Hypotheses
13th and 14th
Learning Outcomes
• Students should be able in making hypotheses
of business research
Outlines
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Hypothesis defined
Type of hypothesis
Formulating hypothesis
The connectedness between hypothesis with
research method
• Hypotheses testing
• Hypotheses examples
• To test whether the relationships that have
been theorized hold true, it is able to obtain
reliable information on what kinds of
relationships exist among the variables
operating in the problem situation.
• The results of these tests offer some clues as
to what could be changes in the situation to
solve the problem.
• Formulating such testable statements is called
hypotheses development.
Definition of Hypothesis
• Hypothesis can be defined as a logically
conjectured relationship between two or
more variables expressed in the form of a
testable statement.
• Example:
– If the pilots are given adequate training to handle
midair crowded situations, air-safety violations
will be reduced.
The Hypotheses and Research Method
• Not every single research needs hypotheses.
Either exploratory study or descriptive study
tends not to formulate hypotheses
• Type of research that do needs hypotheses are
those that can be classified into quantitative
research.
Statement of Hypotheses: Format
• If-Then Statement
• A hypothesis can also test whether there are
differences between two groups with respect to
any variable. To examine whether the difference
exist. These hypotheses can be set either as
propositions or in the form of if-then statements.
• Examples:
– Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave
less frequently
– If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick
leave less frequently
Directional and Nondirectional
Hypotheses
• Directional Hypothesis
• The hypotheses are directional because the
direction of the relationship between the
variables (positive, negative, more than, less
than) is indicated.
– Example:
• Women are more motivated than men
• The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the
job satisfaction of the employees
• Nondirectional hypothesis
• Nondirectional hypotheses are those that do
postulate relationships or differences, but do
not indicate the direction of these
relationships or differences.
– Example:
• There is a relationship between age and job satisfaction
• There is a difference between the work ethic values of
American and Asian employees.
Null and Alternate Hypotheses
• The null hypotheses is a proposition that states a
definitive, exact relationship between two
variables.
• In general, the null statement is expressed as no
(significant) relationship between two variables
or no (significant) differences between two
groups.
• The alternate hypothesis is a statement
expressing a relationship between two variables
or indicating differences between groups.
Examples:
• Women are motivated than men
– Ho: µM =µW ….or……Ho: µM - µW = 0
– HA: µM <µW ….or….. HA: µW > µM
• µM is the mean motivational level of the men, and µW
is the mean motivational level for women.
The Steps to be Followed in
Hypothesis Testing
• State the null and the alternate hypotheses
• Choose the appropriate statistical test depending on
whether the data collected are parametric or non
parametric
• Determine the level of significance desired
• See if the output results from computer analysis
indicate that the significance level is met
• When the resultant value is larger than the critical
value, the null hypothesis is rejected and the
alternate is accepted, vice versa
• H10: There will be no difference between men and women in their
perceived inequities
• H1A: Women will perceive more equity than men (or men will perceive
less equity than women)
• H20: The job satisfaction of individuals will be the same irrespective of the
shift they work (1,2 or 3)
• H2A: The job satisfaction of individuals will not be the same (will vary)
depending on which shift they work
• H30: There will be no difference in the intention to leave of employees at
the five different job levels
• H3A: The intention to leave of members at the five different job levels will
not be the same
• H40: Shifts worked and employment status will be independent
• H4A: There will be a relationship between the shifts that people work and
their employment status
• H50:The four independent variables will not significantly explain the
variance in intention to leave
• H5A: The four independent variables will significantly explain the variance
in intention to leave