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B.Sc.III
Microbiology
Syllabus
2012
(SEMESTER PATTERN)
Solapur University
Solapur
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B.SC.III (MICROBIOLOGY) COURSE STRUCTURE:
Paper No
Title of the paper
Theory
Lectures
Semester- V
Paper IX
Virology, Extremophiles and
Bioinformatics
Theory
40 L
Paper X
Industrial Microbiology
Theory
40 L
Paper XI
Agricultural Microbiology
Theory
40 L
Paper XII
Immunology
Theory
40 L
Semester- VI
Paper XIII
Microbial Genetics
Theory
40 L
Paper XIV
Microbial Biochemistry
Theory
40 L
Paper XV
Environmental Microbiology
Theory
40 L
Theory
40 L
Practical I
Practical
20 P
Practical II
Practical
20 P
Practical III
Practical
20 P
Practical IV
Practical
20 P
Paper XVI
Medical Microbiology
Practical Courses
Study Tour
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SOLAPUR UNIVERSITY, SOLAPUR
B.Sc.III MICROBIOLOY SYLLABUS
Semester V
Paper IX: Virology, Extremophiles and Bioinformatics
Unit I Classification of Viruses
A) Viral classification, LHT system and as per international committee
B) Isolation, cultivation, purification and enumeration of viruses
Unit II Reproduction of bacteriophages
A) One step growth experiment
B) Reproduction of ds DNA/ ss DNA / RNA bacteriophages
C) Temperate phages and lysogeny of λ phages
Unit III Animal Viruses
A) Reproduction of Animal viruses: Adeno viruses and Influenza viruses
B) Oncogenic Viruses- Types of cancer, Characteristics of cancerous cells,
Types of Oncogenic viruses; DNA and RNA viruses,
Hypotheses of Cancer: Somatic mutation, Viral gene and Defective immunity
Unit IV Extremophiles:
General characteristics and their role in respective extreme environmentsAcidophiles, Alkalophiles, Thermophiles, Psychrophiles, Barophiles, Osmophiles
Unit V Bioinformatics
A) Introduction to Bioinformatics. Use of bioinformatics in major research areas
B) Major Bioinformatics Resources on Internet: National Centre for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI)
i.The knowledge of various databases and bioinformatics tools
available at NCBI resource
ii.The major content of the NCBI databases
iii.Purpose and applications in life sciences
C) Protein data bank (PDB) and Nucleic acid sequence database
(GenBank)
D) The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)
References:
1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology- Breed and Buchanan
2. General microbiology – Stanier
3. General microbiology – Pawar and Daginawala Vol I and II
4. Genetics of bacteria and their viruses – William Hays
5. Virology – Biswas
6. Introduction of Bioinformatics – Affwood, T.K.
7. Bioinformatics by Shalini Suri
8. Virology – Luria
9. Physiology and Biochemistry of Extremophiles by Charles Gerday and Nicolas
Glansdorff (2007)
10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
11. Prescutt, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology, Willey Sherwood Woolverton,
McGraw – Hill International Edition, (2008)
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Paper X: Industrial Microbiology
Unit I Food and dairy Microbiology
A) Food as a substrate for microorganisms
B) Food Fermentations – i) Idli ii) Bread
C) Fermented dairy products: i) Cheese ii) curd iii) Yogurt
Unit II Industrial Microbiology
Industrial production of Alcoholic beverages
A) Grape wine – Definition, types, production of White table wine, Red table wine,
Sparkling wines - Champagne, California sherry,
Post fermentation spoilage of wines: Microbial and non microbial spoilage of wines,
Defects in wine
B) Beer – Definition, types, production of Lager beer and Ales Beer.
Unit III Industrial production of
A) Streptomycin
B) Lysine
C) Biopolymers: Glucans and Dextrans
D) rDNA products – Insulin, Interferon
Unit IV Quality control in fermentation industry:
A) Test for sterility, pyrogenicity, allergy, carcinogenicity, toxicity for
Pharmaceutical and health care and food products
B) Downstream processing:
Filtration, Cross flow filtration, Flocculation, Whole broth processing
Solvent extraction, Concentration, Centrifugation, Crystallization,
Distillation, Adsorption elution, Precipitation and Chromatography
Unit V Recent trends in fermentation Industry
A) Good manufacturing practices in fermentation industry
B) Computer applications in fermentation technology
C) Fermentation economics
References
1. Principles of fermentation technology – Stanbury and Whitekar
2. Dairy Technology – Sukumar De
3. Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Huggo and
4. Biochemistry – Fox and Nelson
5. Industrial Microbiology – Prescott and Dunn
6. Microbial technology – Peppler
7. Food Microbiology – R.C. Dubey, D.K. Mahashwari
8. Advances in Biotechnology – S.W. Jogdand.
9. Textbook of Biotechnology – R.C. Dubey,
10. Biotechnology – B.D. Singh
11. Industrial Microbiology – Casida
12. Industrial Microbiology – Patel A.H.
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Paper XI: Agricultural Microbiology
Unit I Soil Microbiology
A) Introduction - Definition, approaches to soil microbiology, current
topics in soil microbiology
B) Soil as an ecosystem
C) Soil formation, structure and properties
D) Soil microorganisms, types and their role
(6)
Unit II Role of microorganisms in
A) Carbon cycle
B) Nitrogen cycle
C) Sulphur cycle
D) Phosphorous cycle
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Unit III Composting:
Compost production with reference to organic waste, availability of microorganisms,
aeration, C:N:P ratio, moisture control, temperature, pH and time
a) Green manure
b) Farm yard manure
c) Town compost
d) Vermicompost
B) Biodegradation of Cellulose, Lignin, Pesticides and Hydrocarbons
(10)
Unit IV Plant pathology
A) Common symptoms produced by plant pathogens
B) Modes of transmission of Plant diseases:
Oily spots on pomegranate – Xanthomonas aoxynopodis, white smut of sugarcane,
soft rot of potato
C) Control measures of plant diseases
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Unit V Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
References
1. Soil Microbiology – Subbarao, N.S.
2. Microbial dynamics and diversity – Desy Staley
3. Biology of Microorganisms – Brock, Parker, Madigen, 9th edition
4. Agricultural Microbiology- Bagyaraj and Ghosh
5. Plant Diseases- Singh R.S.
6. Soil Microbiology – Alexander.
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Paper XII: Immunology
Unit I Complement system
A) Components of complement and their properties,
B) Activation of complement –classical and alternate pathway
C) Biological effects of complement
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Unit II Major Histocompatibility complex
A) Organization of MHC genes in man
Classes of MHC molecules – structure and their role
B) Adaptive immunology
a) Humoral (antibody) mediated response –Cells involved and mechanism
b) Cell mediated – cells involved, mechanism; cytokines and their role
UnitIII A) Monoclonal antibodies – i) Production (hybridoma technology)
ii) Applications of Monoclonal antibodies in Diagnosis, Research and Treatment
B) Basis of antibody diversity: Basic concept of Immunoglobulin gene,
structure and its expression
Unit IV A) Immunological tolerance
B) Autoimmunity :
i) Mechanism ii) Classification of Autoimmune diseases- a) Hemocytolytic b) Organ
specific(Hashimotos disease, Graves disease, Myasthenia gravis, Pernicious anemia)
c) Non organ specific(S.L.E., R.A.)
C) Hypersensitivity :
a) Introduction
b) Types: i) Based on time required for manifestation-Immediate and delayed.
ii)Based on pathogenesis ( TypeI:Anaphylaxis,Atopy; Type II,
TypeIII:Arthus reaction, Serum sickness, Type IV:Delayed)
D) Transplantation Immunology
i) Terminologies ii) Classes of Transplants iii) Mechanisms of graft rejection
iv) Prevention of graft Rejection v) HLA typing
Unit V Immunohematology:
A) ABO blood group system
B) Rh blood group system
C) Blood transfusion reaction and its complications
D) Immunoprophalaxis – Conventional and new generation vaccines
References
1. Essentials of Immunology Roitt Evan, Brostoff J. Male D. (1993) 6th Edition.
2. Immunology - Kuby J. (1996) - W.H. Freeman and Co.
3. Immunology – Fudenberg
4. Medical Microbiology - Davis and Dulbecco
5. Parasitology – Chattergii
6. Medical laboratory technology – Ramnaik Sood
7. Diagnostic Microbiology – Bailey’s and Scotts
8. Immunology – a problem approach by Wood, Hood and Weison
9. Medical Bacteriology – Dey and Dey
10. Handbook of Immunology- G.P. Talwar (1983) Vikas Publishing Pvt. Ltd
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Semester VI
Paper XIII: Microbial Genetics
Unit I: Basic concepts of microbial genetics
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A) Structural organization of Escherichia coli chromosome, folded fiber model
B) Replication of DNA: Enzymes involved and mechanisms of replication
C) Transcription: RNA polymerase enzyme, process and post transcriptional modification
D) Operon concept – Lac Operon
Unit II: Bacterial mutations
A) Effect of mutation on translation
B) Effect of mutation on phenotypes
C) Time course of phenotypic expression
D) Selection, detection & adaptation of mutants
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Unit III: Genetic complementation
A) Mutation in bacteriophages
B) Cis-trans test
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Unit IV: Genetic engineering and Protein engineering
A) Introduction, Tools and Techniques of Genetic engineering
B) Applications of Genetic engineering
C) Protein Engineering – concept and applications
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Unit V : Techniques in molecular biology
A) Electrophoresis of DNA.
B) DNA sequencing – Maxam and Gilbert’s method
C) DNA finger printing- method and applications
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References:
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5.
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General microbiology – Stanier
General microbiology – Pawar and Daginawala Vol I and II
Biochemistry – Lehninger
Molecular Biology of Gene – J.D. Watson
Recombinant DNA – J.D. Watson
Microbiology - Davis
Biochemistry - Purohit
Genetics of bacteria and their viruses – William Hays
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Paper XIV: Microbial Biochemistry
Unit I Enzyme kinetics and regulation
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A) Definition, properties, structure, specificity, mechanism of action
(Lock and key model, induced fit hypothesis)
B) Allosteric enzymes – Definition, Two models explaining mechanism of
action (Sequential and Concerted)
C) Ribosymes and Isozymes
D) Factors affecting catalytic efficiency of enzymes
i) Proximity, orientation ii) Strain and distortion iii) Acid base catalysis iv) Covalent catalysis
E) Enzyme kinetics – Derivation of Michaelis Menten equation, Significance of Km and Vmax
F) Regulation of enzyme synthesis
i) Positive control – Arabinose Operon ii) End product repression – Tryptophan Operon
iii) Catabolite repression
Unit II Extraction, purification and assay of enzymes
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A) Extraction, cell disruption and homogenization of membrane bound enzymes
B) Purification of enzymes on the basis of differences in- i) Molecular size ii) Solubility
iii) Electric charge iv) Adsorption characteristics) Biological affinity
C) Immobilization of enzymes – Methods and applications
D) Assay of enzymes (parameters: enzyme activity, Specific activity, turnover number,
Bioassay)
Unit III Assimilation of:
i) Carbon
ii) Nitrogen – N2 and NH3 (GOGAT)
iii) Sulphur
Unit IV Bioenergetics:
A) Metabolic Pathways
i) Glyoxylate bypass
ii) PP Pathway
iii) ED pathway
iv) Phosphoketolase pathway
v) Bioluminescence
B) Pyruvate as key metabolite in Carbohydrate metabolism
Unit V Biosynthesis of:
A) Nucleotides
B) Protein
C) Peptidoglycan
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References:
1. Biochemistry – Lehninger
2. Molecular Biology of Gene – J.D. Watson
3. Biochemistry - Purohit
4. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry – K. Wilsons J.Walkar.
5. Analytical Chemistry – Robert B. Dilts
6. Chromatographic methods by Braithwaite and White
7. Outline of Biochemistry – Cohn and Stump
8. Biochemistry – West and Todd Russel
9. Biochemistry – Lehninger
10. Enzymes – Dixon and Web
11. Biological chemistry – Mahler and Cordes
12. Nature of Enzymology – R.L. Foster
13. Enzyme structure and Mechanism – Alen fereht
14. Biochemistry – Fox and Nelson
15. Microbial technology – Peppler
16. Biochemistry – A problem approach by Wood, Hood and Weison
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Paper XV: Environmental Microbiology
Unit I Air microbiology
A) Microorganisms in air – Launching, transport and deposition of aerosols,
survival of microorganisms in air
B) Significance of microorganisms in air (extramural and intramural)
C) Methods to study air borne microorganisms. Sampling, qualitative
and quantitative methods.
D) Bioaerosal control (ventilation, filtration, biocidal control, UV gaseous (quarantine)
E) Sources, types, effects, control of air pollution.
Depletion of ozone layer (causes, impact and control)
F) Biological safety
G) Germ free animal and Gnotobiology
Unit II A) Marine microbiology
Types of microorganisms in fresh and marine water, estuaries, methods to study aquatic
microorganisms. Chracteristics of marine environment, types of organisms and their role.
B) Eutrophication: a) Classification of lakes b) Sources C) Consequences d) Control
Unit III Microbiology of potable water: Definition of potable water,
Standard for potability, Municipal water purification process, Microorganisms as
Bioindicators of fecal pollution, Routine bacteriological analysis of water.
Unit IV Environmental impact assessment:
A) Waste water assessment and management, types of wastes, chemical assessment,
microflora, BOD, COD, treatment and disposal of waste water.
B) Assessment and management of pollutants – toxic elements, their sources and effects
and bioremediation (Lead, mercury, arsenic and radioactive substances)
C) i) Environmental standards ii) Environmental legislations
iii) Environmental education and awareness
Unit V A) Bio-leaching:
Introduction, Microorganisms involved, Biochemistry of microbial leaching,
Commercial leaching – slope, heap, in situ leaching, Leaching of Copper and Uranium
B) Oil recovery: Methods – primary, secondary, and microbially enhanced,
Biotechnological solution of oil recovery
C) Characteristics and treatment of wastes from different industries
–paper and pulp, sugar and distillery, textile, and dairy industries
D) Treatment of Biomedical waste
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References:
1. Physiology and Biochemistry of Extremophiles- Charles Gerday and Nicolas Glansdorff
2. Environmental Microbiology – Maier
3. Microbial ecology – Fundamentals and applications - Atlas and Bartha
4. Microbial dynamics and diversity – Desy Staley
5. Biology of Microorganisms – Brock, Parker, Madigen, 9th edition
6. Microbiology – Prescott and Harley, 5th edition
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Paper XVI: Medical Microbiology
Unit I
A) Pathogenicity of viruses, fungi and protozoa
B) Hospital infection – factors contributing, common types, diagnosis
and prophylaxis
Unit II Bacterial diseases
(Morphological, cultural and biochemical characters, antigenic structures,
modes of transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis,
prophylaxis and treatment of following diseases)
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2. Mycobacterium leprae
3. Helicobacter pyelori
4. Treponema pallidum
5. Clostridium perfringens
6. Klebsiella pneumoniae
7. Vibrio cholerae
Unit III Viral Diseases
(Morphology, cultural and biochemical characters, antigenic structures,
modes of transmission, pathogenesis, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis,
prophylaxis and treatment of following diseases)
1. Herpes (Simplex)
2. Rabies
3. Hepatitis A and B
4. AIDS
Unit IV Fungal, Protozoan Diseases and Biological Warfare
a. Candidiasis
b. Malaria (all four with comparative account)
c. Biological warfare –Use of biological agents - bacteria, viruses, or
other disease-causing agents as biological weapons
Unit V Chemotherapy
A) Antimicrobial Drugs
B) Properties of ideal Antimicrobial drugs
C) Mode of action of following antimicrobial drugs:
i) Acting on Cell Wall: Penicillin, Bacitracin, Vancomycin,
ii) Acting on Protein Synthesis: Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol,
iii) Acting on nucleic acid synthesis: quinolenes, rifampicin
iv) Drugs Acting on cell membrane: Sulphonamide, Trimethoprim,
v) Antiviral drug: Azidothymidine,
vi) Antifungal Drugs: Amphotericin, Nystatin
D) Tests to guide chemotherapy a) diffusion tests b) broth dilution tests
E) Mechanisms of drug resistance
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References:
1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Huggo
2. Text book of Medical Microbiology – Ananthnarayan
3. Review of Medical Microbiology – Jawetz et al
4. Microbiology – Zinsser
5. Medical Microbiology – Cruickshank
6. Medical Microbiology - Davis and Dulbecco
7. Parasitology – Chattergii
8. Medical laboratory technology – Ramnaik Sood
9. Diagnostic Microbiology – Bailey’s and Scotts
10. Medical Bacteriology – Dey and Dey
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PRACTICAL COURSE
Practical I:
1. Isolation of DNA from bacteria by J. Marmur’s method
2. Electrophoretic separation of DNA
3. Isolation of coliphages from sewage
4. One step growth curve
5. Determination of dose of U.V. by UV survival curve (comparative
study of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.)
7. Isolation of Lac negative mutants of E.coli by visual detection method.
8. Isolation of Streptomycin resistant mutants by gradient plate technique.
9. Isolation of Vitamin B12 requiring (auxotrophic) mutants by replica plate
technique.
10. Diauxic growth curve of Escherichia coli (glucose and lactose).
11. Browsing of National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
12. Exploring protein sequence database (PDB) and GenBank and BLAST.
Practical II:
1. Examination of milk i) DMC ii) Quantitative analysis of milk
by SPC (using nutrient agar)
2. Phosphatase Test (qualitative)
3. Bioassay of Vitamin B12
4. Bioassay of Penicillin
5. Production of wine by using Jaggery medium by S. cerevisiae - examination of
pH, colour, taste.
6. Estimation of alcohol by using K2Cr2O7
7. Sterility testing of media
8. Immobilization of enzyme by using Sodium alginate
9. Thin layer chromatography- amino acid
10. Demonstration of crude recovery of amylase enzyme & Amylase assay
11. Isolation of Lactic acid Bacteria (MRS Medium)
12. Estimation of Citric acid by titration method
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Practical III:
1. Isolation of Azotobacter from soil. (Identification up to genus level)
2. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules.
3. Isolation of Phosphate solubilising bacteria from soil.
4. Isolation of Xanthomonas from infected plant material
5. SPC of market Biofertilizers.
6. Estimation of available nitrogen from soil.
7. Estimation of available phosphorous from soil (Stannous chloride method)
8. Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium from soil (EDTA method)
9. Determination of organic carbon contents of soil (Walkley and Black method)
10. Microbiological analysis Drinking water: Presumptive, Confirmed and
Completed test.
11. Determination of potability of water by MPN.
12. Waste water analysis: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Practical IV:
1. Preparation of Tri sugar iron agar (TSI) medium slants and study of biochemical
reactions on (TSI) slant.
2. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).of penicillin on
S.aureus.
3. Antibiotic sensitivity test (by disc diffusion method)
4. Study of determination of effectiveness of antiseptic agents (– tincture iodine,
3% H2O2, 70% alcohol, 5% chlorine bleach) against selected organisms
(Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus) by disc diffusion method
5. A. Isolation of pathogen from clinical sample
a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
b) Klebsiella pneumoniae
c) Corybebacterium diphtheria
B.Isolation and identification of member of Enterobacteriaceae (Maximum Two)
up to species level from biomedical waste (Gram staining, colony
characterization, motility and biochemical tests – IMViC, H2S, oxidase, catalase,
urea hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase test, lysine
decarboxylase test, sugar fermentation)
6. Widal test (quantitative test)
7. Haematology – RBC count, WBC count, differential WBC count, Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR) , Hemoglobin estimation and demonstration of malarial parasite.
8. Urine analysis
a) Microscopic examination – pus cells, RBc, bacteria, crystals.
b) Chemical examination – glucose (benedict’s method, protein (acetic acid),
bile salt (sulphur method) ketone bodies (Rothera’s test)
9. Immunodiffusion test.
10. Study of synergistic action of antibiotics
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Practical Examination
A) The practical examination will be conducted on four (4) consecutive days for not less than 6
hours on each day of the practical examination.
B) Each candidate must produce a certificate from the Head of the Department in his/her college
stating that he/she has completed in a satisfactory manner the practical course on the guidelines
laid down from time to time by Academic council on the recommendation of Board of studies
and has recorded his/her observations in the laboratory journal and written a report on each
exercise performed. Every journal is to be checked and signed periodically by a member
teaching staff and certified by the Head of the Department at the end of the year. Candidates are
to produce their journal at the time of practical examination. Candidate has to visit two places of
Microbiological interest (Pharmaceutical industry, Dairy, Research institutes etc) and submit the
report of their visit at the time of examination. The report should be duly certified by the Head of
the Department.
Distribution of Marks for practical examination
For practical I, II, III, IV each.
1) One major experiment: 20 marks
2) Two minor experiment: 10 marks each
3) Journal: 5 marks
Total marks:
Practical I: 45 Marks
Practical II: 45 Marks
Practical III: 45 Marks
Practical IV: 45 Marks
Tour Report : 20 Marks
Total Marks: 200
Practical wise distribution of marks
Practical – I
A) Major Experiments: (20)
i) Isolation of coli phages/ Mutants OR
ii) Electrophoresis separation of DNA
B) Minor experiments: (20)
1) Diauxic growth / one step growth curve / Isolation of chromosomal DNA
2) Minimum lethal dose of U.V. by survival curve /Browsing of data banks (NCBI/ EBI/DDBJ)
Practical II
A) Major Experiments: (20)
i) Bioassay of Penicillin / Vitamin B12 OR
ii) Amylase assay/OR
iii) TLC of amino acids OR
iv) SPC of milk. OR
v) Isolation of Lactic acid bacteria
B) Minor experiments: (20)
1) Direct microscopic count of milk / Phosphatase test (qualitative)
2) Immobilization of enzymes /Estimation of citric acid by titration/ alcohol by k2Cr2O7
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Practical III
A) Major Experiments: (20)
i) Isolation& identification of Azotobacter/Rhizobium/Xanthomonas OR
ii) BOD of sewage sample OR
iii) Estimation of nitrogen from soil
B) Minor experiments: (20)
1) COD of sewage sample OR
Estimation of calcium/ Magnesium/ Organic carbon of soil.
2) Determination of MPN of given sample OR
Confirmed and Completed test OR
Isolation of phosphate Solubilizing bacteria
Practical – IV
A) Major Experiments: (20)
i) Isolation and identification of:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/ Klebsiella pneumoniae
OR
ii) Isolation and identification of Enterobacteriaceae up to species level from biomedical waste
(Gram staining, colony characterization, motility and biochemical tests – IMViC, H2S, oxidase,
catalase, urea hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase test, lysine decarboxylase
test, sugar fermentation test)
B) Minor experiments: (20)
1) Determination of Antibiotic sensitivity to common pathogens OR
Determination of MIC of Penicillin for S.aureus OR
Determination of effectiveness of Antiseptic agents
2) Widal Test OR
Differential count of blood OR
Microscopic Examination of urine sample OR
Chemical Examination of Urine for glucose/ Protein/ bile salt/ Ketone bodies OR
ESR of blood sample OR Hb estimation of blood sample
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List of the Minimum equipments and related requirements for B.Sc – III
1) Replica plating units for genetics experiments: Two
2) Rotary shaker for fermentation experiments: One
3) Centrifuge (High speed): One
4) Hot plate: One
5) Hot air oven: One
6) Bacteriological incubator: One
7) Spectrophotometer: One
8) Research Microscope: one for each student
9) Haemocytometer: Two
10) Haemoglobinometer: Two
11) ESR stands and tubes: Two
12) Separate room for fine instruments of size 10’×15’ feet dimension
13) A separate culture room of at least 10’×10’ feet dimension
14) Electrophoresis assembly: One
15) Laminar air flow cabinet: One
16) Distillation assembly: One (Glass)
17) Reflux assembly: Four
18) Serological water bath: One
19) Colony counter: One
20) Refrigerator: One
21) TLC UNIT: One
22) Hand Refractometer
23) Computer with Internet facilities and printer: One
24) Micropipette: One
25) Anaerobic Jar: One
26) Heating Mantle: One
27) UV Chamber