.2%
86.7%
63.1%
44.4%
60.4%
68.6%
53.8%
68.0%
78.6%
82.3%
74.2%
53.4%
70.9%
77.0%
63.1%
Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-6
Table B.4-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
State a
Alabama
237,338
12,522
5.3% New York
792,260
25,457
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2% North Carolina
462,176
18,267
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6% North Dakota
17,455
3,226
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4% Ohio
476,829
18,566
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5% Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6% Oregon
169,287
10,434
Connecticut
105,521
8,136
7.7% Pennsylvania
460,187
18,211
Delaware
37,402
4,792
12.8% Puerto Rico
223,323
12,522
D.C.
26,492
3,962
15.0% Rhode Island
34,937
4,533
Florida
858,270
26,705
3.1% South Carolina
227,258
12,227
Georgia
517,368
19,614
3.8% South Dakota
35,309
4,629
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2% Tennessee
291,609
14,111
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6% Texas
1,478,074
38,725
Illinois
531,558
19,891
3.7% Utah
151,908
9,839
Indiana
303,243
14,297
4.7% Vermont
22,031
3,637
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5% Virginia
274,179
13,579
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9% Washington
296,700
14,157
Kentucky
194,758
11,253
5.8% West Virginia
65,149
6,291
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1% Wisconsin
202,726
11,510
Maine
47,769
5,400
11.3% Wyoming
24,104
3,778
Maryland
206,753
11,574
5.6%
Massachusetts
180,027
10,831
6.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
17,085
4.2% Northeast
1,219,589
38,336
Minnesota
174,004
10,531
6.1% Mid-Atlantic
1,359,597
41,189
Mississippi
177,882
10,679
6.0% Southeast
2,966,659
71,819
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1% Midwest
2,099,757
55,631
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8% Western
2,895,603
70,509
New Hampshire
37,044
4,731
12.8%
New Jersey
289,435
13,987
4.8% Total
13,800,476
263,925
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
3.2%
4.0%
18.5%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.0%
5.6%
13.0%
5.4%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.5%
16.5%
5.0%
4.8%
9.7%
5.7%
15.7%
3.1%
3.0%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal
Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-7
Table B.5-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
1,359,597
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
274,179
65,149
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
Midwest
2,099,757
Illinois
531,558
Indiana
303,243
Michigan
411,397
Minnesota
174,004
Ohio
476,829
Wisconsin
202,726
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012
Coefficient
Standard Coefficient of
Standard
Eligibles
Error
Error
Variationc
of Variationc
38,336
3.1% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
2.6%
8,136
7.7%
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4%
5,400
11.3%
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1%
10,831
6.0%
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
4,731
12.8%
Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
5.7%
25,457
3.2%
Texas
1,478,074
38,725
2.6%
4,533
13.0%
3,637
16.5% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
3.3%
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6%
41,189
3.0%
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5%
4,792
12.8%
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9%
3,962
15.0%
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1%
11,574
5.6%
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8%
13,987
4.8%
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0%
18,211
4.0%
North Dakota
17,455
3,226
18.5%
13,579
5.0%
South Dakota
35,309
4,629
13.1%
6,291
9.7%
Utah
151,908
9,839
6.5%
Wyoming
24,104
3,778
15.7%
71,819
2.4%
12,522
5.3% Western
2,895,603
70,509
2.4%
26,705
3.1%
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2%
19,614
3.8%
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6%
11,253
5.8%
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5%
10,679
6.0%
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2%
18,267
4.0%
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6%
12,227
5.4%
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8%
14,111
4.8%
Oregon
169,287
10,434
6.2%
Washington
296,700
14,157
4.8%
55,631
2.6%
19,891
3.7% Total
13,800,476
263,925
1.9%
14,297
4.7%
17,085
4.2%
10,531
6.1%
18,566
3.9%
11,510
5.7%
ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
c
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-8
Table B.6-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children (1-4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
a
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
235,723
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
494,542
2,376,909
775,876
855,030
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,802,040
8,665,386
105,947
121,282
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
254,447
1,222,945
131,849
147,561
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
344,575
1,535,237
1,219,589
1,359,597
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,895,603
13,800,476
Standard Errora
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
16,058
17,553
30,832
23,629
24,388
14,706
29,692
111,619
30,335
32,373
56,699
43,720
45,554
27,536
55,343
210,936
8,262
9,031
15,864
12,157
12,548
7,566
15,277
57,429
7,395
8,237
13,880
11,092
11,228
6,770
14,648
51,119
38,336
41,189
71,819
55,631
57,578
34,942
70,509
263,925
Coefficient of Variation b
Northeast
7.8%
3.9%
7.8%
5.6%
3.1%
Mid-Atlantic
7.4%
3.8%
7.4%
5.6%
3.0%
Southeast
5.9%
3.0%
5.9%
4.3%
2.4%
Midwest
6.5%
3.3%
6.5%
4.7%
2.6%
Southwest
6.4%
3.3%
6.4%
4.7%
2.6%
Mountain Plains
8.2%
4.1%
8.2%
5.9%
3.3%
Western
6.0%
3.1%
6.0%
4.3%
2.4%
Total
4.7%
2.4%
4.7%
3.3%
1.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
b
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-9
Table B.7-2012: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2012
All Mothers
WIC Participants
Not Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
<6 months
<6 months
postpartum
postpartum
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
0.364
0.682
0.601
0.400
0.646
0.658
0.608
0.395
0.512
0.536
0.476
0.707
0.637
0.543
0.542
0.520
0.536
0.415
0.388
0.605
0.537
0.553
0.552
0.624
0.366
0.568
0.673
0.612
0.657
0.621
0.502
0.574
0.519
0.557
0.638
0.534
0.486
0.706
0.521
0.639
0.459
0.681
0.420
0.503
0.715
0.647
0.587
0.733
0.400
0.608
0.750
0.552
0.633
0.314
0.395
0.596
0.350
0.338
0.388
0.601
0.484
0.460
0.520
0.289
0.359
0.453
0.454
0.476
0.460
0.581
0.608
0.391
0.459
0.443
0.444
0.372
0.630
0.428
0.323
0.384
0.339
0.375
0.495
0.422
0.477
0.439
0.359
0.462
0.510
0.290
0.475
0.357
0.537
0.315
0.576
0.493
0.281
0.349
0.409
0.263
0.596
0.388
0.246
0.444
0.190
0.493
0.392
0.235
0.440
0.427
0.352
0.111
0.330
0.359
0.255
0.581
0.387
0.336
0.358
0.267
0.307
0.244
0.210
0.355
0.314
0.301
0.359
0.399
0.224
0.330
0.439
0.371
0.529
0.342
0.319
0.431
0.335
0.329
0.398
0.342
0.286
0.473
0.308
0.483
0.250
0.504
0.210
0.337
0.432
0.332
0.313
0.478
0.230
0.405
0.596
0.347
0.377
0.250
0.259
0.351
0.254
0.251
0.279
0.417
0.282
0.304
0.325
0.248
0.256
0.302
0.296
0.304
0.309
0.341
0.362
0.279
0.306
0.296
0.292
0.267
0.387
0.279
0.211
0.259
0.270
0.251
0.326
0.279
0.312
0.318
0.314
0.320
0.320
0.218
0.319
0.328
0.357
0.250
0.344
0.308
0.233
0.267
0.322
0.234
0.360
0.276
0.240
0.299
Calculated factor based on the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in
"2012 Breastfeeding Trends"
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-10
34,092
39,546
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through SNAPa
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
5,493
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
42,567
42,961
43,071
168,985
Pregnant
Women
19,737
20,347
20,427
38,360
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
2,741
2,826
18,052
18,235
18,235
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
140,450
141,869
141,869
5,389
2,630
0
2,759
136,480
2,837
4,467
4,513
4,513
Children
Age 4
35,733
36,094
36,094
1,087
544
0
543
35,008
172,025
Pregnant
Women
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
4,504
4,550
4,550
Children
Age 3
35,713
36,074
36,074
978
426
0
552
35,096
45,542
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
5,328
4,521
4,567
4,567
Children
Age 2
34,754
35,105
35,105
1,000
141
0
859
34,105
44,444
Children
Age 4
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
4,559
4,605
4,605
Children
Age 1
34,249
34,595
34,595
2,324
1,520
0
805
32,271
40,386
42,997
39,042
Children
Age 3
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
5,328
4,735
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factor g
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Infants
Other Island Territories
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyd
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
38,360
2,279
1,061
0
1,218
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
40,612
31,813
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcount
Infants
37,334
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2012 PRCS
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 1
1,848
1,848
5,307
5,328
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
13,308
13,308
38,210
38,360
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
1,593
1,593
5,307
5,328
Total
6,183
3,441
13,440
2,837
15,984
23,380
23,727
22,970
Total
44,513
24,777
96,768
20,427
115,080
178,810
181,415
175,960
7,668
3,691
0
3,977
168,292
209,597
209,359
Page B-11
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
11,469
11,469
38,210
38,360
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Table B.8-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
g
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories in CY2012 is:
Infants
0.763
Children
0.747
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
d
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
e
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
f
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Page B-12
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP receipt is coded
as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
b
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
c
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
a
This page was left intentionally blank.
55.9%
22.2%
21.9%
27.3%
72.7%
65.6%
30.7%
3.7%
1.5%
2.1%
2.7%
29.8%
26.8%
21.4%
19.2%
37.7%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
8.2%
7.3%
37.2%
1.1%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
41.5%
14.9%
8.1%
31.3%
1.0%
4.1%
0.0%
0.0%
40.5%
19.6%
25.1%
11.0%
18.4%
3.4%
7.2%
15.3%
29.2%
5.6%
24.9%
26.9%
18.4%
24.2%
57.3%
37.8%
4.9%
4.1%
0.8%
33.5%
66.5%
63.4%
22.0%
14.6%
13.5%
7.9%
32.6%
1.1%
4.3%
0.0%
0.0%
40.7%
18.9%
25.3%
11.6%
18.7%
3.0%
6.4%
16.2%
31.1%
5.0%
26.0%
26.9%
19.0%
23.1%
59.1%
36.2%
4.6%
3.5%
1.1%
32.2%
67.8%
61.8%
22.1%
16.2%
51.7%
48.3%
1,133,586
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.4%
5.5%
39.0%
0.8%
5.1%
0.0%
0.0%
25.2%
27.5%
26.7%
9.9%
16.7%
0.7%
4.4%
14.1%
33.9%
6.9%
20.5%
34.2%
17.3%
21.1%
48.0%
43.1%
8.9%
4.9%
4.0%
24.3%
75.7%
57.3%
27.1%
15.6%
56.8%
43.2%
193,566
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.8%
6.8%
31.0%
1.6%
6.4%
0.0%
0.0%
35.4%
23.7%
21.0%
13.9%
18.3%
2.1%
7.4%
13.7%
32.8%
5.0%
22.5%
30.4%
20.7%
21.4%
50.1%
42.5%
7.4%
5.2%
2.2%
27.4%
72.6%
61.9%
27.8%
10.3%
49.7%
50.3%
839,041
Mid-Atlantic
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
19.8%
6.6%
32.5%
1.4%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
33.5%
24.4%
22.1%
13.1%
18.0%
1.9%
6.8%
13.8%
33.0%
5.3%
22.1%
31.2%
20.0%
21.4%
49.7%
42.6%
7.7%
5.2%
2.5%
26.8%
73.2%
61.0%
27.7%
11.3%
51.1%
48.9%
1,032,608
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
16.3%
26.0%
13.5%
19.7%
1.8%
3.3%
19.5%
52.6%
47.4%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
246,151
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
887,436
WIC Eligible
Infants
51.5%
48.5%
Northeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
16.4%
5.0%
37.9%
0.0%
8.4%
0.0%
0.0%
32.4%
25.2%
25.0%
17.6%
18.2%
2.3%
3.7%
8.0%
39.7%
5.8%
20.4%
24.1%
18.2%
31.5%
57.8%
38.9%
3.3%
2.9%
0.5%
23.5%
76.5%
57.3%
34.0%
8.8%
46.0%
54.0%
480,932
WIC Eligible
Infants
17.8%
4.6%
36.3%
0.9%
6.6%
0.0%
0.0%
33.7%
26.3%
24.0%
11.9%
19.6%
2.6%
5.1%
10.4%
33.7%
6.2%
22.2%
29.3%
21.5%
20.9%
51.6%
43.4%
5.0%
3.6%
1.4%
21.1%
78.9%
60.0%
32.1%
7.9%
47.8%
52.2%
1,833,232
Southeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
17.5%
4.7%
36.7%
0.7%
7.0%
0.0%
0.0%
33.4%
26.1%
24.3%
13.0%
19.3%
2.5%
4.8%
9.9%
34.9%
6.1%
21.8%
28.2%
20.8%
23.1%
52.9%
42.5%
4.6%
3.4%
1.2%
21.6%
78.4%
59.4%
32.5%
8.1%
47.4%
52.6%
2,314,164
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.4%
3.8%
35.3%
1.5%
7.2%
0.0%
0.0%
33.9%
29.7%
18.1%
14.8%
17.4%
1.3%
9.3%
9.5%
36.5%
4.4%
23.1%
31.4%
23.9%
17.2%
58.7%
36.4%
4.9%
4.2%
0.7%
22.8%
77.2%
64.1%
29.0%
7.0%
53.9%
46.1%
354,587
WIC Eligible
Infants
16.8%
5.5%
38.6%
0.5%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
33.3%
26.9%
20.1%
13.1%
20.9%
2.0%
6.9%
10.2%
31.5%
6.4%
19.7%
29.1%
24.7%
20.1%
53.4%
42.7%
3.9%
2.4%
1.5%
21.8%
78.2%
65.6%
24.3%
10.1%
51.4%
48.6%
1,616,384
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-14
16.3%
6.0%
39.6%
0.3%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
26.1%
20.6%
12.6%
21.9%
2.2%
6.3%
10.4%
30.1%
7.0%
18.7%
28.4%
24.9%
20.9%
51.9%
44.4%
3.7%
1.9%
1.7%
21.5%
78.5%
66.1%
23.0%
11.0%
50.7%
49.3%
1,261,797
Midwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
70.6%
16.3%
13.1%
57.3%
42.7%
66.4%
33.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
2.1%
29.2%
24.6%
24.1%
20.0%
34.6%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
22.3%
0.0%
40.4%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
0.0%
34.5%
16.2%
3.8%
42.5%
0.3%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
31.1%
23.1%
27.2%
13.9%
21.0%
2.4%
4.9%
7.4%
29.1%
5.7%
18.0%
29.7%
22.0%
24.5%
51.0%
43.0%
6.0%
4.8%
1.3%
52.3%
47.7%
68.6%
17.1%
14.3%
17.6%
2.9%
42.0%
0.2%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
31.9%
23.4%
26.6%
13.7%
21.2%
2.4%
5.1%
7.5%
30.4%
4.9%
20.7%
28.5%
22.5%
23.4%
54.7%
40.6%
4.7%
3.7%
1.0%
53.5%
46.5%
69.1%
16.9%
14.0%
50.9%
49.1%
1,845,286
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.1%
7.3%
31.8%
1.3%
8.8%
0.0%
0.0%
26.8%
26.1%
21.3%
14.3%
26.3%
0.2%
3.7%
8.3%
31.4%
5.5%
23.2%
29.6%
19.9%
21.7%
72.3%
26.0%
1.7%
0.5%
1.2%
26.2%
73.8%
69.5%
15.4%
15.2%
46.2%
53.8%
184,329
25.9%
5.3%
31.2%
0.5%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
23.7%
21.6%
11.9%
23.4%
2.8%
5.0%
11.5%
25.1%
5.6%
19.7%
27.3%
20.0%
27.4%
55.9%
37.9%
6.2%
3.9%
2.3%
24.2%
75.8%
73.7%
11.2%
15.1%
54.5%
45.5%
683,151
25.5%
5.7%
31.4%
0.7%
4.9%
0.0%
0.0%
31.8%
24.2%
21.5%
12.4%
24.0%
2.2%
4.7%
10.8%
26.4%
5.6%
20.4%
27.8%
20.0%
26.2%
59.4%
35.4%
5.2%
3.2%
2.0%
24.6%
75.4%
72.8%
12.1%
15.1%
52.7%
47.3%
867,480
Mountain Plains
WIC Eligible
WIC Eligible
Infants and
WIC Eligible Children Age
1-4
Children
Infants
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
24.4%
24.5%
13.1%
22.0%
2.5%
5.8%
7.6%
47.0%
53.0%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
442,318
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
1,402,968
WIC Eligible
Infants
52.1%
47.9%
Southwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
19.9%
10.5%
24.7%
1.2%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
38.4%
23.8%
21.3%
12.0%
21.4%
2.7%
5.0%
13.8%
34.2%
3.1%
18.3%
21.6%
24.4%
32.6%
65.0%
29.6%
5.3%
2.6%
2.7%
65.4%
34.6%
77.8%
5.1%
17.1%
53.2%
46.8%
516,008
WIC Eligible
Infants
21.3%
10.5%
24.4%
0.7%
5.1%
0.2%
0.0%
37.9%
20.5%
22.8%
15.9%
21.3%
3.3%
6.4%
9.8%
29.3%
4.0%
16.5%
26.5%
22.5%
30.4%
65.9%
29.2%
4.9%
2.8%
2.1%
56.3%
43.7%
73.2%
8.0%
18.8%
51.5%
48.5%
1,844,416
Western
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
21.0%
10.5%
24.5%
0.8%
5.1%
0.1%
0.0%
38.0%
21.2%
22.4%
15.1%
21.3%
3.2%
6.1%
10.7%
30.4%
3.8%
16.9%
25.5%
22.9%
30.9%
65.7%
29.3%
5.0%
2.8%
2.2%
58.3%
41.7%
74.2%
7.4%
18.4%
51.9%
48.1%
2,360,424
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.9%
5.5%
34.7%
0.7%
5.9%
0.0%
0.0%
34.2%
24.8%
23.1%
13.9%
20.1%
1.9%
5.2%
11.1%
35.8%
4.1%
23.1%
26.3%
21.8%
24.7%
62.2%
34.0%
3.8%
2.4%
1.4%
39.2%
60.8%
65.9%
20.7%
13.4%
50.4%
49.6%
2,417,891
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.6%
6.3%
34.0%
0.7%
5.5%
0.0%
0.0%
34.7%
23.7%
23.3%
13.4%
20.5%
2.5%
5.8%
10.8%
31.5%
5.2%
20.6%
27.9%
21.8%
24.5%
56.8%
38.2%
4.9%
3.3%
1.6%
36.4%
63.6%
66.5%
20.3%
13.2%
50.7%
49.3%
11,169,932
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-15
18.5%
6.5%
33.9%
0.7%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
34.9%
23.4%
23.4%
13.3%
20.6%
2.7%
6.0%
10.7%
30.3%
5.6%
19.9%
28.4%
21.8%
24.4%
55.3%
39.4%
5.3%
3.6%
1.6%
35.7%
64.3%
66.6%
20.2%
13.1%
50.7%
49.3%
8,752,041
Total
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Notes for Table B.9:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
B-16
Appendix C
Coverage Rate Maps
The maps in this appendix display WIC coverage rates at the State and regional levels. A
coverage rate is defined here as the number of individuals participating in the WIC program
divided by the number estimated to be eligible. For 2012, rates are shown at the regional level
for all participants and for each of four subgroups—infants, children, pregnant women, and
postpartum women. Coverage rates are also shown at the State level for 2012 for all
participants combined. The maps are listed individually below.
FNS Region Level Coverage Rate
x C.1 – All Groups
x C.2 – Infants
x C.3 – Children
x C.4 – Pregnant Women
x C.5 – Postpartum Women
State Level Coverage Rate, All Groups
x C.6 – 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-1
Southwest
64.8%
Southeast
58.0%
Midwest
58.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
74.2%
Mountain Plains
53.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Northeast
64.3%
Page C-2
Mid-Atlantic
63.6%
Figure C-1. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
88.3%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
88.8%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
National Coverage Rate: 85.1%
Northeast
86.7%
Page C-3
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Figure C-2. WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
50.5%
Southeast
47.4%
Midwest
48.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
68.0%
Mountain Plains
44.4%
National Coverage Rate: 53.4%
Northeast
54.5%
Page C-4
Mid-Atlantic
54.4%
Figure C-3. WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
75.2%
Southeast
66.9%
Midwest
69.4%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
78.6%
Mountain Plains
60.4%
National Coverage Rate: 70.9%
Northeast
71.0%
Page C-5
Mid-Atlantic
67.3%
Figure C-4. WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
86.7%
Southeast
73.1%
Midwest
65.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
82.3%
Mountain Plains
68.6%
National Coverage Rate: 77.0%
Northeast
81.4%
Page C-6
Mid-Atlantic
78.2%
Figure C-5. WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
53.4%
48.8%
51.4%
65.5%
52.8% 59.6%
56.6%
60.3%
55.7%
58.2%
57.0%
57.5%
58.2%
%
67.3%
54.7%
66.1%
72.6%
57.8%
5
57.3%
62.1%
53.8% 53.8%
58.0%
56.3%
61.6%
73.2%
62.0%
56.5%
55.7%
61.9%
77.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
58.9%
45.2%
53.4%
46.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
70 percent or greater
60 - 69.9 percent
50 - 59.9 percent
55.9%
65.6%
82.1%
49.9 percent or less
Coverage Rate:
62.8%
60.7%
65.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Figure C-6. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2012
Page C-7
86.0 %
CT: 53.3%
DE: 58.6%
DC: 61.3%
MA: 68.0%
MD: 70.5%
NH: 43.9%
NJ: 59.2%
RI: 69.0%
VT: 69.7%
52.9%
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix D
Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the population eligible for WIC benefits for the total U.S. by
year.
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the coverage rate for each WIC participant group by FNS
Region and the U.S by year.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-1
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-2
12,482,201 13,035,181 12,990,331 13,654,070 13,906,742 14,065,636 14,289,805 14,079,339 14,171,378 15,074,591 14,550,116 14,277,453 14,053,362
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.4.
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2001), Appendix Table C.3.
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
Total
1,420,038 1,473,125 1,313,853 1,479,398 1,529,028 1,539,590 1,574,645 1,522,834 1,525,315 1,556,053 1,486,265 1,578,471 1,563,454
2006
All Postpartum Women
2005
1,244,265 1,283,991 1,134,091 1,287,524 1,326,735 1,335,900 1,390,233 1,364,156 1,355,127 1,375,638 1,304,322 1,294,668 1,245,423
2004
7,400,765 7,783,758 8,339,280 8,385,979 8,472,345 8,593,698 8,622,879 8,540,981 8,657,117 9,469,217 9,224,455 8,888,005 8,823,888
2003
Pregnant Women
2002
Children (Ages 1-4)
2001
2,417,133 2,494,306 2,203,108 2,501,169 2,578,635 2,596,448 2,702,049 2,651,367 2,633,819 2,673,683 2,535,074 2,516,309 2,420,597
2000
Infants
Participant Group
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
All Participants
U.S.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
57.8%
56.5%
57.8%
56.3%
57.3%
57.1%
56.9%
59.5%
62.2%
60.9%
62.6%
62.7%
63.1%
Northeast
61.1%
58.6%
59.8%
57.3%
58.2%
60.7%
59.5%
63.0%
64.9%
63.7%
63.0%
63.0%
64.3%
Mid-Atlantic
58.0%
56.6%
55.8%
57.9%
57.8%
57.8%
60.1%
61.2%
64.8%
62.6%
62.8%
64.7%
63.6%
Southeast
53.5%
51.7%
53.4%
51.3%
52.2%
51.3%
51.1%
54.3%
58.9%
57.0%
58.6%
58.3%
58.0%
Midwest
53.4%
53.2%
54.1%
54.6%
56.2%
55.4%
56.0%
57.6%
59.3%
57.3%
57.4%
56.9%
58.2%
Southwest
58.0%
57.4%
58.9%
55.1%
56.6%
56.2%
53.9%
56.0%
59.0%
61.2%
63.9%
62.4%
63.1%
Mountain Plains
50.0%
50.7%
52.2%
51.3%
53.9%
51.4%
50.0%
51.3%
54.2%
52.8%
53.6%
53.7%
53.8%
65.8%
2000
63.5%
2001
66.3%
2002
63.4%
2003
63.8%
2004
64.7%
2005
65.3%
2006
69.5%
2007
70.6%
2008
68.2%
2009
72.5%
2010
73.9%
2011
74.2%
2012
Western
Infants
U.S.
78.6%
77.2%
87.7%
78.3%
78.7%
79.1%
77.5%
82.4%
84.6%
82.9%
84.8%
83.4%
85.1%
Northeast
79.0%
83.1%
95.0%
83.7%
78.4%
84.4%
82.9%
88.6%
89.1%
86.3%
84.8%
81.9%
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
80.7%
77.3%
82.9%
79.6%
81.2%
79.9%
81.9%
85.5%
88.4%
83.1%
85.5%
86.8%
86.0%
Southeast
80.4%
77.0%
85.6%
76.5%
76.7%
75.0%
73.2%
80.5%
85.0%
81.5%
83.6%
83.2%
82.2%
Midwest
74.6%
78.0%
87.3%
82.0%
83.7%
81.6%
82.1%
84.7%
83.4%
80.8%
82.8%
79.6%
83.7%
Southwest
77.7%
78.3%
88.7%
75.3%
76.6%
76.7%
73.7%
77.2%
81.3%
85.2%
87.0%
82.0%
88.3%
Mountain Plains
66.0%
67.2%
76.6%
72.3%
74.0%
72.4%
68.9%
72.1%
73.0%
74.0%
76.7%
76.1%
75.7%
84.0%
2000
77.1%
2001
93.0%
2002
79.2%
2003
79.0%
2004
82.9%
2005
80.3%
2006
86.7%
2007
88.2%
2008
86.1%
2009
88.6%
2010
89.0%
2011
88.8%
2012
Western
Children (Ages 1-4)
U.S.
48.0%
46.9%
45.1%
45.9%
47.1%
46.6%
46.2%
47.8%
51.2%
50.6%
52.4%
53.6%
53.4%
Northeast
53.6%
48.4%
46.1%
45.9%
48.6%
49.4%
47.8%
49.9%
53.1%
52.5%
52.8%
54.7%
54.5%
Mid-Atlantic
48.3%
47.8%
44.8%
48.2%
47.9%
48.0%
49.6%
49.5%
53.5%
53.2%
53.3%
55.4%
54.4%
Southeast
40.4%
39.6%
39.5%
39.4%
40.5%
39.5%
39.6%
41.2%
46.2%
45.8%
47.5%
47.5%
47.4%
Midwest
44.3%
42.8%
41.1%
42.9%
44.2%
44.0%
43.7%
45.2%
48.5%
47.2%
47.0%
47.6%
48.3%
Southwest
47.8%
46.8%
45.3%
45.0%
46.5%
46.1%
43.6%
44.8%
47.7%
49.1%
52.2%
52.0%
50.5%
Mountain Plains
41.9%
42.5%
41.0%
41.3%
44.0%
41.5%
40.5%
41.2%
44.8%
43.5%
43.7%
44.5%
44.4%
Western
Pregnant Women
56.9%
2000
56.8%
2001
54.3%
2002
55.5%
2003
55.9%
2004
55.3%
2005
56.5%
2006
59.3%
2007
60.9%
2008
59.3%
2009
64.4%
2010
67.3%
2011
68.0%
2012
U.S.
67.6%
64.0%
72.6%
65.6%
65.5%
65.4%
64.6%
66.7%
68.4%
68.6%
70.8%
69.5%
70.9%
Northeast
83.2%
79.9%
76.0%
67.9%
63.9%
69.8%
69.5%
72.3%
71.7%
71.1%
70.0%
66.9%
71.0%
Mid-Atlantic
64.6%
60.4%
66.3%
64.9%
64.8%
63.6%
66.0%
67.4%
70.7%
67.9%
69.2%
69.7%
67.3%
Southeast
67.7%
61.4%
68.7%
63.1%
62.8%
60.7%
59.5%
62.3%
66.0%
64.7%
68.8%
67.6%
66.9%
Midwest
57.2%
59.1%
68.5%
65.6%
65.7%
64.8%
66.0%
66.5%
65.9%
67.1%
68.5%
65.6%
69.4%
Southwest
65.7%
64.9%
74.7%
63.9%
65.0%
64.2%
62.0%
63.1%
67.6%
71.8%
73.2%
69.4%
75.2%
Mountain Plains
56.0%
57.1%
66.3%
62.3%
62.7%
60.5%
54.5%
55.2%
55.8%
58.4%
58.7%
60.1%
60.4%
75.9%
2000
67.2%
2001
82.7%
2002
70.0%
2003
70.4%
2004
72.6%
2005
71.7%
2006
75.7%
2007
75.5%
2008
74.2%
2009
78.4%
2010
79.0%
2011
78.6%
2012
Western
All Post-Partum Women
U.S.
64.7%
65.6%
75.7%
69.6%
70.3%
71.5%
72.8%
78.8%
81.0%
79.4%
80.6%
76.0%
77.0%
Northeast
49.7%
56.9%
77.6%
71.7%
71.0%
78.0%
78.8%
87.6%
84.6%
88.6%
82.1%
74.1%
81.4%
Mid-Atlantic
68.2%
68.1%
72.3%
71.7%
70.8%
71.6%
77.2%
83.6%
87.6%
80.6%
78.6%
79.1%
78.2%
Southeast
63.2%
65.1%
73.1%
67.9%
67.8%
68.8%
66.9%
74.7%
81.1%
77.4%
76.6%
73.8%
73.1%
Midwest
58.5%
60.8%
68.8%
66.5%
68.4%
65.7%
71.6%
72.2%
70.9%
69.5%
70.2%
65.5%
65.3%
Southwest
68.1%
68.9%
78.4%
68.1%
70.4%
69.9%
69.0%
74.6%
77.7%
85.0%
87.7%
82.5%
86.7%
Mountain Plains
58.6%
59.0%
67.0%
63.5%
65.8%
62.5%
64.8%
67.6%
71.9%
65.2%
71.4%
66.9%
68.6%
Western
74.9%
71.3%
85.0%
74.2%
74.6%
79.7%
80.3%
89.3%
89.0%
85.6%
90.0%
82.9%
82.3%
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.2
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2011), Volume I, Tables 18 and 19
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
D-3
Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series
Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
January 2015
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
January 2015
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
Authors:
Paul Johnson
Linda Giannarelli
Erika Huber
David Betson
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Policy Support
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Linda Giannarelli
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not the Urban Institute.
This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food and
Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support. National and
State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012, by Paul Johnson, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David
Betson. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: January 2015.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance provided by FNS staff and other Urban
Institute staff and consultants. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided guidance
throughout the project. The WIC Division also reviewed earlier drafts of this report. Sheila
Zedlewski directed the first two years of the project and guided the initial phases of work on
the estimates in this report. Michael Martinez-Schiferl was the lead analyst on this work for the
first two years of the project, and developed the technical framework used for this year’s
analysis.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Contents
Appendix A. National Estimates: 2012
A-1
Appendix B. State Estimates: 2012
B-1
Appendix C. Coverage Rate Maps
C-1
Appendix D. Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
D-1
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix A
National Estimates: 2012
The appendix tables show the detailed estimates of WIC-eligible individuals by
participant group. A brief description of each of these tables is given below. These tables
document the assumptions and calculations used to produce the estimates.
CY 2012 National Estimates Appendix Tables
Tables A.1a and A.1b: Steps and Sources for Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants,
Young Children, Pregnant Women, and Postpartum Women
These tables document the data sources used and summarize the steps performed in producing
national and State eligibility estimates.
Table A.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group
This table shows the estimated average monthly number of WIC eligibles in the calendar year
along with the total number of infants and children. Note that the number of non-eligible
infants and children is calculated as the difference between the total population and the
number of eligible infants and children. These figures include infants and children in the U.S.
territories. The reader is referred to table A.6 for the steps used in calculating the estimated
number of eligible individuals.
Table A.3a: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age
Groups, Race, and Gender
This table shows the four-year accumulations of census estimates next to the four-year
accumulations of March CPS total weighted populations used to calculate the population
factors used to adjust the CPS weights.
Table A.3b: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race
and Gender
This table shows the current year Census estimates and CPS estimates by single-year age
groups, race, and gender, and the ratio of Census estimates to CPS estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-1
Table A.3c: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the CPS
ASEC by Race and Gender
This table shows the results of applying the population adjustment factors shown in Table A.3a
to the weights on the March CPS.
Table A.4: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC-Eligible Postpartum Women
This table shows the calculated national breastfeeding adjustment factors assuming the use of
the current NHANES and SIPP adjustments.
Table A.5: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group According to the Year of Breastfeeding Rates Used
This table shows the effect of the change in breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year by
applying the breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year to the current year. The result is
the estimated change in the number of eligible postpartum breastfeeding women and
postpartum non-breastfeeding women that can be attributable to the year-to-year change in
the breastfeeding rate. This table includes infants and children in the U.S. territories.
Table A.6: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group
This table shows the step-by-step adjustments made in calculating the total number of infants,
children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are eligible for WIC.
Tables A.7a and A.7b: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the March 2012 CPS by Demographic
Characteristics
These two tables show the estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children (in total and by single
year of age) by demographic and income characteristics in the March CPS. Note that these
tables do not include infants and children from the territories. Table A.7a shows characteristics
of WIC-eligible infants and children in the March CPS using unadjusted person weights, and
Table A.7b shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted, including
adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and
certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are
shown as both total counts and column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic
and income characteristics. A comparison of Table A.7a to Table A.7b shows the impact of the
CPS weight adjustments on the national estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-2
Table A.8: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
This table shows change between the 2011 and 2012 in the total number of infants and
children, the numbers of WIC-eligible individuals, and the eligibility rate (including infants and
children in the U.S. territories). The percent change for each participant group is calculated.
Table A.9: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and
Children Eligible for WIC, as estimated by the March CPS
This table shows a step-by-step comparison of the difference in estimates from year to year.
The percentage change from year to year is calculated after each adjustment.
Table A.10: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the CPSASEC by Participant Group
This table presents the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of variance for the
national estimates for the total population and the number eligible for WIC by participant
group.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-3
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
Income eligibility
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
Adjust for nutritional risk
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Territories
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Adjunctive eligibility
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Weight adjustment
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
SNAP, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as being
enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Description
Identify infants and children (ages 1-4) in the survey.
Step
Demographic eligibility
Page A-4
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
PRCS 2012 - Puerto Rico
No update.
Average of factors for 2005, 2006, and 2010, as computed from the
SIPP panels from 2004 and 2008.
2013 CPS-ASEC
2012 ACS
2012 PRCS
Blended FY 2012 and FY 2013 poverty guidelines
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau and the
March CPS-ASEC for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau for CY
2012
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
2010 Census - Other Island Territories Estimates
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children (Ages 1-4), Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1a-2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants.
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
For pregnant women:
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
For postpartum mothers:
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
Step
Starting point
Page A-5
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update.
2012 Abbott Laboratories Infant Feeding Survey (formerly the Mother
Survey); 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 waves of National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and
2004 SIPP panels.
No update.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
Infants as estimated using methods outlined in Table A.1a.
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Table A.1b-2012
Table A.2-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
2012
NonParticipant Group
a
Eligibles Eligibles
Infants
2,420,597 1,521,068
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
All Postpartum Women
Totalb
3,941,665
7,359,759 16,183,647
1,824,689 4,009,860
1,848,811 4,045,462
1,814,250 4,046,536
1,872,010 4,081,789
1,563,454
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, 2012 PRCS and Census International Data
Base for territories
Notes:
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2012 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
a
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-6
0.962
1.071
976,579
912,176
1.027
986,996
961,054
1.055
991,982
940,401
0.971
1.029
1.046
0.972
39,298,731
40,448,965
0.968
31,571,449
32,602,170
0.981
7,985,505
8,136,181
0.960
7,939,498
8,269,113
0.982
7,874,347
8,019,733
0.950
7,772,099
8,179,891
0.902
1.055
1.000
1.112
0.936
1.067
0.931
1.047
0.941
1.070
0.944
0.951
1.078
29,755,405 6,189,303 5,099,116
31,515,340 6,507,487 4,732,104
0.942
23,919,987 4,964,012 4,076,421
25,401,320 5,275,637 3,810,230
0.948
6,081,849 1,249,223 1,009,833
6,415,980 1,341,858
964,722
0.937
6,016,365 1,248,073 1,019,940
6,420,785 1,333,411
955,723
0.938
5,951,509 1,239,870 1,026,456
6,345,692 1,239,898
922,745
0.944
5,870,264 1,226,846 1,020,192
6,218,863 1,360,470
967,040
0.960
41,043,824
42,754,931
0.956
32,960,420
34,487,187
0.956
8,340,905
8,725,430
0.951
8,284,378
8,710,757
0.966
8,217,835
8,508,758
0.950
8,117,302
8,546,373
1.012
1.083
1.047
0.958
1.058
2,463,838 1,986,412
2,571,127 1,876,898
0.921
2,460,761 2,006,937
2,671,389 1,916,777
1.016
2,444,771 2,018,438
2,405,333 1,863,146
0.899
2,416,292 2,001,005
2,687,309 1,977,420
0.947
1.050
0.952
0.960
1.062
58,135,768 12,193,515 10,013,272
61,073,577 12,699,935 9,430,384
0.951
46,733,415 9,785,662 8,012,791
49,119,958 10,335,158 7,634,241
0.957
11,876,160
12,409,471
0.949
11,756,178
12,389,666
0.949
11,628,973
12,259,286
0.951
11,472,103
12,061,535
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-7
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
0.966
80,342,555
83,203,896
0.962
64,531,868
67,089,357
0.968
16,326,410
16,861,611
0.955
16,223,876
16,979,870
0.974
16,092,182
16,528,491
0.950
15,889,400
16,726,264
0.974
15,810,687
16,225,646
Total
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.970
6,004,212 4,914,157
6,192,448 4,698,280
0.953
4,821,651 3,936,370
5,059,521 3,824,011
0.988
0.967
22,813,428
23,718,638
1,214,615
1,229,269
0.906
0.962
5,794,311
5,993,491
1,212,688
1,337,978
1.034
0.960
5,739,813
5,968,881
1,204,901
1,165,435
0.896
1,189,446
980,813
1,326,839 1,010,380
5,677,464
5,913,594
0.959
5,601,839
5,842,672
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
28,380,363
CPS estimate
29,558,237
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
0.960
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Table A.3a-2012: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2010-2013
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
5,566,935 1,182,561
977,787
7,727,283
5,835,418 1,225,292 1,022,695
8,083,404
11,402,353 2,407,853 2,000,481
CPS estimate
5,839,599 1,132,927
874,269
7,847,896
6,114,020 1,231,850
921,874
8,377,750
11,953,619 2,364,777 1,796,143
Ratio of Census estimate
0.953
1.044
1.118
0.985
0.954
0.995
1.109
0.965
0.954
1.018
1.114
to CPS estimate
1.000
1.001
247,583
247,276
0.952
250,782
263,393
1.064
252,808
237,564
0.964
247,480
256,591
0.994
1.003
1.000
1.024
1.001
9,743,366
9,736,725
0.995
7,816,960
7,855,913
0.988
1,973,725
1,997,154
0.997
1,947,023
1,953,512
1.016
1,961,571
1,930,288
0.978
Males
1.016
311,852
306,904
0.962
305,040
316,968
1.025
309,190
301,766
0.889
306,697
345,067
1.144
308,146
269,305
Black
1.075
256,485
238,654
0.949
258,249
272,200
1.002
263,146
262,721
1.057
258,156
244,328
0.950
260,135
273,801
Other
0.970
1.018
1.001
1.003
1.001
10,179,272
10,172,363
0.998
8,162,452
8,181,222
1.010
2,058,428
2,038,261
0.987
2,029,428
2,055,890
1.004
2,051,110
2,043,449
0.988
2,023,486
2,047,753
1.013
2,016,820
1,991,141
Total
1.000
14,348,181
14,345,037
1.000
11,516,875
11,514,812
1.000
2,912,854
2,912,360
1.000
2,865,673
2,865,128
1.000
2,888,621
2,888,140
1.000
2,849,727
2,849,184
1.000
2,831,306
2,830,225
White
Total
1.037
504,068
485,930
0.950
509,031
535,593
1.031
515,954
500,285
1.009
505,636
500,919
0.994
509,459
512,755
Other
1.006
1.001
1.003
3,030,309 2,544,148
3,028,569 2,535,482
0.971
2,427,848 2,034,689
2,499,596 2,022,727
0.972
615,231
633,008
0.992
601,747
606,644
1.040
608,106
584,587
0.893
602,764
675,357
1.139
602,461
528,973
Black
1.001
19,922,638
19,909,088
0.996
15,979,412
16,037,135
0.999
4,032,153
4,035,415
0.992
3,976,451
4,009,402
1.010
4,012,681
3,973,737
0.983
3,958,127
4,025,460
1.018
3,943,226
3,873,054
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-8
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2010 Census (March 2013), and with updated Census controls
used in the weight calculations.
1.000
7,342,176 1,540,925 1,296,171
7,340,649 1,540,010 1,291,704
1.000
5,893,637 1,232,779 1,036,036
5,892,614 1,270,705 1,017,903
1.000
1,490,091
1,489,833
1.000
1,466,139
1,465,884
1.000
1,478,774
1,478,539
1.000
1,458,633
1,458,358
1,448,539
1,448,035
1,926,406
1,881,913
1,934,641
1,977,707
White
Total
Source: March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
1.001
1,489,384 1,247,977
1,488,559 1,243,778
0.972
1,195,069
998,653
1,228,891 1,004,824
0.930
1.000
5,623,238
5,622,198
303,379
326,104
1.024
1.000
1,422,763
1,422,527
296,707
289,676
1.057
1.000
1,399,534
1,399,244
298,916
282,821
0.896
1.000
1,409,847
1,409,601
296,067
330,290
1,391,094
1,390,826
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
7,006,005
CPS estimate
7,004,388
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
1.000
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
1,382,767
294,315
249,324
CPS estimate
1,382,190
259,668
238,954
Ratio of Census estimate
1.000
1.133
1.043
to CPS estimate
Table A.3b-2012: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2013
na
1,013,387
1,007,571
0.6%
na
1,263,859
1,247,626
1.3%
1.000
1,409,601
1,409,601
0.0%
1.000
1,399,244
1,399,244
0.0%
1.000
1,422,527
1,422,527
0.0%
na
na
5,622,199 1,200,413
5,622,199 1,228,891
0.0%
-2.3%
Children Age 3
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Children Age 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Population adjustment factor
na
na
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,471,455
Original 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,488,559
% relative change
0.0%
-1.1%
1.001
248,821
248,523
0.1%
1.000
264,591
264,591
0.0%
1.055
250,901
237,866
5.5%
na
9,739,703
9,740,574
0.0%
na
7,835,998
7,858,661
-0.3%
na
1,993,571
1,997,154
-0.2%
na
1,953,512
1,953,512
0.0%
na
1,952,910
1,930,288
1.2%
na
1,936,004
1,977,707
-2.1%
na
1,903,705
1,881,913
1.2%
Total
1.000
306,904
306,904
0.0%
0.962
305,050
316,968
-3.8%
1.000
301,766
301,766
0.0%
0.902
311,182
345,067
-9.8%
na
na
7,340,649 1,494,206
7,340,649 1,540,010
0.0%
-3.0%
na
8,154,254
8,185,353
-0.4%
na
2,039,106
2,038,261
0.0%
na
2,043,972
2,055,890
-0.6%
na
2,043,871
2,043,449
0.0%
na
2,027,305
2,047,753
-1.0%
na
1,991,141
1,991,141
0.0%
Total
na
na
1,310,539 10,145,395
1,295,835 10,176,494
1.1%
-0.3%
na
1,036,738
1,022,034
1.4%
1.047
242,369
241,524
0.3%
1.000
273,038
273,038
0.0%
1.002
263,565
263,144
0.2%
1.055
257,766
244,328
5.5%
1.000
273,801
273,801
0.0%
Males
Other
1.000
269,305
269,305
0.0%
Black
na
na
5,892,614 1,224,902
5,892,614 1,270,705
0.0%
-3.6%
1.000
1,489,833
1,489,833
0.0%
1.000
1,465,884
1,465,884
0.0%
1.000
1,478,539
1,478,539
0.0%
1.000
1,458,358
1,458,358
0.0%
1.000
1,448,035
1,448,035
0.0%
White
Total
na
629,127
633,008
-0.6%
na
594,726
606,644
-2.0%
na
594,175
584,587
1.6%
na
607,286
675,357
-10.1%
na
540,347
528,973
2.2%
Black
na
491,190
490,046
0.2%
na
537,629
537,629
0.0%
na
514,466
501,010
2.7%
na
506,839
500,919
1.2%
na
524,274
513,856
2.0%
Other
na
4,032,677
4,035,414
-0.1%
na
3,997,484
4,009,402
-0.3%
na
3,996,781
3,973,737
0.6%
na
3,963,309
4,025,460
-1.5%
na
3,894,846
3,873,054
0.6%
Total
na
na
na
na
14,345,037 2,965,661 2,574,399 19,885,097
14,345,037 3,028,569 2,543,461 19,917,068
0.0%
-2.1%
1.2%
-0.2%
na
na
na
na
11,514,813 2,425,314 2,050,125 15,990,251
11,514,813 2,499,596 2,029,605 16,044,013
0.0%
-3.0%
1.0%
-0.3%
na
2,912,360
2,912,360
0.0%
na
2,865,128
2,865,128
0.0%
na
2,888,140
2,888,140
0.0%
na
2,849,184
2,849,184
0.0%
na
2,830,225
2,830,225
0.0%
White
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-9
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the
CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
0.988
322,223
326,104
-1.2%
1.000
289,676
289,676
0.0%
1.034
292,408
282,821
3.4%
0.971
249,073
256,591
-2.9%
Children Age 2
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
0.896
296,105
330,290
-10.4%
1.000
1,390,826
1,390,826
0.0%
1.043
250,473
240,055
4.3%
Children Age 1
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.044
271,042
259,668
4.4%
1.000
1,382,190
1,382,190
0.0%
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Table A.3c-2012: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the 2013 CPS ASEC by Race and Gender
0.096
At 6 months
0.103
0.113
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.138
0.482
0.127
0.466
0.115
0.307
1.085
1.034
0.140
0.482
0.129
0.466
0.147
0.332
1.085
1.034
0.179
0.521
0.165
0.504
0.168
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.205
0.587
0.189
0.568
0.177
0.370
1.085
1.034
0.216
0.580
0.199
0.561
0.179
0.375
1.085
1.034
0.218
0.587
0.201
0.568
0.185
0.384
1.085
1.034
0.226
0.602
0.208
0.582
0.197
0.388
1.085
1.034
0.240
0.608
0.221
0.588
0.187
0.358
1.085
1.034
0.228
0.561
0.210
0.543
0.191
0.353
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.554
0.214
0.536
0.191
0.371
1.085
1.034
0.232
0.581
0.214
0.562
0.170
0.350
1.085
1.034
0.207
0.549
0.191
0.531
0.153
0.327
1.150
1.056
0.184
0.527
0.160
0.499
2007
0.163
0.324
1.150
1.056
0.196
0.523
0.170
0.495
2008
0.169
0.332
1.150
1.056
0.202
0.535
0.176
0.507
2009
0.177
0.349
1.150
1.056
0.213
0.563
0.185
0.533
2010
0.260
0.388
1.150
1.056
0.312
0.625
0.271
0.592
2011
0.297
0.400
1.150
1.056
0.357
0.644
0.310
0.610
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-10
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
0.260
0.240
0.244
0.250
0.263
0.324
0.348
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
0.175
0.164
0.162
0.166
0.175
0.194
0.200
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
0.085
0.077
0.081
0.084
0.089
0.130
0.148
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
0.325
0.337
0.338
0.334
0.325
0.306
0.300
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 2012 are from the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in "2012 Breastfeeding Trends" . This survey was formerly known as the "Ross
Mothers Survey".
Adjustment for WIC eligible versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the
combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 through 2012 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
Breastfeeding adjustment
Breastfeeding
0.274
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after
adjustment for overestimate
of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
0.292
1.085
0.126
1.085
0.117
At 6 months
0.458
1.034
0.430
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after NHANES
adjustment
In-hospital
0.116
1.034
0.108
At 6 months
0.443
Table A.4-2012: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2012)
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
NHANES 'In-hospital'
adjustment factor
NHANES 'At 6 months'
adjustment factor
0.416
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-participants (IFS)
In-hospital
1993
1,245,423
Pregnant Women
a
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
780,494
737,937
1,245,423
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Eligibles
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
1,521,068
a
Eligibles
b
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
3,941,665
Total
2012 (Using 2011 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
7.59%
-1.93%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Eligibles
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
NonEligibles
Percent Change
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-11
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of infants and
children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based on the 2012 PRCS and
annual Census Bureau population estimates.
b
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
14,008,339
0.32%
Source: March 2013 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
2,420,597
Participant Group
Infants
Eligibles
2012 (Using 2012 Breastfeeding Rates)
Non-
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Table A.5-2012: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS.
According to Whether the 2012 or 2011 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
43,688
2,185,171
38,808
Infants
2,420,597
Children
Age 1
2,196,651
39,276
2,232,286
40,217
Children
Age 3
2,209,780
40,201
Children
Age 4
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
CY 2012 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: March 2013 CPS
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
Children
Age 2
8,823,888
158,502
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
8,665,386
1,245,423
22,478
Pregnant
Women
1,222,945
1,260,768
2,169,579
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
1,265,704
2,192,069
2,191,494
2,191,494
385,338
74,882
8,630
301,826
1,806,156
4,032,677
4,035,414
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths f
2,157,376
2,214,211
2,214,211
449,068
99,734
6,787
342,547
1,765,143
3,997,484
4,009,402
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income
of woman during pregnancye
2,146,363
2,179,167
2,179,167
472,801
98,669
9,084
365,049
1,706,366
3,996,781
3,973,737
2,376,909
2,376,909
2,168,043
2,168,043
454,103
110,286
3,082
340,735
1,713,940
3,963,309
4,025,460
Pregnant
Women
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
risk (infants and children)d
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
2,450,422
2,112,432
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPG
Through SNAPb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number after monthly income adjustment
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
Number with annual income <185% FPG
c
3,894,846
1,712,910
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/over counta
3,873,054
Total number of infants/children in the 2013 CPS-ASEC
Table A.6-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2012 (March 2013 CPS)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Total
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Infants
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Age 1 to 4
839,736
15,156
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
824,580
824,580
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
723,718
13,062
Total
14,053,362
Total
252,886
2,758,181
1,535,237
5,996,046
1,265,704
7,130,727
11,042,295
11,203,337
10,865,348
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
Page A-12
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
710,656
710,656
2,367,639
2,376,909
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Notes for Table A.6-2012:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables A.3a and A3.b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in
the CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table A.3a compares 4 years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children ages 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table A.3b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original March 2013 CPS estimates of children ages 0-4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP
receipt is coded as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF,
coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-13
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
839,240
860,503
226,478
170,495
1,065,718
1,030,998
870,987
882,012
219,193
242,665
1,090,180
1,124,677
851,112
843,120
253,276
217,488
1,104,388
1,060,608
Race
White
Black
Other
1,108,450
347,774
243,519
283,576
79,163
34,233
1,392,027
426,937
277,752
1,110,929
412,873
229,197
332,642
79,292
49,924
1,443,571
492,165
279,121
1,124,596
342,922
226,714
344,649
64,590
61,525
1,469,245
407,512
288,239
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
687,714
1,012,029
136,599
260,374
824,313
1,272,403
631,093
1,121,905
145,075
316,783
776,168
1,438,688
656,605
1,037,627
141,649
329,115
798,254
1,366,742
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,041,975
Single-parent family
593,513
No-parent family
64,255
Related non-parent caretaker
34,682
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 29,573
262,912
118,647
15,414
15,414
0
1,304,887
712,160
79,669
50,097
29,573
1,008,829
655,863
88,307
43,545
44,763
303,716
134,599
23,542
23,542
0
1,312,545
790,462
111,850
67,087
44,763
891,578
711,079
91,574
55,723
35,851
321,044
131,529
18,191
18,191
0
1,212,622
842,608
109,765
73,914
35,851
Household size (number of persons)
2
83,017
3
383,007
4
430,488
5
373,457
6 or more
429,774
Mean
4.7
2,399
102,072
120,254
84,161
88,088
4.6
85,415
485,078
550,742
457,618
517,862
4.7
89,946
397,543
477,351
363,136
425,022
4.6
21,386
99,387
145,181
101,253
94,650
4.5
111,332
496,930
622,532
464,390
519,672
4.6
110,432
345,110
478,088
352,102
408,499
4.6
10,612
94,214
149,319
114,991
101,627
4.6
121,044
439,324
627,408
467,093
510,127
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
314,461
1,345,447
1,107,742
398,362
1,506,104
1,122,317
409,787
1,532,105
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
517,297
50% to <100% FPL
483,931
100% to <130% FPL
291,741
d
130% to <185% FPL
402,980
185% to <200% FPL
3,072
200% to <250% FPL
723
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
19,453
37,211
108,191
232,118
517,297
483,931
291,741
422,432
40,283
108,914
232,118
523,962
531,966
288,411
401,893
5,727
1,039
0
0
0
0
37,449
69,829
133,464
221,116
523,962
531,966
288,411
439,342
75,556
134,503
221,116
520,060
471,231
298,733
396,177
6,595
1,016
0
0
0
0
19,165
51,292
128,907
271,400
520,060
471,231
298,733
415,342
57,887
129,924
271,400
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,807
$19,500
$78,221
$66,398
$31,677
$24,710
$20,906
$19,760
$69,578
$61,517
$31,055
$25,000
$20,876
$20,000
$84,448
$67,166
$34,699
$25,004
397,163
104,587
0
660,760
4,456
106,082
0
426,694
0
11,062
0
65,215
11,202
17,736
0
291,758
397,163
115,649
0
725,975
15,659
123,818
0
718,453
376,949
136,028
0
708,380
3,811
85,998
0
441,833
0
7,871
0
87,575
3,113
17,742
0
345,556
376,949
143,900
0
795,955
6,924
103,740
0
787,389
399,109
135,769
0
603,167
6,021
132,691
0
417,476
0
5,119
0
74,528
9,084
18,294
0
363,739
399,109
140,888
0
677,695
15,104
150,984
0
781,215
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,030,985
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-14
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
923,462
849,252
232,758
217,786
1,156,220
1,067,038
911,104
897,013
206,346
179,225
1,117,451
1,076,238
3,556,665
3,471,396
911,573
857,163
4,468,238
4,328,560
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,170
377,142
234,402
319,103
79,181
52,259
1,480,273
456,323
286,662
1,153,302
422,232
232,583
285,271
48,908
51,393
1,438,572
471,140
283,976
4,549,998
1,555,169
922,896
1,281,664
271,971
215,101
5,831,661
1,827,140
1,137,997
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
676,260
1,096,454
124,927
325,616
801,187
1,422,070
641,227
1,166,891
110,393
275,178
751,620
1,442,069
2,605,185
4,422,877
522,045
1,246,691
3,127,230
5,669,568
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
901,104
772,390
99,220
65,663
33,558
287,364
133,000
30,179
30,179
0
1,188,468
905,390
129,399
95,842
33,558
898,179
825,989
83,950
53,473
30,477
243,143
115,447
26,980
26,980
0
1,141,322
941,436
110,931
80,453
30,477
3,699,689
2,965,321
363,052
218,404
144,648
1,155,268
514,576
98,892
98,892
0
4,854,957
3,479,896
461,944
317,296
144,648
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
122,518
337,563
460,479
395,194
456,961
4.7
12,763
92,574
135,722
106,077
103,407
4.7
135,281
430,137
596,201
501,271
560,367
4.7
102,693
328,738
512,937
402,551
461,199
4.7
20,418
62,751
131,281
78,876
92,245
4.6
123,111
391,489
644,218
481,427
553,444
4.7
425,588
1,408,954
1,928,856
1,512,983
1,751,680
4.6
65,180
348,925
561,503
401,198
391,930
4.6
490,768
1,757,880
2,490,358
1,914,181
2,143,610
4.6
1,187,416
377,780
1,565,196
1,196,483
326,076
1,522,559
4,613,958
1,512,006
6,125,964
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
486,983
50% to <100% FPL
544,418
100% to <130% FPL
281,261
d
130% to <185% FPL
451,199
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,811
50,475
141,140
237,117
486,983
544,418
281,261
473,010
57,291
142,807
237,117
532,202
515,122
296,350
459,546
3,349
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,578
43,754
115,225
208,015
532,202
515,122
296,350
478,123
47,102
116,774
208,015
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,708,815
22,488
5,270
0
0
0
0
97,003
215,348
518,736
937,648
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,805,818
237,836
524,007
937,648
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,798
$20,000
$80,158
$67,000
$33,624
$25,000
$21,476
$20,000
$80,989
$65,177
$31,936
$24,709
$21,270
$20,000
$78,718
$64,800
$32,821
$25,000
414,238
127,779
0
690,091
15,850
103,796
0
420,960
0
6,326
0
80,306
5,186
13,527
1,637
343,562
414,238
134,105
0
770,397
21,036
117,323
1,637
764,521
433,701
153,640
0
692,054
12,683
88,455
0
427,585
0
5,437
0
52,090
7,442
17,492
1,188
301,923
433,701
159,076
0
744,144
20,125
105,947
1,188
729,507
1,623,997
553,216
0
2,693,692
38,364
410,940
0
1,707,853
0
24,753
0
294,499
24,825
67,055
2,824
1,354,779
1,623,997
577,970
0
2,988,191
63,188
477,995
2,824
3,062,632
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-15
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
Gender
Male
Female
49.4
50.6
57.1
42.9
50.8
49.2
49.7
50.3
47.5
52.5
49.2
50.8
50.2
49.8
53.8
46.2
51.0
49.0
Race
White
Black
Other
65.2
20.5
14.3
71.4
19.9
8.6
66.4
20.4
13.2
63.4
23.6
13.1
72.0
17.2
10.8
65.2
22.2
12.6
66.4
20.2
13.4
73.2
13.7
13.1
67.9
18.8
13.3
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.5
59.5
34.4
65.6
39.3
60.7
36.0
64.0
31.4
68.6
35.0
65.0
38.8
61.2
30.1
69.9
36.9
63.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.3
34.9
3.8
2.0
1.7
66.2
29.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
57.5
37.4
5.0
2.5
2.6
65.8
29.1
5.1
5.1
0.0
59.3
35.7
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.6
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
27.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
56.0
38.9
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.7
30.3
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.1
22.7
27.2
20.7
24.2
4.6
21.5
31.4
21.9
20.5
5.0
22.4
28.1
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.4
28.2
20.8
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.7
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.6
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.2
86.3
68.0
66.2
87.0
70.8
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.4
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.2
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.7
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.3
58.5
24.7
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.9
30.3
16.5
22.9
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.9
47.9
23.7
24.0
13.0
19.8
3.4
6.1
10.0
30.7
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
10.9
27.4
57.7
24.0
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.6
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.3
21.5
7.8
0.0
40.4
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.2
0.0
1.7
0.0
19.0
0.7
3.8
0.0
74.8
17.0
6.5
0.0
35.9
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.6
23.6
8.0
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.8
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.8
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.3
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.1
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
6.2
0.0
38.9
0.3
6.2
0.0
25.1
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-16
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
Gender
Male
Female
52.1
47.9
51.7
48.3
52.0
48.0
50.4
49.6
53.5
46.5
50.9
49.1
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.8
49.2
Race
White
Black
Other
65.5
21.3
13.2
70.8
17.6
11.6
66.6
20.5
12.9
63.8
23.4
12.9
74.0
12.7
13.3
65.6
21.5
12.9
64.7
22.1
13.1
72.5
15.4
12.2
66.3
20.8
12.9
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.1
61.9
27.7
72.3
36.0
64.0
35.5
64.5
28.6
71.4
34.3
65.7
37.1
62.9
29.5
70.5
35.5
64.5
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
50.8
43.6
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.5
40.7
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.7
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.0
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.6
42.2
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.3
29.1
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.2
39.6
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.1
23.5
23.0
6.1
19.3
26.8
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.0
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.1
20.0
27.4
21.5
24.9
3.7
19.7
31.7
22.7
22.2
5.6
20.0
28.3
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.5
69.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.3
29.9
53.9
24.3
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.4
29.4
16.6
24.3
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.0
23.5
23.4
13.2
20.5
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.2
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.7
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.6
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.3
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.1
7.9
0.0
38.3
0.5
5.8
0.0
24.3
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.7
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.6
18.5
6.6
0.0
34.0
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.8
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
130% to <185% FPLd
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
7.2
0.0
38.9
0.9
5.9
0.0
23.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-17
Notes for Table A.7a-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal
Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce
official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in
determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-18
This page was left intentionally blank.
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
Demographic Characteristics
Total
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
960,595
1,000,002
259,227
198,067
1,219,821
1,198,069
855,940
857,828
216,112
237,946
1,072,052
1,095,774
851,208
854,987
253,317
219,437
1,104,525
1,074,425
Race
White
Black
Other
1,268,732
407,370
284,495
324,582
92,407
40,305
1,593,314
499,777
324,800
1,110,818
371,237
231,713
332,608
71,303
50,147
1,443,427
442,539
281,860
1,124,484
348,615
233,096
344,614
65,450
62,690
1,469,098
414,065
295,786
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
790,275
1,170,321
156,885
300,409
947,161
1,470,730
628,616
1,085,152
143,340
310,717
771,957
1,395,869
658,501
1,047,694
141,870
330,884
800,371
1,378,578
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,199,951
Single-parent family
686,225
No-parent family
74,420
Related non-parent caretaker
40,325
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 34,096
303,035
136,472
17,787
17,787
0
1,502,986
822,697
92,207
58,112
34,096
997,238
630,571
85,960
41,973
43,986
299,690
130,872
23,496
23,496
0
1,296,929
761,442
109,455
65,469
43,986
896,370
717,223
92,601
56,347
36,255
322,220
132,345
18,189
18,189
0
1,218,590
849,569
110,790
74,536
36,255
Household size (number of persons)
2
96,128
3
440,828
4
496,837
5
430,703
6 or more
496,101
Mean
4.7
2,745
117,857
138,283
96,994
101,414
4.6
98,874
558,685
635,120
527,697
597,515
4.7
86,452
386,561
469,494
355,797
415,465
4.6
20,565
98,099
142,328
99,731
93,334
4.5
107,017
484,661
611,822
455,528
508,799
4.6
111,555
347,198
481,769
354,031
411,641
4.6
10,667
94,562
150,342
115,301
101,882
4.6
122,222
441,760
632,112
469,332
513,524
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
362,158
1,551,641
1,087,920
390,977
1,478,898
1,128,991
411,437
1,540,428
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
598,499
50% to <100% FPL
558,293
100% to <130% FPL
335,779
130% to <185% FPLd
463,613
185% to <200% FPL
3,550
200% to <250% FPL
863
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
22,584
43,034
124,457
267,218
598,499
558,293
335,779
486,197
46,584
125,321
267,218
508,399
519,358
283,685
395,734
5,568
1,024
0
0
0
0
36,909
68,640
130,451
218,059
508,399
519,358
283,685
432,643
74,208
131,475
218,059
524,817
474,340
300,401
398,490
6,663
1,065
0
0
0
0
19,216
51,803
129,357
272,378
524,817
474,340
300,401
417,706
58,466
130,423
272,378
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,779
$19,500
$78,283
$66,398
$31,655
$24,668
$21,007
$19,800
$69,767
$61,517
$31,220
$25,000
$20,860
$20,000
$84,422
$67,166
$34,651
$25,003
456,864
120,910
0
763,723
5,144
123,184
0
490,772
0
12,661
0
75,136
12,837
20,432
0
336,227
456,864
133,571
0
838,859
17,981
143,616
0
826,999
371,547
130,661
0
688,185
3,786
83,261
0
436,328
0
7,820
0
84,646
3,082
17,809
0
340,701
371,547
138,482
0
772,831
6,868
101,070
0
777,028
401,873
137,368
0
606,928
6,113
133,965
0
419,948
0
5,245
0
75,060
9,083
18,354
0
365,013
401,873
142,613
0
681,988
15,196
152,318
0
784,961
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,189,483
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-20
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Ages 1-4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
915,800
849,167
231,259
217,764
1,147,059
1,066,931
911,463
894,513
206,406
178,893
1,117,869
1,073,406
3,534,411
3,456,495
907,094
854,041
4,441,505
4,310,536
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,054
369,534
234,379
319,071
77,698
52,254
1,480,125
447,232
286,633
1,153,187
419,655
233,134
285,242
48,555
51,503
1,438,429
468,210
284,637
4,549,543
1,509,040
932,323
1,281,536
263,006
216,593
5,831,078
1,772,047
1,148,916
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
675,519
1,089,447
124,903
324,120
800,422
1,413,568
641,013
1,164,963
110,393
274,907
751,406
1,439,870
2,603,649
4,387,256
520,506
1,240,629
3,124,155
5,627,886
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
899,503
766,761
98,702
65,238
33,464
286,667
132,260
30,096
30,096
0
1,186,171
899,021
128,798
95,334
33,464
897,975
824,096
83,905
53,445
30,459
243,100
115,283
26,916
26,916
0
1,141,075
939,380
110,821
80,362
30,459
3,691,087
2,938,651
361,168
217,003
144,164
1,151,678
510,761
98,697
98,697
0
4,842,764
3,449,412
459,865
315,700
144,164
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
121,147
335,679
459,140
393,605
455,396
4.7
12,651
92,038
135,435
105,611
103,287
4.7
133,799
427,718
594,575
499,216
558,682
4.7
102,540
328,054
512,467
402,092
460,823
4.7
20,365
62,621
131,236
78,855
92,223
4.6
122,905
390,675
643,703
480,947
553,046
4.7
421,694
1,397,493
1,922,870
1,505,524
1,743,324
4.6
64,249
347,320
559,341
399,499
390,726
4.6
485,943
1,744,813
2,482,212
1,905,024
2,134,050
4.6
1,182,615
376,423
1,559,038
1,195,609
325,917
1,521,526
4,595,136
1,504,754
6,099,891
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
484,616
50% to <100% FPL
541,695
100% to <130% FPL
280,122
d
130% to <185% FPL
449,682
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,646
50,321
140,679
236,377
484,616
541,695
280,122
471,328
57,136
142,345
236,377
531,280
514,381
296,216
459,207
3,343
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,545
43,768
115,084
207,903
531,280
514,381
296,216
477,752
47,111
116,633
207,903
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,703,113
22,389
5,304
0
0
0
0
96,315
214,531
515,572
934,717
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,799,429
236,920
520,876
934,717
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,810
$20,000
$80,195
$67,000
$33,651
$25,000
$21,483
$20,000
$81,015
$65,177
$31,951
$24,709
$21,297
$20,000
$78,821
$65,000
$32,872
$25,000
412,673
126,945
0
686,470
15,709
103,468
0
419,701
0
6,325
0
79,941
5,150
13,458
1,636
342,513
412,673
133,270
0
766,411
20,858
116,926
1,636
762,215
433,505
153,205
0
690,824
12,646
88,369
0
427,427
0
5,438
0
51,970
7,441
17,466
1,188
301,796
433,505
158,643
0
742,795
20,088
105,834
1,188
729,223
1,619,598
548,180
0
2,672,406
38,254
409,063
0
1,703,404
0
24,828
0
291,618
24,756
67,086
2,824
1,350,023
1,619,598
573,008
0
2,964,025
63,010
476,149
2,824
3,053,427
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-21
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
49.0
51.0
56.7
43.3
50.4
49.6
49.9
50.1
47.6
52.4
49.5
50.5
49.9
50.1
53.6
46.4
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
64.7
20.8
14.5
71.0
20.2
8.8
65.9
20.7
13.4
64.8
21.7
13.5
73.3
15.7
11.0
66.6
20.4
13.0
65.9
20.4
13.7
72.9
13.8
13.3
67.4
19.0
13.6
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.3
59.7
34.3
65.7
39.2
60.8
36.7
63.3
31.6
68.4
35.6
64.4
38.6
61.4
30.0
70.0
36.7
63.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.2
35.0
3.8
2.1
1.7
66.3
29.8
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
58.2
36.8
5.0
2.4
2.6
66.0
28.8
5.2
5.2
0.0
59.8
35.1
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.5
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
28.0
3.8
3.8
0.0
55.9
39.0
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.8
30.2
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.0
22.6
27.4
20.8
24.2
4.5
21.6
31.3
22.0
20.6
4.9
22.4
28.2
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.3
28.2
20.7
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.8
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.5
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.5
86.1
68.2
66.2
87.0
70.7
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.5
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.1
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.6
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.2
58.4
24.8
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.7
30.3
16.6
23.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.7
48.0
23.5
24.0
13.1
20.0
3.4
6.1
10.1
30.8
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
11.0
27.4
57.6
24.1
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.7
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.2
21.7
7.6
0.0
40.2
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.5
0.0
1.7
0.0
18.6
0.7
3.9
0.0
75.0
17.1
6.4
0.0
35.7
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.8
23.6
8.1
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.9
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.9
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.2
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.0
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.3
6.2
0.0
39.0
0.3
6.3
0.0
25.0
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-22
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
Adjunctincome
ively
<185%
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
Gender
Male
Female
51.9
48.1
51.5
48.5
51.8
48.2
50.5
49.5
53.6
46.4
51.0
49.0
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
65.8
20.9
13.3
71.1
17.3
11.6
66.9
20.2
12.9
63.9
23.2
12.9
74.0
12.6
13.4
65.6
21.4
13.0
65.1
21.6
13.3
72.8
14.9
12.3
66.6
20.2
13.1
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.3
61.7
27.8
72.2
36.2
63.8
35.5
64.5
28.7
71.3
34.3
65.7
37.2
62.8
29.6
70.4
35.7
64.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
51.0
43.4
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.6
40.6
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.6
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.1
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.8
42.0
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.4
29.0
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.3
39.4
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.2
23.5
23.0
6.0
19.3
26.9
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.1
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.0
20.0
27.5
21.5
24.9
3.6
19.7
31.8
22.7
22.2
5.6
19.9
28.4
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.4
69.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.4
29.9
54.0
24.2
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.3
29.3
16.6
24.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.1
23.4
23.4
13.3
20.6
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.1
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.6
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.2
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.2
7.8
0.0
38.2
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.6
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.7
18.5
6.5
0.0
33.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.9
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
d
130% to <185% FPL
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
23.4
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
7.2
SNAP & TANF
0.0
SNAP & Medicaid
38.9
TANF & Medicaid
0.9
SNAP only
5.9
TANF only
0.0
Medicaid only
23.8
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-23
Notes for Table A.7b-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They
are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk. See Tables A.3a and A.3b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal Poverty
Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce official
poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in determining
financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-24
2011
2012
2011
811,356
767,116
1,294,668
8,888,005
2,325,258
2,154,671
2,180,779
2,227,296
2,516,309
3.5%
-5.7%
-3.8%
-0.7%
-6.0%
1.9%
2.4%
-0.8%
-3.8%
Percent
Change
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362 14,277,453
-1.6%
Source: March 2013 and March 2012 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
839,736
723,718
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
2,420,597
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
-1.1%
-2.7%
1.0%
0.0%
-2.6%
-1.8%
Total Eligibles
1,245,423
16,365,464
4,120,473
4,005,439
4,046,978
4,192,574
4,012,975
Percent
Change
Pregnant Women
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
2012
3,941,665
Infants
Participant Group
Total
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
54.5
54.5
54.3
55.2
54.1
61.4
2012
54.3
56.4
53.8
53.9
53.1
62.7
2011
Eligibility Rate
Table A.8-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
0.4%
-3.4%
0.9%
2.4%
1.9%
-2.1%
Percent
Change
63.1
70.4
84.6
70.9
53.3
85.1
2012
62.7
71.1
81.2
69.5
53.6
83.4
2011
Coverage Rate
Page A-25
0.5%
-0.9%
4.2%
2.1%
-0.6%
2.1%
Percent
Change
3,894,846
1,712,910
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
2,112,432
2,450,422
2,376,909
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
8,665,386
8,752,915
8,752,915
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
6,991,605
15,990,251
16,044,013
11,042,295
10,865,348
11,203,337
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
8,704,515
19,885,097
19,917,068
2,472,118
2,197,047
2,548,575
413,998
87,844
18,899
307,255
1,783,049
3,965,001
Infants
3,903,110
8,723,527
8,811,643
8,811,643
1,730,698
396,624
28,611
1,305,463
7,080,945
16,164,917
16,206,657
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Children
Age 1 to 4
11,195,644
11,008,690
11,360,218
2,144,696
484,468
47,510
1,612,718
8,863,994
20,129,919
20,109,767
Total
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.9%
-3.5%
7.6%
-40.7%
-4.4%
-3.9%
-1.8%
Infants
-0.8%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
-0.7%
-0.7%
-0.7%
1.8%
-3.3%
-3.6%
3.4%
-1.3%
-1.1%
-1.0%
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
-1.4%
-1.3%
-1.4%
0.8%
-1.3%
-18.3%
1.9%
-1.8%
-1.2%
-1.0%
Page A-26
Percent Change a
Source: March 2012 CPS and March 2013 CPS
See footnotes on Table A.6 for adjustment factor calculations for 2012.
a
When interpreting percent changes keep in mind that groups with small populations can show large changes simply as a result of year-to-year sample variation.
Infants
3,873,054
2011
2012
Table A.9-2012: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012 as estimated
by the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Table A.10-2012: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the 2013 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories
2012
Estimate
Total
Eligibles
2,376,909
69,201
111,619
1.8%
4.7%
15,990,251
3,963,309
3,996,781
3,997,484
4,032,677
.
2,909,742
8,665,386
2,146,363
2,157,376
2,192,069
2,169,579
136,724
69,797
70,086
70,092
70,395
210,936
106,107
106,377
107,223
106,676
0.9%
1.8%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
2.4%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
1,222,945
51,699
57,429
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
2,151,269
824,580
38,222
38,722
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
1,728,387
710,656
30,709
33,372
1.8%
4.7%
26,674,495 13,800,476
172,507
263,925
0.6%
1.9%
Infants
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Pregnant Women
Total
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
Total
Total
Eligibles
Coefficient of
Variation
3,894,846
Participant Group
Eligibles
Standard Error
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-27
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix B
State and Regional Estimates: 2012
The tables in this appendix show the estimates of total WIC-eligible individuals by State
and by participant group and region for calendar year 2012 as summarized in Volume I of this
report. Note that these estimates refer to the FNS regions as defined on page B-3. The
estimates rely on the American Community Survey (ACS) that allows calculation of income and
adjunctive eligibility by State. Note that adjunctive eligibility reflects individuals that report
receipt of SNAP, TANF, or public health coverage on the ACS but are not already income-eligible
for WIC. The ACS does not separately identify Medicaid vs. the State’s Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP).
State and Regional Estimates Appendix Table Definitions
Table B.1: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by State (alphabetical)
and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories.
Table B.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region with each
State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated
coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the
territories.
Table B.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region and
participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant
group include the territories.
Table B.4: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by State (listed alphabetically) and FNS region.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-1
Table B.5: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region with each State listed under its
region.
Table B.6: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated standard
errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region and participant group.
Table B.7: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
This table shows the State-specific breastfeeding adjustment factors. These factors were
determined using the same methodology used to produce the national breastfeeding
adjustments but substitute the State-specific breastfeeding rates as reported by the Abbott
Laboratories’ Infant Feeding Survey (IFS). Estimates for the territories assumed the national
breastfeeding rates.
Table B.8: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
Analogous to Table A.6 of the national estimates, this table shows the step-by-step adjustments
made from the total number of infants and children to the final numbers of infants, children,
and pregnant and postpartum women that are fully eligible for WIC for the territories based on
the ACS data and population estimates from the Census Bureau.
Table B.9: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
This tables shows the estimates of total WIC-eligible infants and children by demographic and
income characteristics in the CPS-ASEC. Note that these tables do not include infants and
children from the territories. This table shows these characteristics using weights that have
been fully adjusted, including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population
adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and
nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as a single total count and the column percentages of
eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-2
FNS Regions
Northeast
x Connecticut
x Maine
x Massachusetts
x New Hampshire
x New York
x Rhode Island
x Vermont
Mid-Atlantic
x Delaware
x District of Columbia
x Maryland
x New Jersey
x Pennsylvania
x Puerto Rico
x Virgin Islands
x Virginia
x West Virginia
Southeast
x Alabama
x Florida
x Georgia
x Kentucky
x Mississippi
x North Carolina
x South Carolina
x Tennessee
Midwest
x Illinois
x Indiana
x Michigan
x Minnesota
x Ohio
x Wisconsin
Southwest
x Arkansas
x Louisiana
x New Mexico
x Oklahoma
x Texas
Mountain Plains
x Colorado
x Iowa
x Kansas
x Missouri
x Montana
x Nebraska
x North Dakota
x South Dakota
x Utah
x Wyoming
Western
x Alaska
x American Samoa
x Arizona
x California
x Guam
x Hawaii
x Idaho
x Nevada
x Northern Mariana Islands
x Oregon
x Washington
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-3
Table B.1-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State a
Alabama
237,338
141,347
59.6% New York
792,260
524,076
Alaska
40,444
24,545
60.7% North Carolina
462,176
268,833
Arizona
324,219
190,862
58.9% North Dakota
17,455
13,605
Arkansas
155,436
93,695
60.3% Ohio
476,829
273,157
California
1,788,042
1,468,723
82.1% Oklahoma
197,523
122,394
Colorado
210,257
102,583
48.8% Oregon
169,287
111,016
Connecticut
105,521
56,254
53.3% Pennsylvania
460,187
251,891
Delaware
37,402
21,929
58.6% Puerto Rico
223,323
192,041
D.C.
26,492
16,248
61.3% Rhode Island
34,937
24,113
Florida
858,270
493,285
57.5% South Carolina
227,258
129,551
Georgia
517,368
301,046
58.2% South Dakota
35,309
21,865
Hawaii
59,119
37,132
62.8% Tennessee
291,609
162,507
Idaho
82,539
44,037
53.4% Texas
1,478,074
967,774
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8% Utah
151,908
68,729
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8% Vermont
22,031
15,357
Iowa
110,511
68,023
61.6% Virginia
274,179
158,479
Kansas
131,391
74,276
56.5% Washington
296,700
195,088
Kentucky
194,758
131,081
67.3% West Virginia
65,149
47,310
Louisiana
253,268
143,234
56.6% Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
Maine
47,769
25,289
52.9% Wyoming
24,104
12,401
Maryland
206,753
145,725
70.5%
Massachusetts
180,027
122,446
68.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1% Northeast
1,219,589
783,792
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2% Mid-Atlantic
1,588,747
1,010,364
Mississippi
177,882
93,946
52.8% Southeast
2,966,659
1,721,595
Missouri
256,642
144,612
56.3% Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
Montana
44,113
20,390
46.2% Southwest
2,202,470
1,390,197
Nebraska
75,111
41,856
55.7% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
568,340
Nevada
135,252
75,581
55.9% Western
2,919,339
2,165,332
New Hampshire
37,044
16,257
43.9%
New Jersey
289,435
171,468
59.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
New Mexico
118,169
63,101
53.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
Coverage
Rate
66.1%
58.2%
77.9%
57.3%
62.0%
65.6%
54.7%
86.0%
69.0%
57.0%
61.9%
55.7%
65.5%
45.2%
69.7%
57.8%
65.8%
72.6%
58.0%
51.4%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-4
Table B.2-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
783,792
56,254
25,289
122,446
16,257
524,076
24,113
15,357
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,588,747
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
223,323
274,179
65,149
1,010,364
21,929
16,248
145,725
171,468
251,891
192,041
158,479
47,310
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
1,721,595
141,347
493,285
301,046
131,081
93,946
268,833
129,551
162,507
Coverage
Rate
64.3% Southwest
53.3%
Arkansas
52.9%
Louisiana
68.0%
New Mexico
43.9%
Oklahoma
66.1%
Texas
69.0%
69.7% Mountain Plains
Colorado
63.6%
Iowa
58.6%
Kansas
61.3%
Missouri
70.5%
Montana
59.2%
Nebraska
54.7%
North Dakota
86.0%
South Dakota
57.8%
Utah
72.6%
Wyoming
58.0% Western
59.6%
Alaska
57.5%
Arizona
58.2%
California
67.3%
Hawaii
52.8%
Idaho
58.2%
Nevada
57.0%
Oregon
55.7%
Washington
2,202,470
155,436
253,268
118,169
197,523
1,478,074
1,390,197
93,695
143,234
63,101
122,394
967,774
Coverage
Rate
63.1%
60.3%
56.6%
53.4%
62.0%
65.5%
1,056,801
210,257
110,511
131,391
256,642
44,113
75,111
17,455
35,309
151,908
24,104
568,340
102,583
68,023
74,276
144,612
20,390
41,856
13,605
21,865
68,729
12,401
53.8%
48.8%
61.6%
56.5%
56.3%
46.2%
55.7%
77.9%
61.9%
45.2%
51.4%
2,919,339
40,444
324,219
1,788,042
59,119
82,539
135,252
169,287
296,700
2,165,332
24,545
190,862
1,468,723
37,132
44,037
75,581
111,016
195,088
74.2%
60.7%
58.9%
82.1%
62.8%
53.4%
55.9%
65.6%
65.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
58.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8%
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8%
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1%
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2%
Ohio
476,829
273,157
57.3%
Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
58.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-5
Table B.3-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
275,073
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
498,880
2,420,597
178,578
236,565
426,990
303,583
334,671
135,975
443,074
2,059,436
Children (1-4)
775,876
999,170
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,816,403
8,823,888
422,634
543,228
882,005
634,740
701,715
297,390
1,234,632
4,716,344
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7%
Southwest
88.3%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
Western
88.8%
Total
85.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS,
Pregnant
Women
105,947
141,528
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
256,679
1,245,423
75,232
95,311
178,915
129,532
146,500
55,777
201,787
883,053
All Post-Partum
Women
131,849
172,977
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
347,377
1,563,454
107,348
135,261
233,685
154,849
207,312
79,197
285,838
1,203,489
Total
1,219,589
1,588,747
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,919,339
14,053,362
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
54.5%
71.0%
81.4%
64.3%
54.4%
67.3%
78.2%
63.6%
47.4%
66.9%
73.1%
58.0%
48.3%
69.4%
65.3%
58.2%
50.5%
75.2%
86.7%
63.1%
44.4%
60.4%
68.6%
53.8%
68.0%
78.6%
82.3%
74.2%
53.4%
70.9%
77.0%
63.1%
Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-6
Table B.4-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
State a
Alabama
237,338
12,522
5.3% New York
792,260
25,457
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2% North Carolina
462,176
18,267
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6% North Dakota
17,455
3,226
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4% Ohio
476,829
18,566
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5% Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6% Oregon
169,287
10,434
Connecticut
105,521
8,136
7.7% Pennsylvania
460,187
18,211
Delaware
37,402
4,792
12.8% Puerto Rico
223,323
12,522
D.C.
26,492
3,962
15.0% Rhode Island
34,937
4,533
Florida
858,270
26,705
3.1% South Carolina
227,258
12,227
Georgia
517,368
19,614
3.8% South Dakota
35,309
4,629
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2% Tennessee
291,609
14,111
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6% Texas
1,478,074
38,725
Illinois
531,558
19,891
3.7% Utah
151,908
9,839
Indiana
303,243
14,297
4.7% Vermont
22,031
3,637
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5% Virginia
274,179
13,579
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9% Washington
296,700
14,157
Kentucky
194,758
11,253
5.8% West Virginia
65,149
6,291
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1% Wisconsin
202,726
11,510
Maine
47,769
5,400
11.3% Wyoming
24,104
3,778
Maryland
206,753
11,574
5.6%
Massachusetts
180,027
10,831
6.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
17,085
4.2% Northeast
1,219,589
38,336
Minnesota
174,004
10,531
6.1% Mid-Atlantic
1,359,597
41,189
Mississippi
177,882
10,679
6.0% Southeast
2,966,659
71,819
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1% Midwest
2,099,757
55,631
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8% Western
2,895,603
70,509
New Hampshire
37,044
4,731
12.8%
New Jersey
289,435
13,987
4.8% Total
13,800,476
263,925
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
3.2%
4.0%
18.5%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.0%
5.6%
13.0%
5.4%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.5%
16.5%
5.0%
4.8%
9.7%
5.7%
15.7%
3.1%
3.0%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal
Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-7
Table B.5-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
1,359,597
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
274,179
65,149
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
Midwest
2,099,757
Illinois
531,558
Indiana
303,243
Michigan
411,397
Minnesota
174,004
Ohio
476,829
Wisconsin
202,726
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012
Coefficient
Standard Coefficient of
Standard
Eligibles
Error
Error
Variationc
of Variationc
38,336
3.1% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
2.6%
8,136
7.7%
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4%
5,400
11.3%
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1%
10,831
6.0%
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
4,731
12.8%
Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
5.7%
25,457
3.2%
Texas
1,478,074
38,725
2.6%
4,533
13.0%
3,637
16.5% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
3.3%
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6%
41,189
3.0%
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5%
4,792
12.8%
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9%
3,962
15.0%
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1%
11,574
5.6%
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8%
13,987
4.8%
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0%
18,211
4.0%
North Dakota
17,455
3,226
18.5%
13,579
5.0%
South Dakota
35,309
4,629
13.1%
6,291
9.7%
Utah
151,908
9,839
6.5%
Wyoming
24,104
3,778
15.7%
71,819
2.4%
12,522
5.3% Western
2,895,603
70,509
2.4%
26,705
3.1%
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2%
19,614
3.8%
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6%
11,253
5.8%
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5%
10,679
6.0%
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2%
18,267
4.0%
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6%
12,227
5.4%
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8%
14,111
4.8%
Oregon
169,287
10,434
6.2%
Washington
296,700
14,157
4.8%
55,631
2.6%
19,891
3.7% Total
13,800,476
263,925
1.9%
14,297
4.7%
17,085
4.2%
10,531
6.1%
18,566
3.9%
11,510
5.7%
ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
c
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-8
Table B.6-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children (1-4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
a
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
235,723
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
494,542
2,376,909
775,876
855,030
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,802,040
8,665,386
105,947
121,282
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
254,447
1,222,945
131,849
147,561
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
344,575
1,535,237
1,219,589
1,359,597
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,895,603
13,800,476
Standard Errora
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
16,058
17,553
30,832
23,629
24,388
14,706
29,692
111,619
30,335
32,373
56,699
43,720
45,554
27,536
55,343
210,936
8,262
9,031
15,864
12,157
12,548
7,566
15,277
57,429
7,395
8,237
13,880
11,092
11,228
6,770
14,648
51,119
38,336
41,189
71,819
55,631
57,578
34,942
70,509
263,925
Coefficient of Variation b
Northeast
7.8%
3.9%
7.8%
5.6%
3.1%
Mid-Atlantic
7.4%
3.8%
7.4%
5.6%
3.0%
Southeast
5.9%
3.0%
5.9%
4.3%
2.4%
Midwest
6.5%
3.3%
6.5%
4.7%
2.6%
Southwest
6.4%
3.3%
6.4%
4.7%
2.6%
Mountain Plains
8.2%
4.1%
8.2%
5.9%
3.3%
Western
6.0%
3.1%
6.0%
4.3%
2.4%
Total
4.7%
2.4%
4.7%
3.3%
1.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
b
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-9
Table B.7-2012: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2012
All Mothers
WIC Participants
Not Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
<6 months
<6 months
postpartum
postpartum
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
0.364
0.682
0.601
0.400
0.646
0.658
0.608
0.395
0.512
0.536
0.476
0.707
0.637
0.543
0.542
0.520
0.536
0.415
0.388
0.605
0.537
0.553
0.552
0.624
0.366
0.568
0.673
0.612
0.657
0.621
0.502
0.574
0.519
0.557
0.638
0.534
0.486
0.706
0.521
0.639
0.459
0.681
0.420
0.503
0.715
0.647
0.587
0.733
0.400
0.608
0.750
0.552
0.633
0.314
0.395
0.596
0.350
0.338
0.388
0.601
0.484
0.460
0.520
0.289
0.359
0.453
0.454
0.476
0.460
0.581
0.608
0.391
0.459
0.443
0.444
0.372
0.630
0.428
0.323
0.384
0.339
0.375
0.495
0.422
0.477
0.439
0.359
0.462
0.510
0.290
0.475
0.357
0.537
0.315
0.576
0.493
0.281
0.349
0.409
0.263
0.596
0.388
0.246
0.444
0.190
0.493
0.392
0.235
0.440
0.427
0.352
0.111
0.330
0.359
0.255
0.581
0.387
0.336
0.358
0.267
0.307
0.244
0.210
0.355
0.314
0.301
0.359
0.399
0.224
0.330
0.439
0.371
0.529
0.342
0.319
0.431
0.335
0.329
0.398
0.342
0.286
0.473
0.308
0.483
0.250
0.504
0.210
0.337
0.432
0.332
0.313
0.478
0.230
0.405
0.596
0.347
0.377
0.250
0.259
0.351
0.254
0.251
0.279
0.417
0.282
0.304
0.325
0.248
0.256
0.302
0.296
0.304
0.309
0.341
0.362
0.279
0.306
0.296
0.292
0.267
0.387
0.279
0.211
0.259
0.270
0.251
0.326
0.279
0.312
0.318
0.314
0.320
0.320
0.218
0.319
0.328
0.357
0.250
0.344
0.308
0.233
0.267
0.322
0.234
0.360
0.276
0.240
0.299
Calculated factor based on the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in
"2012 Breastfeeding Trends"
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-10
34,092
39,546
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through SNAPa
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
5,493
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
42,567
42,961
43,071
168,985
Pregnant
Women
19,737
20,347
20,427
38,360
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
2,741
2,826
18,052
18,235
18,235
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
140,450
141,869
141,869
5,389
2,630
0
2,759
136,480
2,837
4,467
4,513
4,513
Children
Age 4
35,733
36,094
36,094
1,087
544
0
543
35,008
172,025
Pregnant
Women
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
4,504
4,550
4,550
Children
Age 3
35,713
36,074
36,074
978
426
0
552
35,096
45,542
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
5,328
4,521
4,567
4,567
Children
Age 2
34,754
35,105
35,105
1,000
141
0
859
34,105
44,444
Children
Age 4
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
4,559
4,605
4,605
Children
Age 1
34,249
34,595
34,595
2,324
1,520
0
805
32,271
40,386
42,997
39,042
Children
Age 3
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
5,328
4,735
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factor g
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Infants
Other Island Territories
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyd
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
38,360
2,279
1,061
0
1,218
Number with annual income <185% FPG
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
40,612
31,813
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcount
Infants
37,334
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2012 PRCS
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 1
1,848
1,848
5,307
5,328
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
13,308
13,308
38,210
38,360
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
1,593
1,593
5,307
5,328
Total
6,183
3,441
13,440
2,837
15,984
23,380
23,727
22,970
Total
44,513
24,777
96,768
20,427
115,080
178,810
181,415
175,960
7,668
3,691
0
3,977
168,292
209,597
209,359
Page B-11
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
11,469
11,469
38,210
38,360
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Table B.8-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
g
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories in CY2012 is:
Infants
0.763
Children
0.747
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
d
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
e
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
f
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Page B-12
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP receipt is coded
as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
b
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
c
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
a
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55.9%
22.2%
21.9%
27.3%
72.7%
65.6%
30.7%
3.7%
1.5%
2.1%
2.7%
29.8%
26.8%
21.4%
19.2%
37.7%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
8.2%
7.3%
37.2%
1.1%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
41.5%
14.9%
8.1%
31.3%
1.0%
4.1%
0.0%
0.0%
40.5%
19.6%
25.1%
11.0%
18.4%
3.4%
7.2%
15.3%
29.2%
5.6%
24.9%
26.9%
18.4%
24.2%
57.3%
37.8%
4.9%
4.1%
0.8%
33.5%
66.5%
63.4%
22.0%
14.6%
13.5%
7.9%
32.6%
1.1%
4.3%
0.0%
0.0%
40.7%
18.9%
25.3%
11.6%
18.7%
3.0%
6.4%
16.2%
31.1%
5.0%
26.0%
26.9%
19.0%
23.1%
59.1%
36.2%
4.6%
3.5%
1.1%
32.2%
67.8%
61.8%
22.1%
16.2%
51.7%
48.3%
1,133,586
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.4%
5.5%
39.0%
0.8%
5.1%
0.0%
0.0%
25.2%
27.5%
26.7%
9.9%
16.7%
0.7%
4.4%
14.1%
33.9%
6.9%
20.5%
34.2%
17.3%
21.1%
48.0%
43.1%
8.9%
4.9%
4.0%
24.3%
75.7%
57.3%
27.1%
15.6%
56.8%
43.2%
193,566
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.8%
6.8%
31.0%
1.6%
6.4%
0.0%
0.0%
35.4%
23.7%
21.0%
13.9%
18.3%
2.1%
7.4%
13.7%
32.8%
5.0%
22.5%
30.4%
20.7%
21.4%
50.1%
42.5%
7.4%
5.2%
2.2%
27.4%
72.6%
61.9%
27.8%
10.3%
49.7%
50.3%
839,041
Mid-Atlantic
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
19.8%
6.6%
32.5%
1.4%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
33.5%
24.4%
22.1%
13.1%
18.0%
1.9%
6.8%
13.8%
33.0%
5.3%
22.1%
31.2%
20.0%
21.4%
49.7%
42.6%
7.7%
5.2%
2.5%
26.8%
73.2%
61.0%
27.7%
11.3%
51.1%
48.9%
1,032,608
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
16.3%
26.0%
13.5%
19.7%
1.8%
3.3%
19.5%
52.6%
47.4%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
246,151
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
887,436
WIC Eligible
Infants
51.5%
48.5%
Northeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
16.4%
5.0%
37.9%
0.0%
8.4%
0.0%
0.0%
32.4%
25.2%
25.0%
17.6%
18.2%
2.3%
3.7%
8.0%
39.7%
5.8%
20.4%
24.1%
18.2%
31.5%
57.8%
38.9%
3.3%
2.9%
0.5%
23.5%
76.5%
57.3%
34.0%
8.8%
46.0%
54.0%
480,932
WIC Eligible
Infants
17.8%
4.6%
36.3%
0.9%
6.6%
0.0%
0.0%
33.7%
26.3%
24.0%
11.9%
19.6%
2.6%
5.1%
10.4%
33.7%
6.2%
22.2%
29.3%
21.5%
20.9%
51.6%
43.4%
5.0%
3.6%
1.4%
21.1%
78.9%
60.0%
32.1%
7.9%
47.8%
52.2%
1,833,232
Southeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
17.5%
4.7%
36.7%
0.7%
7.0%
0.0%
0.0%
33.4%
26.1%
24.3%
13.0%
19.3%
2.5%
4.8%
9.9%
34.9%
6.1%
21.8%
28.2%
20.8%
23.1%
52.9%
42.5%
4.6%
3.4%
1.2%
21.6%
78.4%
59.4%
32.5%
8.1%
47.4%
52.6%
2,314,164
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.4%
3.8%
35.3%
1.5%
7.2%
0.0%
0.0%
33.9%
29.7%
18.1%
14.8%
17.4%
1.3%
9.3%
9.5%
36.5%
4.4%
23.1%
31.4%
23.9%
17.2%
58.7%
36.4%
4.9%
4.2%
0.7%
22.8%
77.2%
64.1%
29.0%
7.0%
53.9%
46.1%
354,587
WIC Eligible
Infants
16.8%
5.5%
38.6%
0.5%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
33.3%
26.9%
20.1%
13.1%
20.9%
2.0%
6.9%
10.2%
31.5%
6.4%
19.7%
29.1%
24.7%
20.1%
53.4%
42.7%
3.9%
2.4%
1.5%
21.8%
78.2%
65.6%
24.3%
10.1%
51.4%
48.6%
1,616,384
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-14
16.3%
6.0%
39.6%
0.3%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
26.1%
20.6%
12.6%
21.9%
2.2%
6.3%
10.4%
30.1%
7.0%
18.7%
28.4%
24.9%
20.9%
51.9%
44.4%
3.7%
1.9%
1.7%
21.5%
78.5%
66.1%
23.0%
11.0%
50.7%
49.3%
1,261,797
Midwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
70.6%
16.3%
13.1%
57.3%
42.7%
66.4%
33.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
2.1%
29.2%
24.6%
24.1%
20.0%
34.6%
Race
White
Black
Other
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
% with working parent(s)
22.3%
0.0%
40.4%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
0.0%
34.5%
16.2%
3.8%
42.5%
0.3%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
31.1%
23.1%
27.2%
13.9%
21.0%
2.4%
4.9%
7.4%
29.1%
5.7%
18.0%
29.7%
22.0%
24.5%
51.0%
43.0%
6.0%
4.8%
1.3%
52.3%
47.7%
68.6%
17.1%
14.3%
17.6%
2.9%
42.0%
0.2%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
31.9%
23.4%
26.6%
13.7%
21.2%
2.4%
5.1%
7.5%
30.4%
4.9%
20.7%
28.5%
22.5%
23.4%
54.7%
40.6%
4.7%
3.7%
1.0%
53.5%
46.5%
69.1%
16.9%
14.0%
50.9%
49.1%
1,845,286
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
24.1%
7.3%
31.8%
1.3%
8.8%
0.0%
0.0%
26.8%
26.1%
21.3%
14.3%
26.3%
0.2%
3.7%
8.3%
31.4%
5.5%
23.2%
29.6%
19.9%
21.7%
72.3%
26.0%
1.7%
0.5%
1.2%
26.2%
73.8%
69.5%
15.4%
15.2%
46.2%
53.8%
184,329
25.9%
5.3%
31.2%
0.5%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
23.7%
21.6%
11.9%
23.4%
2.8%
5.0%
11.5%
25.1%
5.6%
19.7%
27.3%
20.0%
27.4%
55.9%
37.9%
6.2%
3.9%
2.3%
24.2%
75.8%
73.7%
11.2%
15.1%
54.5%
45.5%
683,151
25.5%
5.7%
31.4%
0.7%
4.9%
0.0%
0.0%
31.8%
24.2%
21.5%
12.4%
24.0%
2.2%
4.7%
10.8%
26.4%
5.6%
20.4%
27.8%
20.0%
26.2%
59.4%
35.4%
5.2%
3.2%
2.0%
24.6%
75.4%
72.8%
12.1%
15.1%
52.7%
47.3%
867,480
Mountain Plains
WIC Eligible
WIC Eligible
Infants and
WIC Eligible Children Age
1-4
Children
Infants
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
24.4%
24.5%
13.1%
22.0%
2.5%
5.8%
7.6%
47.0%
53.0%
Gender
Male
Female
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
442,318
Demographic Characteristics
Total
b
1,402,968
WIC Eligible
Infants
52.1%
47.9%
Southwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Region
Fully adjusted weightsa
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
19.9%
10.5%
24.7%
1.2%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
38.4%
23.8%
21.3%
12.0%
21.4%
2.7%
5.0%
13.8%
34.2%
3.1%
18.3%
21.6%
24.4%
32.6%
65.0%
29.6%
5.3%
2.6%
2.7%
65.4%
34.6%
77.8%
5.1%
17.1%
53.2%
46.8%
516,008
WIC Eligible
Infants
21.3%
10.5%
24.4%
0.7%
5.1%
0.2%
0.0%
37.9%
20.5%
22.8%
15.9%
21.3%
3.3%
6.4%
9.8%
29.3%
4.0%
16.5%
26.5%
22.5%
30.4%
65.9%
29.2%
4.9%
2.8%
2.1%
56.3%
43.7%
73.2%
8.0%
18.8%
51.5%
48.5%
1,844,416
Western
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
21.0%
10.5%
24.5%
0.8%
5.1%
0.1%
0.0%
38.0%
21.2%
22.4%
15.1%
21.3%
3.2%
6.1%
10.7%
30.4%
3.8%
16.9%
25.5%
22.9%
30.9%
65.7%
29.3%
5.0%
2.8%
2.2%
58.3%
41.7%
74.2%
7.4%
18.4%
51.9%
48.1%
2,360,424
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
18.9%
5.5%
34.7%
0.7%
5.9%
0.0%
0.0%
34.2%
24.8%
23.1%
13.9%
20.1%
1.9%
5.2%
11.1%
35.8%
4.1%
23.1%
26.3%
21.8%
24.7%
62.2%
34.0%
3.8%
2.4%
1.4%
39.2%
60.8%
65.9%
20.7%
13.4%
50.4%
49.6%
2,417,891
WIC Eligible
Infants
18.6%
6.3%
34.0%
0.7%
5.5%
0.0%
0.0%
34.7%
23.7%
23.3%
13.4%
20.5%
2.5%
5.8%
10.8%
31.5%
5.2%
20.6%
27.9%
21.8%
24.5%
56.8%
38.2%
4.9%
3.3%
1.6%
36.4%
63.6%
66.5%
20.3%
13.2%
50.7%
49.3%
11,169,932
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
Page B-15
18.5%
6.5%
33.9%
0.7%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
34.9%
23.4%
23.4%
13.3%
20.6%
2.7%
6.0%
10.7%
30.3%
5.6%
19.9%
28.4%
21.8%
24.4%
55.3%
39.4%
5.3%
3.6%
1.6%
35.7%
64.3%
66.6%
20.2%
13.1%
50.7%
49.3%
8,752,041
Total
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
Notes for Table B.9:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
B-16
Appendix C
Coverage Rate Maps
The maps in this appendix display WIC coverage rates at the State and regional levels. A
coverage rate is defined here as the number of individuals participating in the WIC program
divided by the number estimated to be eligible. For 2012, rates are shown at the regional level
for all participants and for each of four subgroups—infants, children, pregnant women, and
postpartum women. Coverage rates are also shown at the State level for 2012 for all
participants combined. The maps are listed individually below.
FNS Region Level Coverage Rate
x C.1 – All Groups
x C.2 – Infants
x C.3 – Children
x C.4 – Pregnant Women
x C.5 – Postpartum Women
State Level Coverage Rate, All Groups
x C.6 – 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-1
Southwest
64.8%
Southeast
58.0%
Midwest
58.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
74.2%
Mountain Plains
53.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Northeast
64.3%
Page C-2
Mid-Atlantic
63.6%
Figure C-1. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
88.3%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
88.8%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
National Coverage Rate: 85.1%
Northeast
86.7%
Page C-3
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Figure C-2. WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
50.5%
Southeast
47.4%
Midwest
48.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
68.0%
Mountain Plains
44.4%
National Coverage Rate: 53.4%
Northeast
54.5%
Page C-4
Mid-Atlantic
54.4%
Figure C-3. WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
75.2%
Southeast
66.9%
Midwest
69.4%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
78.6%
Mountain Plains
60.4%
National Coverage Rate: 70.9%
Northeast
71.0%
Page C-5
Mid-Atlantic
67.3%
Figure C-4. WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
Southwest
86.7%
Southeast
73.1%
Midwest
65.3%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
Western
82.3%
Mountain Plains
68.6%
National Coverage Rate: 77.0%
Northeast
81.4%
Page C-6
Mid-Atlantic
78.2%
Figure C-5. WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
53.4%
48.8%
51.4%
65.5%
52.8% 59.6%
56.6%
60.3%
55.7%
58.2%
57.0%
57.5%
58.2%
%
67.3%
54.7%
66.1%
72.6%
57.8%
5
57.3%
62.1%
53.8% 53.8%
58.0%
56.3%
61.6%
73.2%
62.0%
56.5%
55.7%
61.9%
77.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
58.9%
45.2%
53.4%
46.2%
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
70 percent or greater
60 - 69.9 percent
50 - 59.9 percent
55.9%
65.6%
82.1%
49.9 percent or less
Coverage Rate:
62.8%
60.7%
65.8%
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Figure C-6. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2012
Page C-7
86.0 %
CT: 53.3%
DE: 58.6%
DC: 61.3%
MA: 68.0%
MD: 70.5%
NH: 43.9%
NJ: 59.2%
RI: 69.0%
VT: 69.7%
52.9%
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix D
Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the population eligible for WIC benefits for the total U.S. by
year.
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the coverage rate for each WIC participant group by FNS
Region and the U.S by year.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-1
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-2
12,482,201 13,035,181 12,990,331 13,654,070 13,906,742 14,065,636 14,289,805 14,079,339 14,171,378 15,074,591 14,550,116 14,277,453 14,053,362
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.4.
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2001), Appendix Table C.3.
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
Total
1,420,038 1,473,125 1,313,853 1,479,398 1,529,028 1,539,590 1,574,645 1,522,834 1,525,315 1,556,053 1,486,265 1,578,471 1,563,454
2006
All Postpartum Women
2005
1,244,265 1,283,991 1,134,091 1,287,524 1,326,735 1,335,900 1,390,233 1,364,156 1,355,127 1,375,638 1,304,322 1,294,668 1,245,423
2004
7,400,765 7,783,758 8,339,280 8,385,979 8,472,345 8,593,698 8,622,879 8,540,981 8,657,117 9,469,217 9,224,455 8,888,005 8,823,888
2003
Pregnant Women
2002
Children (Ages 1-4)
2001
2,417,133 2,494,306 2,203,108 2,501,169 2,578,635 2,596,448 2,702,049 2,651,367 2,633,819 2,673,683 2,535,074 2,516,309 2,420,597
2000
Infants
Participant Group
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
All Participants
U.S.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
57.8%
56.5%
57.8%
56.3%
57.3%
57.1%
56.9%
59.5%
62.2%
60.9%
62.6%
62.7%
63.1%
Northeast
61.1%
58.6%
59.8%
57.3%
58.2%
60.7%
59.5%
63.0%
64.9%
63.7%
63.0%
63.0%
64.3%
Mid-Atlantic
58.0%
56.6%
55.8%
57.9%
57.8%
57.8%
60.1%
61.2%
64.8%
62.6%
62.8%
64.7%
63.6%
Southeast
53.5%
51.7%
53.4%
51.3%
52.2%
51.3%
51.1%
54.3%
58.9%
57.0%
58.6%
58.3%
58.0%
Midwest
53.4%
53.2%
54.1%
54.6%
56.2%
55.4%
56.0%
57.6%
59.3%
57.3%
57.4%
56.9%
58.2%
Southwest
58.0%
57.4%
58.9%
55.1%
56.6%
56.2%
53.9%
56.0%
59.0%
61.2%
63.9%
62.4%
63.1%
Mountain Plains
50.0%
50.7%
52.2%
51.3%
53.9%
51.4%
50.0%
51.3%
54.2%
52.8%
53.6%
53.7%
53.8%
65.8%
2000
63.5%
2001
66.3%
2002
63.4%
2003
63.8%
2004
64.7%
2005
65.3%
2006
69.5%
2007
70.6%
2008
68.2%
2009
72.5%
2010
73.9%
2011
74.2%
2012
Western
Infants
U.S.
78.6%
77.2%
87.7%
78.3%
78.7%
79.1%
77.5%
82.4%
84.6%
82.9%
84.8%
83.4%
85.1%
Northeast
79.0%
83.1%
95.0%
83.7%
78.4%
84.4%
82.9%
88.6%
89.1%
86.3%
84.8%
81.9%
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
80.7%
77.3%
82.9%
79.6%
81.2%
79.9%
81.9%
85.5%
88.4%
83.1%
85.5%
86.8%
86.0%
Southeast
80.4%
77.0%
85.6%
76.5%
76.7%
75.0%
73.2%
80.5%
85.0%
81.5%
83.6%
83.2%
82.2%
Midwest
74.6%
78.0%
87.3%
82.0%
83.7%
81.6%
82.1%
84.7%
83.4%
80.8%
82.8%
79.6%
83.7%
Southwest
77.7%
78.3%
88.7%
75.3%
76.6%
76.7%
73.7%
77.2%
81.3%
85.2%
87.0%
82.0%
88.3%
Mountain Plains
66.0%
67.2%
76.6%
72.3%
74.0%
72.4%
68.9%
72.1%
73.0%
74.0%
76.7%
76.1%
75.7%
84.0%
2000
77.1%
2001
93.0%
2002
79.2%
2003
79.0%
2004
82.9%
2005
80.3%
2006
86.7%
2007
88.2%
2008
86.1%
2009
88.6%
2010
89.0%
2011
88.8%
2012
Western
Children (Ages 1-4)
U.S.
48.0%
46.9%
45.1%
45.9%
47.1%
46.6%
46.2%
47.8%
51.2%
50.6%
52.4%
53.6%
53.4%
Northeast
53.6%
48.4%
46.1%
45.9%
48.6%
49.4%
47.8%
49.9%
53.1%
52.5%
52.8%
54.7%
54.5%
Mid-Atlantic
48.3%
47.8%
44.8%
48.2%
47.9%
48.0%
49.6%
49.5%
53.5%
53.2%
53.3%
55.4%
54.4%
Southeast
40.4%
39.6%
39.5%
39.4%
40.5%
39.5%
39.6%
41.2%
46.2%
45.8%
47.5%
47.5%
47.4%
Midwest
44.3%
42.8%
41.1%
42.9%
44.2%
44.0%
43.7%
45.2%
48.5%
47.2%
47.0%
47.6%
48.3%
Southwest
47.8%
46.8%
45.3%
45.0%
46.5%
46.1%
43.6%
44.8%
47.7%
49.1%
52.2%
52.0%
50.5%
Mountain Plains
41.9%
42.5%
41.0%
41.3%
44.0%
41.5%
40.5%
41.2%
44.8%
43.5%
43.7%
44.5%
44.4%
Western
Pregnant Women
56.9%
2000
56.8%
2001
54.3%
2002
55.5%
2003
55.9%
2004
55.3%
2005
56.5%
2006
59.3%
2007
60.9%
2008
59.3%
2009
64.4%
2010
67.3%
2011
68.0%
2012
U.S.
67.6%
64.0%
72.6%
65.6%
65.5%
65.4%
64.6%
66.7%
68.4%
68.6%
70.8%
69.5%
70.9%
Northeast
83.2%
79.9%
76.0%
67.9%
63.9%
69.8%
69.5%
72.3%
71.7%
71.1%
70.0%
66.9%
71.0%
Mid-Atlantic
64.6%
60.4%
66.3%
64.9%
64.8%
63.6%
66.0%
67.4%
70.7%
67.9%
69.2%
69.7%
67.3%
Southeast
67.7%
61.4%
68.7%
63.1%
62.8%
60.7%
59.5%
62.3%
66.0%
64.7%
68.8%
67.6%
66.9%
Midwest
57.2%
59.1%
68.5%
65.6%
65.7%
64.8%
66.0%
66.5%
65.9%
67.1%
68.5%
65.6%
69.4%
Southwest
65.7%
64.9%
74.7%
63.9%
65.0%
64.2%
62.0%
63.1%
67.6%
71.8%
73.2%
69.4%
75.2%
Mountain Plains
56.0%
57.1%
66.3%
62.3%
62.7%
60.5%
54.5%
55.2%
55.8%
58.4%
58.7%
60.1%
60.4%
75.9%
2000
67.2%
2001
82.7%
2002
70.0%
2003
70.4%
2004
72.6%
2005
71.7%
2006
75.7%
2007
75.5%
2008
74.2%
2009
78.4%
2010
79.0%
2011
78.6%
2012
Western
All Post-Partum Women
U.S.
64.7%
65.6%
75.7%
69.6%
70.3%
71.5%
72.8%
78.8%
81.0%
79.4%
80.6%
76.0%
77.0%
Northeast
49.7%
56.9%
77.6%
71.7%
71.0%
78.0%
78.8%
87.6%
84.6%
88.6%
82.1%
74.1%
81.4%
Mid-Atlantic
68.2%
68.1%
72.3%
71.7%
70.8%
71.6%
77.2%
83.6%
87.6%
80.6%
78.6%
79.1%
78.2%
Southeast
63.2%
65.1%
73.1%
67.9%
67.8%
68.8%
66.9%
74.7%
81.1%
77.4%
76.6%
73.8%
73.1%
Midwest
58.5%
60.8%
68.8%
66.5%
68.4%
65.7%
71.6%
72.2%
70.9%
69.5%
70.2%
65.5%
65.3%
Southwest
68.1%
68.9%
78.4%
68.1%
70.4%
69.9%
69.0%
74.6%
77.7%
85.0%
87.7%
82.5%
86.7%
Mountain Plains
58.6%
59.0%
67.0%
63.5%
65.8%
62.5%
64.8%
67.6%
71.9%
65.2%
71.4%
66.9%
68.6%
Western
74.9%
71.3%
85.0%
74.2%
74.6%
79.7%
80.3%
89.3%
89.0%
85.6%
90.0%
82.9%
82.3%
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.2
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2011), Volume I, Tables 18 and 19
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
D-3
Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series
Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
January 2015
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
January 2015
Special Nutrition Programs
Report No. WIC-15-ELIG
Volume II
Appendices
National- and State-Level Estimates of
WIC Eligibles and Program Reach,
2012
Final Report
Authors:
Paul Johnson
Linda Giannarelli
Erika Huber
David Betson
Submitted by:
The Urban Institute
2100 M Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Submitted to:
Office of Policy Support
Food and Nutrition Service
3101 Park Center Drive
Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
Project Director:
Linda Giannarelli
Project Officer:
Grant Lovellette
The opinions expressed reflect those of the authors and not the Urban Institute.
This study was conducted under Contract number AG-3198-B-10-0016 with the Food and
Nutrition Service. This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:
http://www.fns.usda.gov/research-and-analysis
Suggested Citation:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support. National and
State-Level Estimates of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC) Eligibles and Program Reach, 2012, by Paul Johnson, Linda Giannarelli, Erika Huber, and David
Betson. Project Officer: Grant Lovellette. Alexandria, VA: January 2015.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the guidance provided by FNS staff and other Urban
Institute staff and consultants. Grant Lovellette, the FNS project officer, provided guidance
throughout the project. The WIC Division also reviewed earlier drafts of this report. Sheila
Zedlewski directed the first two years of the project and guided the initial phases of work on
the estimates in this report. Michael Martinez-Schiferl was the lead analyst on this work for the
first two years of the project, and developed the technical framework used for this year’s
analysis.
This page was left intentionally blank.
Contents
Appendix A. National Estimates: 2012
A-1
Appendix B. State Estimates: 2012
B-1
Appendix C. Coverage Rate Maps
C-1
Appendix D. Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
D-1
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix A
National Estimates: 2012
The appendix tables show the detailed estimates of WIC-eligible individuals by
participant group. A brief description of each of these tables is given below. These tables
document the assumptions and calculations used to produce the estimates.
CY 2012 National Estimates Appendix Tables
Tables A.1a and A.1b: Steps and Sources for Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants,
Young Children, Pregnant Women, and Postpartum Women
These tables document the data sources used and summarize the steps performed in producing
national and State eligibility estimates.
Table A.2: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group
This table shows the estimated average monthly number of WIC eligibles in the calendar year
along with the total number of infants and children. Note that the number of non-eligible
infants and children is calculated as the difference between the total population and the
number of eligible infants and children. These figures include infants and children in the U.S.
territories. The reader is referred to table A.6 for the steps used in calculating the estimated
number of eligible individuals.
Table A.3a: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age
Groups, Race, and Gender
This table shows the four-year accumulations of census estimates next to the four-year
accumulations of March CPS total weighted populations used to calculate the population
factors used to adjust the CPS weights.
Table A.3b: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race
and Gender
This table shows the current year Census estimates and CPS estimates by single-year age
groups, race, and gender, and the ratio of Census estimates to CPS estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-1
Table A.3c: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the CPS
ASEC by Race and Gender
This table shows the results of applying the population adjustment factors shown in Table A.3a
to the weights on the March CPS.
Table A.4: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC-Eligible Postpartum Women
This table shows the calculated national breastfeeding adjustment factors assuming the use of
the current NHANES and SIPP adjustments.
Table A.5: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group According to the Year of Breastfeeding Rates Used
This table shows the effect of the change in breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year by
applying the breastfeeding rate from the prior calendar year to the current year. The result is
the estimated change in the number of eligible postpartum breastfeeding women and
postpartum non-breastfeeding women that can be attributable to the year-to-year change in
the breastfeeding rate. This table includes infants and children in the U.S. territories.
Table A.6: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC by Participant Group
This table shows the step-by-step adjustments made in calculating the total number of infants,
children, and pregnant and postpartum women that are eligible for WIC.
Tables A.7a and A.7b: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the March 2012 CPS by Demographic
Characteristics
These two tables show the estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children (in total and by single
year of age) by demographic and income characteristics in the March CPS. Note that these
tables do not include infants and children from the territories. Table A.7a shows characteristics
of WIC-eligible infants and children in the March CPS using unadjusted person weights, and
Table A.7b shows these characteristics using weights that have been fully adjusted, including
adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population adjustment), monthly income and
certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and nutritional risk. The numbers are
shown as both total counts and column percentages of eligible individuals by their demographic
and income characteristics. A comparison of Table A.7a to Table A.7b shows the impact of the
CPS weight adjustments on the national estimates of WIC-eligible infants and children.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-2
Table A.8: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by
Participant Group: A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
This table shows change between the 2011 and 2012 in the total number of infants and
children, the numbers of WIC-eligible individuals, and the eligibility rate (including infants and
children in the U.S. territories). The percent change for each participant group is calculated.
Table A.9: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and
Children Eligible for WIC, as estimated by the March CPS
This table shows a step-by-step comparison of the difference in estimates from year to year.
The percentage change from year to year is calculated after each adjustment.
Table A.10: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the CPSASEC by Participant Group
This table presents the standard error of the estimate and coefficient of variance for the
national estimates for the total population and the number eligible for WIC by participant
group.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-3
Table A.1a-2012
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Infants and
Young Children (Ages 1-4), Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Step
Demographic eligibility
Description
Identify infants and children (ages 1-4) in the survey.
Weight adjustment
Adjust sampling weights to account for under-count or over-count in
the CPS relative to Census estimates, by exact age, gender, and
race.
Income eligibility
Count as eligible if prior year’s annual family income is <= 185
percent of the applicable poverty guideline--"family" for income
purposes is defined as the broadly defined family, with related
subfamilies included in the primary.
Adjunctive eligibility
Poverty guidelines are the blended poverty guidelines for the calendar
year for which estimates are produced.
Add in as eligible those infants/children whose household reports
SNAP, family reports TANF, or who are themselves reported as being
enrolled in Medicaid at any point during the prior calendar year.
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
National Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau and the
March CPS-ASEC for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013
State and Puerto Rico Estimates:
Postcensal population estimates from the Census Bureau for CY
2012
2013 CPS-ASEC - National Estimates
2012 ACS - State Estimates
2012 PRCS - Puerto Rico Estimates
2010 Census - Other Island Territories Estimates
Blended FY 2012 and FY 2013 poverty guidelines
2013 CPS-ASEC
2012 ACS
2012 PRCS
For TANF receipt, "family" on the CPS is defined as the narrowly
defined family and also includes any related children whose parents
are not present in the household. On the ACS and PRCS the
definition is just the narrowly defined family with subfamilies separate.
Adjust for fluctuations in monthly
income and certification periods
Multiply the estimates by a factor of 1.16 for infants and 1.0 for
children to account for the impact of monthly fluctuations in income
and program participation, and for the impact of 6 and 12 month
certification periods.
Average of factors for 2005, 2006, and 2010, as computed from the
SIPP panels from 2004 and 2008.
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the infant estimates by 0.97 and the child estimates by 0.99
to account for the fact that some otherwise-eligible infants and
children might not be found to be at nutritional risk.
Eligibility in Puerto Rico is based on the PRCS and is estimated with
the same methods as those used for the State estimates.
Eligibility in the Other Island Territories is based on a proportion of
the estimated population of infants and children.
No update.
Territories
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
PRCS 2012 - Puerto Rico
Census Bureau International Data Base - Other Island Territories
Page A-4
Table A.1b-2012
Steps and Sources for 2012 Update to Estimates of WIC Eligibility for Pregnant and
Postpartum Women, Using Data from the 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, and Census Bureau International Data Base
Step
Starting point
Description
Use as a starting point the final average monthly eligibility estimate
for infants.
Adjust for multiple births and infant Multiply by a factor of 0.9961 to account for the impact of multiple
deaths
births and infant deaths (so the number of pregnant women/mothers
is not exactly equal to the number of infants).
For pregnant women:
Multiply by 0.533 to account for 9 months of pregnancy (0.75 factor)
Adjust for length of pregnancy and and to account for lower likelihood of financial eligibility during
difference in income during
pregnancy vs. after birth (additional 0.71).
pregnancy vs. after birth
For postpartum mothers:
Multiply by one year-specific factor to estimate the average monthly
Separately estimate the average
women eligible for WIC as breastfeeding mothers (0<12 months
monthly number who are eligible
postpartum). Multiply the estimate by another factor to estimate the
as breastfeeding mothers and the average monthly women eligible for WIC as non-breastfeeding women
number eligible as postpartum non- <6 months postpartum.
breastfeeding mothers
Adjust for nutritional risk
Multiply the estimate for pregnant women by 0.97 to account for the
fact that some otherwise-eligible pregnant women might not be found
to be at nutritional risk. Assume all postpartum women are at
nutritional risk (factor of 1.0).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Sources for 2012 Updates to Estimates and Adjustment Factors
Infants as estimated using methods outlined in Table A.1a.
Multiple birth, infant and fetal death data from 2004 vital statistics
data. March 2004 Census estimates for count of infants.
No update.
2012 Abbott Laboratories Infant Feeding Survey (formerly the Mother
Survey); 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 waves of National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); 1996, 2001, and
2004 SIPP panels.
Territorial estimates assume the national breastfeeding rates.
No update.
Page A-5
Table A.2-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories
2012
NonParticipant Group
a
Eligibles Eligibles
Infants
2,420,597 1,521,068
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
839,736
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
723,718
All Postpartum Women
Totalb
3,941,665
7,359,759 16,183,647
1,824,689 4,009,860
1,848,811 4,045,462
1,814,250 4,046,536
1,872,010 4,081,789
1,563,454
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC for U.S. estimate, 2012 PRCS and Census International Data
Base for territories
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the Total
estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013
total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count
of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census estimates plus the number
of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based
on the 2012 PRCS and annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-6
Table A.3a-2012: Four-Year Accumulations of Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2010-2013
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
Males
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
5,566,935 1,182,561
977,787
7,727,283
5,835,418 1,225,292 1,022,695
8,083,404
11,402,353 2,407,853 2,000,481
CPS estimate
5,839,599 1,132,927
874,269
7,847,896
6,114,020 1,231,850
921,874
8,377,750
11,953,619 2,364,777 1,796,143
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
0.953
1.044
1.118
0.985
0.954
0.995
1.109
0.965
0.954
1.018
1.114
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
5,601,839
5,842,672
1,189,446
980,813
1,326,839 1,010,380
7,772,099
8,179,891
0.959
0.896
0.971
0.950
5,677,464
5,913,594
1,204,901
1,165,435
991,982
940,401
7,874,347
8,019,733
0.960
1.034
1.055
0.982
5,739,813
5,968,881
1,212,688
1,337,978
986,996
961,054
7,939,498
8,269,113
0.962
0.906
1.027
0.960
5,794,311
5,993,491
1,214,615
1,229,269
976,579
912,176
7,985,505
8,136,181
0.967
0.988
1.071
0.981
4,821,651 3,936,370
5,059,521 3,824,011
31,571,449
32,602,170
22,813,428
23,718,638
0.962
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
28,380,363
CPS estimate
29,558,237
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
0.960
0.953
1.029
0.968
6,004,212 4,914,157
6,192,448 4,698,280
39,298,731
40,448,965
0.970
1.046
0.972
5,870,264 1,226,846 1,020,192
6,218,863 1,360,470
967,040
8,117,302
8,546,373
11,472,103
12,061,535
1.055
0.950
0.951
5,951,509 1,239,870 1,026,456
6,345,692 1,239,898
922,745
8,217,835
8,508,758
11,628,973
12,259,286
1.112
0.966
0.949
6,016,365 1,248,073 1,019,940
6,420,785 1,333,411
955,723
8,284,378
8,710,757
11,756,178
12,389,666
1.067
0.951
0.949
6,081,849 1,249,223 1,009,833
6,415,980 1,341,858
964,722
8,340,905
8,725,430
11,876,160
12,409,471
1.047
0.956
0.957
23,919,987 4,964,012 4,076,421
25,401,320 5,275,637 3,810,230
32,960,420
34,487,187
0.944
0.938
0.937
0.948
0.942
0.902
1.000
0.936
0.931
1.070
0.956
29,755,405 6,189,303 5,099,116
31,515,340 6,507,487 4,732,104
41,043,824
42,754,931
0.944
0.941
0.951
1.078
0.960
2,416,292 2,001,005
2,687,309 1,977,420
0.899
Total
15,810,687
16,225,646
0.974
15,889,400
16,726,264
1.012
0.950
2,444,771 2,018,438
2,405,333 1,863,146
16,092,182
16,528,491
1.016
1.083
0.974
2,460,761 2,006,937
2,671,389 1,916,777
16,223,876
16,979,870
0.921
1.047
0.955
2,463,838 1,986,412
2,571,127 1,876,898
16,326,410
16,861,611
1.058
0.968
46,733,415 9,785,662 8,012,791
49,119,958 10,335,158 7,634,241
64,531,868
67,089,357
0.951
0.958
1.050
0.962
58,135,768 12,193,515 10,013,272
61,073,577 12,699,935 9,430,384
80,342,555
83,203,896
0.952
0.947
0.960
1.062
0.966
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-7
Table A.3b-2012: Current Year Census Estimates and CPS Estimates by Single-Year Age Groups, Race and Gender, March 2013
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Census estimates
1,382,767
294,315
249,324
CPS estimate
1,382,190
259,668
238,954
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
1.000
1.133
1.043
Children Age 1
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 2
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 3
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Children Age 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Census estimates
CPS estimate
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
Males
Total
White
Total
Black
Other
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
1,926,406
1,881,913
1,448,539
1,448,035
308,146
269,305
260,135
273,801
2,016,820
1,991,141
2,831,306
2,830,225
602,461
528,973
509,459
512,755
3,943,226
3,873,054
1.024
1.000
1.144
0.950
1.013
1.000
1.139
0.994
1.018
1,391,094
1,390,826
296,067
330,290
247,480
256,591
1,934,641
1,977,707
1,458,633
1,458,358
306,697
345,067
258,156
244,328
2,023,486
2,047,753
2,849,727
2,849,184
602,764
675,357
505,636
500,919
3,958,127
4,025,460
1.000
0.896
0.964
0.978
1.000
0.889
1.057
0.988
1.000
0.893
1.009
0.983
1,409,847
1,409,601
298,916
282,821
252,808
237,564
1,961,571
1,930,288
1,478,774
1,478,539
309,190
301,766
263,146
262,721
2,051,110
2,043,449
2,888,621
2,888,140
608,106
584,587
515,954
500,285
4,012,681
3,973,737
1.000
1.057
1.064
1.016
1.000
1.025
1.002
1.004
1.000
1.040
1.031
1.010
1,399,534
1,399,244
296,707
289,676
250,782
263,393
1,947,023
1,953,512
1,466,139
1,465,884
305,040
316,968
258,249
272,200
2,029,428
2,055,890
2,865,673
2,865,128
601,747
606,644
509,031
535,593
3,976,451
4,009,402
1.000
1.024
0.952
0.997
1.000
0.962
0.949
0.987
1.000
0.992
0.950
0.992
1,422,763
1,422,527
303,379
326,104
247,583
247,276
1,973,725
1,997,154
1,490,091
1,489,833
311,852
306,904
256,485
238,654
2,058,428
2,038,261
2,912,854
2,912,360
615,231
633,008
504,068
485,930
4,032,153
4,035,415
1.000
0.930
1.001
0.988
1.000
1.016
1.075
1.010
1.000
0.972
1.037
0.999
1,195,069
998,653
1,228,891 1,004,824
7,816,960
7,855,913
5,893,637 1,232,779 1,036,036
5,892,614 1,270,705 1,017,903
8,162,452
8,181,222
11,516,875
11,514,812
2,427,848 2,034,689
2,499,596 2,022,727
15,979,412
16,037,135
1.018
0.998
1.000
7,342,176 1,540,925 1,296,171
7,340,649 1,540,010 1,291,704
10,179,272
10,172,363
14,348,181
14,345,037
1.001
1.000
5,623,238
5,622,198
1.000
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Census estimates
7,006,005
CPS estimate
7,004,388
Ratio of Census estimate
to CPS estimate
1.000
0.972
0.994
0.995
1,489,384 1,247,977
1,488,559 1,243,778
9,743,366
9,736,725
1.001
1.003
1.001
1.000
1.000
0.970
1.001
1.003
0.971
1.006
0.996
3,030,309 2,544,148
3,028,569 2,535,482
19,922,638
19,909,088
1.001
1.003
1.001
Source: March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2010 Census (March 2013), and with updated Census controls
used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the CPS
relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-8
Table A.3c-2012: Effect of Applying Population Adjustment Factors on Population Counts in the 2013 CPS ASEC by Race and Gender
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
Females
White
Black
Other
Infants
Total
White
Black
Males
Other
Total
Total
White
Black
Other
Total
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.000
1,382,190
1,382,190
0.0%
1.044
271,042
259,668
4.4%
1.043
250,473
240,055
4.3%
na
1,903,705
1,881,913
1.2%
1.000
1,448,035
1,448,035
0.0%
1.000
269,305
269,305
0.0%
1.000
273,801
273,801
0.0%
na
1,991,141
1,991,141
0.0%
na
2,830,225
2,830,225
0.0%
na
540,347
528,973
2.2%
na
524,274
513,856
2.0%
na
3,894,846
3,873,054
0.6%
Children Age 1
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.000
1,390,826
1,390,826
0.0%
0.896
296,105
330,290
-10.4%
0.971
249,073
256,591
-2.9%
na
1,936,004
1,977,707
-2.1%
1.000
1,458,358
1,458,358
0.0%
0.902
311,182
345,067
-9.8%
1.055
257,766
244,328
5.5%
na
2,027,305
2,047,753
-1.0%
na
2,849,184
2,849,184
0.0%
na
607,286
675,357
-10.1%
na
506,839
500,919
1.2%
na
3,963,309
4,025,460
-1.5%
Children Age 2
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.000
1,409,601
1,409,601
0.0%
1.034
292,408
282,821
3.4%
1.055
250,901
237,866
5.5%
na
1,952,910
1,930,288
1.2%
1.000
1,478,539
1,478,539
0.0%
1.000
301,766
301,766
0.0%
1.002
263,565
263,144
0.2%
na
2,043,871
2,043,449
0.0%
na
2,888,140
2,888,140
0.0%
na
594,175
584,587
1.6%
na
514,466
501,010
2.7%
na
3,996,781
3,973,737
0.6%
Children Age 3
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.000
1,399,244
1,399,244
0.0%
1.000
289,676
289,676
0.0%
1.000
264,591
264,591
0.0%
na
1,953,512
1,953,512
0.0%
1.000
1,465,884
1,465,884
0.0%
0.962
305,050
316,968
-3.8%
1.000
273,038
273,038
0.0%
na
2,043,972
2,055,890
-0.6%
na
2,865,128
2,865,128
0.0%
na
594,726
606,644
-2.0%
na
537,629
537,629
0.0%
na
3,997,484
4,009,402
-0.3%
Children Age 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
1.000
1,422,527
1,422,527
0.0%
0.988
322,223
326,104
-1.2%
1.001
248,821
248,523
0.1%
na
1,993,571
1,997,154
-0.2%
1.000
1,489,833
1,489,833
0.0%
1.000
306,904
306,904
0.0%
1.047
242,369
241,524
0.3%
na
2,039,106
2,038,261
0.0%
na
2,912,360
2,912,360
0.0%
na
629,127
633,008
-0.6%
na
491,190
490,046
0.2%
na
4,032,677
4,035,414
-0.1%
Total Children Ages1 to 4
Population adjustment factor
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
Original 2012 CPS estimate
% relative change
na
na
5,622,199 1,200,413
5,622,199 1,228,891
0.0%
-2.3%
na
1,013,387
1,007,571
0.6%
na
7,835,998
7,858,661
-0.3%
na
na
5,892,614 1,224,902
5,892,614 1,270,705
0.0%
-3.6%
na
1,036,738
1,022,034
1.4%
na
8,154,254
8,185,353
-0.4%
na
na
na
na
11,514,813 2,425,314 2,050,125 15,990,251
11,514,813 2,499,596 2,029,605 16,044,013
0.0%
-3.0%
1.0%
-0.3%
Total Infants and Children (Age 1-4)
Population adjustment factor
na
na
Revised 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,471,455
Original 2012 CPS estimate
7,004,389 1,488,559
% relative change
0.0%
-1.1%
na
1,263,859
1,247,626
1.3%
na
9,739,703
9,740,574
0.0%
na
na
7,340,649 1,494,206
7,340,649 1,540,010
0.0%
-3.0%
na
na
1,310,539 10,145,395
1,295,835 10,176,494
1.1%
-0.3%
na
na
na
na
14,345,037 2,965,661 2,574,399 19,885,097
14,345,037 3,028,569 2,543,461 19,917,068
0.0%
-2.1%
1.2%
-0.2%
Source: March 2010 CPS, March 2011 CPS, March 2012 CPS, and March 2013 CPS; postcensal Census estimates for March 2010-2013.
Census estimates represent estimates for March 2010-2013 based on the 2010 Census. CPS estimates use weights based on the 2000 Census (March 2010-2011) and 2010 Census
(March 2012-March 2013), and with updated Census controls used in the weight calculations.
The weights were calculated using more age detail for children to provide better estimates of children by single year of age.
Note: To calculate WIC eligibles in the CPS, the age/race/gender specific ratios are applied to the CPS weights by age/race/gender to adjust for the under/over count of children in the
CPS relative to the Census estimates. The ratios shown in the total columns (by age/race/gender) are for informational purposes only.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-9
1993
Table A.4-2012: Breastfeeding Adjustment Factor Calculations for WIC Eligible Postpartum Women (1993-2012)
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-participants (IFS)
In-hospital
0.416
0.443
0.466
0.466
0.504
0.568
0.561
0.568
0.582
0.588
0.543
0.536
0.562
0.531
0.499
0.495
0.507
0.533
0.592
0.610
At 6 months
0.108
0.116
0.127
0.129
0.165
0.189
0.199
0.201
0.208
0.221
0.210
0.214
0.214
0.191
0.160
0.170
0.176
0.185
0.271
0.310
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after NHANES
adjustment
In-hospital
0.430
0.458
0.482
0.482
0.521
0.587
0.580
0.587
0.602
0.608
0.561
0.554
0.581
0.549
0.527
0.523
0.535
0.563
0.625
0.644
At 6 months
0.117
0.126
0.138
0.140
0.179
0.205
0.216
0.218
0.226
0.240
0.228
0.232
0.232
0.207
0.184
0.196
0.202
0.213
0.312
0.357
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.034
1.056
1.056
1.056
1.056
1.056
1.056
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.085
1.150
1.150
1.150
1.150
1.150
1.150
Breastfeeding rates among
WIC-eligibles after
adjustment for overestimate
of monthly eligibility
In-hospital
0.274
0.292
0.307
0.307
0.332
0.375
0.370
0.375
0.384
0.388
0.358
0.353
0.371
0.350
0.327
0.324
0.332
0.349
0.388
0.400
At 6 months
0.096
0.103
0.113
0.115
0.147
0.168
0.177
0.179
0.185
0.197
0.187
0.191
0.191
0.170
0.153
0.163
0.169
0.177
0.260
0.297
NHANES 'In-hospital'
adjustment factor
NHANES 'At 6 months'
adjustment factor
Breastfeeding adjustment
factors
Breastfeeding
0.185
0.198
0.210
0.211
0.240
0.271
0.274
0.277
0.284
0.292
0.272
0.272
0.281
0.260
0.240
0.244
0.250
0.263
0.324
0.348
<6 months postpartum
0.137
0.146
0.154
0.154
0.166
0.187
0.185
0.187
0.192
0.194
0.179
0.177
0.185
0.175
0.164
0.162
0.166
0.175
0.194
0.200
>=6 months postpartum
0.048
0.052
0.057
0.057
0.073
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.093
0.098
0.093
0.095
0.095
0.085
0.077
0.081
0.084
0.089
0.130
0.148
Not breastfeeding
<6 months postpartum
0.363
0.354
0.346
0.346
0.334
0.313
0.315
0.313
0.308
0.306
0.321
0.323
0.315
0.325
0.337
0.338
0.334
0.325
0.306
0.300
Sources:
Breastfeeding rates among WIC participants for 2012 are from the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in "2012 Breastfeeding Trends" . This survey was formerly known as the "Ross
Mothers Survey".
Adjustment for WIC eligible versus WIC participants from analysis of the combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Adjustment for using month 0 and month 6 breastfeeding rates (rather than monthly rates) and for certification periods from analysis of the 1996, 2001, and 2004 SIPP panels with breastfeeding prevalence rates derived from the
combined 2001-2002, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 NHANES.
Note: The columns corresponding to 1993 to 2006 use SIPP adjustment factors based on 1996 and 2001 SIPP panels. The 2007 through 2012 columns include the 2004 SIPP panel as well.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-10
Table A.5-2012: A Comparison of Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group in the March 2013 CPS.
According to Whether the 2012 or 2011 Breastfeeding Rates are Used
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
2012 (Using 2012 Breastfeeding Rates)
NonParticipant Group
Infants
Eligibles
a
Eligibles
Total
b
2012 (Using 2011 Breastfeeding Rates)
NonEligibles
a
Eligibles
Total
b
Percent Change
Eligibles
NonEligibles
Total
2,420,597
1,521,068
3,941,665
2,420,597
1,521,068
3,941,665
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
7,359,759
1,824,689
1,848,811
1,814,250
1,872,010
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Pregnant Women
1,245,423
1,245,423
0.00%
839,736
723,718
780,494
737,937
7.59%
-1.93%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362
14,008,339
0.32%
Source: March 2013 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
Notes:
a
The non-eligible infants and children represent the difference between the total estimates of infants and children age 1 to 4 in the total United States and the WIC-eligible
infants and children.
b
The total numbers of infants and children represent the sum of the March 2013 total number of infants and children adjusted for the under and over count of infants and
children in the CPS relative to Census estimates, plus the numbers of infants and children in Puerto Rico and the other island territories based on the 2012 PRCS and
annual Census Bureau population estimates.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-11
Table A.6-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC by Participant Group
CY 2012 (March 2013 CPS)
NOTE: Estimates for the territories are added at the bottom of this table. The top portion of this table does not include estimates from the territories.
Total
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Infants
Age 1
Age 2
Age 3
Age 4
Age 1 to 4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Total number of infants/children in the 2013 CPS-ASEC
3,873,054
4,025,460
3,973,737
4,009,402
4,035,414
16,044,013
19,917,068
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/over counta
3,894,846
3,963,309
3,996,781
3,997,484
4,032,677
15,990,251
19,885,097
Number with annual income <185% FPG
1,712,910
1,713,940
1,706,366
1,765,143
1,806,156
6,991,605
8,704,515
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
454,103
110,286
3,082
340,735
472,801
98,669
9,084
365,049
449,068
99,734
6,787
342,547
385,338
74,882
8,630
301,826
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
2,112,432
2,168,043
2,179,167
2,214,211
2,191,494
8,752,915
10,865,348
2,450,422
2,168,043
2,179,167
2,214,211
2,191,494
8,752,915
11,203,337
2,376,909
2,146,363
2,157,376
2,192,069
2,169,579
8,665,386
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above 185%
FPG
Through SNAPb
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
Number after monthly income adjustment
c
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (infants and children)d
11,042,295
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible infants
2,376,909
2,376,909
2,376,909
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and income
of woman during pregnancye
1,265,704
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant deaths f
1,260,768
2,367,639
2,367,639
5,996,046
824,580
710,656
1,535,237
1,222,945
824,580
710,656
2,758,181
Number after adjustment for breastfeeding
7,130,727
1,265,704
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for nutritional
risk (pregnant and postpartum women)d
Source: March 2013 CPS
CY 2012 - Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Total Eligibles in the U.S. Territories
Source: 2012 PRCS and Census International Data Base
Total Eligibles - States and Territories U.S. Total
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
43,688
38,808
39,276
40,217
40,201
158,502
22,478
15,156
13,062
Total
252,886
2,420,597
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
8,823,888
1,245,423
839,736
723,718
14,053,362
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-12
Notes for Table A.6-2012:
FPG = Federal poverty guidelines
a
See Tables A.3a and A3.b for the adjustment factors used to correct for the under/over count of infants and children in
the CPS relative to estimates based on the Census. Table A.3a compares 4 years of accumulated CPS and Census
estimates for children ages 0 to 4 by single years of age, gender and race (white, black, and other) and calculates
adjustment factors based on the ratio of the Census estimate to the CPS estimate. Table A.3b shows the impact of the
adjustment factors on the original March 2013 CPS estimates of children ages 0-4 by single years of age, gender, and
race.
b
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP
receipt is coded as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF,
coded as Medicaid.
c
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
d
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
e
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
f
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
g
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-13
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
839,240
860,503
226,478
170,495
1,065,718
1,030,998
870,987
882,012
219,193
242,665
1,090,180
1,124,677
851,112
843,120
253,276
217,488
1,104,388
1,060,608
Race
White
Black
Other
1,108,450
347,774
243,519
283,576
79,163
34,233
1,392,027
426,937
277,752
1,110,929
412,873
229,197
332,642
79,292
49,924
1,443,571
492,165
279,121
1,124,596
342,922
226,714
344,649
64,590
61,525
1,469,245
407,512
288,239
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
687,714
1,012,029
136,599
260,374
824,313
1,272,403
631,093
1,121,905
145,075
316,783
776,168
1,438,688
656,605
1,037,627
141,649
329,115
798,254
1,366,742
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,041,975
Single-parent family
593,513
No-parent family
64,255
Related non-parent caretaker
34,682
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 29,573
262,912
118,647
15,414
15,414
0
1,304,887
712,160
79,669
50,097
29,573
1,008,829
655,863
88,307
43,545
44,763
303,716
134,599
23,542
23,542
0
1,312,545
790,462
111,850
67,087
44,763
891,578
711,079
91,574
55,723
35,851
321,044
131,529
18,191
18,191
0
1,212,622
842,608
109,765
73,914
35,851
Household size (number of persons)
2
83,017
3
383,007
4
430,488
5
373,457
6 or more
429,774
Mean
4.7
2,399
102,072
120,254
84,161
88,088
4.6
85,415
485,078
550,742
457,618
517,862
4.7
89,946
397,543
477,351
363,136
425,022
4.6
21,386
99,387
145,181
101,253
94,650
4.5
111,332
496,930
622,532
464,390
519,672
4.6
110,432
345,110
478,088
352,102
408,499
4.6
10,612
94,214
149,319
114,991
101,627
4.6
121,044
439,324
627,408
467,093
510,127
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
314,461
1,345,447
1,107,742
398,362
1,506,104
1,122,317
409,787
1,532,105
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
517,297
50% to <100% FPL
483,931
100% to <130% FPL
291,741
d
130% to <185% FPL
402,980
185% to <200% FPL
3,072
200% to <250% FPL
723
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
19,453
37,211
108,191
232,118
517,297
483,931
291,741
422,432
40,283
108,914
232,118
523,962
531,966
288,411
401,893
5,727
1,039
0
0
0
0
37,449
69,829
133,464
221,116
523,962
531,966
288,411
439,342
75,556
134,503
221,116
520,060
471,231
298,733
396,177
6,595
1,016
0
0
0
0
19,165
51,292
128,907
271,400
520,060
471,231
298,733
415,342
57,887
129,924
271,400
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,807
$19,500
$78,221
$66,398
$31,677
$24,710
$20,906
$19,760
$69,578
$61,517
$31,055
$25,000
$20,876
$20,000
$84,448
$67,166
$34,699
$25,004
397,163
104,587
0
660,760
4,456
106,082
0
426,694
0
11,062
0
65,215
11,202
17,736
0
291,758
397,163
115,649
0
725,975
15,659
123,818
0
718,453
376,949
136,028
0
708,380
3,811
85,998
0
441,833
0
7,871
0
87,575
3,113
17,742
0
345,556
376,949
143,900
0
795,955
6,924
103,740
0
787,389
399,109
135,769
0
603,167
6,021
132,691
0
417,476
0
5,119
0
74,528
9,084
18,294
0
363,739
399,109
140,888
0
677,695
15,104
150,984
0
781,215
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,030,985
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-14
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
923,462
849,252
232,758
217,786
1,156,220
1,067,038
911,104
897,013
206,346
179,225
1,117,451
1,076,238
3,556,665
3,471,396
911,573
857,163
4,468,238
4,328,560
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,170
377,142
234,402
319,103
79,181
52,259
1,480,273
456,323
286,662
1,153,302
422,232
232,583
285,271
48,908
51,393
1,438,572
471,140
283,976
4,549,998
1,555,169
922,896
1,281,664
271,971
215,101
5,831,661
1,827,140
1,137,997
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
676,260
1,096,454
124,927
325,616
801,187
1,422,070
641,227
1,166,891
110,393
275,178
751,620
1,442,069
2,605,185
4,422,877
522,045
1,246,691
3,127,230
5,669,568
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
901,104
772,390
99,220
65,663
33,558
287,364
133,000
30,179
30,179
0
1,188,468
905,390
129,399
95,842
33,558
898,179
825,989
83,950
53,473
30,477
243,143
115,447
26,980
26,980
0
1,141,322
941,436
110,931
80,453
30,477
3,699,689
2,965,321
363,052
218,404
144,648
1,155,268
514,576
98,892
98,892
0
4,854,957
3,479,896
461,944
317,296
144,648
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
122,518
337,563
460,479
395,194
456,961
4.7
12,763
92,574
135,722
106,077
103,407
4.7
135,281
430,137
596,201
501,271
560,367
4.7
102,693
328,738
512,937
402,551
461,199
4.7
20,418
62,751
131,281
78,876
92,245
4.6
123,111
391,489
644,218
481,427
553,444
4.7
425,588
1,408,954
1,928,856
1,512,983
1,751,680
4.6
65,180
348,925
561,503
401,198
391,930
4.6
490,768
1,757,880
2,490,358
1,914,181
2,143,610
4.6
1,187,416
377,780
1,565,196
1,196,483
326,076
1,522,559
4,613,958
1,512,006
6,125,964
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
486,983
50% to <100% FPL
544,418
100% to <130% FPL
281,261
d
130% to <185% FPL
451,199
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,811
50,475
141,140
237,117
486,983
544,418
281,261
473,010
57,291
142,807
237,117
532,202
515,122
296,350
459,546
3,349
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,578
43,754
115,225
208,015
532,202
515,122
296,350
478,123
47,102
116,774
208,015
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,708,815
22,488
5,270
0
0
0
0
97,003
215,348
518,736
937,648
2,063,206
2,062,737
1,164,756
1,805,818
237,836
524,007
937,648
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,798
$20,000
$80,158
$67,000
$33,624
$25,000
$21,476
$20,000
$80,989
$65,177
$31,936
$24,709
$21,270
$20,000
$78,718
$64,800
$32,821
$25,000
414,238
127,779
0
690,091
15,850
103,796
0
420,960
0
6,326
0
80,306
5,186
13,527
1,637
343,562
414,238
134,105
0
770,397
21,036
117,323
1,637
764,521
433,701
153,640
0
692,054
12,683
88,455
0
427,585
0
5,437
0
52,090
7,442
17,492
1,188
301,923
433,701
159,076
0
744,144
20,125
105,947
1,188
729,507
1,623,997
553,216
0
2,693,692
38,364
410,940
0
1,707,853
0
24,753
0
294,499
24,825
67,055
2,824
1,354,779
1,623,997
577,970
0
2,988,191
63,188
477,995
2,824
3,062,632
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-15
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,699,743
eligible c
396,973
Total
2,096,716
FPGb
1,752,999
eligible c
461,858
Total
2,214,856
FPGb
1,694,232
eligible c
470,764
Total
2,164,996
Gender
Male
Female
49.4
50.6
57.1
42.9
50.8
49.2
49.7
50.3
47.5
52.5
49.2
50.8
50.2
49.8
53.8
46.2
51.0
49.0
Race
White
Black
Other
65.2
20.5
14.3
71.4
19.9
8.6
66.4
20.4
13.2
63.4
23.6
13.1
72.0
17.2
10.8
65.2
22.2
12.6
66.4
20.2
13.4
73.2
13.7
13.1
67.9
18.8
13.3
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.5
59.5
34.4
65.6
39.3
60.7
36.0
64.0
31.4
68.6
35.0
65.0
38.8
61.2
30.1
69.9
36.9
63.1
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.3
34.9
3.8
2.0
1.7
66.2
29.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
57.5
37.4
5.0
2.5
2.6
65.8
29.1
5.1
5.1
0.0
59.3
35.7
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.6
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
27.9
3.9
3.9
0.0
56.0
38.9
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.7
30.3
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.1
22.7
27.2
20.7
24.2
4.6
21.5
31.4
21.9
20.5
5.0
22.4
28.1
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.4
28.2
20.8
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.7
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.6
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.2
86.3
68.0
66.2
87.0
70.8
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.4
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.2
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.7
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.3
58.5
24.7
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.9
30.3
16.5
22.9
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.9
47.9
23.7
24.0
13.0
19.8
3.4
6.1
10.0
30.7
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
10.9
27.4
57.7
24.0
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.6
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.3
21.5
7.8
0.0
40.4
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.2
0.0
1.7
0.0
19.0
0.7
3.8
0.0
74.8
17.0
6.5
0.0
35.9
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.6
23.6
8.0
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.8
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.8
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.3
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.1
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
6.2
0.0
38.9
0.3
6.2
0.0
25.1
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-16
Table A.7a-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Unadjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,772,714
eligible c
450,543
Total
2,223,257
FPGb
1,808,118
eligible c
385,571
Total
2,193,689
FPGb
7,028,062
eligible c
1,768,736
Total
8,796,798
Gender
Male
Female
52.1
47.9
51.7
48.3
52.0
48.0
50.4
49.6
53.5
46.5
50.9
49.1
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.8
49.2
Race
White
Black
Other
65.5
21.3
13.2
70.8
17.6
11.6
66.6
20.5
12.9
63.8
23.4
12.9
74.0
12.7
13.3
65.6
21.5
12.9
64.7
22.1
13.1
72.5
15.4
12.2
66.3
20.8
12.9
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.1
61.9
27.7
72.3
36.0
64.0
35.5
64.5
28.6
71.4
34.3
65.7
37.1
62.9
29.5
70.5
35.5
64.5
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
50.8
43.6
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.5
40.7
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.7
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.0
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.6
42.2
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.3
29.1
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.2
39.6
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.1
23.5
23.0
6.1
19.3
26.8
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.0
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.1
20.0
27.4
21.5
24.9
3.7
19.7
31.7
22.7
22.2
5.6
20.0
28.3
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.5
69.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.3
29.9
53.9
24.3
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.4
29.4
16.6
24.3
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.0
23.5
23.4
13.2
20.5
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.2
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.7
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.6
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.3
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.1
7.9
0.0
38.3
0.5
5.8
0.0
24.3
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.7
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.6
18.5
6.6
0.0
34.0
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.8
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
130% to <185% FPLd
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.4
7.2
0.0
38.9
0.9
5.9
0.0
23.7
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-17
Notes for Table A.7a-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the unadjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
not adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal
Poverty Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce
official poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in
determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-18
This page was left intentionally blank.
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
Demographic Characteristics
Total
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
960,595
1,000,002
259,227
198,067
1,219,821
1,198,069
855,940
857,828
216,112
237,946
1,072,052
1,095,774
851,208
854,987
253,317
219,437
1,104,525
1,074,425
Race
White
Black
Other
1,268,732
407,370
284,495
324,582
92,407
40,305
1,593,314
499,777
324,800
1,110,818
371,237
231,713
332,608
71,303
50,147
1,443,427
442,539
281,860
1,124,484
348,615
233,096
344,614
65,450
62,690
1,469,098
414,065
295,786
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
790,275
1,170,321
156,885
300,409
947,161
1,470,730
628,616
1,085,152
143,340
310,717
771,957
1,395,869
658,501
1,047,694
141,870
330,884
800,371
1,378,578
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
1,199,951
Single-parent family
686,225
No-parent family
74,420
Related non-parent caretaker
40,325
Unrelated non-parent caretaker 34,096
303,035
136,472
17,787
17,787
0
1,502,986
822,697
92,207
58,112
34,096
997,238
630,571
85,960
41,973
43,986
299,690
130,872
23,496
23,496
0
1,296,929
761,442
109,455
65,469
43,986
896,370
717,223
92,601
56,347
36,255
322,220
132,345
18,189
18,189
0
1,218,590
849,569
110,790
74,536
36,255
Household size (number of persons)
2
96,128
3
440,828
4
496,837
5
430,703
6 or more
496,101
Mean
4.7
2,745
117,857
138,283
96,994
101,414
4.6
98,874
558,685
635,120
527,697
597,515
4.7
86,452
386,561
469,494
355,797
415,465
4.6
20,565
98,099
142,328
99,731
93,334
4.5
107,017
484,661
611,822
455,528
508,799
4.6
111,555
347,198
481,769
354,031
411,641
4.6
10,667
94,562
150,342
115,301
101,882
4.6
122,222
441,760
632,112
469,332
513,524
4.6
Number with working parent(s)
362,158
1,551,641
1,087,920
390,977
1,478,898
1,128,991
411,437
1,540,428
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
598,499
50% to <100% FPL
558,293
100% to <130% FPL
335,779
130% to <185% FPLd
463,613
185% to <200% FPL
3,550
200% to <250% FPL
863
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
22,584
43,034
124,457
267,218
598,499
558,293
335,779
486,197
46,584
125,321
267,218
508,399
519,358
283,685
395,734
5,568
1,024
0
0
0
0
36,909
68,640
130,451
218,059
508,399
519,358
283,685
432,643
74,208
131,475
218,059
524,817
474,340
300,401
398,490
6,663
1,065
0
0
0
0
19,216
51,803
129,357
272,378
524,817
474,340
300,401
417,706
58,466
130,423
272,378
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$20,779
$19,500
$78,283
$66,398
$31,655
$24,668
$21,007
$19,800
$69,767
$61,517
$31,220
$25,000
$20,860
$20,000
$84,422
$67,166
$34,651
$25,003
456,864
120,910
0
763,723
5,144
123,184
0
490,772
0
12,661
0
75,136
12,837
20,432
0
336,227
456,864
133,571
0
838,859
17,981
143,616
0
826,999
371,547
130,661
0
688,185
3,786
83,261
0
436,328
0
7,820
0
84,646
3,082
17,809
0
340,701
371,547
138,482
0
772,831
6,868
101,070
0
777,028
401,873
137,368
0
606,928
6,113
133,965
0
419,948
0
5,245
0
75,060
9,083
18,354
0
365,013
401,873
142,613
0
681,988
15,196
152,318
0
784,961
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
1,189,483
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-20
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Ages 1-4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
915,800
849,167
231,259
217,764
1,147,059
1,066,931
911,463
894,513
206,406
178,893
1,117,869
1,073,406
3,534,411
3,456,495
907,094
854,041
4,441,505
4,310,536
Race
White
Black
Other
1,161,054
369,534
234,379
319,071
77,698
52,254
1,480,125
447,232
286,633
1,153,187
419,655
233,134
285,242
48,555
51,503
1,438,429
468,210
284,637
4,549,543
1,509,040
932,323
1,281,536
263,006
216,593
5,831,078
1,772,047
1,148,916
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
675,519
1,089,447
124,903
324,120
800,422
1,413,568
641,013
1,164,963
110,393
274,907
751,406
1,439,870
2,603,649
4,387,256
520,506
1,240,629
3,124,155
5,627,886
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
899,503
766,761
98,702
65,238
33,464
286,667
132,260
30,096
30,096
0
1,186,171
899,021
128,798
95,334
33,464
897,975
824,096
83,905
53,445
30,459
243,100
115,283
26,916
26,916
0
1,141,075
939,380
110,821
80,362
30,459
3,691,087
2,938,651
361,168
217,003
144,164
1,151,678
510,761
98,697
98,697
0
4,842,764
3,449,412
459,865
315,700
144,164
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Mean
121,147
335,679
459,140
393,605
455,396
4.7
12,651
92,038
135,435
105,611
103,287
4.7
133,799
427,718
594,575
499,216
558,682
4.7
102,540
328,054
512,467
402,092
460,823
4.7
20,365
62,621
131,236
78,855
92,223
4.6
122,905
390,675
643,703
480,947
553,046
4.7
421,694
1,397,493
1,922,870
1,505,524
1,743,324
4.6
64,249
347,320
559,341
399,499
390,726
4.6
485,943
1,744,813
2,482,212
1,905,024
2,134,050
4.6
1,182,615
376,423
1,559,038
1,195,609
325,917
1,521,526
4,595,136
1,504,754
6,099,891
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
484,616
50% to <100% FPL
541,695
100% to <130% FPL
280,122
d
130% to <185% FPL
449,682
185% to <200% FPL
6,816
200% to <250% FPL
1,666
250% FPL and above
0
0
0
0
21,646
50,321
140,679
236,377
484,616
541,695
280,122
471,328
57,136
142,345
236,377
531,280
514,381
296,216
459,207
3,343
1,549
0
0
0
0
18,545
43,768
115,084
207,903
531,280
514,381
296,216
477,752
47,111
116,633
207,903
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,703,113
22,389
5,304
0
0
0
0
96,315
214,531
515,572
934,717
2,049,112
2,049,773
1,160,424
1,799,429
236,920
520,876
934,717
Annual family income
Mean
Median
$21,810
$20,000
$80,195
$67,000
$33,651
$25,000
$21,483
$20,000
$81,015
$65,177
$31,951
$24,709
$21,297
$20,000
$78,821
$65,000
$32,872
$25,000
412,673
126,945
0
686,470
15,709
103,468
0
419,701
0
6,325
0
79,941
5,150
13,458
1,636
342,513
412,673
133,270
0
766,411
20,858
116,926
1,636
762,215
433,505
153,205
0
690,824
12,646
88,369
0
427,427
0
5,438
0
51,970
7,441
17,466
1,188
301,796
433,505
158,643
0
742,795
20,088
105,834
1,188
729,223
1,619,598
548,180
0
2,672,406
38,254
409,063
0
1,703,404
0
24,828
0
291,618
24,756
67,086
2,824
1,350,023
1,619,598
573,008
0
2,964,025
63,010
476,149
2,824
3,053,427
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Number with working parent(s)
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-21
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Infants
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 2
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,960,597
eligible c
457,294
Total
2,417,891
FPGb
1,713,768
eligible c
454,058
Total
2,167,826
FPGb
1,706,195
eligible c
472,754
Total
2,178,949
Gender
Male
Female
49.0
51.0
56.7
43.3
50.4
49.6
49.9
50.1
47.6
52.4
49.5
50.5
49.9
50.1
53.6
46.4
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
64.7
20.8
14.5
71.0
20.2
8.8
65.9
20.7
13.4
64.8
21.7
13.5
73.3
15.7
11.0
66.6
20.4
13.0
65.9
20.4
13.7
72.9
13.8
13.3
67.4
19.0
13.6
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
40.3
59.7
34.3
65.7
39.2
60.8
36.7
63.3
31.6
68.4
35.6
64.4
38.6
61.4
30.0
70.0
36.7
63.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
61.2
35.0
3.8
2.1
1.7
66.3
29.8
3.9
3.9
0.0
62.2
34.0
3.8
2.4
1.4
58.2
36.8
5.0
2.4
2.6
66.0
28.8
5.2
5.2
0.0
59.8
35.1
5.0
3.0
2.0
52.5
42.0
5.4
3.3
2.1
68.2
28.0
3.8
3.8
0.0
55.9
39.0
5.1
3.4
1.7
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
4.9
22.5
25.3
22.0
25.3
0.6
25.8
30.2
21.2
22.2
4.1
23.1
26.3
21.8
24.7
5.0
22.6
27.4
20.8
24.2
4.5
21.6
31.3
22.0
20.6
4.9
22.4
28.2
21.0
23.5
6.5
20.3
28.2
20.7
24.1
2.3
20.0
31.8
24.4
21.6
5.6
20.3
29.0
21.5
23.6
% with working parent(s)
60.7
79.2
64.2
63.5
86.1
68.2
66.2
87.0
70.7
Annual family income relative to povertyb
Less than 50% FPL
30.5
50% to <100% FPL
28.5
100% to <130% FPL
17.1
d
130% to <185% FPL
23.6
185% to <200% FPL
0.2
200% to <250% FPL
0.0
250% FPL and above
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
9.4
27.2
58.4
24.8
23.1
13.9
20.1
1.9
5.2
11.1
29.7
30.3
16.6
23.1
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.1
15.1
28.7
48.0
23.5
24.0
13.1
20.0
3.4
6.1
10.1
30.8
27.8
17.6
23.4
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.1
11.0
27.4
57.6
24.1
21.8
13.8
19.2
2.7
6.0
12.5
0.0
2.8
0.0
16.4
2.8
4.5
0.0
73.5
18.9
5.5
0.0
34.7
0.7
5.9
0.0
34.2
21.7
7.6
0.0
40.2
0.2
4.9
0.0
25.5
0.0
1.7
0.0
18.6
0.7
3.9
0.0
75.0
17.1
6.4
0.0
35.7
0.3
4.7
0.0
35.8
23.6
8.1
0.0
35.6
0.4
7.9
0.0
24.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
15.9
1.9
3.9
0.0
77.2
18.4
6.5
0.0
31.3
0.7
7.0
0.0
36.0
Demographic Characteristics
Total
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
23.3
6.2
0.0
39.0
0.3
6.3
0.0
25.0
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-22
Table A.7b-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children (Ages 1-4) Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 3
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
WIC-Eligible Children
Age 1 to 4
Family
income
Adjunct<185%
ively
FPGb
1,764,967
eligible c
449,023
Total
2,213,990
FPGb
1,805,976
eligible c
385,300
Total
2,191,275
FPGb
6,990,906
eligible c
1,761,135
Total
8,752,041
Gender
Male
Female
51.9
48.1
51.5
48.5
51.8
48.2
50.5
49.5
53.6
46.4
51.0
49.0
50.6
49.4
51.5
48.5
50.7
49.3
Race
White
Black
Other
65.8
20.9
13.3
71.1
17.3
11.6
66.9
20.2
12.9
63.9
23.2
12.9
74.0
12.6
13.4
65.6
21.4
13.0
65.1
21.6
13.3
72.8
14.9
12.3
66.6
20.2
13.1
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
38.3
61.7
27.8
72.2
36.2
63.8
35.5
64.5
28.7
71.3
34.3
65.7
37.2
62.8
29.6
70.4
35.7
64.3
Living arrangement
Two-parent family
Single-parent family
No-parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
51.0
43.4
5.6
3.7
1.9
63.8
29.5
6.7
6.7
0.0
53.6
40.6
5.8
4.3
1.5
49.7
45.6
4.6
3.0
1.7
63.1
29.9
7.0
7.0
0.0
52.1
42.9
5.1
3.7
1.4
52.8
42.0
5.2
3.1
2.1
65.4
29.0
5.6
5.6
0.0
55.3
39.4
5.3
3.6
1.6
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
6.9
19.0
26.0
22.3
25.8
2.8
20.5
30.2
23.5
23.0
6.0
19.3
26.9
22.5
25.2
5.7
18.2
28.4
22.3
25.5
5.3
16.3
34.1
20.5
23.9
5.6
17.8
29.4
21.9
25.2
6.0
20.0
27.5
21.5
24.9
3.6
19.7
31.8
22.7
22.2
5.6
19.9
28.4
21.8
24.4
67.0
83.8
70.4
66.2
84.6
69.4
65.7
85.4
69.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.2
31.3
52.6
21.9
24.5
12.7
21.3
2.6
6.4
10.7
29.4
28.5
16.4
25.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
11.4
29.9
54.0
24.2
23.5
13.5
21.8
2.1
5.3
9.5
29.3
29.3
16.6
24.4
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
12.2
29.3
53.1
23.4
23.4
13.3
20.6
2.7
6.0
10.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
17.8
1.1
3.0
0.4
76.3
18.6
6.0
0.0
34.6
0.9
5.3
0.1
34.4
24.0
8.5
0.0
38.3
0.7
4.9
0.0
23.7
0.0
1.4
0.0
13.5
1.9
4.5
0.3
78.3
19.8
7.2
0.0
33.9
0.9
4.8
0.1
33.3
23.2
7.8
0.0
38.2
0.5
5.9
0.0
24.4
0.0
1.4
0.0
16.6
1.4
3.8
0.2
76.7
18.5
6.5
0.0
33.9
0.7
5.4
0.0
34.9
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
27.5
50% to <100% FPL
30.7
100% to <130% FPL
15.9
d
130% to <185% FPL
25.5
185% to <200% FPL
0.4
200% to <250% FPL
0.1
250% FPL and above
0.0
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
23.4
SNAP, TANF, & Medicaid
7.2
SNAP & TANF
0.0
SNAP & Medicaid
38.9
TANF & Medicaid
0.9
SNAP only
5.9
TANF only
0.0
Medicaid only
23.8
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
See notes at the end of this table.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-23
Notes for Table A.7b-2012:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They
are adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, and nutritional risk. See Tables A.3a and A.3b for the adjustment factors.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility. The Federal Poverty
Thresholds are updated by the Census Bureau each year and are used mainly to produce official
poverty population estimates. The Federal Poverty Guidelines are issued by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS) and are a simplification of the poverty thresholds for use in determining
financial eligibility for certain federal programs, including WIC.
c
Infants and children adjunctively eligible are those whose family income was not below 185% FPG but
who reported receipt of SNAP, Medicaid, or TANF. Therefore, the two categories are mutually exclusive.
d
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL). For example, in January 2013 a family of five with three children and an
annual family income of $45,125 has an income to FPL ratio of 1.58, but an income to FPG ratio of 1.64
(FPL for a family of 5 = $28,498; FPG for a family of 5 = $27,570).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-24
Table A.8-2012: Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible
for WIC by Participant Group:
A Comparison of the Change from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012
NOTE: This table includes estimates for the territories.
Total
Participant Group
Infants
Total Children Ages 1-4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Pregnant Women
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
Percent
Change
Total Eligibles
Percent
Change
Eligibility Rate
Coverage Rate
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
Percent
Change
3,941,665
4,012,975
-1.8%
2,420,597
2,516,309
-3.8%
61.4
62.7
-2.1%
85.1
83.4
2.1%
16,183,647
4,009,860
4,045,462
4,046,536
4,081,789
16,365,464
4,120,473
4,005,439
4,046,978
4,192,574
-1.1%
-2.7%
1.0%
0.0%
-2.6%
8,823,888
2,185,171
2,196,651
2,232,286
2,209,780
8,888,005
2,325,258
2,154,671
2,180,779
2,227,296
-0.7%
-6.0%
1.9%
2.4%
-0.8%
54.5
54.5
54.3
55.2
54.1
54.3
56.4
53.8
53.9
53.1
0.4%
-3.4%
0.9%
2.4%
1.9%
53.3
53.6
-0.6%
1,245,423
1,294,668
-3.8%
70.9
69.5
2.1%
839,736
723,718
811,356
767,116
3.5%
-5.7%
70.4
84.6
71.1
81.2
-0.9%
4.2%
63.1
62.7
0.5%
Total WIC Eligibles
14,053,362 14,277,453
-1.6%
Source: March 2013 and March 2012 CPS; 2004 and 2008 SIPP panels; 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 NHANES
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
2012
2011
Percent
Change
Page A-25
Table A.9-2012: Stepwise Comparison of the Change in Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible for WIC, from Calendar Year 2011 to 2012 as estimated
by the March CPS
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories.
2012
Percent Change a
2011
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
Total number of infants/children in the March CPS
Infants
3,873,054
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
19,917,068
Infants
3,903,110
16,206,657
20,109,767
Infants
-0.8%
16,044,013
Number (non-U.S. Territory) after adjustment for CPS
under/overcount
3,894,846
Number with annual income <185% FPG
15,990,251
19,885,097
3,965,001
16,164,917
20,129,919
1,712,910
6,991,605
8,704,515
1,783,049
7,080,945
399,522
94,557
11,215
293,750
1,761,310
383,571
27,583
1,350,157
2,160,833
478,128
38,798
1,643,907
413,998
87,844
18,899
307,255
Number before monthly income adjustment
Number after monthly income adjustment
2,112,432
2,450,422
8,752,915
8,752,915
10,865,348
11,203,337
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)
2,376,909
8,665,386
11,042,295
Number with adjunctive eligibility
Through SNAP
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
Children
Age 1 to 4
Total
-1.0%
-1.0%
-1.8%
-1.1%
-1.2%
8,863,994
-3.9%
-1.3%
-1.8%
1,730,698
396,624
28,611
1,305,463
2,144,696
484,468
47,510
1,612,718
-3.5%
7.6%
-40.7%
-4.4%
1.8%
-3.3%
-3.6%
3.4%
0.8%
-1.3%
-18.3%
1.9%
2,197,047
2,548,575
8,811,643
8,811,643
11,008,690
11,360,218
-3.9%
-3.9%
-0.7%
-0.7%
-1.3%
-1.4%
2,472,118
8,723,527
11,195,644
-3.9%
-0.7%
-1.4%
Source: March 2012 CPS and March 2013 CPS
See footnotes on Table A.6 for adjustment factor calculations for 2012.
a
When interpreting percent changes keep in mind that groups with small populations can show large changes simply as a result of year-to-year sample variation.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-26
Table A.10-2012: Standard Error and Coefficient of Variation for National Estimates from the 2013 CPS-ASEC
by Participant Group
NOTE: This table does not include estimates for the territories
2012
Estimate
Total
Eligibles
2,376,909
69,201
111,619
1.8%
4.7%
15,990,251
3,963,309
3,996,781
3,997,484
4,032,677
.
2,909,742
8,665,386
2,146,363
2,157,376
2,192,069
2,169,579
136,724
69,797
70,086
70,092
70,395
210,936
106,107
106,377
107,223
106,676
0.9%
1.8%
1.8%
1.8%
1.7%
2.4%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
4.9%
1,222,945
51,699
57,429
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Breastfeeding Women
2,151,269
824,580
38,222
38,722
1.8%
4.7%
Postpartum Non-Breastfeeding Women
1,728,387
710,656
30,709
33,372
1.8%
4.7%
26,674,495 13,800,476
172,507
263,925
0.6%
1.9%
Infants
Total Children Age 1 to 4
Children Age 1
Children Age 2
Children Age 3
Children Age 4
Pregnant Women
Total
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC
Total
Total
Eligibles
Coefficient of
Variation
3,894,846
Participant Group
Eligibles
Standard Error
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page A-27
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix B
State and Regional Estimates: 2012
The tables in this appendix show the estimates of total WIC-eligible individuals by State
and by participant group and region for calendar year 2012 as summarized in Volume I of this
report. Note that these estimates refer to the FNS regions as defined on page B-3. The
estimates rely on the American Community Survey (ACS) that allows calculation of income and
adjunctive eligibility by State. Note that adjunctive eligibility reflects individuals that report
receipt of SNAP, TANF, or public health coverage on the ACS but are not already income-eligible
for WIC. The ACS does not separately identify Medicaid vs. the State’s Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP).
State and Regional Estimates Appendix Table Definitions
Table B.1: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by State (alphabetical)
and FNS region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by State and FNS region. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the territories.
Table B.2: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region with each
State listed under its region. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated
coverage rates by FNS region and State. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region include the
territories.
Table B.3: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals by FNS region and
participant group. Also shown is the total number of participants and calculated coverage rates
by FNS region and participant group. Totals and coverage rates by FNS region and participant
group include the territories.
Table B.4: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by State (listed alphabetically) and FNS region.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-1
Table B.5: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State
This table shows the estimated total number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated
standard errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region with each State listed under its
region.
Table B.6: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group
This table shows the estimated number of WIC-eligible individuals and the associated standard
errors and coefficients of variance by FNS region and participant group.
Table B.7: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
This table shows the State-specific breastfeeding adjustment factors. These factors were
determined using the same methodology used to produce the national breastfeeding
adjustments but substitute the State-specific breastfeeding rates as reported by the Abbott
Laboratories’ Infant Feeding Survey (IFS). Estimates for the territories assumed the national
breastfeeding rates.
Table B.8: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for
WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group
Analogous to Table A.6 of the national estimates, this table shows the step-by-step adjustments
made from the total number of infants and children to the final numbers of infants, children,
and pregnant and postpartum women that are fully eligible for WIC for the territories based on
the ACS data and population estimates from the Census Bureau.
Table B.9: FNS Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children
Eligible for WIC in the CPS-ASEC by Demographic Characteristics
This tables shows the estimates of total WIC-eligible infants and children by demographic and
income characteristics in the CPS-ASEC. Note that these tables do not include infants and
children from the territories. This table shows these characteristics using weights that have
been fully adjusted, including adjustments for the under/over count in the CPS (population
adjustment), monthly income and certification periods (annual-to-monthly adjustment), and
nutritional risk. The numbers are shown as a single total count and the column percentages of
eligible individuals by their demographic and income characteristics.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-2
FNS Regions
Northeast
 Connecticut
 Maine
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
 New York
 Rhode Island
 Vermont
Mid-Atlantic
 Delaware
 District of Columbia
 Maryland
 New Jersey
 Pennsylvania
 Puerto Rico
 Virgin Islands
 Virginia
 West Virginia
Southeast
 Alabama
 Florida
 Georgia
 Kentucky
 Mississippi
 North Carolina
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
Midwest
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Ohio
 Wisconsin
Southwest
 Arkansas
 Louisiana
 New Mexico
 Oklahoma
 Texas
Mountain Plains
 Colorado
 Iowa
 Kansas
 Missouri
 Montana
 Nebraska
 North Dakota
 South Dakota
 Utah
 Wyoming
Western
 Alaska
 American Samoa
 Arizona
 California
 Guam
 Hawaii
 Idaho
 Nevada
 Northern Mariana Islands
 Oregon
 Washington
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-3
Table B.1-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Participants
Coverage
Rate
Eligibles
Participants
State a
Alabama
237,338
141,347
59.6% New York
792,260
524,076
Alaska
40,444
24,545
60.7% North Carolina
462,176
268,833
Arizona
324,219
190,862
58.9% North Dakota
17,455
13,605
Arkansas
155,436
93,695
60.3% Ohio
476,829
273,157
California
1,788,042
1,468,723
82.1% Oklahoma
197,523
122,394
Colorado
210,257
102,583
48.8% Oregon
169,287
111,016
Connecticut
105,521
56,254
53.3% Pennsylvania
460,187
251,891
Delaware
37,402
21,929
58.6% Puerto Rico
223,323
192,041
D.C.
26,492
16,248
61.3% Rhode Island
34,937
24,113
Florida
858,270
493,285
57.5% South Carolina
227,258
129,551
Georgia
517,368
301,046
58.2% South Dakota
35,309
21,865
Hawaii
59,119
37,132
62.8% Tennessee
291,609
162,507
Idaho
82,539
44,037
53.4% Texas
1,478,074
967,774
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8% Utah
151,908
68,729
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8% Vermont
22,031
15,357
Iowa
110,511
68,023
61.6% Virginia
274,179
158,479
Kansas
131,391
74,276
56.5% Washington
296,700
195,088
Kentucky
194,758
131,081
67.3% West Virginia
65,149
47,310
Louisiana
253,268
143,234
56.6% Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
Maine
47,769
25,289
52.9% Wyoming
24,104
12,401
Maryland
206,753
145,725
70.5%
Massachusetts
180,027
122,446
68.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1% Northeast
1,219,589
783,792
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2% Mid-Atlantic
1,588,747
1,010,364
Mississippi
177,882
93,946
52.8% Southeast
2,966,659
1,721,595
Missouri
256,642
144,612
56.3% Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
Montana
44,113
20,390
46.2% Southwest
2,202,470
1,390,197
Nebraska
75,111
41,856
55.7% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
568,340
Nevada
135,252
75,581
55.9% Western
2,919,339
2,165,332
New Hampshire
37,044
16,257
43.9%
New Jersey
289,435
171,468
59.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
New Mexico
118,169
63,101
53.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
Coverage
Rate
66.1%
58.2%
77.9%
57.3%
62.0%
65.6%
54.7%
86.0%
69.0%
57.0%
61.9%
55.7%
65.5%
45.2%
69.7%
57.8%
65.8%
72.6%
58.0%
51.4%
64.3%
63.6%
58.0%
58.2%
63.1%
53.8%
74.2%
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-4
Table B.2-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Participants
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
783,792
56,254
25,289
122,446
16,257
524,076
24,113
15,357
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Virginia
West Virginia
1,588,747
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
223,323
274,179
65,149
1,010,364
21,929
16,248
145,725
171,468
251,891
192,041
158,479
47,310
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
1,721,595
141,347
493,285
301,046
131,081
93,946
268,833
129,551
162,507
Coverage
Rate
64.3% Southwest
53.3%
Arkansas
52.9%
Louisiana
68.0%
New Mexico
43.9%
Oklahoma
66.1%
Texas
69.0%
69.7% Mountain Plains
Colorado
63.6%
Iowa
58.6%
Kansas
61.3%
Missouri
70.5%
Montana
59.2%
Nebraska
54.7%
North Dakota
86.0%
South Dakota
57.8%
Utah
72.6%
Wyoming
58.0% Western
59.6%
Alaska
57.5%
Arizona
58.2%
California
67.3%
Hawaii
52.8%
Idaho
58.2%
Nevada
57.0%
Oregon
55.7%
Washington
2,202,470
155,436
253,268
118,169
197,523
1,478,074
1,390,197
93,695
143,234
63,101
122,394
967,774
Coverage
Rate
63.1%
60.3%
56.6%
53.4%
62.0%
65.5%
1,056,801
210,257
110,511
131,391
256,642
44,113
75,111
17,455
35,309
151,908
24,104
568,340
102,583
68,023
74,276
144,612
20,390
41,856
13,605
21,865
68,729
12,401
53.8%
48.8%
61.6%
56.5%
56.3%
46.2%
55.7%
77.9%
61.9%
45.2%
51.4%
2,919,339
40,444
324,219
1,788,042
59,119
82,539
135,252
169,287
296,700
2,165,332
24,545
190,862
1,468,723
37,132
44,037
75,581
111,016
195,088
74.2%
60.7%
58.9%
82.1%
62.8%
53.4%
55.9%
65.6%
65.8%
Eligibles
Participants
Midwest
2,099,757
1,222,703
58.2% Total
14,053,362
8,862,323
Illinois
531,558
285,864
53.8%
Indiana
303,243
163,165
53.8%
Michigan
411,397
255,618
62.1%
Minnesota
174,004
127,312
73.2%
Ohio
476,829
273,157
57.3%
Wisconsin
202,726
117,588
58.0%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
63.1%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates and participant data include those eligible for WIC
and/or receiving WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the other island territories (territories other than Puerto Rico) are included in
regional totals but not shown separately due to small sample constraints.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-5
Table B.3-2012: WIC Eligibles and Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
Participants
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
275,073
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
498,880
2,420,597
178,578
236,565
426,990
303,583
334,671
135,975
443,074
2,059,436
Children (1-4)
775,876
999,170
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,816,403
8,823,888
422,634
543,228
882,005
634,740
701,715
297,390
1,234,632
4,716,344
Coverage Rates
Northeast
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southeast
82.2%
Midwest
83.7%
Southwest
88.3%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
Western
88.8%
Total
85.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS,
Pregnant
Women
105,947
141,528
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
256,679
1,245,423
75,232
95,311
178,915
129,532
146,500
55,777
201,787
883,053
All Post-Partum
Women
131,849
172,977
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
347,377
1,563,454
107,348
135,261
233,685
154,849
207,312
79,197
285,838
1,203,489
Total
1,219,589
1,588,747
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,919,339
14,053,362
783,792
1,010,364
1,721,595
1,222,703
1,390,197
568,340
2,165,332
8,862,323
54.5%
71.0%
81.4%
64.3%
54.4%
67.3%
78.2%
63.6%
47.4%
66.9%
73.1%
58.0%
48.3%
69.4%
65.3%
58.2%
50.5%
75.2%
86.7%
63.1%
44.4%
60.4%
68.6%
53.8%
68.0%
78.6%
82.3%
74.2%
53.4%
70.9%
77.0%
63.1%
Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-6
Table B.4-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by State and FNS Region, CY 2012
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
Eligibles
Standard
Error
Coefficient
of Variation
State a
Alabama
237,338
12,522
5.3% New York
792,260
25,457
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2% North Carolina
462,176
18,267
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6% North Dakota
17,455
3,226
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4% Ohio
476,829
18,566
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5% Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6% Oregon
169,287
10,434
Connecticut
105,521
8,136
7.7% Pennsylvania
460,187
18,211
Delaware
37,402
4,792
12.8% Puerto Rico
223,323
12,522
D.C.
26,492
3,962
15.0% Rhode Island
34,937
4,533
Florida
858,270
26,705
3.1% South Carolina
227,258
12,227
Georgia
517,368
19,614
3.8% South Dakota
35,309
4,629
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2% Tennessee
291,609
14,111
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6% Texas
1,478,074
38,725
Illinois
531,558
19,891
3.7% Utah
151,908
9,839
Indiana
303,243
14,297
4.7% Vermont
22,031
3,637
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5% Virginia
274,179
13,579
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9% Washington
296,700
14,157
Kentucky
194,758
11,253
5.8% West Virginia
65,149
6,291
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1% Wisconsin
202,726
11,510
Maine
47,769
5,400
11.3% Wyoming
24,104
3,778
Maryland
206,753
11,574
5.6%
Massachusetts
180,027
10,831
6.0% FNS Regionb
Michigan
411,397
17,085
4.2% Northeast
1,219,589
38,336
Minnesota
174,004
10,531
6.1% Mid-Atlantic
1,359,597
41,189
Mississippi
177,882
10,679
6.0% Southeast
2,966,659
71,819
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1% Midwest
2,099,757
55,631
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8% Western
2,895,603
70,509
New Hampshire
37,044
4,731
12.8%
New Jersey
289,435
13,987
4.8% Total
13,800,476
263,925
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
3.2%
4.0%
18.5%
3.9%
5.7%
6.2%
4.0%
5.6%
13.0%
5.4%
13.1%
4.8%
2.6%
6.5%
16.5%
5.0%
4.8%
9.7%
5.7%
15.7%
3.1%
3.0%
2.4%
2.6%
2.6%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal
Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or
standard errors.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-7
Table B.5-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and State, CY 2012 a,b
Eligibles
Northeast
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
1,219,589
105,521
47,769
180,027
37,044
792,260
34,937
22,031
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware
D.C.
Maryland
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
1,359,597
37,402
26,492
206,753
289,435
460,187
274,179
65,149
Southeast
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
2,966,659
237,338
858,270
517,368
194,758
177,882
462,176
227,258
291,609
Midwest
2,099,757
Illinois
531,558
Indiana
303,243
Michigan
411,397
Minnesota
174,004
Ohio
476,829
Wisconsin
202,726
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012
Coefficient
Standard Coefficient of
Standard
Eligibles
Error
Error
Variationc
of Variationc
38,336
3.1% Southwest
2,202,470
57,578
2.6%
8,136
7.7%
Arkansas
155,436
9,955
6.4%
5,400
11.3%
Louisiana
253,268
12,978
5.1%
10,831
6.0%
New Mexico
118,169
8,649
7.3%
4,731
12.8%
Oklahoma
197,523
11,347
5.7%
25,457
3.2%
Texas
1,478,074
38,725
2.6%
4,533
13.0%
3,637
16.5% Mountain Plains
1,056,801
34,942
3.3%
Colorado
210,257
11,689
5.6%
41,189
3.0%
Iowa
110,511
8,317
7.5%
4,792
12.8%
Kansas
131,391
9,122
6.9%
3,962
15.0%
Missouri
256,642
13,081
5.1%
11,574
5.6%
Montana
44,113
5,184
11.8%
13,987
4.8%
Nebraska
75,111
6,795
9.0%
18,211
4.0%
North Dakota
17,455
3,226
18.5%
13,579
5.0%
South Dakota
35,309
4,629
13.1%
6,291
9.7%
Utah
151,908
9,839
6.5%
Wyoming
24,104
3,778
15.7%
71,819
2.4%
12,522
5.3% Western
2,895,603
70,509
2.4%
26,705
3.1%
Alaska
40,444
4,916
12.2%
19,614
3.8%
Arizona
324,219
14,923
4.6%
11,253
5.8%
California
1,788,042
44,346
2.5%
10,679
6.0%
Hawaii
59,119
6,030
10.2%
18,267
4.0%
Idaho
82,539
7,107
8.6%
12,227
5.4%
Nevada
135,252
9,236
6.8%
14,111
4.8%
Oregon
169,287
10,434
6.2%
Washington
296,700
14,157
4.8%
55,631
2.6%
19,891
3.7% Total
13,800,476
263,925
1.9%
14,297
4.7%
17,085
4.2%
10,531
6.1%
18,566
3.9%
11,510
5.7%
ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
State and regional eligibility estimates include those eligible for WIC via Indian Tribal Organizations.
b
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
c
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-8
Table B.6-2012: WIC Eligibles Standard Errors by FNS Region and Participant Group, CY 2012
Infants
Children (1-4)
Pregnant
Women
All Post-Partum
Women
Total
a
Eligibles
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
205,918
235,723
519,758
362,522
378,826
179,622
494,542
2,376,909
775,876
855,030
1,859,806
1,313,563
1,389,709
669,362
1,802,040
8,665,386
105,947
121,282
267,421
186,521
194,910
92,417
254,447
1,222,945
131,849
147,561
319,674
237,151
239,026
115,401
344,575
1,535,237
1,219,589
1,359,597
2,966,659
2,099,757
2,202,470
1,056,801
2,895,603
13,800,476
Standard Errora
Northeast
Mid-Atlantic
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Mountain Plains
Western
Total
16,058
17,553
30,832
23,629
24,388
14,706
29,692
111,619
30,335
32,373
56,699
43,720
45,554
27,536
55,343
210,936
8,262
9,031
15,864
12,157
12,548
7,566
15,277
57,429
7,395
8,237
13,880
11,092
11,228
6,770
14,648
51,119
38,336
41,189
71,819
55,631
57,578
34,942
70,509
263,925
Coefficient of Variation b
Northeast
7.8%
3.9%
7.8%
5.6%
3.1%
Mid-Atlantic
7.4%
3.8%
7.4%
5.6%
3.0%
Southeast
5.9%
3.0%
5.9%
4.3%
2.4%
Midwest
6.5%
3.3%
6.5%
4.7%
2.6%
Southwest
6.4%
3.3%
6.4%
4.7%
2.6%
Mountain Plains
8.2%
4.1%
8.2%
5.9%
3.3%
Western
6.0%
3.1%
6.0%
4.3%
2.4%
Total
4.7%
2.4%
4.7%
3.3%
1.9%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, Census International Data Base, WIC Administrative Data
Notes:
a
Estimates for the territories, including Puerto Rico, are not included in regional totals or standard errors.
b
The coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the eligibility estimate.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-9
Table B.7-2012: State-Specific Breastfeeding Adjustment Factors
CY 2012
All Mothers
WIC Participants
Not Breastfeeding
Not Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
<6 months
Breastfeeding
<6 months
postpartum
postpartum
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
D.C.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
U.S.
Source:
0.364
0.682
0.601
0.400
0.646
0.658
0.608
0.395
0.512
0.536
0.476
0.707
0.637
0.543
0.542
0.520
0.536
0.415
0.388
0.605
0.537
0.553
0.552
0.624
0.366
0.568
0.673
0.612
0.657
0.621
0.502
0.574
0.519
0.557
0.638
0.534
0.486
0.706
0.521
0.639
0.459
0.681
0.420
0.503
0.715
0.647
0.587
0.733
0.400
0.608
0.750
0.552
0.633
0.314
0.395
0.596
0.350
0.338
0.388
0.601
0.484
0.460
0.520
0.289
0.359
0.453
0.454
0.476
0.460
0.581
0.608
0.391
0.459
0.443
0.444
0.372
0.630
0.428
0.323
0.384
0.339
0.375
0.495
0.422
0.477
0.439
0.359
0.462
0.510
0.290
0.475
0.357
0.537
0.315
0.576
0.493
0.281
0.349
0.409
0.263
0.596
0.388
0.246
0.444
0.190
0.493
0.392
0.235
0.440
0.427
0.352
0.111
0.330
0.359
0.255
0.581
0.387
0.336
0.358
0.267
0.307
0.244
0.210
0.355
0.314
0.301
0.359
0.399
0.224
0.330
0.439
0.371
0.529
0.342
0.319
0.431
0.335
0.329
0.398
0.342
0.286
0.473
0.308
0.483
0.250
0.504
0.210
0.337
0.432
0.332
0.313
0.478
0.230
0.405
0.596
0.347
0.377
0.250
0.259
0.351
0.254
0.251
0.279
0.417
0.282
0.304
0.325
0.248
0.256
0.302
0.296
0.304
0.309
0.341
0.362
0.279
0.306
0.296
0.292
0.267
0.387
0.279
0.211
0.259
0.270
0.251
0.326
0.279
0.312
0.318
0.314
0.320
0.320
0.218
0.319
0.328
0.357
0.250
0.344
0.308
0.233
0.267
0.322
0.234
0.360
0.276
0.240
0.299
Calculated factor based on the Infant Feeding Survey, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, as published in
"2012 Breastfeeding Trends"
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-10
Table B.8-2012: Adjustments for Calculating the Average Monthly Number of Individuals Eligible for WIC in Puerto Rico and the Other Island Territories by Participant Group, CY 2012
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
39,042
42,997
44,444
45,542
172,025
209,359
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Total
Puerto Rico
Total number of infants/children in the 2012 PRCS
Infants
37,334
Number after adjustment for PRCS under/overcount
40,612
40,386
42,567
42,961
43,071
168,985
209,597
Number with annual income <185% FPG
31,813
32,271
34,105
35,096
35,008
136,480
168,292
Number of additional people adjunctively eligible above
185% FPG
Through SNAPa
Through TANF
Through Medicaid
2,279
1,061
0
1,218
2,324
1,520
0
805
1,000
141
0
859
978
426
0
552
1,087
544
0
543
5,389
2,630
0
2,759
7,668
3,691
0
3,977
Total number income and adjunctively eligible
34,092
34,595
35,105
36,074
36,094
141,869
175,960
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
39,546
34,595
35,105
36,074
36,094
141,869
181,415
38,360
34,249
34,754
35,713
35,733
140,450
178,810
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
38,360
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancyd
20,427
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
20,347
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
38,360
38,360
115,080
20,427
38,210
38,210
96,768
13,308
11,469
24,777
44,513
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
19,737
13,308
11,469
Pregnant
Women
Postpartum
Breastfeeding
Women
Postpartum NonBreastfeeding
Women
Infants
Children
Age 1
Children
Age 2
Children
Age 3
Children
Age 4
Total
Children
Ages 1-4
Number after the other islands full-eligibility factorg
4,735
4,605
4,567
4,550
4,513
18,235
22,970
Number after monthly income adjustmentb
5,493
4,605
4,567
4,550
4,513
18,235
23,727
5,328
4,559
4,521
4,504
4,467
18,052
23,380
Other Island Territories
Total
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (infants and children)c
Starting point for estimates of women is fully eligible
infants
5,328
Number after adjustment for length of pregnancy and
income of woman during pregnancye
2,837
Number after adjustment for multiple births and infant
deaths e
2,826
Number after adjustment for breastfeedingf
5,328
5,328
15,984
2,837
5,307
5,307
13,440
1,848
1,593
3,441
1,848
1,593
6,183
Total Eligibles - Number after adjustment for
nutritional risk (pregnant and postpartum women)c
Source: Census Bureau International Data Base
See notes on page 2.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
2,741
Page B-11
a
There is a hierarchy imposed on the number of infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC. Any mention of SNAP receipt is coded
as SNAP; if no mention of SNAP, but report TANF, coded as TANF. If no mention of SNAP or TANF, coded as Medicaid.
b
The SIPP-based multipliers used to adjust for monthly versus annual income and to account for certification periods are:
Infants:
1.16
Children:
1.00
c
The adjustment factors for nutritional risk by participant group are:
Infants
0.97
Children
0.99
Pregnant women
0.97
Postpartum breastfeeding women
1.00
Postpartum nonbreastfeeding women
1.00
d
The multiplier used to adjust for the length of pregnancy and a woman's income during pregnancy is:
Pregnancy length and income
0.533
e
The multiplier used to adjust for multiple births and infants deaths is:
Multiple births and infants death
0.9961
f
The multipliers used to adjust for breastfeeding status are:
g
Less than 12 months who breastfeed
0.348
Less than 6 months who do not breastfeed
0.300
The full-eligibles to population factor for the Other Island Territories in CY2012 is:
Infants
0.763
Children
0.747
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-12
This page was left intentionally blank.
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
Region
WIC Eligible
Infants
Northeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
WIC Eligible
Infants
Mid-Atlantic
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
246,151
887,436
1,133,586
193,566
839,041
Gender
Male
Female
52.6%
47.4%
51.5%
48.5%
51.7%
48.3%
56.8%
43.2%
Race
White
Black
Other
55.9%
22.2%
21.9%
63.4%
22.0%
14.6%
61.8%
22.1%
16.2%
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
27.3%
72.7%
33.5%
66.5%
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
65.6%
30.7%
3.7%
1.5%
2.1%
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
WIC Eligible
Infants
Southeast
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
WIC Eligible
Infants
Midwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
1,032,608
480,932
1,833,232
2,314,164
354,587
1,261,797
1,616,384
49.7%
50.3%
51.1%
48.9%
46.0%
54.0%
47.8%
52.2%
47.4%
52.6%
53.9%
46.1%
50.7%
49.3%
51.4%
48.6%
57.3%
27.1%
15.6%
61.9%
27.8%
10.3%
61.0%
27.7%
11.3%
57.3%
34.0%
8.8%
60.0%
32.1%
7.9%
59.4%
32.5%
8.1%
64.1%
29.0%
7.0%
66.1%
23.0%
11.0%
65.6%
24.3%
10.1%
32.2%
67.8%
24.3%
75.7%
27.4%
72.6%
26.8%
73.2%
23.5%
76.5%
21.1%
78.9%
21.6%
78.4%
22.8%
77.2%
21.5%
78.5%
21.8%
78.2%
57.3%
37.8%
4.9%
4.1%
0.8%
59.1%
36.2%
4.6%
3.5%
1.1%
48.0%
43.1%
8.9%
4.9%
4.0%
50.1%
42.5%
7.4%
5.2%
2.2%
49.7%
42.6%
7.7%
5.2%
2.5%
57.8%
38.9%
3.3%
2.9%
0.5%
51.6%
43.4%
5.0%
3.6%
1.4%
52.9%
42.5%
4.6%
3.4%
1.2%
58.7%
36.4%
4.9%
4.2%
0.7%
51.9%
44.4%
3.7%
1.9%
1.7%
53.4%
42.7%
3.9%
2.4%
1.5%
2.7%
29.8%
26.8%
21.4%
19.2%
5.6%
24.9%
26.9%
18.4%
24.2%
5.0%
26.0%
26.9%
19.0%
23.1%
6.9%
20.5%
34.2%
17.3%
21.1%
5.0%
22.5%
30.4%
20.7%
21.4%
5.3%
22.1%
31.2%
20.0%
21.4%
5.8%
20.4%
24.1%
18.2%
31.5%
6.2%
22.2%
29.3%
21.5%
20.9%
6.1%
21.8%
28.2%
20.8%
23.1%
4.4%
23.1%
31.4%
23.9%
17.2%
7.0%
18.7%
28.4%
24.9%
20.9%
6.4%
19.7%
29.1%
24.7%
20.1%
37.7%
29.2%
31.1%
33.9%
32.8%
33.0%
39.7%
33.7%
34.9%
36.5%
30.1%
31.5%
16.3%
26.0%
13.5%
19.7%
1.8%
3.3%
19.5%
19.6%
25.1%
11.0%
18.4%
3.4%
7.2%
15.3%
18.9%
25.3%
11.6%
18.7%
3.0%
6.4%
16.2%
27.5%
26.7%
9.9%
16.7%
0.7%
4.4%
14.1%
23.7%
21.0%
13.9%
18.3%
2.1%
7.4%
13.7%
24.4%
22.1%
13.1%
18.0%
1.9%
6.8%
13.8%
25.2%
25.0%
17.6%
18.2%
2.3%
3.7%
8.0%
26.3%
24.0%
11.9%
19.6%
2.6%
5.1%
10.4%
26.1%
24.3%
13.0%
19.3%
2.5%
4.8%
9.9%
29.7%
18.1%
14.8%
17.4%
1.3%
9.3%
9.5%
26.1%
20.6%
12.6%
21.9%
2.2%
6.3%
10.4%
26.9%
20.1%
13.1%
20.9%
2.0%
6.9%
10.2%
8.2%
7.3%
37.2%
1.1%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
41.5%
14.9%
8.1%
31.3%
1.0%
4.1%
0.0%
0.0%
40.5%
13.5%
7.9%
32.6%
1.1%
4.3%
0.0%
0.0%
40.7%
24.4%
5.5%
39.0%
0.8%
5.1%
0.0%
0.0%
25.2%
18.8%
6.8%
31.0%
1.6%
6.4%
0.0%
0.0%
35.4%
19.8%
6.6%
32.5%
1.4%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
33.5%
16.4%
5.0%
37.9%
0.0%
8.4%
0.0%
0.0%
32.4%
17.8%
4.6%
36.3%
0.9%
6.6%
0.0%
0.0%
33.7%
17.5%
4.7%
36.7%
0.7%
7.0%
0.0%
0.0%
33.4%
18.4%
3.8%
35.3%
1.5%
7.2%
0.0%
0.0%
33.9%
16.3%
6.0%
39.6%
0.3%
4.7%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
16.8%
5.5%
38.6%
0.5%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
33.3%
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-14
Table B.9-2012: Region Estimates of the Average Monthly Number of Infants and Children Eligible
for WIC by Income and Adjunctive Eligibility in the 2013 CPS-ASEC by Demographic
Characteristics - CY 2012
Fully adjusted weightsa
Region
WIC Eligible
Infants
Southwest
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
442,318
1,402,968
1,845,286
184,329
683,151
Gender
Male
Female
47.0%
53.0%
52.1%
47.9%
50.9%
49.1%
46.2%
53.8%
Race
White
Black
Other
70.6%
16.3%
13.1%
68.6%
17.1%
14.3%
69.1%
16.9%
14.0%
Ethnicity
Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
57.3%
42.7%
52.3%
47.7%
Living arrangement
2 parent family
Single parent family
No parent family
Related non-parent caretaker
Unrelated non-parent caretaker
66.4%
33.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.0%
Household size (number of persons)
2
3
4
5
6 or more
Demographic Characteristics
Total
% with working parent(s)
Mountain Plains
WIC Eligible
WIC Eligible
WIC Eligible Children Age
Infants and
Infants
1-4
Children
WIC Eligible
Infants
Western
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
WIC Eligible
Infants
Total
WIC Eligible
Children Age
1-4
WIC Eligible
Infants and
Children
867,480
516,008
1,844,416
2,360,424
2,417,891
8,752,041
11,169,932
54.5%
45.5%
52.7%
47.3%
53.2%
46.8%
51.5%
48.5%
51.9%
48.1%
50.4%
49.6%
50.7%
49.3%
50.7%
49.3%
69.5%
15.4%
15.2%
73.7%
11.2%
15.1%
72.8%
12.1%
15.1%
77.8%
5.1%
17.1%
73.2%
8.0%
18.8%
74.2%
7.4%
18.4%
65.9%
20.7%
13.4%
66.6%
20.2%
13.1%
66.5%
20.3%
13.2%
53.5%
46.5%
26.2%
73.8%
24.2%
75.8%
24.6%
75.4%
65.4%
34.6%
56.3%
43.7%
58.3%
41.7%
39.2%
60.8%
35.7%
64.3%
36.4%
63.6%
51.0%
43.0%
6.0%
4.8%
1.3%
54.7%
40.6%
4.7%
3.7%
1.0%
72.3%
26.0%
1.7%
0.5%
1.2%
55.9%
37.9%
6.2%
3.9%
2.3%
59.4%
35.4%
5.2%
3.2%
2.0%
65.0%
29.6%
5.3%
2.6%
2.7%
65.9%
29.2%
4.9%
2.8%
2.1%
65.7%
29.3%
5.0%
2.8%
2.2%
62.2%
34.0%
3.8%
2.4%
1.4%
55.3%
39.4%
5.3%
3.6%
1.6%
56.8%
38.2%
4.9%
3.3%
1.6%
2.1%
29.2%
24.6%
24.1%
20.0%
5.7%
18.0%
29.7%
22.0%
24.5%
4.9%
20.7%
28.5%
22.5%
23.4%
5.5%
23.2%
29.6%
19.9%
21.7%
5.6%
19.7%
27.3%
20.0%
27.4%
5.6%
20.4%
27.8%
20.0%
26.2%
3.1%
18.3%
21.6%
24.4%
32.6%
4.0%
16.5%
26.5%
22.5%
30.4%
3.8%
16.9%
25.5%
22.9%
30.9%
4.1%
23.1%
26.3%
21.8%
24.7%
5.6%
19.9%
28.4%
21.8%
24.4%
5.2%
20.6%
27.9%
21.8%
24.5%
34.6%
29.1%
30.4%
31.4%
25.1%
26.4%
34.2%
29.3%
30.4%
35.8%
30.3%
31.5%
24.4%
24.5%
13.1%
22.0%
2.5%
5.8%
7.6%
23.1%
27.2%
13.9%
21.0%
2.4%
4.9%
7.4%
23.4%
26.6%
13.7%
21.2%
2.4%
5.1%
7.5%
26.1%
21.3%
14.3%
26.3%
0.2%
3.7%
8.3%
23.7%
21.6%
11.9%
23.4%
2.8%
5.0%
11.5%
24.2%
21.5%
12.4%
24.0%
2.2%
4.7%
10.8%
23.8%
21.3%
12.0%
21.4%
2.7%
5.0%
13.8%
20.5%
22.8%
15.9%
21.3%
3.3%
6.4%
9.8%
21.2%
22.4%
15.1%
21.3%
3.2%
6.1%
10.7%
24.8%
23.1%
13.9%
20.1%
1.9%
5.2%
11.1%
23.4%
23.4%
13.3%
20.6%
2.7%
6.0%
10.7%
23.7%
23.3%
13.4%
20.5%
2.5%
5.8%
10.8%
22.3%
0.0%
40.4%
0.0%
2.8%
0.0%
0.0%
34.5%
16.2%
3.8%
42.5%
0.3%
6.1%
0.0%
0.0%
31.1%
17.6%
2.9%
42.0%
0.2%
5.3%
0.0%
0.0%
31.9%
24.1%
7.3%
31.8%
1.3%
8.8%
0.0%
0.0%
26.8%
25.9%
5.3%
31.2%
0.5%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%
33.2%
25.5%
5.7%
31.4%
0.7%
4.9%
0.0%
0.0%
31.8%
19.9%
10.5%
24.7%
1.2%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
38.4%
21.3%
10.5%
24.4%
0.7%
5.1%
0.2%
0.0%
37.9%
21.0%
10.5%
24.5%
0.8%
5.1%
0.1%
0.0%
38.0%
18.9%
5.5%
34.7%
0.7%
5.9%
0.0%
0.0%
34.2%
18.5%
6.5%
33.9%
0.7%
5.4%
0.0%
0.0%
34.9%
18.6%
6.3%
34.0%
0.7%
5.5%
0.0%
0.0%
34.7%
b
Annual family income relative to poverty
Less than 50% FPL
50% to <100% FPL
100% to <130% FPL
130% to <185% FPLd
185% to <200% FPL
200% to <250% FPL
250% FPL and above
Benefit receipt
No benefit receipt
SNAP & TANF & Medicaid
SNAP & TANF
SNAP & Medicaid
TANF & Medicaid
SNAP only
TANF only
Medicaid only
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page B-15
Notes for Table B.9:
FPG - Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL - Federal Poverty Level
a
These estimates are tabulated from the fully adjusted person weights on the 2013 CPS-ASEC. They are
adjusted to account for the under or over count of infants and children in the CPS relative to Census
estimates, monthly income, or nutritional risk.
b
This table uses both the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) and the Federal Poverty Thresholds or
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
"Levels" (FPL). The thresholds are used to calculate the ratio of annual family income to the poverty
threshold for their family size. The guidelines are used in determining WIC eligibility.
c
There are infants and children adjunctively eligible for WIC with annual family incomes above 185
percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) who have annual family incomes below 185% of the
Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
B-16
Appendix C
Coverage Rate Maps
The maps in this appendix display WIC coverage rates at the State and regional levels. A
coverage rate is defined here as the number of individuals participating in the WIC program
divided by the number estimated to be eligible. For 2012, rates are shown at the regional level
for all participants and for each of four subgroups—infants, children, pregnant women, and
postpartum women. Coverage rates are also shown at the State level for 2012 for all
participants combined. The maps are listed individually below.
FNS Region Level Coverage Rate
 C.1 – All Groups
 C.2 – Infants
 C.3 – Children
 C.4 – Pregnant Women
 C.5 – Postpartum Women
State Level Coverage Rate, All Groups
 C.6 – 2012
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-1
Figure C-1. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by FNS Region, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
Northeast
64.3%
Mountain Plains
53.8%
Western
74.2%
Midwest
58.2%
Mid-Atlantic
63.6%
Southeast
58.0%
Southwest
64.8%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-2
Figure C-2. WIC Coverage Rate for Infants by FNS Region, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 85.1%
Northeast
86.7%
Mountain Plains
75.7%
Western
88.8%
Midwest
83.7
Mid-Atlantic
86.0%
Southeast
82.2%
Southwest
88.3%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-3
Figure C-3. WIC Coverage Rate for Children (Ages 1-4) by FNS Region, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 53.4%
Northeast
54.5%
Mountain Plains
44.4%
Western
68.0%
Midwest
48.3%
Southwest
50.5%
Mid-Atlantic
54.4%
Southeast
47.4%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-4
Figure C-4. WIC Coverage Rate for Pregnant Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 70.9%
Northeast
71.0%
Mountain Plains
60.4%
Western
78.6%
Midwest
69.4%
Mid-Atlantic
67.3%
Southeast
66.9%
Southwest
75.2%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-5
Figure C-5. WIC Coverage Rate for All Postpartum Women by FNS Region, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 77.0%
Northeast
81.4%
Mountain Plains
68.6%
Western
82.3%
Midwest
65.3%
Southwest
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
78.2%
Southeast
73.1%
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-6
Figure C-6. WIC Coverage Rate for All Participants by State, CY 2012
National Coverage Rate: 63.1%
65.8%
60.7%
46.2%
52.9%
77.9%
73.2%
65.6%
53.4%
58.0%
61.9%
66.1%
62.1%
51.4%
55.7%
61.6%
54.7%
57.3%
55.9%
53.8% 53.8%
45.2%
72.6%
57.8%
48.8%
82.1%
56.5%
56.3%
67.3%
62.8%
58.9%
58.2%
55.7%
62.0%
60.3%
53.4%
57.0%
52.8% 59.6%
CT: 53.3%
DE: 58.6%
DC: 61.3%
MA: 68.0%
MD: 70.5%
NH: 43.9%
NJ: 59.2%
RI: 69.0%
VT: 69.7%
58.2%
65.5%
56.6%
Coverage Rate:
57.5%
49.9 percent or less
86.0 %
50 - 59.9 percent
60 - 69.9 percent
70 percent or greater
Source: 2013 CPS-ASEC, 2012 ACS, 2012 PRCS, WIC Administrative Data
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page C-7
This page was left intentionally blank.
Appendix D
Eligibles and Coverage Rate Time Series by FNS Region: 2000-2012
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the population eligible for WIC benefits for the total U.S. by
year.
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by FNS Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
This table displays a time series of the coverage rate for each WIC participant group by FNS
Region and the U.S by year.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-1
Table D.1: Population Eligible for WIC Benefits: 2000-2012
Participant Group
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Infants
2,417,133 2,494,306 2,203,108 2,501,169 2,578,635 2,596,448 2,702,049 2,651,367 2,633,819 2,673,683 2,535,074 2,516,309 2,420,597
Children (Ages 1-4)
7,400,765 7,783,758 8,339,280 8,385,979 8,472,345 8,593,698 8,622,879 8,540,981 8,657,117 9,469,217 9,224,455 8,888,005 8,823,888
Pregnant Women
1,244,265 1,283,991 1,134,091 1,287,524 1,326,735 1,335,900 1,390,233 1,364,156 1,355,127 1,375,638 1,304,322 1,294,668 1,245,423
All Postpartum Women
1,420,038 1,473,125 1,313,853 1,479,398 1,529,028 1,539,590 1,574,645 1,522,834 1,525,315 1,556,053 1,486,265 1,578,471 1,563,454
Total
12,482,201 13,035,181 12,990,331 13,654,070 13,906,742 14,065,636 14,289,805 14,079,339 14,171,378 15,074,591 14,550,116 14,277,453 14,053,362
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.4.
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2001), Appendix Table C.3.
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
Page D-2
Table D.2: Coverage Rates by Region and Participant Group: 2000-2012
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
57.8%
56.5%
57.8%
56.3%
57.3%
57.1%
56.9%
59.5%
62.2%
60.9%
62.6%
62.7%
63.1%
Northeast
61.1%
58.6%
59.8%
57.3%
58.2%
60.7%
59.5%
63.0%
64.9%
63.7%
63.0%
63.0%
64.3%
Mid-Atlantic
58.0%
56.6%
55.8%
57.9%
57.8%
57.8%
60.1%
61.2%
64.8%
62.6%
62.8%
64.7%
63.6%
Southeast
53.5%
51.7%
53.4%
51.3%
52.2%
51.3%
51.1%
54.3%
58.9%
57.0%
58.6%
58.3%
58.0%
Midwest
53.4%
53.2%
54.1%
54.6%
56.2%
55.4%
56.0%
57.6%
59.3%
57.3%
57.4%
56.9%
58.2%
Southwest
58.0%
57.4%
58.9%
55.1%
56.6%
56.2%
53.9%
56.0%
59.0%
61.2%
63.9%
62.4%
63.1%
Mountain Plains
50.0%
50.7%
52.2%
51.3%
53.9%
51.4%
50.0%
51.3%
54.2%
52.8%
53.6%
53.7%
53.8%
Western
Infants
65.8%
2000
63.5%
2001
66.3%
2002
63.4%
2003
63.8%
2004
64.7%
2005
65.3%
2006
69.5%
2007
70.6%
2008
68.2%
2009
72.5%
2010
73.9%
2011
74.2%
2012
U.S.
All Participants
U.S.
78.6%
77.2%
87.7%
78.3%
78.7%
79.1%
77.5%
82.4%
84.6%
82.9%
84.8%
83.4%
85.1%
Northeast
79.0%
83.1%
95.0%
83.7%
78.4%
84.4%
82.9%
88.6%
89.1%
86.3%
84.8%
81.9%
86.7%
Mid-Atlantic
80.7%
77.3%
82.9%
79.6%
81.2%
79.9%
81.9%
85.5%
88.4%
83.1%
85.5%
86.8%
86.0%
Southeast
80.4%
77.0%
85.6%
76.5%
76.7%
75.0%
73.2%
80.5%
85.0%
81.5%
83.6%
83.2%
82.2%
Midwest
74.6%
78.0%
87.3%
82.0%
83.7%
81.6%
82.1%
84.7%
83.4%
80.8%
82.8%
79.6%
83.7%
Southwest
77.7%
78.3%
88.7%
75.3%
76.6%
76.7%
73.7%
77.2%
81.3%
85.2%
87.0%
82.0%
88.3%
Mountain Plains
66.0%
67.2%
76.6%
72.3%
74.0%
72.4%
68.9%
72.1%
73.0%
74.0%
76.7%
76.1%
75.7%
Western
Children (Ages 1-4)
84.0%
2000
77.1%
2001
93.0%
2002
79.2%
2003
79.0%
2004
82.9%
2005
80.3%
2006
86.7%
2007
88.2%
2008
86.1%
2009
88.6%
2010
89.0%
2011
88.8%
2012
U.S.
48.0%
46.9%
45.1%
45.9%
47.1%
46.6%
46.2%
47.8%
51.2%
50.6%
52.4%
53.6%
53.4%
Northeast
53.6%
48.4%
46.1%
45.9%
48.6%
49.4%
47.8%
49.9%
53.1%
52.5%
52.8%
54.7%
54.5%
Mid-Atlantic
48.3%
47.8%
44.8%
48.2%
47.9%
48.0%
49.6%
49.5%
53.5%
53.2%
53.3%
55.4%
54.4%
Southeast
40.4%
39.6%
39.5%
39.4%
40.5%
39.5%
39.6%
41.2%
46.2%
45.8%
47.5%
47.5%
47.4%
Midwest
44.3%
42.8%
41.1%
42.9%
44.2%
44.0%
43.7%
45.2%
48.5%
47.2%
47.0%
47.6%
48.3%
Southwest
47.8%
46.8%
45.3%
45.0%
46.5%
46.1%
43.6%
44.8%
47.7%
49.1%
52.2%
52.0%
50.5%
Mountain Plains
41.9%
42.5%
41.0%
41.3%
44.0%
41.5%
40.5%
41.2%
44.8%
43.5%
43.7%
44.5%
44.4%
Western
Pregnant Women
56.9%
2000
56.8%
2001
54.3%
2002
55.5%
2003
55.9%
2004
55.3%
2005
56.5%
2006
59.3%
2007
60.9%
2008
59.3%
2009
64.4%
2010
67.3%
2011
68.0%
2012
U.S.
67.6%
64.0%
72.6%
65.6%
65.5%
65.4%
64.6%
66.7%
68.4%
68.6%
70.8%
69.5%
70.9%
Northeast
83.2%
79.9%
76.0%
67.9%
63.9%
69.8%
69.5%
72.3%
71.7%
71.1%
70.0%
66.9%
71.0%
Mid-Atlantic
64.6%
60.4%
66.3%
64.9%
64.8%
63.6%
66.0%
67.4%
70.7%
67.9%
69.2%
69.7%
67.3%
Southeast
67.7%
61.4%
68.7%
63.1%
62.8%
60.7%
59.5%
62.3%
66.0%
64.7%
68.8%
67.6%
66.9%
Midwest
57.2%
59.1%
68.5%
65.6%
65.7%
64.8%
66.0%
66.5%
65.9%
67.1%
68.5%
65.6%
69.4%
Southwest
65.7%
64.9%
74.7%
63.9%
65.0%
64.2%
62.0%
63.1%
67.6%
71.8%
73.2%
69.4%
75.2%
Mountain Plains
56.0%
57.1%
66.3%
62.3%
62.7%
60.5%
54.5%
55.2%
55.8%
58.4%
58.7%
60.1%
60.4%
Western
All Post-Partum Women
75.9%
2000
67.2%
2001
82.7%
2002
70.0%
2003
70.4%
2004
72.6%
2005
71.7%
2006
75.7%
2007
75.5%
2008
74.2%
2009
78.4%
2010
79.0%
2011
78.6%
2012
U.S.
64.7%
65.6%
75.7%
69.6%
70.3%
71.5%
72.8%
78.8%
81.0%
79.4%
80.6%
76.0%
77.0%
Northeast
49.7%
56.9%
77.6%
71.7%
71.0%
78.0%
78.8%
87.6%
84.6%
88.6%
82.1%
74.1%
81.4%
Mid-Atlantic
68.2%
68.1%
72.3%
71.7%
70.8%
71.6%
77.2%
83.6%
87.6%
80.6%
78.6%
79.1%
78.2%
Southeast
63.2%
65.1%
73.1%
67.9%
67.8%
68.8%
66.9%
74.7%
81.1%
77.4%
76.6%
73.8%
73.1%
Midwest
58.5%
60.8%
68.8%
66.5%
68.4%
65.7%
71.6%
72.2%
70.9%
69.5%
70.2%
65.5%
65.3%
Southwest
68.1%
68.9%
78.4%
68.1%
70.4%
69.9%
69.0%
74.6%
77.7%
85.0%
87.7%
82.5%
86.7%
Mountain Plains
58.6%
59.0%
67.0%
63.5%
65.8%
62.5%
64.8%
67.6%
71.9%
65.2%
71.4%
66.9%
68.6%
Western
74.9%
71.3%
85.0%
74.2%
74.6%
79.7%
80.3%
89.3%
89.0%
85.6%
90.0%
82.9%
82.3%
Notes:
For years 2000-2007, see Betson et al (2011), Appendix Table D.2
For years 2008 and 2009, see Betson et al (2011), Volume I, Tables 18 and 19
For 2010, see Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix Table D.1.
For 2011, see Johnson et al. (2014), Appendix Table, D.1.
The decline in WIC eligibles from 2009 to 2010 is likely the result of revisions to Census population estimates that incorporate information from the 2010
Census. See Martinez-Schiferl et al. (2012), Appendix E for further information.
National- and State-Level Estimates of WIC Eligibles and Program Reach: Appendices
D-3