IPS-E-TP-740(1)
FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the
views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and are
intended for use in the oil and gas production
facilities,
oil
refineries,
chemical
and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and processing
installations and other such facilities.
IPS are based on internationally acceptable
standards and include selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are
also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which
are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can select
his appropriate preferences therein.
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However,
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS
Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the user.
This addendum together with the relevant IPS
shall form the job specification for the specific
project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send
their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant
technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the
standard.
Standards and Research department
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055
Fax: 88810457
Email: Standards@nioc.org
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬
‫ ( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS ) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
، ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬، ‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬، ‫و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮآورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ‬
. ‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻗﺒــﻮل‬،‫اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔــﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳـﺪه ﻫـﺎﺋﻲ از اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻳـﺎ‬/ ‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﺰاﻣـﺎت و‬. ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎت ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔـﺖ ﻛـﺸﻮر و‬
، ‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ داﺧـﻞ در اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧـﺪه ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
. ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﺗـﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷـﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
. ‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﭘـﺮوژه ﻫـﺎ را‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫـﺎي‬. ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ‬. ‫ﺧﺎص آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ وﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه و ﻳـﺎ ﻛـﺎر‬، ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
. ‫ﺧﺎص را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ در اﻳـﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻫـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬. ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روز آﻣﺪ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ اي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺧﻮاﺳــﺖ ﻣﻴــﺸﻮد ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫــﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴـﻪ اي ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣـﻮارد‬
‫ ﻧﻈـﺮات و‬. ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳـﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺎص ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده اﻧﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃـﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ و در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫـﺎي ﺑﻌـﺪي اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣـﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
. ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬، ‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬، ‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬، ‫اﻳﺮان‬
19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬، ‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Standards @nioc.org
‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
General Definitions:
Throughout this Standard
definitions shall apply.
the
following
Company :
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
Iranian
Gas
Company,
and
National
Petrochemical Company etc.
Purchaser :
Means the "Company" Where this standard is
part of direct purchaser order by the "Company",
and the "Contractor" where this Standard is a part
of contract standards.
Vendor And Supplier:
Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or
fabricate the equipment or material.
Contractor:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose
tender has been accepted by the company,
Executor :
Executor is the party which carries out all or part
of construction and/or commissioning for the
project.
Inspector :
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
installation work
Shall:
Is used where a provision is mandatory.
Should:
Is used where a provision is advisory only.
Will:
Is normally used in connection with the action by
the “Company” rather than by a contractor,
supplier or vendor.
May:
Is used where a provision is completely
discretionary.
: ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
.‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
: ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي‬
. ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ وﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش‬، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ وﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
: ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي‬
.‫اﺟﺮاﺋﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
: ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
. ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS
IN
MATERIAL SELECTION
FIRST REVISION
MARCH 2010
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫در‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬
‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬
1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. All
rights are reserved to the owner. Neither whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to any third party, reproduced, stored in
any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the prior written consent of the Iranian Ministry of
Petroleum.
.‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﺳﺖ‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ‬،‫ﺗﻤﺎم و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻳﺎ روﺷﻬﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ( در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬،‫ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ )ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
.‫اﺷﺨﺎص ﺛﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
Page
No.
1. SCOPE................................................................ 3
CONTENTS:
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
3 ...................................................... ‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
2. REFERENCES ................................................ 3
3 ............................................................. ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ....... 13
13 ................................................ ‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
4. UNITS ............................................................... 18
18 ............................................................ ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-4
5. GENERAL ......................................................... 18
18 ............................................................ ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬-5
5.1 Environment ............................................. 19
19 ....................................................... ‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬1-5
5.2 Cost ............................................................. 19
19 ...................................................... ‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬2-5
5.3 Safety ......................................................... 19
19 ...................................................... ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬3-5
5.4 Others ........................................................ 19
19 ............................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬4-5
6. CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS ................. 21
21 ............................................. ‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬-6
6.1 General ...................................................... 21
21 ......................................................‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
6.2 Atmospheric Environments ..................... 21
21 .................................. ‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬2-6
6.3 Soil ............................................................... 21
21 ........................................................‫ ﺧﺎك‬3-6
6.4 Sea water ..................................................... 21
21 ..................................................... ‫ آب درﻳﺎ‬4-6
6.5 Natural Waters .......................................... 22
22 ............................................. ‫ آﺑﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬5-6
6.6 Chemicals ................................................... 22
22 ............................................ ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬6-6
7. THE MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING ..... 23
23 .................................................. ‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬-7
7.1 General ....................................................... 23
23 ..................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-7
7.2 The Range of Materials ............................ 23
23 ................................................‫ ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﻣﻮاد‬2-7
7.3 Properties of Engineering Materials ........ 27
27 .................................. ‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬3-7
8. CORROSION PREVENTION MEASURES . 27
27 ................................. ‫ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-8
1
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
8.1 General ...................................................... 27
27 ...................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-8
8.2 Cathodic Protection .................................. 27
27 ............................................ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬2-8
8.3 Coating, Painting and Lining Materials . 28
28 ....... ‫ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬3-8
8.4 Inhibitors ................................................... 28
28 ............................................... ‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬4-8
9. MATERIAL SELECTION PROCEDURE .. 29
29 ..................................... ‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده‬-9
9.1 General ........................................................ 29
29 ...................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-9
9.2 Guidelines on Material Selection ............ 31
31 ................... (‫ رﻫﻨﻤﻮدﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد )ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬2-9
9.3 Procedure .................................................. 35
35 .............................................. ‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬3-9
9.4 Process Parameters .................................. 36
36 ................................... ‫ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬4-9
9.5 Corrosion Rate and Corrosion
Allowances ................................................ 37
37 ....... ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬5-9
9.6 Economics in Material Selection .............. 46
46 .................................‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬6-9
9.7 Materials Appreciation and
Optimization .............................................. 48
48 ..................... ‫ ارﺗﻘﺎء ارزش و ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻮاد‬7-9
APPENDICES:
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A CORROSION IN OIL & GAS
INDUSTRIES ............................... 49
49 ........... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
APPENDIX B SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL
PLANTS ........................................ 85
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﺎص در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ‬
85 .............................. ‫و واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
APPENDIX C ENGINEERING
MATERIALS ............................... 111
111 ......................................... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
APPENDIX D ENGINEERING
MATERIAL……………………. 142
١۴٢ ..........................................................‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د ﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻮاد‬
2
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
1. SCOPE
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
This Engineering Standard covers an outline for
the corrosion considerations in selection of
materials used in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical
Industries.
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ رﺋﻮس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻲ از ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ ﮔﺎز و‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
The designers have to apply provisions of this
Standard during the design stage of a system in
order to avoid or minimize corrosion hazards
technically, economically and safely during the
designed life of such a system.
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮاي ﻣﻘﺮرات اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮات‬
‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 1:
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ‬1385 ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
1 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
.‫ اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬296 ‫ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
This standard specification is reviewed and
updated by the relevant technical committee on
November 2006, as amendment No. 1 by circular
No 296.
:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 2:
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم‬1388 ‫ﻛﻪ در اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
(0) ‫ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the
standard specification by the relevant technical
committee on March 2010 , which is issued as
revision (1) Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is with drawn.
:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 3:
‫ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In case of conflict between farsi and English
languages, English language shall govern.
2. REFERENCES
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
Throughout this Standard the following dated and
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent specified
herein, form a part of this standard. For dated
references, the edition cited applies. The
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced documents (including any supplements
and amendments) applies.
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ در زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺮا‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
(‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬API
API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE)
Guide for Inspection of Refinery Equipment
(Chapter II Conditions Causing Deterioration of
or Failure)
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﺠﺎد‬2 ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه )ﻓﺼﻞ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ "ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨــﻲ ﺑـــﺮاي‬API Spec 5L /ISO 3183
"‫ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
API Spec 5L /ISO 3183 "Specification for Line
Pipe"
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
API RP 14E "Recommended Practice for
Design and Installation of
Offshore Products Platform
Piping Systems"
‫ "ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ و ﻧﺼﺐ‬API RP 14E
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﻜﻮي ﺑﻬﺮه‬
"‫ﺑﺮداري واﻗﻊ در درﻳﺎ‬
API RP 941
"Steel for Hydrogen Service at
Elevated Temperatures and
Pressures
in
Petroleum
Refineries and Petrochemical
Plants"
‫" ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻫﻴﺪروژن در دﻣﺎﻫـﺎ‬
‫و ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و‬
"‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
API STD 530
"Recommended Practice for
Calculation of Heater Tube
Thickness
in
Petroleum
Refinery"
‫ "ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬API STD 530
‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻟــــﻮﻟـــﻪ ﻛﻮره در‬
"‫ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
ASME (AMERICAN
SOCIETY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS)
ASME VIII
ASTM
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASME
OF
‫"آﺋﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﻫـﺎي دﻳـﮓ ﺑﺨـﺎر و ﻇـﺮوف‬
" ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
"Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Codes"
ASTM (AMERICAN
SOCIETY
TESTING AND MATERIALS)
"Corrosion Standard
Method: G1 to G52"
API RP 941
ASME VIII
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ آزﻣﻮن و ﻣﻮاد آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASTM
FOR
‫ ﺗﺎ‬G1 ‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Test
ASTM
" G52
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ اﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬A 435/A 435M
‫ﻣــﺎوراء ﺻــﻮت ﺑــﺮاي آزﻣــﻮن ورﻗﻬــﺎي‬
"‫ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
‫ آزﻣــﻮن‬،‫ "اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨــﺼﺎت ﻓﻨــﻲ‬A 770/A 770M
‫ﻛــﺸﺶ در ﺳﺮاﺳــﺮ ﺿــﺨﺎﻣﺖ ورﻗﻬــﺎي‬
‫ﻓــﻮﻻدي ﺟﻬــﺖ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده در ﻛﺎرﻫــﺎي‬
"‫ﺧﺎص‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﻛـﺎر دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه‬
B 117
"(‫ﻧﻤﻚ ﭘﺎش )ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻪ‬
A 435/A 435M "Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam
Ultrasonic
Examination of Steel Plates"
A 770/A 770M "Standard Specification for
Through-Thickness Tension
Testing of Steel Plates for
Special Applications"
B 117
"Standard
Practice
for
Operating Salt Spray (Fog)
Apparatus"
B 571
"Standard
Practice
for
Qualitative Adhesion Testing
of Metallic Coatings"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي آزﻣــﻮن ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ‬
"‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي‬
B 571
B 573
"Standard Specification for
Nickel-MolybdenumChromium-Iron Alloys"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨــﺼﺎت ﻓﻨــﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي‬
"‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻧﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻛﺮم‬،‫آﻫﻦ‬
B 573
B 733
"Standard Specification for
Auto Catalytic (electroless)
Nickel
–
Phosphorus
Coatings on Metal"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺳـﻮب‬
،‫ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر )ﺑﺪون ﺑﺮق( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
"‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ روي ﻓﻠﺰ‬
B 733
[
4
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
D 883
"Standard Terminology Relating to
Plastics"
"‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬
D 883
G1
"Standard Practice for Preparing,
Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion
Test Specimens"
‫ ﺗﻤﻴـﺰ‬،‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺟﻬﺖ آﻣﺎده ﺳـﺎزي‬
"‫ﻧﻤﻮدن و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
G1
G2/G2M
"Standard
Test
Method
for
Corrosion Testing of Products of
Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their
Alloys in Water at 680 Degree
F[360˚ C] or in Steam at 750˚F
[400˚ C) "
G3
"Standard Practice for Conventions
Applicable
to
Electrochemical
Measurements
in
Corrosion
Testing"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاي آزﻣـﻮن ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬G2/G2M
‫ ﻫﺎﻓﻨﻴﻮم و آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻧﻬﺎ در آب‬،‫ﻓﺮاورده ﻫﺎ زﻳﺮﻛﻮﻧﻴﻢ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬360) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬680 ‫در‬
400) ‫ درﺟـﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ‬750 ‫ﻳﺎ در ﺑﺨﺎر آب در‬
"(‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﺮرات اﻧـﺪازه‬
G3
"‫ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ در آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
G4
"Standard Guide for Conducting
Corrosion
Tests
in
field
Applications"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد راﻫﻨﻤــﺎي ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮد اﻧﺠــﺎم آزﻣﻮﻧﻬــﺎ‬
" ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬
G4
G5
"Standard Reference Test Method
for Making Potentiostatic and
Potentiodynamic
Anodic
Polarization Measurements"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣــﻮن ﻣﺮﺟــﻊ ﺑــﺮاي اﻧــﺪازه‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎي ﭘﻮﻻرﻳﺰاﺳﻴﻮن آﻧﺪي ﺑﻪ روش ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻮ‬
"‫اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‬
G5
G 15
"Standard Terminology Relating to
Corrosion and Corrosion Testing"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و آزﻣﻮن‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
G 15
G 16
"Standard Guide for Applying
Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion
Data"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮي آﻣـﺎر در ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ و‬
"‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ داده ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
G 16
G 28
"Standard Test Methods of
Detecting
Susceptibility
to
Intergranular Attack in Wrought
Nickel-Rich,
Chromium-Bearing
Alloys"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪاي در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮرﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ‬
"‫از ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻛﺮم دار‬
G 28
G 30
"Standard Practice for Making and
Using U-Bend Stress - Corrosion
Test Specimens"
G 30
G 31
"Standard Practice for Laboratory
Immersion Corrosion Testing of
Metals"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ و اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ در آزﻣـﻮن‬U ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات‬
"‫ﻏﻮﻃﻪور در آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
G 32
"Standard
Test
Method
for
Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory
Apparatus"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳـﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﺒـﺎﺑﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
"‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ارﺗﻌﺎﺷﻲ‬
G 32
G 33
"Standard Practice for Recording
Data from Atmospheric Corrosion
Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺛﺒﺖ داده ﻫـﺎي آزﻣـﻮن‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬
G 33
5
G 31
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
Specimens"
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
"‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬
G 34
"Standard
Test
Method
for
Exfoliation Corrosion Susceptibility
in 2××× and 7××× Series Aluminum
Alloys (EXCO Test)"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣــﻮن ﺣــﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي‬
‫ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ‬7××× ‫ و‬2××× ‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴــﻮم ﺳــﺮي‬
( EXCO ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ اي" )آزﻣﻮن‬
G 34
G 35
"Standard Practice for Determining
the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels
and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron
Alloys to Stress Corrosion Cracking
in Polythionic Acids"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺮك‬-‫ ﻛﺮم‬-‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ در اﺳــﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﻠــﻲ‬
"‫ﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
G 35
G 36
"Standard Practice for Evaluating
Stress
Corrosion
Cracking
Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a
Boiling
Magnesium
Chloride
Solution"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫از ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ در ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل‬
" ‫ﺟﻮﺷﺎن ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬
G 36
G 37
"Standard Practice for Use of
Mattsson’s Solution of pH 7.2 to
Evaluate the Stress Corrosion
Cracking Susceptibility of CopperZinc Alloys"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺗـﺴﻮن‬
‫ ﺟﻬـﺖ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي‬pH=7.2 ‫ﺑﺎ‬
"‫ روي ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬- ‫ﻣﺲ‬
G 37
G 38
"Standard Practice for Making and
Using the C-Ring Stress - Corrosion
Cracking Test Specimen"
G 38
G 39
"Standard Practice for Preparation
and Use of Bent-Beam Stress
Corrosion Specimens"
G 40
"Standard Terminology Relating to
Wear and Erosion"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ و ﺑﻜــﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫ ﺷﻜﻞ در آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ‬C ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
" ‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي آﻣــﺎده ﺳــﺎزي و اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎي ﺗـﺴﻤﻪ اي ﺧﻤﻴـﺪه در آزﻣـﻮن ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
" ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺶ و ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ‬
G 41
"Standard Practice for Determining
Cracking Susceptibility of Metals
Exposed Under Stress to a Hot Salt
Environment"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻓﻠـﺰات ﺑـﻪ‬
"‫ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ داغ ﻧﻤﻜﺪار‬
G 41
G 44
"Standard Practice for Exposure of
Metals and Alloys By Alternate
Immersion in Neutral 3.5% Sodium
Chloride Solution"
G 44
G 46
"Standard Guide for Examination
and
Evaluation
of
Pitting
Corrosion"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑــﺮاي ﻗــﺮار دادن ﻓﻠــﺰات و‬
3/5 ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ در ﻣﻌــﺮض ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل ﻛﻠﺮﻳــﺪ ﺳــﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫درﺻــﺪ ﺧﻨﺜــﻲ ﺑــﻪ وﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﻏﻮﻃــﻪوري ﺑــﻪ ﻃــﻮر‬
"‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب‬
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد راﻫﻨﻤﺎي آزﻣﻮن و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔـــﻲ‬
"‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
G 47
"Standard Test Method Practice for
Determining Susceptibility to Stress
- Corrosion Cracking of 2××× and
7××× Aluminum Alloy Products"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣـﻮن ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺣــﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺗــﺮك ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ‬
‫ و‬2××× ‫ﻣﺤـــﺼﻮﻻت آﻟﻴـــﺎژ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴـــﻮم ﺳـــﺮي‬
G 47
"7×××
6
G 39
G 40
G 46
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
G 48
"Standard Test Method for Pitting
and Crevice Corrosion Resistance
of Stainless Steels and Related
Alloys by the Use of Ferric
Chloride Solution"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد روش آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﻧــﺰن و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃــﻪ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي و ﺷﻴﺎري در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻚ‬
G 48
G 49
"Standard Practice for Preparation
and Use of Direct Tension Stress
Corrosion Test Specimens"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
" ‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ در آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
G 49
G 50
"Standard Practice for Conducting
Atmospheric Corrosion Tests on
Metals"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي روي ﻓﻠﺰات‬
G 50
G 51
"Standard Test for Measuring pH of
Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing"
‫ ﺧـﺎك ﺑـﺮاي‬pH ‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد آزﻣﻮن اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي‬
"‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
G 51
G 52
"Standard Practice for Exposing
and Evaluating Metals and Alloys
in Surface Seawater"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑـﺮاي ﻗـﺮار دادن و ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬
"‫ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ‬
G 52
(‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬BSI
BSI (BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION)
BS 5500
‫"ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ روش‬
"‫ﺟﻮش ﻣﺬاﺑﻲ‬
"Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure
Vessels"
BS 5500
"‫ "آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬BS 7318 PP
BS 7318 PP "Materials Testing for Design"
BS EN ISO 3651-2
BS EN ISO 3651-2
"Determination of Resistance to
Intergranular Corrosion of Stainless
Steels. Ferritic, Austenitic and
Ferritic – Austenitic (duplex)
Stainless Steels, Corrosion Test in
Media Containing Sulfuric Acids"
‫"آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
،‫ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪ اي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻫـﺎي زﻧـﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘـﻲ‬
‫ در‬،(‫آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ و ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ – آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ )دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ‬
" ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
BS EN ISO 7441
BS EN ISO 7441
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys.
Determination
of
Bimetallic
Corrosion in Out Door Exposure"
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫"ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‬
"‫دوﻓﻠﺰي در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮاي آزاد‬
BS EN ISO 10224
BS EN ISO 10224
‫"ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻏﻴﺮآﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺑـﺮاي‬
"‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آب و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت آﺑﻲ‬
"Non-Alloy Steel Tubes and Fittings
for Conveyance of Water and
Other Aqueous Liquids"
BS EN ISO 10311
BS EN ISO 10311
‫"اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ارﺗﺒﺎط دﻫﻨﺪه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي و‬
"‫ﻟﻮازم اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آب و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت آﺑﻲ‬
"Joints for the Connection of
Steel Tubes and Fittings The
Conveyance of Water and
Aqueous Liquids"
7
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS
IPS-M-ME-130 "Material and Equipment
Standard for Pressure Storage
Vessels & Spheres (for LPG)"
‫ "اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣــﻮاد و ﺗﺠﻬﻴــﺰات ﺑــﺮاي‬IPS-M-ME-130
‫ﻣﺨــﺎزن ﻛــﺮوي و ﻇــﺮوف ﺗﺤــﺖ ﻓــﺸﺎر‬
"(‫ذﺧﻴﺮه )ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎز ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
IPS-E-PI-140
"Engineering
Onshore
Pipelines"
Standard for
Transportation
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ‬
"‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل واﻗﻊ در ﺧﺸﻜﻲ‬
IPS-E-PI-140
IPS-E-PI-221
"Engineering Standard for
Piping Material Selection (on
plot piping)"
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﺑــﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب‬
"(‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )داﺧﻞ ﺣﺼﺎر‬
IPS-E-PI-221
IPS-C-TP-101
"Construction Standard
Surface Preparation"
for
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑـﺮاي آﻣـﺎده ﺳـﺎزي‬IPS-C-TP-101
"‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
IPS-C-TP-274
"Construction Standard
Protective Coatings"
for
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﻫـﺎي‬IPS-C-TP-274
"‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
[
IPS-E-GN-100 "Engineering
Units"
Standard
for
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-GN-100
IPS-E-TP-100
"Engineering
Paints"
Standard
for
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮓﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-TP-100
IPS-E-TP-350
"Engineering
Lining"
Standard
for
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬IPS-E-TP-350
"‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬
IPS-E-TP-780
"Engineering Standard for
Chemical Control of Corrosive
Environments"
IPS-E-TP-760
"Engineering Standard for
Corrosion Considerations in
Design"
IPS-E-TP-820
"Engineering Standard for
Electrochemical Protection"
IPS-I-TP-802
"Inspection
Standard
for
Corrosion Survey& Inhibitor
Evaluation"
‫ "اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﺑــﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘــﺮل‬IPS-E-TP-780
"‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺎت‬IPS-E-TP-760
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ "اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﺑــﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ‬IPS-E-TP-820
"‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫"اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرﺳــﻲ ﺑــﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
ISO (INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
FOR STANDARDIZATION)
ISO 1461
"Hot Dip Galvanized coatings on
Fabricated Iron and Steel Articles –
Specifications and Test Methods"
ISO 2160
"Petroleum
Products
Corrosiveness to Copper – Copper
Strip Test"
IPS-I-TP-802
(‫ )ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ISO
‫"ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﮔـﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺑـﻪ روش ﻏﻮﻃـﻪ‬
‫وري داغ روي ﻛﺎﻻﻫــﺎي آﻫﻨــﻲ و ﻓــﻮﻻدي‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ و روشﻫﺎي‬- ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
"‫آزﻣﻮن‬
‫"آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺲ در ﻣـﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﻧﻔﺘـﻲ‬
"‫– آزﻣﻮن ﻧﻮار ﻣﺴﻲ‬
8
ISO 1461
ISO 2160
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
ISO 2746
‫"ﻟﻌﺎب ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ و ﭼﻴﻨﻲ – اﺟﻨﺎس‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ – آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎ وﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
"Vitreous and Porcelain Enamels –
Enameled Articles for Service
UnderHighly Corrosion Conditions
– High Voltage Test"
"Metallic and non-organic coatings
on metallic substrates – Saline
droplets Corrosion test (SD test)"
ISO 4538
"Metallic coatings – Thioacetamide
Corrosion test (TAA test)"
ISO 4539
"Electrodeposited
chromium
coatings – Electrolytic Corrosion
testing (EC test)"
ISO 4541
"Metallic and other non-organic
coatings - Corrodkote Corrosion
test (CORR test)"
ISO 4543
"Metallic and other non-organic
coatings - General rules for
Corrosion tests applicable for
storage conditions"
ISO 2746
‫ "ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻮﻻدي زﻧﮓ‬ISO 3506-1
:1 ‫ ﺑﺨﺶ‬-‫ﻧﺰن ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر و ﻣﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻬﺎ‬
ISO 3506-1 "Mechanical
Properties
of
Corrosion - Resistant Stainless
Steel Fasteners – Part 1: Bolts,
Screws and Studs"
ISO 4536
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫"ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ روي ﻓﻠﺰات ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬
‫– آزﻣﻮن ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻄـﺮات ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل ﻧﻤـﻚ‬
"(SD ‫)آزﻣﻮن‬
‫ آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ‬-‫" ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﻫــﺎي ﻓﻠــﺰي‬
"(TAA ‫ﺗﻴﻮاﺳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺪ )آزﻣﻮن‬
‫"ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﻫــﺎي ﻛــﺮم ﺑــﻪ روش رﺳــﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜــﻲ – آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘــﻲ‬
"(EC ‫)آزﻣﻮن‬
‫"آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﻛﻮرودﻛﻮت‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ )آزﻣﻮن‬
( CORR
-‫"ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و دﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻌـﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ اﺟـﺮا‬
"‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ذﺧﻴﺮه‬
ISO 4536
ISO 4538
ISO 4539
ISO 4541
ISO 4543
ISO 4623-1 "Paints
and
Varnishes
–
Determination of Resistance to
Filiform Corrosion – Part 1:Steel
Substrates"
‫ "رﻧﮕﻬﺎ و ﺟـﻼ ﻫـﺎ– ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬ISO 4623-1
:‫ﺧــــﻮردﮔﻲ رﺷــــﺘﻪ اي– ﺑﺨــــﺶ اول‬
" ‫زﻳﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
ISO 4952
"Structural Steels with Improved
Atmospheric
Corrosion
Resistance"
‫"ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد‬
" ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬
ISO 4952
ISO 5952
"Continuously Hot-Rolled Steel
Sheet of Structural Quality with
Improved Atmospheric Corrosion
Resistance"
‫"ورق ﻓــﻮﻻدي ﻧــﻮرد ﺷــﺪه ﺑــﻪ روش داغ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﺳـﺎزه ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ‬
"‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬
ISO 5952
ISO 6251
"Liquefied Petroleum Gases –
Corrosiveness to Copper-Copper
Strip Test "
‫"آزﻣﻮن ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣـﺲ در ﮔﺎزﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‬
"‫ﻧﻔﺘﻲ – آزﻣﻮن ﻧﻮار ﻣﺴﻲ‬
ISO 6251
ISO 6315
"Road Vehicles - Brake Linings –
Seizure to Ferrous Mating Surface
Due to Corrosion -Test Procedure
ISO 6315
ISO 6505
"Rubber,
Vulcanized
or
Thermoplastic – Determination of
Tendency to Adhere to, and
‫"روش آزﻣﻮن ﻟﻨﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻣﺰ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺎده اي –– درﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠـﺰات آﻫﻨـﻲ‬
" ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ ﺳــﺨﺖ ﺷــﺪه ﻳــﺎ‬،‫"ﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ – ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪن‬
9
ISO 6505
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
Corrode Metals"
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
"‫و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys –
Determination of Dezincification
Resistance of Brass"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ‬
"‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ روي از ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‬
ISO 6509
ISO 6743-8 "Lubricants, Industrial Oils and
Related Products (class L) Classification - Part 8: Family R
(Temporary Protection against
Corrosion )"
‫ روﻏــﻦ ﻫــﺎي‬،‫"ﻃﺒﻘــﻪ ﺑﻨــﺪي رواﻧــﺴﺎز ﻫـﺎ‬
(L ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ و ﻓﺮاورده ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ )دﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ )ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬R ‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده‬:‫–ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬
"(‫در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
ISO 6743-8
ISO 6957
"Copper Alloys - Ammonia Test
for Stress Corrosion Resistance
‫"آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ – آزﻣﻮن آﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎك ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
"‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
ISO 6957
ISO 7384
"Corrosion Tests in
Atmosphere
Requirements"
Artificial
General
‫"اﻟﺰاﻣــﺎت ﻋﻤــﻮﻣﻲ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬــﺎ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
" ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
ISO 7384
"Corrosion of metals and alloys –
Stress Corrosion testing - Part 1:
General guidance on testing
procedures"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
‫ راﻫﻨﻤـﺎي‬:‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ – ﺑﺨـﺶ اول‬
"‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﻮن‬
ISO 7539-1
ISO 7539-2 "Corrosion of metals and alloys Stress Corrosion testing - Part 2:
Preparationand use of bent-beam
specimens"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
‫ آﻣﺎده ﺳـﺎزي‬:‫ ﺑﺨﺶ دوم‬-‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
"‫و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺴﻤﻪ اي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه‬
ISO 7539-2
ISO 7539-3 "Corrosion of metals and alloys –
Stress Corrosion testing - Part 3:
Preparationand use of U-bend
specimens"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
‫ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي‬:‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮم‬-‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
"‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬U ‫و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه‬
ISO 7539-3
ISO 7539-4 "Corrosion of metals and alloys Stress Corrosion testing - Part
4:Preparation and use of Uniaxially
loaded tension specimens"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
‫ آﻣــﺎده‬:‫ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﭼﻬــﺎرم‬-‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎزي و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺶ ﺗﻚ‬
"‫ﻣﺤﻮري‬
ISO 7539-4
ISO 7539-5 "Corrosion of metals and alloys –
Stress Corrosion testing - Part 5:
Preparationand use of C-ring
specimens"
‫ "ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬ISO 7539-5
‫ آﻣــﺎده‬:‫ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﭘــﻨﺠﻢ‬-‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ‬
C ‫ﺳﺎزي و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻪ اي‬
"‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
ISO 7539-6 "Corrosion of Metals and Alloys Stress Corrosion Testing - Part 6:
Preparationand Use of Pre-cracked
Specimens for Test under Constant
load or Constant Displacement"
‫" ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
‫ آﻣــﺎده‬:‫ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺷــﺸﻢ‬-‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺳــﺎزي و اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي از ﻗﺒــﻞ‬
"‫ﺗﺮك دار ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎر ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
ISO 7539-6
ISO 7539-7 "Corrosion of metals and alloys –
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – آزﻣــﻮن‬
ISO 7539-7
ISO 6509
ISO 7539-1
10
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
Stress Corrosion testing - Part 7:
Method for slow strain rate testing"
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ روش‬:‫ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻫﻔــﺘﻢ‬-‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ‬
"‫آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺮخ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ آرام‬
ISO 8044
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys –
Basic Terms and Definitions"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – واژه ﻫــﺎ و‬
"‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
ISO 8044
ISO 8407
"Corrosion of metals and alloys Removal of Corrosion products
from corrosion test specimens"
‫"ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠــﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎ – ﺑﺮداﺷــﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ از روي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي‬
"‫آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
ISO 8407
ISO 8565
"Metals and alloys – Atmospheric
CorrosionTesting
General
Requirements for Field Tests"
‫"آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ آﺗﻤــﺴﻔﺮي ﻓﻠــﺰات و‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑـﺮاي آزﻣـﻮنﻫـﺎ‬- ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‬
"‫ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬
ISO 8565
ISO 8993
"Anodized
Aluminum
and
AluminumAlloys - Rating System
for the Evaluation of Pitting
Corrosion- Chart Method"
‫"آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ آﻧـﺪاﻳﺰ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺮاي ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬-‫ﺷﺪه‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﺑﻪ روش ﻧﻤﻮداري‬
ISO 8993
ISO 8994
"Anodized
Aluminum
and
AluminumAlloys - Rating System
for the Evaluation of Pitting
Corrosion - Grid Method"
‫"آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ آﻧـﺪاﻳﺰ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺮاي ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬-‫ﺷﺪه‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮه اي ﺑﻪ روش ﺷﺒﻜﻪ اي‬
ISO 8994
ISO 9000
"Quality Management Systems"
"‫"ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
ISO 9000
ISO 9223
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys –
Corrosivity of Atmospheres –
Classification"
‫"ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ – ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
"‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ‬
ISO 9223
ISO 9224
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys –
Corrosivity of Atmospheres –
Guiding Values for the Corrosivity
Categories"
‫"ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎ – ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎ –ﻣﻘـﺎدﻳﺮ راﻫﻨﻤـﺎ ﺑـﺮاي ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
"‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
ISO 9224
ISO 9225
"Corrosion of Metals and Alloys –
Corrosivity of Atmospheres –
Measurement of Pollution"
‫"ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎ – ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ– اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬
ISO 9225
ISO 9227
"Corrosion Tests in Artificial
Atmospheres - Salt Spray Tests"
‫"آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي‬
"‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ – آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻚ‬
ISO 9227
ISO 9400
"Nickel-Based
Alloys
–
Determination of Resistance to
Intergranular Corrosion"
‫"ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪ اي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
ISO 9400
11
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
(‫ "روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎي )ﻛﻤـﻚ ذوب‬ISO 9455-12
‫ آزﻣــﻮن‬:12 ‫ﻟﺤــﻴﻢ ﻛــﺎري ﻧــﺮم–ﺑﺨــﺶ‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
ISO 9455-12 "Soft Soldering Fluxes -Test
Methods – Part 12: Steel Tube
Corrosion Test "
"Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys –
Determination of Resistance to
Stress Corrosion Cracking "
‫"ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴـﻮم – ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
"‫ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
ISO 9591
ISO 10062 "Corrosion Tests in Artificial
Atmosphere
at
Very
Low
Concentrations of Polluting Gas
(es)"
‫"آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
(‫در ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﮔـﺎز )ﮔﺎزﻫـﺎي‬
"‫آﻻﻳﻨﺪه‬
ISO 10062
ISO 9591
ISO/TR 10129
ISO/TR 10129
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻓﻠﺰات ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗـﺎن‬-‫"ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺳﺎده‬
‫– ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از‬
‫روان ﺳــﺎزﻫﺎي روﻏﻨــﻲ ﺗﺤــﺖ ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ‬
"‫اﻳﺴﺘﺎﻳﻲ‬
"Plain Bearings – Testing of
Bearing Metals – Resistance to
Corrosion by Lubricants under
Static Conditions"
ISO/TR 10217 "Solar Energy – Water Heating
Systems – Guide to Material
Selectionwith Regard to Internal
Corrosion"
‫ "ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ اﻧﺮژي ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬ISO/TR 10217
‫– راﻫﻨﻤﺎي اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
ISO 10289 "Methods for Corrosion Testing of
Metallic and Other Inorganic
Coatings on Metallic Substrates –
Rating of Test Specimens and
Manufactured Articles Subjected to
Corrosion Tests"
‫"روش ﻫــﺎي آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ‬
–‫ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ روي ﻓﻠـﺰات ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘــﻪ ﺑﻨــﺪي ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي آزﻣــﺎﻳﺶ و‬
‫ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻌﺮض آزﻣـﻮن‬
"‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
ISO 10289
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬NACE
NACE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
CORROSION ENGINEERS)
‫" ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
"‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
MR-01-03 "Materials Resistant To Sulfide
Stress Cracking in Corrosive
Petroleum Refining Environment"
MR-01-03
MR-01-75/ISO 15156-1,2,3
MR-01-75/ISO 15156-1,2,3
"Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries – Materials for Use In
H2S Containing Environments in
Oil and Gas Production Parts 1,2
and 3"
‫"ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ – ﻣـﻮاد ﻣـﻮرد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺣـﺎوي ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎي‬-‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
" 3 ‫ و‬2 ،1
MR-01-76 "Metallic Materials For Sucker –
Rod Pumps for Corrosive Oil Filed
Environments"
‫"ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻠﻪ اي ﻣﻜﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي‬
" ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
12
MR-01-76
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TM-01-69 "Laboratory Corrosion Testing of
Metals"
"‫ "آزﻣﻮن آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات‬TM-01-69
TM-01-77 "Laboratory Testing of Metals for
Resistance to Sulfide Stress
Cracking and Stress Corrosion
Cracking in H2S Environments"
‫ "آزﻣﻮن آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺮك‬TM-01-77
‫ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﺳــﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ و ﺗــﺮك ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
" ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
TM-01-72 "Determining Corrosive Properties
of Cargoes in Petroleum Products
Pipelines"
‫ "ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاص ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺘﻲ در‬TM-01-72
"‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﺮاورده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
TM-01-73 "Methods for Determining Quality
of Subsurface Injection Water
Using Membrane Filters"
‫ "روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ آب ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬TM-01-73
"‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ‬
TM-01-74 "Laboratory Methods for the
Evaluation of Protective Coatings
Lining Materials on Metallic
Substrates in Immersion Service"
‫ "روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ارزﺷـﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣـﻮاد‬TM-01-74
‫ﭘﻮﺷـــﺶ ﻫـــﺎي داﺧﻠـــﻲ ﺣﻔـــﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑـــﺮ روي‬
"‫زﻳﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻏﻮﻃﻪ وري‬
TM-03-74 "Standard Test Methods Laboratory
Screening Tests to Determine the
Ability of Scale Inhibitors to
Prevent the Precipitation of
Calcium sulfate and Calcium
Carbonate from Solution"(for oil
and gas production systems)"
‫ "روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﻮن اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد – آزﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﻏﺮﺑـﺎل‬TM-03-74
‫ﮔــﺮي آزﻣﺎﻳــﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﻮاﻧــﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪه ﻫــﺎي ﺿــﺪ رﺳ ـﻮﺑﻲ در ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫رﺳﻮب ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻛﻠـﺴﻴﻢ و ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﺎت ﻛﻠـﺴﻴﻢ از‬
"(‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل )ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
NORSOK
M 001
(NORWEGIAN
INDUSTRY)
PETROLEUM
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻧﺮوژ‬NORSOK
"‫"اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬
"Materials Selection"
M 001
‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
‫آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
Accelerated Corrosion Test
‫ اﺛﺮ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬،‫ در ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎه‬،‫روش ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
.‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري ﻋﺎدي در دراز ﻣﺪت را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
Method designed to approximate, in a short-time,
the deteriorating effect under normal long-term
service condition.
‫ﻫﻮادﻫﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
Aerated
.‫ )ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻮن( اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬10 PPb ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﺎوي ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
Solution containing more than 10 PPb (Parts Per
billion) oxygen
‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
Age Hardening
ً‫ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ‬،‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن )اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺨﺸﻲ( ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴـﺮ ﺳـﺎزي‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﺮدﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
Hardening (strengthening) by aging, usually after
rapid cooling or cold working
‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن‬
Aging
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻳـﺎ در‬
A change in the properties of certain metals and
alloys that occurs at ambient or moderately
13
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
elevated temperatures after hot working or a heat
treatment (quench aging in ferrous alloys, natural
or artificial aging in ferrous and non-ferrous
alloys) or after a cold working operation (strain
aging). The change in properties is often but not
always, due to a phase change (precipitation), but
never involves a change in chemical composition
of the metal or alloy.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻛـﺎر ﮔـﺮم و ﻳـﺎ ) ﭘﻴـﺮ ﺷـﺪن ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻫﻨـﻲ‬، ‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻫﻨﻲ‬
‫ را‬،(‫و ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ( ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺟﺮاي ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد )ﭘﻴﺮ ﺳـﺎزي ﻛﺮﻧـﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻓـﺎز‬،‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً اﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬،‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎه ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻠـﺰ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫رﺳﻮب اﺳﺖ‬
.‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن )ﺗﻨﺶ زداﺋﻲ‬
Annealing
‫ ﻧﮕﻬــﺪاري در دﻣــﺎي‬،‫ﺑــﻪ ﻧــﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺣــﺮارت دادن‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬،‫ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر از ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻓﻠـﺰات اﺗـﻼق ﻣﻴـﺸﻮد‬
،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ ﻛـﺎري‬
‫ﻳـﺎ‬/‫ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد ﺧـﻮاص ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳـﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ و‬،‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮارد ﻣﺤـﺪود ﻧﻤـﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم ﻧـﺮم ﺷـﺪن‬،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ اﻳﻦ واژه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي آزاد ﺳﺎزي ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺑﻜـﺎر رود‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ را ﻣﻴﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ را ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ آزاد ﺳﺎزي ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬
A generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of
heating to and holding at a suitable temperature,
followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used
primarily to soften metallic materials, but also to
simultaneously produce microstructure. The
purpose of such changes may be, but is not
confined to improvement of machinability,
facilitation of cold work, improvement of
mechanical or electrical properties and/or increase
in stability of dimensions. When the term is used
by itself, full annealing is implied. When applied
only for the relief of stress, the process is properly
called stress relieving or stress-relief annealing.
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺗﺮد‬
Brittle Fracture
Separation of a solid accompanied by little or no
macroscopic plastic deformation; Typically,
brittle fracture occurs by rapid crack propagation
with less expenditure of energy than for ductile
frature.
‫ﺟﺪاﺷﺪن ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻳﺎ ﺑـﺪون ﻳـﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺷﻜـﺴﺖ ﺗـﺮد در اﺛـﺮ اﻧﺘـﺸﺎر ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ‬،‫ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﺑﺎ ﺻﺮف اﻧﺮژي ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻧـﺮم اﺗﻔـﺎق ﻣـﻲ‬
.‫اﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪاي‬
Capital Expenditure
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ در آﻳﻨـﺪه‬،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪاي‬
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪاي وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ در‬.‫ﺳﻮدآور ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ داراﺋﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ و ﻳـﺎ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ارزش‬
‫داراﺋﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪي ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺮاﺗـﺮ از ﺳـﺎل‬
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪاي ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬.‫ ﭘﻮل ﺧﺮج ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن داراﺋﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ‬
.‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬،‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ‬
Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) are Expenditures
Creating Future Benefits. A Capital Expenditures
is Incurred When a Business Spends Money
Either to Buy Fixed Assets or to Add to the Value
of an Existing Fixed Asset With a Useful Life that
Extends Beyond the Taxable Year. Capex are
Used by a Company to Acquire or Upgrade
Physical Assets Such as Equipment, Property, or
Industrial Buildings
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
Case Hardening
‫اﺻﻄﻼح ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑـــﺮ روي ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
،‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ را ﺑـﺎ ﺟـﺬب ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از ﻫﺮدو ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ داده و ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذ‬
-‫ در واﻗﻊ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ را‬.‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻳﺎ درون ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬،‫ﺗﺮ از ﺑﺨﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
A generic term covering several processes
applicable to steel that change the chemical
composition of the surface layer by absorption of
carbon, nitrogen or a mixture of the two and, by
diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The
outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder
than the inner portion, or core.
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺗﺮدي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Caustic Embrittlement
An obsolete historical term denoting a form of
stress corrosion cracking most frequently
encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromiumnickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated
hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to
250°C.
‫ﻳﻚ اﺻﻄﻼح ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺪوال از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻠﻲ از‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ راﻳـﺞ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ را زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي‬-‫ ﻛﺮم‬-‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻫﻦ‬
‫ درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬250 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬200 ‫ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻫﻴﺪرواﻛﺴﻴﺪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
Cold Working
Deforming metal plastically under conditions of
temperature and strain rate that induce strain
hardening usually, but not necessarily, conducted
at room temperature. Contrast with hot working.
‫ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ و ﻧﺮخ ﻛـﺮﻧﺶ‬
‫ در دﻣـﺎي‬،ً‫ اﻣـﺎ ﻟﺰوﻣـﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬
.‫ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮم اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮم‬
Hot Working
Deforming metal plastically at such a temperature
and strain rate that recrystallization takes place
simultaneously with the deformation, thus
avoiding any strain hardening. Contrast with cold
working.
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ دﻣـﺎ و ﻧـﺮخ ﻛﺮﻧـﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از‬،‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺒﻠﻮر ﻣﺠﺪد ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ در ﺗﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬.‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد اﺳﺖ‬
Hydrogen Sulfide
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻳـﻚ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ در‬:H2S ‫ﺑﺪون‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ از ﻳـﻚ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ در‬:H2S ‫ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻣﻴﻠﻴـﻮن اﻣـﺎ‬3 ‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬:‫ﻛﻢ‬H2S
.‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬6 ‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن‬6 ‫ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬:‫ زﻳﺎد‬H2S
Without H2S: Environment containing less than 1
PPM H2S
With H2S: Environment containing more than 1
PPM H2S
Low H2S: Greater than 3 PPM but less than 6
PPM H2S
High H2S: More than 6 PPM
Killed Steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
Thoroughly deoxidized steel, for example, by
addition of aluminum or silicon, in which the
reaction between carbon and oxygen during
solidification is suppressed.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺎري از اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﻛﻪ در آن از واﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
.‫و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در زﻣﺎن اﻧﺠﻤﺎد ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
Operating Expense
‫ ﺗﺠـﺎرت‬،‫( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺟﺎري ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬OPEX) ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺰرگ ﺗﺠـﺎري‬.‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎي رﻓـﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ اﺟـﺎره و‬، ‫اﺳﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن‬
.‫ﺳﺮوﻳﺴﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ را ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
An Operating Expense Or (OPEX) is an OnGoing Cost for Running a Product, Business, or
System. For Larger Systems Like Businesses,
May Also Include the Cost of Workers and
Facility Expenses Such as Rent and Utilities.
Normalizing
(‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﻛﺮدن )ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature
above the transformation range and then cooling
in air to a temperature substantially below the
‫ﻋﺒﺎرت از ﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻫﻦ ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤـﺪوده‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﺎزي و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒـﺎل آن ﺳـﺮد ﻛـﺮدن در ﻫـﻮاي آزاد و در‬
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transformation range.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫واﻗﻊ ﺗﺎ زﻳﺮ دﻣﺎي اﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Powder Metallurgy
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژي ﭘﻮدر‬
The art of producing metal powders and utilizing
metal powders for production of massive
materials and shaped objects
‫ﻫﻨﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﻮدرﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻮاد‬
.‫ﺣﺠﻴﻢ و اﺟﺴﺎم ﺷﻜﻞ دار‬
Precipitation Hardening
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮداﻧﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
Hardening caused by the precipitation of a
constituents from a supersaturated solution. See
also age hardening and aging.
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﺳﻮب دادن اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﻪ از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻓـﻮق‬
.‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬.‫اﺷﺒﺎع‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
Quench Aging
Aging induced by rapid cooling after solution heat
treatment.
‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺳـﺮد ﻛـﺮدن ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
Quench-age Embrittlement
‫ﺗﺮدي در اﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
Embrittlement of low carbon steels resulting from
precipitation of solute carbon of existing
dislocations and from precipitation hardening of
the steel caused by differences in the solid
solubility of carbon in ferrite at different
temperatures. Quench age embrittlement usually
is caused by rapid cooling of the steel from
temperature slightly below AC1 (The temperature
at which austenite begins to form), and can be
minimized by quenching from lower temperature.
‫ﺗﺮدي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از رﺳـﻮب ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل در‬
‫ﻧﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و از ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛـﻪ در اﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ ﺣﻼﻟﻴـﺖ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ در ﻓﺮﻳـﺖ در دﻣﺎﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ ﺗﺮدي در اﺛﺮ ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ )دﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ﺷـﺮوع‬AC1 ‫ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻤـﻲ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از دﻣـﺎي‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ( ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﺳـﺮدﻛﺮدن ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ از دﻣـﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮك ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
Quench Cracking
Fracture of a metal during quenching from
elevated temperature. Most frequently observed in
hardened carbon steel, alloy steel, or tool steel
parts of high hardness and low toughness. Cracks
often emanate from filets, holes, corners, or other
stress raisers and result from high stresses due to
the volume changes accompanying transformation
to martensite.
‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً در‬.‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ در ﺣﻴﻦ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ از دﻣـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﻳـﺎ ﻓـﻮﻻد اﺑـﺰاري ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژي‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎ اﻏﻠـﺐ‬.‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ ﻛﻢ دارد ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﻮﺷﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﺗـﻨﺶ زا و ﺗـﻨﺶ‬،‫ ﺳﻮراﺧﻬﺎ‬،‫از ﻛﻨﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ اﺳﺖ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮداﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
Quench Hardening
(1)In ferrous alloys, hardening by austenitizing
and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial
amount of austenite transforms to martensite.
‫( ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﻤﻮدن آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻫﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪ آﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛـﺮدن و‬1
(2) In copper and titanium alloys hardening by
solution treating and quenching to develop a
martensite like structure.
‫( در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي ﻣــﺲ و ﺗﻴﺘــﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﺳــﺨﺖ ﻧﻤــﻮدن ﺑــﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت‬2
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﺮد ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳـﺖ‬
.‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻲ و ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﻬـﺖ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬
.‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
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‫ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
Quenching
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ( از ﻳـﻚ دﻣـﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
ً ) ‫ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺎ ﻏﻮﻃـﻪ ورﺳـﺎزي در آب‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻ را ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﻫـﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻜـﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻚ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي‬،‫روﻏﻦ‬
.‫ﻫﻮاي ﻓﺸﺮده اﺳﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Rapid cooling of metals (often steels) from a
suitable elevated temperature. This generally is
accomplished by immersion in water, oil, polymer
solution, or salt, although forced air is sometimes
used.
Sensitization Heat Treatment
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺳﺎزي‬
A heat treatment, whether accidental, intentional,
or incidental (as during welding) that causes
precipitation of constituents at grain boundaries,
often causing the alloy to become susceptible to
intergranullar corrosion, cracking or S.C.C (Stress
Corrosion Cracking).
‫ ارادي ﻳـﺎ اﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻲ )در‬،‫ ﺧـﻮاه ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮﻗﺒـﻪ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري( ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ رﺳـﻮب ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت در ﻣﺮزداﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ‬
،‫ﺷﺪه و اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣـﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺮزداﻧـﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﺮك ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Sensitization
‫ﺣﺴﺎس ﺳﺎزي‬
In Austenitic stainless steels the precipitation of
chromium carbide usually at grain boundaries, on
exposure to temperatures of about 550 to 850°C.
‫در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﻛﺮم اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻣﺮزداﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در‬
.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد رﺳﻮب ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬850 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬550 ‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺣﺪود‬
Steel:
:‫ﻓﻮﻻد‬
Ferrite
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن آﻫﻦ آﻟﻔﺎ و دﻟﺘﺎ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﻣـﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻠﻮري ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰدار اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Ferrite is the name given to the body centered
cubic allotropes of iron, α and δ iron, and to body
centered cubic solid solutions
‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬
Austenite
‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﺑــــﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﻠﻮري ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮه ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ‬
‫دار ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي از آﻫﻦ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣـﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﻠﻮري ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮه ﻣﺮﻛﺰ دار اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Austenite is the name given to the faced centered
cubic, or γ, variety of iron, and to the face
centered cubic solid solutions.
‫ﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ‬
Cementite
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺪت‬،‫ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬Fe3C ،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ آﻫﻦ‬
.‫ﺳﺨﺖ و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Is the name given to the carbide of iron, Fe3C.
This is an extremely hard and brittle constituent.
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
Pearlite
‫ از‬.‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط از ﻓﺮﻳﺖ و ﺳـﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ اوﺗﻜﺘﻮﻳـﺪي ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﺪن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺳﺮدﻛﺮدن ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎز ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻳﻚ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳـﻪ از ﻓﺮﻳـﺖ و‬
.‫ﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Pearlite is the eutectoid mixture of ferrite and
cementite, and is formed when Austenite
decomposes during cooling. It consists of
alternate thin layers, or lamellae, of ferrite and
cementite.
‫ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ‬
Martensite
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰء اﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از‬
‫ اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻮﻻد از ﺣﺎﻟﺖ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﻓﺎز ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻓﻮق اﺷﺒﺎع اﺳﺖ‬
This is the name given to the very hard and brittle
constituent that is formed when a steel is very
rapidly cooled from the Austenitic state. It is a
ferrite, highly super saturated with dissolved
carbon.
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‫ﺳﺮﺑﻴﺖ و ﺗﺮوﺳﺘﻴﺖ‬
Sorbite and Troostite
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﺑﻠـﻮري ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻫﻨﮕـﺎم‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت دادن ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ درﺟــﻪ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻓﺮاﺗــﺮ ﻧــﺮود و ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ‬700 ‫از‬
.‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آن اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
These are names given to the structures produced
when martensite or bainite is tempered, that is,
heated to same temperature not exceeding 700°C
for the purpose of reducing brittleness and
hardness.
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺖ‬
Bainite
‫واژهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ آﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻢ دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪن ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳـﺖ ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ و ﺳـﺮد‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
This is the term that is given to the decomposition
product that is formed when austenite decomposes
by either isotherm transformation, or at a cooling
rate intermediate between the very rapid cooling
necessary for martensite and the slower rate of
cooling at which pearlite is formed.
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺎده‬
Plain Carbon Steel
0/5 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺑـﺎ ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬1/5 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ درﺻـﺪ ﻣﻨﮕﻨـﺰ و ﻣﻘـﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧـﺎﭼﻴﺰي از‬1/5 ‫درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن و ﺗﺎ‬
.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ دارد‬
Is a steel containing up to 1.5 percent of carbon
together with not more than 0.5 percent of silicon
and not more than 1.5 percent of manganese, and
only traces of other elements.
‫ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
Alloy Steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ دﻳﮕـﺮي ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎوي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬،‫آﻧﭽﻪ در ﻓﻮق ﺑﻴﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻫﺪف ﻋﻤﺪي اﻳﺠﺎد اﺿﺎﻓﺎت آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Is one that contains either silicon or manganese in
amounts in excess of those quoted above, or that
contains any other element, or elements, as the
result of deliberately made alloying additions.
‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬
Tempering
‫ﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺠﺪد ﻓﻮﻻد ﻳﺎ ﭼﺪن ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ‬
.‫دﻣﺎي اوﺗﻜﺘﻮﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬
To reheat hardened steel or hardened cast Iron to
the same temperature below the eutectoid
temperature for the purpose of decreasing
hardness and increasing toughness.
‫دﻣﺎي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
Transition Temperature
‫دﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑـﺎ دﻣـﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
Temperature within a range in which the ductility
changes rapidly with temperature
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Tensile Strength
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
The ratio of maximum load to original cross
section area.
‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-4
4. UNITS
‫ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬،(SI) ‫ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣﮕـﺮ آﻧﻜـﻪ درﻣـﺘﻦ‬IPS-E-GN-100 ‫ﺑﺎ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This Standard is based on International System of
Units (SI), as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where
otherwise specified.
5. GENERAL
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬-5
Nowadays, there is a great deal of refinement in
the availability of materials of construction,
varying from metallic to nonmetallic. Also there
are a large number of factors to be taken into
‫اﻣﺮوزه اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي در ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳـﺘﺮس‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم‬.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي‬
18
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
consideration when selecting a material for a
given application; these factors can be put into
following major groups:
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﺮاي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده وﺟـﻮد دارد ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان در ﮔﺮوﻫﻬـﺎي اﺻـﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
.‫اﺻﻠﻲ زﻳﺮ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬1-5
5.1 Environment
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺎده ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﮕـﺬارد‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﺎده ﻣﻘـﺎوم و‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻻزم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Corrosion considerations arise when environment
exploits the chemical or physical properties of a
material. Therefore an understanding of the
various types of environments is necessary to
select a stable and resistance material.
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬2-5
5.2 Cost
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺎده و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺟـﺎري اﻗـﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘـﻴﺶ‬.‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻗـﻀﺎوت ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ روي‬.‫ﮔﻴﺮاﻧﻪ در ﻫﺮدو ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮدن آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ و‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ از ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Selection of a material for use in a corrosive
situation must be based on sound economics. Both
the cost of the material and the on going cost of
preventive measures must be included. A sound
judgment on materials must recognize that the
relative corrosion resistance of materials and the
cost of supplementary protective measures can
change significantly from one corrosive media to
another.
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬3-5
5.3 Safety
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎ در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔـﺖ و ﮔـﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷـﻴﻤﻲ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﻤﻲ و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﺎ ﻫﺎي ﻗـﻮي ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ اﻏﻠـﺐ در‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در اﻳـﻦ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎ و ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد اﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Most environments in oil, gas and petrochemical
industries involve flammable hydrocarbon
streams, highly toxic and explosive gases, strong
acids or caustics that are often at elevated
temperatures and pressures. Therefore in this
engineering standard corrosion considerations in
material selection cover safety for such areas.
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬4-5
5.4 Others
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺎت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد را‬1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
Fig. 1 shows the factors affecting the corrosion
consideration in material selection.
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Protective
Treatment
Project Life
Enviromenta
Factors
‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﭘﺮوژه‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
Metallurgical
Factors
Corrosion Considerations in
Material Selection
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ‬
Maintenance and
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬
Mechanical
Properties
‫ﺧﻮاص‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Unwanted Shut-down
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ‬
Cost
Application
Safety
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
Direct influences
Interactive factors
‫اﺛﺮات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ دو ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
Fig. 1-FACTORS AFFECTING THE CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS IN MATERIAL SELECTION
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Factors which influence corrosion consideration
in material selection are distinguished from those
which interact in a more complex fashion. For
example "application" influence selection because
the type of process, variables during operation,
etc., will define whether a material can be used for
the intended purpose or not. On the other hand
mechanical and metallurgical properties are not
uniquely defined for all environments. If the
material is to be used at low temperature then
embrittlement can be a serious problem.
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد اﺛـﺮ دارﻧـﺪ از‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺗﺮي ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼً اﺛﺮ دارﻧـﺪ ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﻳﺰ ﺷـﺪه‬
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل "ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد" در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ زﻳﺮا ﻧﻮع ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬.‫اﻧﺪ‬
‫ و ﻏﻴﺮه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ آﻳـﺎ ﻳـﻚ‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ از ﻃﺮف‬.‫ﻣﺎده ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻜﺎر رود ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﻣﺘـﺎﻟﻮرژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻤـﺎم‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﻣﺎده در دﻣـﺎي ﭘـﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑﻜـﺎر رود‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه اﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﺮدي ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Therefore these considerations involve the kind of
information on those factors which have direct
influence on corrosion considerations in material
selection.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت از آن ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣـﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ روي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬
.‫ﻣﺎده اﺛﺮ دارﻧﺪ‬
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
However when there is discrepancy among
sections of this Standard or between this and other
disciplines for selection of materials following
priorities shall be regarded:
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺑــﻪ ﻫﺮﺣــﺎل وﻗﺘــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻧــﺎﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ در ﻣﻴــﺎن ﻗــﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي اﻳــﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد وﺟﻮد‬
:‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ‬
- Client discretion & in house experience,
،‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮي و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬-
- Specific industry standards,
،‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ وﻳﮋه‬-
-General material selection procedure(Section 9).
.(9 ‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده )ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬-6
6. CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
6.1 General
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه و‬،‫اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪم در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The first step in the material selection is a through
review of the corrosive environments &
equipment operating conditions.
This Section briefly classifies the corrosive
environments.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه را ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬2-6
6.2 Atmospheric Environments
،‫ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب‬،‫ ﻧـﻢ دار‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺗﻤـﺴﻔﺮي ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧـﺸﻚ‬
.‫ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬،‫روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ‬
Atmospheric environments are defined under
categories of dry, damp, humid, rural, industrial,
coastal, municipal etc.
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت و درﺻـﺪﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ در رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
،‫ اﻛـﺴﻴﺪ ﮔـﻮﮔﺮد‬،‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴـﺪروژن‬،‫اﺳﻴﺪي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ )ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ ﻛﻠﺮ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ را اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨـﺪ داد‬،‫ﻣﻨﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
(.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-100 ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
Generally increase in humidity, temperature and
the percentage of acidic gases such as CO2 , H2S,
SO2 , CO, Cl2 will increase its corrosivity. (For
more information see IPS-E-TP-100).
‫ ﺧﺎك‬3-6
6.3 Soil
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎك ﻳﺎ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮن در آن‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺪار آب و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ دﭼﺎر ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﺧـﺎك ﻣـﻲ‬pH
IPS-E-TP-820‫ ﺑــﺮاي ﺟﺰﻳﻴــﺎت ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ ﺑــﻪ اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﺷــﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Most of the industrial equipment in contact with
soil or embedded underground will suffer
corrosion. Increase in water content and decrease
in pH and resistivity will enhance corrosivity of
soil. For detail see IPS-E-TP-820.
‫ آب درﻳﺎ‬4-6
6.4 Sea Water
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﺎب آب و ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب و ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪن ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎورت ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا‬
‫ در ﻳــﻚ ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛــﺎﻣﻼً ﺳــﺎﻛﻦ اﺛــﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎ و‬.‫رخ ﻣــﻲ دﻫــﺪ‬
‫ رﺷـﺪ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ رﺳـﻮب‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫درﻳﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺳﭙﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ اﻳﺠـﺎد‬
‫ ﺑــﺮاي‬.‫ﻧﻤــﻮده و ﻣــﺎﻧﻊ از اﺛــﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺖ ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ آب داغ ﺗــﺮ ﺷــﻮد‬
‫ اﺳـــــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬3-5-5 ‫اﻃﻼﻋـــــﺎت ﺑﻴـــــﺸﺘﺮ ﺑـــــﻪ ﺑﻨـــــﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬Norsok M-001
Greatest attack on offshore structures occurs in
the splash zone due to alternate wetting and
drying and also aeration. In quite stagnant
condition the effect of bacteria and pitting type
corrosion are predominant. The rapid growth of
marine fouling in the tropics may provide a
protective shield which counteracts the effect of
the greater activity of the hotter water. For more
information see Norsok M-001 standard clause
5.5.3.
21
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ آﺑﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬5-6
6.5 Natural Waters
The corrosivity of natural waters depends on their
constituents such as dissolved solids, gases and
sometimes colloidal or suspended matters. The
effect may be either one of stimulation or one of
suppression the corrosion reactions.
‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ آﺑﻬﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺟﺰاء ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در آن ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬
.‫ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪي ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻌﻠـﻖ دارد‬،‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫اﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ و اﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺗﺤﺮﻳـﻚ و ﻳـﺎ‬
.‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Constituents or impurities of water are dissolved
gases such as oxygen, CO2, SO2 , NH3, H2S which
part of them are the results of bacteria activity.
‫اﺟــﺰاء ﻳــﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟــﺼﻲ ﻫــﺎي آب ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل ﻧﻈﻴــﺮ‬
‫ ﮔـﺎز‬،‫ ﮔـﺎز آﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎك‬،‫ دي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬،‫ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨـﺸﻲ از آن ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮيﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬،‫ﻧﻤﻚ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧــﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻏﻠﺐ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ اﺛـﺮ ﻫﺮﻳـﻚ از اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮات ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ روي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت اﺳـﺖ اﻣـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﺧﻼﺻـﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻲ آب ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ اﺛﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ دﻗﻴﻘـﻪ دوﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬60 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬10 ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در‬
‫اﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﻮدﮔﻲ وﺳﻴﻊ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ در ﺗﻤـﺎم‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ دﻳﺪه ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻤـﺎم ﻣـﻮاد ﻣـﻲ‬،‫ﺟﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫـﺎي ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
Dissolved mineral salts are mostly calcium,
magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride
and nitrate. The effect of each of these ions on
corrosion rate is different but briefly the chlorides
have received the most study in this regard.
Organic contaminants of water directly and
indirectly can affect the corrosion rate of metals
and alloys. Bacteria, under favorite conditions can
be doubled in 10-60 minutes. This characteristic is
typical of wide spread biodeterioration caused by
microbes in all industries of which corrosion is a
special case. With a few exceptions such as
synthetic polymers, all materials can be attacked
by bacteria.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬6-6
6.6 Chemicals
A chemical may be defined as a substance
containing over 95% of the principal chemical.
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده اﺻﻠﻲ داراي‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮاد اﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬95 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
To classify all the chemical environment and
suitable material, is impossible because of the
enormity of collating such a large amount of data.
For example if some 400 chemicals are identified
as being handled and processed on a large scale
and there are 10 suitable materials, then 4000
systems would have to be considered. Since
temperature, concentration and solution velocity
are important in determining corrosion rate, and if
only five levels of each of the three variables are
considered, then the number of environments to
be considered would be 4000 × 53 = 500000.
Therefore in appendices of this Standard only
those chemical environments which are corrosive
and have a detrimental effect on material selection
in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries are
briefly discussed.
‫دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ وﺟـﻮد ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻋﻈـﻴﻢ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪه‬،‫آن‬
‫ ﻣﺎده ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬400 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻓﺮآورش ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬4000 ،‫ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي آن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬10 ‫و‬
‫ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ و ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ دﻣﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ و ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ از ﺳﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬5
‫ در‬.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬4000 × 53 = 500000 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻬﺎي اﻳﻦ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺑـﻪ آن دﺳـﺘﻪ از ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﺛـﺮ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه اي روي‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣـﺎده ﻣـﻮرد اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔـﺖ و ﮔـﺎز و‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل و اﻧﺒـﺎرش‬،‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔـﺎز‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﻣـﻮرد‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﺷﺮح داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ اﻧـﻮاع آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﭘـﺎﻻﻳﺶ و‬
The particular forms of corrosion in oil and gas
production, transportation and storage are
discussed in Appendix A. Also for specific
corrosion problems or forms in refining and
22
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
petrochemical operation refer to Appendix B.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬-7
7. THE MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-7
7.1 General
‫ اﻣﺮوزه ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن داﻣﻨﻪ وﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﻣـﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑـﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ‬1-1-7
7.1.1 Today’s engineers have a vast range,
comprising of several thousand materials
available to them. Also parallel to the invention of
new and improved materials there have been
equally important, developments in materials
processing including vacuum melting and casting,
new molding techniques for polymers, ceramics
and composites, and new joining technology.
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات اﺧﺘﺮاع ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻫﺰار ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮاد در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣـﻮاد ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬، ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ و ﻣﻮاد اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه‬
‫ روش ﻫـﺎي ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ ﮔﻴـﺮي ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬،‫ذوب و رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي در ﺧﻼء‬
‫ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻜﻬﺎ و ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮزﻳﺘﻬﺎ و ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن‬،‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰودن داﻧﺶ ﻣﻮاد و ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬2-1-7
7.1.2 In addition to the need for an increased
knowledge of materials and technology, other
challenges have to be met by material engineers.
In earlier times, with a much smaller number of
materials available, engineers often select for their
designs by a process of trial and error, in many
cases using more material than was really
necessary. Today there is a requirement to have
the knowledge about materials more effectively
and efficiently in order to minimize cost.
‫ در زﻣﺎﻧﻬـﺎي ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻬﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎﻳﺸﺎن در‬،‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻢ ﻣﻮاد در دﺳﺘﺮس‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد را از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪ آزﻣـﻮن و ﺧﻄـﺎ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در اﻏﻠﺐ اوﻗﺎت ﻣﻮاد زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻣﻘﺪار واﻗﻌـﻲ ﻻزم‬
‫ اﻣﺮوزه داﺷـﺘﻦ آﮔـﺎﻫﻲ از ﻣـﻮاد ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ‬
. ‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺮ و داراي ﺑﺎزدﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﻣﻮاد‬2-7
7.2 The Range of Materials
‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮاد را ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑـــﻪ ﭼﻬـــﺎر ﮔـﺮوه دﺳـﺘﻪﺑﻨـﺪي‬
:‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
The complete range of materials can be classified
into the 4 categories:
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات‬‫ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬-
- Metals
- Polymers
‫ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬(‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ )ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮزﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬-
- Ceramics and inorganic glasses
- Composites
‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻮادي ﺑﺎ اﺟﺰاء‬،(‫دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ )ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮزﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﻪ از ﻫﺮ دو دﺳﺘﻪ از ﺳﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ اول ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
The classification composites, contains materials
with constituents from any two of the first three
categories.
23
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE 7.1 - COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF METALS, CERAMICS AND POLYMERS
‫ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ و ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻠﺰات‬1-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PROPERTY
METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻫﺎ‬
Density (g/cm3)
2-16 (average 8)
(‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
Melting points
2-17 (average 5)
(8 ‫ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬16 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2
Low to high
1-2
(5 ‫ )ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬17 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2
High, up to 4000°C
‫ﻧﻘﺎط ذوب‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ زﻳﺎد‬
Low
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬4000 ‫زﻳﺎد ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻢ‬
Sn 232°C, W 3400°C
3400° C ‫ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬، 232° C ‫ﻗﻠﻊ‬
Hardness
Medium
High
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
Machineability
Good
Up to 2500
(‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺎري )ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
Young's Modulus (GPa)
(‫ﻣﺪول ﻳﺎﻧﮓ )ﮔﻴﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
High temperature creep resistance
Up to 400
Up to 350
Excellent
Medium to high
---
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
Low to medium
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎ زﻳﺎد‬
Medium
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
350 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
0.001 - 3.5
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
120 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
5000 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
150-450
Poor
Thermal conductivity
Up to 120
Up to 5000
40-400
‫ﺧﻮب‬
400 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
2500 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﺰش در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Thermal expansion
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
2500 ‫ﺗﺎ‬
Up to 2500
‫ﻛﻢ‬
Good
‫ﺧﻮب‬
(‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ )ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
Compressive strength (MPa)
‫زﻳﺎد‬
Poor
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري‬
Tensile strength (MPa)
Low
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Very high
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Medium but often decreases
rapidly with temperature
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ زﻳﺎد‬
Very low
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻣﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
Thermal shock resistance
Good
Generally poor
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺷﻮك ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Electrical properties
‫ﺧﻮب‬
Conductors
Insulators
‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Chemical resistance
‫ﻫﺎدي ﻫﺎ‬
Low to medium
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Insulators
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬
Excellent
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
Oxidation resistance at high temperatures
---
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Poor, except for rare metals
Generally
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
Oxides excellent
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻓﻠﺰات ﻛﻤﻴﺎب‬
ً‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
Good
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
SiC and Si3N4 good
.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺳﻴﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﺳﻴﻠﺴﻴﻢ ازت‬
‫ﺧﻮب‬
24
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮب‬
---
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE 7.2 - MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES
‫ ﺧﻮاص و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬2-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Physical properties
Density, melting point, hardness. Elastic moduli. Damping capacity.
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ ﻣﺪول ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬،‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
Mechanical properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Manufacturing properties
Yield, tensile, compressive and torsional strengths. Ductility. Fatigue strength.
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬،‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎري و ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻲ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ – ﺗﻨﺶ‬.
Creep strength. Fracture toughness.
.‫ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺧﺰش‬
Chemical properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
Other non-mechanical properties
‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻮاص ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Ability to be shaped by: moulding and casting, plastic deformation, powder processing,
machining .
،‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻜﻲ – ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎي ﭘـﻮدري‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي و رﻳﺨﺘـﻪ ﮔـﺮي‬: ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻨﻜﺎري‬
Ability to be joined by adhesives, welding, etc.
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬
Resistance to oxidation, corrosion, solvents and environmental factors.
‫ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﻮي‬،‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶ‬
Electrical, magnetic, optical and thermal properties.
‫ ﻧﻮري و ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Economic properties
Raw material and processing costs. Availability.
‫ﺧﻮاص اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Aesthetic properties
.‫ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮدن‬.‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎم و ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
Appearance, texture and ability to accept special finishes.
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬
.‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ در ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح‬،‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
25
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE 7.3 – PROPERTIES (AT 25°C) OF SOME GROUPS OF MATERIALS
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬25 ‫ – ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد )در‬3-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Elastic modulus
MATERIAL
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد‬
(GPa)
YIELD
STRENGTH
TENSILE
STRENGTH
FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎمﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ‬
½
DENSITY
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
(g/cm3)
Steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬
200-220
(MPa)
200-1800
(MPa)
350-2300
(Mpa M )
80-170
Steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻫﺎ‬
150-180
100-500
300-1000
6-20
7.2-7.6
70
25-500
70-600
5-70
2.7-2.8
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬
90-130
70-1000
220-1400
30-120
8.4-8.9
Magnesium alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬
40-50
30-250
60-300
Nickel alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
180-220
60-1200
200-1400
>100
7.9-8.9
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬
100-120
180-1400
350-1500
50-100
4.4-4.5
70-90
50-300
150-350
Aluminum alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
Copper alloys
Titanium alloys
Zinc alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي روي‬
Polyethylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
(LDPE)
Polyethylene (HDPE)
(HDPE) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Polypropylene
(PP)
(PP) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﺮوﭘﻴﻠﻦ‬
PTFE
Polystyrene (PS)
7.8-7.9
1.7-1.8
6.7-7.1
0.12-0.25
1-16
1-2
0.91-0.94
0.45-1.4
20-38
2-5
0.95-0.97
0.5-1.9
20-40
3.5
0.90-0.91
0.35-0.6
17-28
2.8-3.5
35-85
2
1.0-1.1
2.4-4.0
24-60
2.4
1.4-1.5
2.7-3.5
50-80
1.6
1.2
2.0-3.5
60-100
3-5
1.05-1.15
5-8
35-55
1.3-4.5
45-85
0.5
1.1-1.4
2.1-5.5
40-85
0.3-0.5
1.2-1.4
10-45
100-300
20-60
1.55-2.0
2.1-2.25
(PS) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
Rigid PVC
1.25
‫ﭘﻲ وي ﺳﻲ ﺳﻔﺖ‬
Acrylic (PMMA)
‫اﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ‬
Nylons (PA)
(PA) ‫ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮن ﻫﺎ‬
PF resins
(PF) ‫رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
Polyester resins
‫رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
70-200
70-650
30-45
1.40-1.75
Epoxy resins
‫رزﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
74
50*
0.7
2.5
GFRP
GFRP
380
300-400*
3-5
3.9
CFRP
GFRP
410
200-500*
310
300-850*
4
3.2
30-50
7*
0.2
2.4-2.5
Soda glass
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت دوﺳﻮد‬
Alumina
Silicon carbide
Silicon nitride
Concrete
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬
3.2
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺑﺘﻦ‬
* Modulus of rupture value.
‫*ﻣﻘﺪار ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
26
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
[
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬3-7
7.3 Properties of Engineering Materials
A broad comparison of the properties of metals,
ceramics and polymers is given in Table 7.1.
‫ ﺳـﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻫـﺎ و ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫـﺎ در‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮده ﺧـﻮاص ﻓﻠـﺰات‬
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1-7 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Very many properties, or qualities, of materials
have to be considered when choosing a material to
meet a design requirement (see Table 7.2). These
include a wide range of physical, chemical and
mechanical properties together with forming, or
manufacturing characteristic, cost and availability
data, and in addition, more subjective aesthetic
qualities such as appearance and texture. Some of
these values for different materials are given in
Table 7.3.
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻳﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي از ﻣﻮاد ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺎده ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘـﺖ داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮارد ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬2-7 ‫ )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬،‫داﻣﻨﻪ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻳـﺎ روش ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ و ﺑﻌﻼوه ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻇـﺎﻫﺮي ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺎدﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ آن را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
.‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-7 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﺧﻮاص ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ وﻟﻲ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ج( ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ آن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮي زﻳﺎد در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬
.‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Although it is not the purpose of this
consideration, the detailed coverage of the
properties of all materials, but just as a quick
reference Appendix C (informative) briefly
classifies those materials used in moderately large
quantities in oil industries.
‫ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-8
8. CORROSION PREVENTION MEASURES
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-8
8.1 General
Basically, protection comprises those protective
measures providing separation of metal surfaces
from corrosive environments or those which cater
for adjustment or altering the environments.
‫ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ از‬،‫ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺑـﺮاي ﻳـﻚ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎظ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫اﺻﻮﻻً ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ آن دﺳﺘﻪ از ﺗـﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻻزم ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠـﺰي از ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه و ﻳـﺎ ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
Since there are specific IPS Standards on these
fields there is no necessity to further enlarge this
section. For this reason only an outline of
corrosion preventive measures recorded in this
section.
‫ وﻳﮋهاي ﺑـﺮاي اﻳـﻦ زﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎ‬IPS ‫از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫وﺟــﻮد دارد ﺗــﺸﺮﻳﺢ آن ﺑــﻪ ﻃــﻮر ﻣﻔــﺼﻞ در اﻳــﻦ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻻزم‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اي از ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
To select required materials for a given process,
necessarily and economically, feasible protective
measures shall also be considered.
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬2-8
8.2 Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection is possible only when the
structure to be protected and the auxiliary anode
are in both electronic and electrolytic contact.
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﻓﻘﻂ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﺎزه ﻣـﻮرد‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و آﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻫﺮ دو در ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ و اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
A reduction in metal to electrolyte potential of
-0.850 Volt (reference to saturated copper sulfate
electrode) is specified as the necessary potential
which must be obtained for either optimum or
absolute protection of ferrous structures in soil or
water.
‫ وﻟـﺖ در اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴـﺖ )ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬-0.850 ‫اﺣﻴﺎء ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮود ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻣﺲ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷـﺪه( ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﭘﺘﺎﻧـﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺳـﺎزه ﻫـﺎي‬
.‫آﻫﻨﻲ در ﺧﺎك ﻳﺎ آب ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
27
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻋﻤـﺎﻟﻲ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از دو روش‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﺎت ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑـــﻪ‬.‫آﻧﺪﻫـﺎي ﻓﺪا ﺷﻮﻧﺪه اﺟﺮا ﻣﻴـﺸﻮد‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-820
Cathodic protection is applied by one of two
methods, power impressed current or sacrificial
anodes. For more detail refer to IPS-E-TP-820.
‫ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ‬3-8
8.3 Coating, Painting and Lining Materials
‫ رﻧـﮓ آﻣﻴـﺰي و‬،‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ روﺷـﻬﺎ اﺳـﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺖ‬
‫ رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي و ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺳﻄﻮح ﭘﺎﻳﻪ را از ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ زﻳـﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌـﻪ‬IPS ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬.‫دارد‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
More metal surfaces are protected by coating,
painting and lining by all other methods
combined. Coating, painting and linings that act
as a protective film to isolate the substrate from
the environment exist in a number of different
forms. Therefore the selection of a proper
corrosion-resistance system depends on a number
of factors. For more detail see following IPS
standards.
IPS-C-TP-101
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻣـﺎده ﺳـﺎزي‬IPS-C-TP-101
"‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﻫـﺎي‬IPS-C-TP-274
"‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي‬IPS-E-TP-270
‫ﺣﻔــﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑــﺮاي ﺳــﺎزه ﻫــﺎي ﻓــﻮﻻدي‬
" ‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮن در ﺧﺎك و ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور در آب‬
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي‬IPS-E-TP-350
"‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬
"‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﻧﮕﻬﺎ‬IPS-E-TP-100
"Construction Standard for
Surface Preparation"
IPS-C-TP-274 "Construction Standard for
Protective Coating"
IPS-E-TP-270
"Engineering standard for
Protective coating for Buried
and
Submerged
Steel
Structures"
IPS-E-TP-350
"Engineering
Linings"
Standard
for
IPS-E-TP-100
"Engineering
Paints"
Standard
for
‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬4-8
8.4 Inhibitors
. ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﻠـﻲ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺑﺎرز در واﺳﻄﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
Altering the environments provide a versatile
means for reducing corrosion. Typical changes in
medium which are often employed in petroleum
industries are:
- Lowering temperature,
- Decreasing velocity,
- Removing oxygen or oxidizer,
- Filtration,
- Changing concentration of corrosives,
- Use of corrosion inhibitors.
،‫ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮدن درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
، ‫ﺣﺬف اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻳﺎ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
،‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻛﺮدن‬
،‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
-
،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﺎده اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﻛـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر اﺛـﺮ ﺑﺨـﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
An inhibitor is a substance which, when added in
small concentrations to an environment decrease
the corrosion rate considerably. To be fully
effective all inhibitors require to be present above
a certain minimum concentration.
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals which may be
divided in different categories. Among these, the
most used class in oil industries is the film
forming ones. The effect of film forming inhibitor
is thus to establish a molecular layer just on the
steel surface and a second layer of aliphatic tail in
hydrocarbon. Therefore water cannot reach the
steel surface and promote corrosion. The
efficiency of inhibitors in reducing corrosion
depends on concentration, rate of dispersion, film
persistency, velocity, temperature, pH, flow
regime, presence of disturbances able to
preturbate the flow, and fluid composition.
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮادي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ دﺳـﺘﻪ اي‬،‫ در ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ از ﻧـﻮع ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده را در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔـﺖ دارد‬
‫ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه‬.‫دﻫﻨﺪه ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ روي ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻓــﻮﻻد ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﻲ ﮔﻴــﺮد و ﻻﻳــﻪ ﺛــﺎﻧﻮي دﻧﺒﺎﻟــﻪ آﻟﻴﻔﺎﺗﻴــﻚ در‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ آب ﻗﺎدر ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬.‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺛﺮﮔﺬاري ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﻫـﺎ‬.‫ﻓﻠﺰ رﺳﻴﺪه و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
،‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻻﻳـﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬،‫در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ )وﺟﻮد آﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬،‫ ﻧﻮع ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،pH ،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﺧﺘﻼل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺷﻮد( و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
For detail see IPS-I-TP-802 "Corrosion Survey
and Inhibitor Evaluation" and IPS-E-TP-780
"Chemical Control of Corrosive Environments".
‫ "ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬IPS-I-TP-802 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺑﻪ‬
‫ "ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎي‬IPS-E-TP-780 ‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه" و‬
.‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه" ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده‬-9
9. MATERIAL SELECTION PROCEDURE
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-9
9.1 General
The materials selection process shall reflect the
overall philosophy regarding design life time, cost
profile (CAPEX / OPEX), inspection and
maintenance
philosophy,
safety
and
Environmental Profile, failure risk evaluations and
other specific project requirements.
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫ ﻓﻠــﺴﻔﻪ‬،(CAPEX / OPEX) ‫ ﻧﻤــﻮدار ﻫﺰﻳﻨــــﻪ‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣــﻲ‬
‫ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ‬،‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎزرﺳــﻲ و ﻧﮕﻬــﺪاري‬
.‫رﻳﺴﻚ ﺧﺮاﺑﻲﻫﺎ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﭘﺮوژه داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Considering the profusion of materials and
material oriented literature, this procedure is, of
necessity, schematic (Fig. 2).
ً‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻣﻮاد و ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد اﻳﻦ روش ﺿﺮورﺗﺎ‬
(2 ‫ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
It attempts only to indicate the system of parallel
evaluation of corrosivity of different petroleum
environments, the effect of process parameters,
estimation of corrosion rates, determination of
corrosion allowances for a given life and a few
guidelines in selection of materials in conjunction
with corrosion control measures and economic
principals.
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎن‬
،‫ اﺛﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي‬،‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎزﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﺑﺮآورد ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ و ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد در راﺑﻄـﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و اﺻﻮل اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
29
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
1. Given Functional and
Desired Service Life
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪه و ﻋﻤـﺮ‬-1
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
Literature, Text
Handbook Calculation,
Standards
2. Correct Interpretation of
Environment & Conditions
، ‫ ﻣﺘـــﻮن ﻣﺮﺟـــﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻘـــﺎﻻت‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
Laboratories and Field
Test Results
‫ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬-2
‫ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﺎﻳــﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ و آزﻣﻮﻧﻬــﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬
3. Gathering and Application of Corrosion Data
‫ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داده ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-3
In house experience
Materials
Specification
Manufactures Catalogues etc
‫ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮔﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬،‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد‬
‫و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
4 a. Change of Materials
4 c. Change of Environment
Cathodic Protection,
Inhibition etc.
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮاد‬.4a
‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬،‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬.4c
.‫ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬
4. Design
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬-4
Economics
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
4 d. Change in Process
Parameters. Velocity
Temp. Press, etc
4 b. Choice of Protective Lining
Claddings Coating etc.
،‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ داﺧﻠـﻲ‬.4b
،‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬.4d
.‫ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ دﻣﺎ‬،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻬﺎي روﻛﺸﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
5. Material Specification
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد‬
-5
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
-6
6. Fabrication
7. Inspection and Approval
‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬
-7
8. Use
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬-8
Fig. 2 -SCHEMATIC CORROSION CONTROL USED FOR MATERIAL SELECTION
‫ ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
30
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺣﺎل داﻧﺶ ﻣﻮاد آﻧﭽﻨﺎن وﺳﻴﻊ و دور از دﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷـﺪ‬
،‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن‬
‫ ﺟﻬﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎن ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ زﻳـﺮ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
However the knowledge of materials is so vast
and far reaching that close co-operation of the
designer with metallurgists, material engineers,
corrosion engineers and other materials specialists
is stressed. For the final materials selection the
following additional factors shall be included in
the evaluation.
- Priority shall be given to materials with good
market
availability
and
documented
fabrication and service performance .
‫ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮادي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑـﺎزار ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ‬.‫ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
- The number of different materials shall be
minimized
considering
stock,
costs,
interchangeability and availability of relevant
spare parts.
-‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﻮاد ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻦ‬‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ و ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﻮدن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻳﺪﻛﻲ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
9.2 Guidelines on Material Selection
(‫ رﻫﻨﻤﻮدﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد )ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬2-9
9.2.1 Materials shall be selected with due
consideration to their functional suitability and
ability to maintain their function safely for an
economical period of time at a reasonable cost.
The particular material selected shall be
accurately specified.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﺗـﻮان‬1-2-9
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻳﻤﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﺎده اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﻣﺨـﺼﻮص ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬.‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮد‬
9.2.2 The whole material complex shall be
considered as an integrated entity, rather than each
material separately. The more highly resistant
materials shall be chosen for the critical
components and where relatively high fabrication
costs are involved. It may be necessary to
compromise and sacrifice some mechanically
advantageous properties to satisfy corrosion
requirements and vice versa.
‫ ﻣﻮاد اﺧﺘﻼط ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ و ﻧـﻪ‬2-2-9
9.2.3 Where corrosion rate is either very low or
very high, the choice of materials is simple; where
it is moderately low, a thorough analysis of all
aspects is required.
‫ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻳـﺎ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ زﻳـﺎد‬3-2-9
‫ ﻣـﻮادي‬.‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
ً‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺰاء ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬
‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ از‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ دارﻧﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ و ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
.‫ﺳﺎزش و ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎده اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻻزم ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
9.2.4 In dry environments and carefully controlled
fluids, many materials can be used-and these often
may be left unprotected. Under atmospheric
conditions, even polluted atmospheres, such
metals as stainless steels and aluminum alloys
may be left unprotected. Also copper and lead
have a long life. In a more severe wet
environment, for example in marine conditions, it
is generally more economic to use relatively
cheap structural materials (mild steel) and apply
additional protection, rather than use the more
expensive ones. For severest corrosive conditions
it is preferable in most cases to use materials
resistant to the corrosive, than to use cheaper
، ‫ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ و ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل دﻗﻴﻖ‬4-2-9
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺴﻴﺎري را ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮان ﺑﻜـﺎر ﺑـﺮد ﻛـﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﻓﻠﺰاﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي زﻧـﮓ ﻧـﺰن و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي‬
‫ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﻣـﺲ‬.‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
،‫ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺗـﺮ‬.‫و ﺳﺮب ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ارزان )ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم( و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از‬
‫ در ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪﮔﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮان اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
31
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
material with an expensive protection.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ارزان ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﮔﺮان ارﺟﺤﻴﺖ دارد‬
9.2.5 Materials more expensive than absolutely
necessary shall not be chosen unless it is
economical in the long run and necessary for
safety of personnel or product or for other
important reasons. Using fully corrosion-resistant
materials is not always the correct choice, a
balance between first cost and cost of subsequent
maintenance shall be found over the full estimated
life of the designed utility.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﮔﺮان ﺗﺮ از ﺣﺪ ﻻزم ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﮕـﺮ‬5-2-9
‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در زﻣﺎن ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑـﺮاي اﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻜـﺎرﮔﻴﺮي‬.‫ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻳﺎ دﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺑﻌﺪي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺑـﺮآورد‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬6-2-9
9.2.6 Certain combinations of metal and corrosive
are a natural choice:
:‫ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
atmospheric
‫ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﻮي؛‬non-staining ‫اﻟﻒ( آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
alloys-oxidizing
‫ب( آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم دار در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه؛‬
c) Copper and alloys-reducing and nonoxidizing environments;
‫ج( ﻣﺲ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي اﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه‬
a) Aluminum-non-staining
exposure;
b) Chromium-containing
solutions;
d) Hastelloys
acid;
(chlorimets)-hot
‫و ﺑﺪون اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن؛‬
hydrochloric
‫د( ﻫﺴﺘﺎﻟﻮي )ﻛﻠﺮﻳﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ( در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ ﮔﺮم؛‬
e) Lead-dilute sulphuric acid;
‫ﻫـ( ﺳﺮب در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ رﻗﻴﻖ؛‬
f) Monel-hydrofluoric acid;
‫و( ﻣﻮﻧﻞ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪرﻳﻚ؛‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫـﺎي‬،‫ز( ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﻮد ﺳﻮزآور‬
g) Nickel and alloys-caustic, reducing and non
- oxidizing environments;
‫اﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﺑﺪون اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﺳﻴﻮن؛‬
h) Stainless steels-nitric acid;
‫ح( ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ؛‬
i) Steel-concentrated sulphuric acid;
‫ط( ﻓﻮﻻد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ؛‬
j) Tin-distilled water;
.‫ي( ﻗﻠﻊ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬
.‫ك( ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻗﻮي‬
k) Titanium-hot strong oxidizing solutions;
.‫ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬-‫ل( ﺗﺎﻧﺘﺎﻟﻮم‬
l) Tantalum-ultimate resistance.
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ درﺻﺪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬7-2-9
9.2.7 Composition of alloy alone does not ensure
quality of the product. Evaluation of resistance to
corrosion in a given environment, adverse effect
of corrosion products on utility or contents,
susceptibility to a specific type of corrosion and
fouling, and tendency to corrosion failure due to
fabrication and assembly processes such as
welding, forming, machining, heat treatment, etc.,
are of prime importance for selection of material.
‫ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ اﺛــﺮ ﻧﺎﺳــﺎزﮔﺎر ﻣﺤــﺼﻮﻻت ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑــﺮ روي‬،‫ﻣــﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﻨــﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑـﻮدن ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮع ﺧـﺎص‬،‫ﺳﺮوﻳﺴﻬﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺟﺮم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ و ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬
،‫ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﮔﻴـﺮي‬، ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ را در‬، ‫ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬،‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري‬
.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد دارﻧﺪ‬
32
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
9.2.8 Due consideration shall be given to special
treatments required to improve resistance to
corrosion, e.g. special welding techniques, stress
relieving, blast peening, metallizing, sealing of
welds, etc. Also to any fabrication or assembly
methods which would aggravate any tendency of
the material to corrosion failure.
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺟﻬـﺖ‬8-2-9
9.2.9 Alloys in as highly alloyed a condition as
necessary shall be used when the cost of
fabrication is higher than the cost of basic
material. Proportional cost of material in some
multishaped or complicated components is much
less than in the simple ones.
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻋﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﺿـﺮورت ﺣﺘـﻲ اﮔـﺮ‬9-2-9
‫ ﺑﻄـﻮر ﻣﺜـﺎل روشﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ ﻓﻠـﺰ‬،‫ ﺿﺮﺑﺎت ﭼﻜﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺷـﺸﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺧﺎص‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻫـﺮ ﻧـﻮع روش‬.‫ آﺑﺒﻨﺪي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎريﻫﺎ و ﻏﻴـﺮه‬،‫ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻧﺘـﺎژ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﺷـﺪن ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﻣـﻮاد ﺑـﻪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧـﺪ‬،‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد در ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ اﺟـﺰاء ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺎر ﺷـﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از اﻧﻮاع ﺳﺎده آن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
9.2.10 An alloy or temper shall be selected which
is free of susceptibility to the localized corrosion
under the respective general and local
environmental conditions in the utility and that
meets the strength and fabrication properties
required for the job. It is sometimes better to use a
somewhat weaker but less sensitive alloy, than to
use the one which does not lend itself to reliable
heat treatment and, due to this, whose resistance
to a particular form of corrosion is poor.
‫ ﻳﻚ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﻋﺎري از ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬10-2-9
9.2.11 If heat treatment after fabrication is not
feasible, materials and method of fabrication
chosen shall give optimum corrosion resistance in
the as-fabricated condition. Materials prone to
stress corrosion cracking shall be avoided in
environments conducive to failure, observing that
stress relieving alone is not always a reliable cure.
‫ ﻣﻮاد‬،‫ اﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬11-2-9
9.2.12 When corrosion or erosion is expected an
increase in wall thickness of the structure or
piping shall be provided over that required by
other functional design requirements. This
allowance in the judgment of the designer should
be consistent with the expected life of the
structure or piping. The allowance should secure
that various types of corrosion or erosion
(including pitting) do not reduce the thickness of
structure or piping below the thickness that is
required for mechanical stability of the product.
Where no thickening can be allowed or where
lightening of product is contemplated a
proportionally more corrosion resistant alloy or
better protection measure shall be used.
،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬12-2-9
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ و ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻲ در‬
‫ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺧﻮاص ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺘﺮي ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺠـﺎي ﻣـﺎده اي ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻄﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﻧﺪارد و ﺑﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آن در‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫و روش ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب را‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ‬.‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ را در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷﻜـﺴﺖ را ﺗـﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬
.‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﻚ درﻣﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره ﺳﺎزه ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻴﺶ از ﻧﻴﺎزﻫـﺎي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪاري ﺳـﺎزه‬.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣﻨـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﻀﺎوت ﻃـﺮاح‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛـﻪ اﻧـﻮاع‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮع ﺣﻔﺮه اي( ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺎزه ﻳـﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫را ﺑﻪ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﭘﺎﻳـﺪاري ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮل‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ﻻزم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻳـﻚ‬،‫ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗـﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻲدوام ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺑـﺎ دوام در ﻣﻮﻧﺘـﺎژ اﺟـﺰاء‬13-2-9
9.2.13 Short-life materials shall not be mixed with
long-life
materials
in
non-reparable
subassemblies. Materials forming thick scale shall
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ در ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ادﻏـﺎم ﮔﺮدﻧـﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮارت اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
not be used where heat transfer is important.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
9.2.14 Where materials could be exposed to
atomic radiation it is necessary to consider
whether the effect will be derogatory or
beneficial, observing that some controlled
radiation may enhance the property of a metal.
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻮاد در ﻣﻌـﺮض ﺗﺸﻌـﺸﻌﺎت اﺗﻤـﻲ ﻗـﺮار‬14-2-9
9.2.15 Not only the structure of materials
themselves but also their basic treatment shall be
evaluated for suitability (e.g. chromate
passivation, cadmium plating, etc.) at the same
time.
‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻞآوري ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺧﻮد ﻣﻮاد‬15-2-9
9.2.16 Non-metallic materials complying with the
following requirements are preferred: low
moisture absorption, resistance to fungi and
microbes, stability through temperature range,
compatibility with other materials, resistance to
flame and arc, freedom from out-gassing and
ability to withstand weathering.
،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑـﺮ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬16-2-9
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻳﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب آن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎت‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺰ را ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ آﺑﻜﺎري ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻢ و ﻏﻴﺮه( ﻧﻴﺰ‬،‫آﻧﻬﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪن ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬
.‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ ﻗـﺎرچ و‬،‫ ﺟـﺬب رﻃﻮﺑـﺖ ﻛـﻢ‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ ﺳـﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑـﺎ دﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣـﻮاد‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري در ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣـﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻋـﺎري از ﻫـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬، ‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و ﺟﺮﻗـﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ‬
. ‫ﺣﻔﺮه و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮي‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل را ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ در ﻣﻜـﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﺣـﺴﺎس‬17-2-9
9.2.17 Flammable materials shall not be used in
critical places. Their heat could affect corrosion
stability of structural materials. Toxic materials
producing dangerous volumes of toxic or
corrosive gases when under fire or high
temperature conditions should not be used.
‫ ﺣﺮارﺗﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪاري در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻤﻲ ﻛـﻪ در ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﺣﺮﻳـﻖ و‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﺛﺮ ﺑﮕﺬارد‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛﻲ از ﻣـﻮاد ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه‬
.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
9.2.18 Fragile or brittle materials which are not,
by design, protected against fracture should not be
used in corrosion-prone spaces.
‫ ﺑــﻪ ﻛــﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣــﻮاد ﺷــﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﻳــﺎ زودﺷــﻜﻦ ﻛــﻪ در‬18-2-9
9.2.19 Materials which produce corrosion
products that can have an adverse effect on the
quality of contents should not be used, especially
when the cost of wasted contents exceeds the cost
of container.
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮادي ﻛــﻪ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻻت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬19-2-9
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻜـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ ﻧـﺸﺪه اﻧـﺪ در ﻓـﻀﺎﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻜـﺲ داﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺪر‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫رﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺮح ﺟﺰﻳﻴـﺎت دﻗﻴـﻖ‬20-2-9
9.2.20 All effort shall be made to obtain from the
suppliers of equipment an accurate detailed
description of materials used within their
products.
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت از ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰات ﺑـﻪ‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰات اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬21-2-9
9.2.21 The following shall be noted with regard to
electrical equipment. The use of hygroscopic
materials and of desiccants should be avoided.
The latter, when their use is necessary, should not
be in contact with an unprotected metallic part.
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻤﮕﻴـﺮ و ﺟـﺎذب اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴـــﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮرد اﺧﻴﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﺗﻤﺎس‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣـﻮادي‬‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻢ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
- Fasteners shall be of a well-selected
corrosion-resistant material, or materials
better protected than the parts which they
join together.
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻣﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺼﻮد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑﻄﻮر ذاﺗﻲ ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ اﺿـﻤﺤﻼل ﺑـﻮده ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﻪ اﻧـﺪازه ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﺼﻮص در‬،‫اﺿــﻤﺤﻼل ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ ﺷــﺪه ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻣـﺴﺌﻠﻪ دار ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬
‫ اﺗـﺼﺎل ﻛﻮﺗـﺎه ﻳـﺎ ﻗﻄـﻊ‬،‫ ﺳﺮوﺻـﺪا‬، ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮد را ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل‬
.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﺳـﺨﺖ ﮔﺮداﻧـﻲ‬
.‫رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ روﻳﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
- Materials selected shall be suitable for the
purpose and be either inherently resistant to
deterioration or adequately protected
against deterioration by compatible
coatings, especially in problem areas where
corrosion can cause low conductivity,
noise, short circuits or broken leads, thus
leading to degradation of performance.
- Insulation materials used shall not be
susceptible to moisture. Stainless steels or
precipitation hardening stainless steel shall
be passivated
‫ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي )اﻟﻒ( و )ب( ﺑﻄـﻮر ﺧﻼﺻـﻪ ﭼﮕـﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬22-2-9
9.2.22 Appendices A and B briefly discuss the
corrosion behavior and materials in oil & gas
industries and refinery & petrochemical plants.
‫ و‬،‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ و ﻣــﻮاد را در ﺻــﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔــﺖ و ﮔــﺎز و ﭘﺎﻻﻳــﺸﮕﺎه‬
.‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬3-9
9.3 Procedure
‫ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﮔـﺎم در اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬1-3-9
9.3.1 The first step in material selection is a
through review of the corrosive environment,
process parameters, and equipment operating
conditions including temperature, pressure, flow
velocity, liquid versus gaseous phase, aqueous
verses anhydrous phase, continuous verses
intermittent operation, media used for cooling or
heating, etc. The contribution of some of these
factors to corrosion rate is considered in Appendix
A.
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬،‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫ ﻓﺎز آﺑﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬،‫ ﻓﺎز ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز ﮔﺎز‬،‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬،‫دﻣﺎ‬
،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﻣﺘﻨـﺎوب‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎز ﺑﺪون آب‬
‫ و ﻏﻴـﺮه ﻣـﻲ‬،‫واﺳﻂ ﺑﻜﺎررﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻳـﺎﮔﺮم ﻧﻤـﻮدن‬
‫ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫)اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫( ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ زده‬C.R) ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ دوﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم‬2-3-9
9.3.2 The second step, the corrosion rate (C.R)
shall be predicted and the corrosion allowances
(C.A) shall be determined for the service life of
the equipment and its various components in
carbon steel material. (See 9.5).
‫( ﺑـﺮاي ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻛـﺎري‬C.A) ‫ﺷﺪه و ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎزﺟﺒﺮان ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن در ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﻮد‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬5-9 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪه ﻛﻠـﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم‬3-3-9
9.3.3 The third step, when the determined total
wall thickness (Mechanical + C.A) is not
acceptable by other discipline, great effort shall be
exercised to select and evaluate a suitable
corrosion preventive measure to lower the
required corrosion allowance. Some of these
measures can not withstand process conditions,
that is, temperature too high for polymer lining,
no facilities for chemical injection, no continuous
electrolyte for cathodic protection, so on.
‫( ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺮوﻫﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮل‬C.A + ‫دﻳﻮاره )ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻼش زﻳﺎدي ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب و ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻳـﻚ اﻗـﺪام‬،‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺮاي ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎزﺟﺒﺮان‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﺗـﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻼً دﻣﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ زﻳﺎد ﺑـﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي را ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺰرﻳـﻖ ﻣـﻮاد و ﻋـﺪم‬، ‫داﺧﻠﻲ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮي‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺪي و ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮ آن‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮاﻧـﻪ ﻧﺘﻮاﻧـﺪ ﻧـﺮخ‬،‫ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم‬4-3-9
9.3.4 The forth step, if the preventive measures
can not reduce the corrosion rates of carbon steel
to an acceptable level, then a more corrosion
resistance material shall be considered. Many
materials shall be immediately excluded because
،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
ً‫ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﻓـﻮرا‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
35
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
of service conditions.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﻛﻨﺎر ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
9.3.5 The fifth step, if required, conduction of
standard test methods for evaluation of nominated
materials in simulated environment. These tests
give the assurance to the right selection (9.5.4).
‫ اﻧﺠﺎم روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣـﻮن‬، ‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز‬،‫ ﭘﻨﺠﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم‬5-3-9
9.3.6 The sixth step, the evaluation of the cost of
material for service life of plant; also comparison
between selection of an expensive material and a
cheaper one plus a protective measure. (See 9.6)
‫ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ‬،‫ ﺷﺸﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺎم‬6-3-9
9.3.7 When materials of construction are selected,
the preparation of a clear and concise
specification to ensure that the material is
fabricated and obtained as ordered and meets the
requirement of the specific material standards is
mandatory.
‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬،‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬7-3-9
9.3.8 Any problem associated in fabrication of
equipment with selected material or rejection
during inspection shall be reported for re-analysis
and ratification in selection and specification.
‫ ﻫﺮ اﺷﻜﺎل واﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰات ﺑـﺎ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬8-3-9
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣـﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺷـﺪه در ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ اﻳـﻦ آزﻣـﻮن ﻫـﺎ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ را‬.‫ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬4-5-9 ‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﮔﺮاﻧﻘﻴﻤﺖ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده‬،‫واﺣﺪ‬
6-9 ‫ارزاﻧﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ )ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪ‬
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ روﺷﻦ و ﻓﺸﺮده ﻣﻄﻤـﺌﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﺳـﺎزد ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻮاد‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ و ﺗﻬﻴــﻪ ﺷــﺪه ﻣﻄــﺎﺑﻖ ﺳــﻔﺎرش ﺑــﻮده و ﺑــﺎ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫــﺎي‬
.‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارد‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮدود ﺷـﺪن آن در ﺣـﻴﻦ ﺑﺎزرﺳـﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي‬
.‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﺪد و ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻧﺒـﻮدن ﻳـﺎ ﻧﺎﺷـﻨﺎس ﺑـﻮدن ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎت وﻳـﮋه در ﺣـﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻳﺶ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات‬،‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژي‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻳــﺎ‬.‫در ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻏﻴــﺮه رد ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪود ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ( ﻛﻪ ﺧـﺎرج از داﻣﻨـﻪ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳـﻦ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
It should be realized that specified material may
fail owing to undesirable or unknown properties
induced during fabrication or installation, such as
metallurgical changes, inclusion and chemical
composition changes, etc. Measures which may be
required to prevent or limit such factors (e.g.
special heat treatment) are outside the scope of
this Standard.
‫ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬4-9
9.4 Process Parameters
:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
The major factors controlling corrosion in oil &
gas industries are:
- The CO2 partial pressure,
،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
-
- The H2S partial pressure,
،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
-
،‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل‬
-
،‫ﺑﺮش آب‬
-
- The water salinity,
،‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺷﻮري آب‬
-
- The flow dynamics,
،‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
-
- The pH of solution,
،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬pH
-
- The fluid temperature,
- The water cut,
It
must
be
emphasized
that
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )اﻟﻜﺘﺮو ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ( ﻓﻘـﻂ‬
corrosion
36
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
(electrochemical) is likely to occur only in the
water phase. Vaporized water in streams at
temperatures above the dew point are considered
non-corrosive. For more data on the main
corrosion processes in oil, gas and petrochemical
industries refer to Appendices A and B.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ آب ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎ‬.‫در ﻓﺎز آب ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
.‫ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه ﻣﺤـﺴﻮب ﻣـﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧـﺪ‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
.‫و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( و )ب( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬5-9
9.5 Corrosion Rate and Corrosion Allowances
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-9
9.5.1 General
Corrosion rate means a uniform decrease in
thickness of a material per year.
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺲ در ﺳﺎل را ﻧﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
Corrosion allowance, expressed in terms of
thickness, is a measure of extra thickness with
which a material can survive its design life.
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻴـﺎن ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد و‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺪار ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻳـﻚ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺧﻮد را ﺳﭙﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Therefore to determine a suitable material with
enough corrosion allowance for design life of a
plant, primarily the corrosion rate shall be
predicted. This is possible by followings:
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻳـﻚ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز ﺟﺒـﺮان‬
‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ‬
:‫ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
-
Calculation,
-
Corrosion abstracts
handbooks,
-
Experiences and in house data,
-
Materials vendors’ data,
-
Equipment fabricators,
-
Testing of materials.
and
data
survey
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
-
‫ﻧﻜﺎت ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ داده ﻫـﺎي ﻛﺘـﺎب‬
.‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
-
،‫ﺗﺠﺎرب و داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﻣﻲ‬
،‫داده ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﻮاد‬
-
،‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻮاد‬
-
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬2-5-9
9.5.2 Calculation
Many different formula, nomograph, curves and
software based on laboratory or field experiences
exist to evaluate the general corrosion rate*.
Results obtained following these approaches shall
be considered "worst case corrosion rate" or Rmax.
‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺎرب‬،‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬.*‫دارد‬
.‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬Rmax ‫"ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ" ﻳﺎ‬
*Note:
Due to the complexity of the corrosion
phenomenon and the diversity of the operating
conditions in oil, gas and petrochemical plants,
the selected calculation model shall be presented
to company for review and approval.
:‫* ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ در‬
‫ ﻣﺪل ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪه‬،‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
This rate may be adjusted by considering the
influence of the rest of the environment. The final
corrosion rate may be thus expressed as
following:
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻘﻴـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ را ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار‬.‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮد‬
R(corr) = Rmax × F(s) × F(i) × F(c) × F(o) × F(w) ×
F(pH)
R(corr) = Rmax × F(s) × F(i) × F(c) × F(o) × F(w) ×
F(pH)
37
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫ﻛﻪ‬
Where:
‫ = ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر رﺳﻮب‬F(s)
F(s) = Scale factor
‫ = ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬F(i)
‫ = ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬F(c)
F(i) = Inhibition factor
F(c) = Condensation factor
‫ = درﺻﺪ آب‬F(w)
‫ = درﺻﺪ روﻏﻦ‬F(o)
F(w) = The percentage of water
F(o) = The percentage of oil
(pH) ‫ = ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر‬F(pH)
F(pH) = (pH) factor
(‫)ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
(For more information see Appendix A)
‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬3-5-9
9.5.3 Corrosion study by literature survey
In corrosion studies undertaken for the purpose of
finding a suitable material to withstand a
particular service, it is best, first to take advantage
of the vast amount of published literatures in the
field of corrosion.
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺎده ﻣﻘـﺎوم در‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺪواً از ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎت ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺧﺎص اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫زﻳﺎد ﻛﻪ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
Such a study will in general give a very good clue
as the general types of metals or alloys that shall
prove most satisfactory for the particular job.
‫ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﺑـﺮاي‬
،‫اﻧﻮاع ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻳﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎر وﻳﮋه ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
9.5.3.1 NACE; corrosion data survey handbook,
have two sections:
‫ ﻛﺘــﺎب راﻫﻨﻤــﺎي داده ﻫــﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــﻲ‬: NACE 1-3-5-9
.‫ دو ﺑﺨﺶ دارد‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات‬‫ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰات‬-
- Metals,
- Non-metals.
‫ ﻧﻜﺘــﻪ اﻃﻼﻋــﺎﺗﻲ)روش ﻧﻠــﺴﻮن*( از ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮد‬50000 ‫ﺑــﻴﺶ از‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي و ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي در ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه وﺟـﻮد‬
‫ و‬NACE ‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬.(3) ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎره‬.‫دارد‬
.‫ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﺳﻘﺮاط ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
There are more than 50000 points of data (Nelson
method*) on the performance of metallic and nonmetallic materials of construction in corrosive
environments Fig.(3). Also NACE corrosion
survey & Socrates software are recommended.
:‫*ﻳﺎدآوري‬
*Note:
.‫روش ﻧﻠﺴﻮن ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻃﻼع از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺮب ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﭼﻮن ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
The method Nelson has used for many years to
present corrosion information. This example,
shows the corrosion of lead by sulfuric acid as a
function of temperature and concentration.
38
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﺳﺮب‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪The symbols used represent corrosion rates as‬‬
‫‪follows:‬‬
‫)‪• = Corrosion rate less than 2 mpy (0.05 mm/y‬‬
‫• = ﻧــﺮخ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮ از ‪ 2‬ﻣﻴﻠ ـﺰ در ﺳــﺎل )‪0/05‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل(‬
‫‪=O‬‬
‫)‪Ο = Corrosion rate less than 20 mpy (0.5 mm/y‬‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از ‪ 20‬ﻣﻴﻠـﺰ در ﺳـﺎل )‪0/5‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل‬
‫‪ = b‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ از ‪ 20‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠـﺰ در ﺳـﺎل )‪- 0/5‬‬
‫‪ 1/27‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل(‬
‫‪ = x‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ‪ 50‬ﻣﻴﻠﺰ در ﺳﺎل )ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ‪b = Corrosion rate from 20 to 50 mpy (0.5‬‬‫)‪1.27 mm/y‬‬
‫‪× = Corrosion rate greater than 50 mpy (> 1. 27‬‬
‫)‪mm/y‬‬
‫‪ 1/27‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل(‬
‫‪Fig. 3- NELSON’S METHOD FOR SUMMARIZING CORROSION DATA‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -3‬روش ﻧﻠﺴﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﺮدن دادهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ 2-3-5-9‬اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ‪IPS‬‬
‫‪9.5.3.2 IPS standards‬‬
‫‪ IPS-E-PI-221‬اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻄـﻮط ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ و اﻧـﻮاع‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﻳﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪IPS-E-PI-221 is standard for piping material‬‬
‫‪selection and gives the general types of metals or‬‬
‫‪alloys.‬‬
‫‪ 4-5-9‬آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫‪9.5.4 Corrosion tests‬‬
‫‪ 1-4-5-9‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪9.5.4.1 General‬‬
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓـﻦ دﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑـﻪ ارﻗـﺎم ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Corrosion tests are the best appropriate technique‬‬
‫‪for acquisition of data for material selection.‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲﻫـﺎي‬، ‫در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫آﻣﺎري ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻧﺪﻛﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎي ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻬـﺮ ﺣـﺎل‬.(‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ درﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮارت و ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد دﻳﮕﺮي ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ اﻏﻠـﺐ‬.‫روي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺛﺮ دارﻧﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻳـﻚ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ از‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻣﻜﺎن ﻧﺪارد‬
In most corrosion data survey handbooks,
corrosion rates are evaluated just for a few factors
(e.g. temperature and concentration). However
there are many other factors besides concentration
and temperature which influence corrosion rates.
While they are often extremely important, it is
impossible to list them all in a survey of this type.
‫ روش ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن‬2-4-5-9
9.5.4.2 Test methods
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺻﻮل ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑـﺮاي دﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑـﻪ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ در ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎت‬
‫ روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣـﻮن‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Corrosion tests are primarily aimed at the
acquisition of data in relatively short times
compared to service lifetimes, to predict service
behavior. Corrosion test methods may be divided
into 3 categories:
،‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
،‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روي واﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در اﺑﻌﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
- Laboratory tests,
- Pilot plant tests,
- Full size equipment tests.
-
،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺎدي ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ ﺣـﻀﻮر ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ‬،‫ ﺷـﺎر ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬،‫ ﻫـﻮا دادن‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﻣـﻮاد‬،‫ ﻓـﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳـﻲ ﮔﺎزﻫـﺎي ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻮد ﻛـﻪ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ روي واﺣـﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ داده ﺷﻮد‬
The complexities of service situations by many
factors; such as velocity, temperature, pressure,
aeration, heat flux, the presence of oxidizing
agents, partial pressure of corrosive gases,
inhibitor concentration etc., which can either
increase or decrease the corrosion rate; may cause
pilot plant exposure tests to be preferred to
laboratory tests.
‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ آزﻣﻮن‬3-4-5-9
9.5.4.3 The need for testing
The necessity for corrosion testing depends on:
:‫ﻟﺰوم آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
Degree of uncertainty after available
information has been considered,
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻋﺪم اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﭘﺲ از در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت‬
،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﺮس‬
-
- The consequences of making a less-thanoptimum selection,
.‫ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬
-
‫زﻣﺎن ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
-
-
-
The time available for evaluation
Therefore company material/corrosion engineer
shall determine when and which type of tests are
required.
‫ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ زﻣـﺎن و ﻧـﻮع‬/‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻨـﺪس ﻣـﻮاد‬
.‫آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
9.5.4.4 Pilot plant tests
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روي واﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬4-4-5-9
These tests give more information for a primary
selection of materials than most laboratory tests.
Test conditions are more like the final application;
therefore the results are more reliable.
‫اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮي‬
‫ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻗﺮار ﻣـﻲ دﻫﻨـﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ‬،‫آزﻣﻮن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
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9.5.4.5 Full size tests
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬5-4-5-9
Reliability is further enhanced when it is possible
to test full size components fabricated from
candidate material.
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮ روي‬
.‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت در اﺑﻌﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
9.5.4.6 Laboratory tests
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬6-4-5-9
In some cases laboratory testing is the only mean
for final material selection. The primary
laboratory tests on the selected materials shall be
as simple as possible.
‫در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اوﻟﻴـﻪ‬.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫روي ﻣﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Depend on the nature of the environment in which
the material is to be used, at least the more
important corrosion controlling factors shall be
simulated in tests.
‫ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد در آن ﺑﻜـﺎر ﻣﻴـﺮود‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي در آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Briefly, test for metallic material shall at least
covers the following:
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠـﺰي ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬
:‫ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-
Actual fluids shall be used or mixtures
simulating the actual.
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻬﺎي واﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ واﻗﻌـﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬
-
-
Test coupons shall be provided from the
selected material.
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻦﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣـﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺷـﺪه‬
.‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
-
-
Generally, experimental time is approximately one week.
.‫ زﻣﺎن آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬،ً‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
-
-
Microscopic examination is essential to
look for local attack
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
-
-
And for non-metals, the test shall cover,
،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎ آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
-
-
weight, volume, hardness, strength and
appearance changes before and after
exposure.
‫ اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات ﻇـﺎﻫﺮي‬،‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫وزن‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺑﻌﺪ از در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
-
-
Generally, test period is 1-3 month.
‫ ﻣﺎه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬3 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ دوره آزﻣﻮن‬،ً‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
-
In any laboratory test great care shall be taken in
the interpretation of the data. At best the results
can only be qualitative and a great deal of
common sense and experience has to be applied to
such results before they become useful to the
engineer.
‫در ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎ آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ دﻗـﺖ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در‬
‫ در ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻲ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود زﻳﺎدي ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
Although it is not the intention here to catalogue
the various standard test methods in details, but
those listed below may be helpful where and when
required.
‫ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪف در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛـﺮدن روﺷـﻬﺎي آزﻣـﻮن‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاردي‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه در ﺟﺎي و ﻣﻮاﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ روش ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬1-6-4-5-9
9.5.4.6.1 Standard corrosion test methods
For standard corrosion test method, refer to
Section 2 of this Standard (References).
‫ اﻳــﻦ‬2 ‫ﺑــﺮاي روش آزﻣــﻮن ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑــﻪ ﻗــﺴﻤﺖ‬
.(‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد )ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Such test methods can be used to compare the
many variables in material composition,
manufacturing and field performance.
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات در‬
.‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و اﺟﺮا در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر رود‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺎده‬
The tests also can be used to compare different
type of materials, or the same material grade from
various
manufacturers
using
different
manufacturing process; and to evaluate different
corrosion control measure. However the objective
set of variables for the test dictates the selection of
test methods. Therefore a careful study of both
process and material, (physical, chemical and
mechanical properties) and the type of protective
measure (e.g. inhibition) is usually required to
make the proper selection of test method.
‫ ﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد در ﻳﻚ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن از ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ و ارزﻳــﺎﺑﻲ روش ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ ﻛﻨﺘــﺮل‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ دارﻧــﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮﺣـﺎل )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫـﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ( ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ‬.‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ روﺷﻬﺎي آزﻣﻮن را ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫دﻗﻴﻖ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﻣﻮاد )از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
(‫و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ( و ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤــــﻮﻻً ﺑــــﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨــــﺎب ﺻــــﺤﻴﺢ روش آزﻣــــﻮن ﻻزم‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
9.5.4.6.2 Reporting test results: Test results shall
be tabulated to indicate at least the followings:
‫ ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣــﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ‬:‫ ﮔــﺰارش ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣــﻮن‬2-6-4-5-9
.‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ دﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ زﻳﺮ را ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ‬
- Chemical composition of material,
،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬
-
،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
-
- Pre-test metallurgy,
،‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
-
- Post-test metallurgy,
،‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
-
،‫ﺑﺮآورد ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
-
،(‫ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ )اﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-
،‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آزﻣﻮن‬pH
-
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻘﺘـﻀﻲ ﺟﻬـﺖ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻣـﺎده ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬
‫ و‬،‫ اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آزﻣـﻮن‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬
-
- Heat treatment,
- Estimated corrosion rate,
- Type of localized attack (if any),
- pH of test solution,
- Other information pertinent to the evaluation
of material such as pressure, temperature,
additives to the test solution, etc.
- Method of corrosion rate calculation.
.‫ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬-
42
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬5-5-9
9.5.5 Corrosion allowance
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻧـﺮخ‬،‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
The minimum corrosion allowance to be
considered for an equipment, depends on the
required service life of the equipment multiplied
by the expected corrosion rate under process
conditions.
C.A(mm)  Life(year) × C.R(mm/y)
:‫ﻛﻪ‬
Where:
‫ = ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬C.A
C.A = Corrosion allowance
‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬C.R
C.R = Corrosion rate
‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي‬1-5-5-9
9.5.5.1 According to the above equation the
following classes shall be considered for an
equipment with a design life of 20 years.
.‫ ﺳﺎل در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬20 ‫ﻫﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬
TABLE 9.1 – TYPICAL CORROSION ALLOWANCES VERSES CORROSION RATE FOR 20
YEARS SERVICE LIFE
‫ ﺳﺎل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد‬20 ‫ – ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬1-9 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
A-mild corrosion
CLASS
AVERAGE CORROSION RATE
mm/year
CORROSION ALLOWANCE (mm)
FOR A DESIGN LIFE OF 20 YEARS
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
20 ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
(‫)ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺎل‬
< 0.05
1.0
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
B-medium
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
0.05 - 0.15
3
C-sever *
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ زﻳﺎد‬
0.15 - 0.30
6.0
* For submarine pipeline systems a maximum
corrosion allowance of 10 mm is recomonded as a
general upper limit for use of carbone steel.(see
NORSOK M-001 sec.4.3)
‫* ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ درﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮان‬10 ‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ )ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷـﺪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬NORSOK M-001 sec.4.3 ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
9.5.5.2 Where the corrosion rate is more than 0.3
mm/y or the total corrosion over the design life
exceed 6 mm then other alternatives shall be
evaluated. These alternatives may include the
following:
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ در‬0/3 ‫ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬2-5-5-9
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ‬6 ‫ﺳﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻋﻤـﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﺑـﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬،‫ آﻧﮕﺎه ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
43
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳـﺎل در ﺻـﻮرﺗﻲ‬10 ‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫـﺮ‬
a) Replacement at intervals (e.g. every 10
years where corrosion rate is 0.6 mm/year),
،(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل اﺳﺖ‬0/6 ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
b) Corrosion resistance linings,
c)
Alternative
materials.
solid
corrosion
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
،‫ب ( ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
resistance
.‫ج ( ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬6-5-9
9.5.6 Selection of corrosion-resistance alloys
Alloy selection, from a corrosion standpoint, can
be considered to be a three-step process. First,
resistance to general corrosion must be ensured.
This is primarily a function of the chromium
content of the alloy. Second, resistance to
localized attack also must be ensured. This is
primarily a function of molybdenum content.
Finally, resistance to environmental stress
cracking is sought at the highest feasible strength
level. Nickel content plays a principal role in this
instance, particularly in providing resistance to
anodic cracking.
‫ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻣﻴﺘـﻮان در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪ ﺳـﻪ‬،‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎن از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ‬،‫ اوﻟـﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺻﻮﻻً ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛـﺮم در آﻟﻴـﺎژ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫ دوﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ ﺑــﺎﻻﺧﺮه‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿــﻌﻲ ﻛــﻪ اﺻــﻮﻻً ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻴــﺰان ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒــﺪﻧﻴﻮم اﺳــﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗـﻮان‬
،‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دارد‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك آﻧﺪي‬
The close correlation between pitting resistance
and resistance to anodic cracking should be noted.
This apparently results from the ease of crack
initiation under the low-pH high-chloride
conditions found in pits. Therefore, higher
molybdenum can also increase resistance to
anodic cracking.
‫ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺣﻔـﺮه اي و ﺗـﺮك آﻧـﺪي ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از ﺷـﺮوع ﺗـﺮك ﺧـﻮردن‬.‫اﺷﺎره ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﻔﺮه‬، ‫ ﻛﻢ‬pH ‫آﺳﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒـﺪ ﻧـﻴﻢ زﻳـﺎدﺗﺮ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧـﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك آﻧﺪي را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
With the procedures given below, regions of alloy
applicability can be shown schematically as a
qualitative function of environmental severity.
This has been attempted in Fig. 4 in which an
aqueous, CO2-containing environment (hence low
pH) has been assumed and the effects of
temperature, chloride, and H2S concentration are
illustrated. The effect of yield strength is not
shown, but if environmental cracking is the
limiting factor, reducing the yield strength should
extend applicability to more severe environments.
‫ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي آﻟﻴـﺎژ‬،‫ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ از ﺷﺪت ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ ﺳﻌﻲ در اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻓﻮق ﺷـﺪه‬4 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد‬
pH ‫ ﺣـﺎوي ﮔـﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ )اﻟﺒﺘـﻪ‬،‫ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ و ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴـﺪروژن‬،‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ( ﻓﺮض ﺷﺪه و اﺛـﺮات دﻣـﺎ‬
‫ اﺛﺮ اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬.‫ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣــﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺗـﺮك در اﺛـﺮ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤـﺪود‬،‫ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد آﻧﺮا در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
The reader should be cautioned that a diagram such as
Fig. 4 is really more of a guide to alloy qualification
than to direct selection for a particular application.
Therefore, it may aid in developing a more efficient
approach to alloy testing (See 9.5.4.6). For more
information see Appendix C.
‫ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ دﻳﺎﮔﺮاﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﻚ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ آﻟﻴﺎژ اﺳﺖ ﺗـﺎ راﻫﻨﻤـﺎي اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬4
‫ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ روﺷـﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺧـﺎص‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌـﻪ‬6-4-5-9 ‫آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﺗﺮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻼع ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ج( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬.(‫ﺷﻮد‬
44
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
،(‫در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ )ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ‬
، ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺗـﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺮك ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪي و ﻏﻴﺮه و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣـﺎده‬،‫ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
‫ در ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑــﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔـﺮدد‬
ً‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺨـﺶﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺒﻼ‬
‫( و‬2-5-9 ‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻴﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
.‫( ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬5-5-9 ‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﻨﺪ‬
Where the corrosion problem is not general
(uniform), and is localized such as; stress
corrosion cracking, pitting, crevice, sulfide stress
cracking, etc.; the material selection shall be on
the basis of specific corrosion problem. In these
cases the selection procedure is to follow all parts
of foresaid section except for corrosion rate
calculation (9.5.2) and corrosion allowance
(9.5.5).
Material
Chloride
concentration
max. %
‫ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
Min. allowed insitu pH
pH ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
‫در ﺟﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ درﺻﺪ‬
Temperature,
max. oC c
‫دﻣﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Partial pressure H2S
max. barg
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر‬
Martensitic stainless steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺴﻴﺘﻲ‬
13 Cr
d
5
3,5
90
0,1
1
3,5
120
0,1
5
3,5
120
0,01
5
5
120
0,1
5
3,5
150
1,0
5
5
150
2,0
3
3,5
150
0,02
1
3,5
150
0,1
5
3,5
150
0,1
5
4,5
150
0,4
Austenitic stainless steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
316
6Mo
Duplex stainless steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دو ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬
22Cr
25Cr
Nickel alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
625
3,5
C276
5
>> 5
Titanium
3,5
‫ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم‬
>> 5
a:The limits given assume complete oxygen free
environments.
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻫﺎي اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻋﺎري از اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻓﺮض ﺷﺪه‬-‫اﻟﻒ‬
.‫اﻧﺪ‬
b:If one of the listed parameters exceeds the given limit, the
need for testing of the material according to ISO 15156-3
should be evaluated.
‫اﮔﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻣﺤﺪوده اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻻزم‬-‫ب‬
.‫ آزﻣﻮن و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮد‬ISO 15156-3 ‫اﺳﺖ ﻣﺎده ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
c: The temperature limit may be increased based upon
evaluation of specific field data and previous experience.
Testing may be required.
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ داده ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ ﺧﺎص و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‬-‫ج‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ آزﻣﻮن ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
d:For SM13Cr testing has indicated that lower limits are
required.
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬SM13Cr ‫آزﻣﻮن‬-‫د‬
.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Fig. 4 – GUIDELINES FOR H2S LIMITS FOR GENERIC CRA CLASSES a, b
CRA ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رده ﻫﺎي‬H2S ‫ – رﻫﻨﻤﻮدﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺪوده‬4 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
45
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد‬6-9
9.6 Economics in Material Selection
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6-9
9.6.1 General
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در اﺻﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮاد در ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻳـﻚ ﭘـﺮوژه اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ‬
.‫دارد‬
‫دو ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ‬
:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
Corrosion is basically an economic problem. Thus,
in the economic evaluation of any project.
The two extremes for selecting materials on an
economic basis without consideration of other
factors are:
9.6.1.1 Minimum cost: Selection of the least
expensive material, followed by scheduled
periodic replacement or correction of problems
as they arise.
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ارزاﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣـﺎده و ﺑـﺪﻧﺒﺎل آن‬:‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬1-1-6-9
9.6.1.2 Minimum corrosion: Selection of the
most corrosion-resistance material regardless of
installed cost or life of equipment.
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬:‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬2-1-6-9
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼح ﻣﺸﻜﻼت وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮوز ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﺮ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر‬2-6-9
9.6.2 Cost effective selection
Generally falls somewhere between these
extremes and includes consideration of many
other factors (see IPS-E-TP- 760).
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻓﻮق و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP- 760 ‫زﻳﺎد دﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد )ﺑﻪ‬
In most instances, there
alternative materials which
for a specific application.
long-term costs requires
followings:
will be different
may be considered
Calculation of true
estimation of the
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬، ‫در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺟﻬـﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻮارد‬، ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي دراز ﻣﺪت‬
:‫زﻳﺮ دارد‬
9.6.2.1 Total cost of fabricated equipment and
piping (see Notes).
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰات ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه و ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺎ )ﺑـﻪ‬1-2-6-9
(‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
9.6.2.2 Total installation cost.
.‫ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ‬2-2-6-9
9.6.2.3 Service life.
.‫ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﺎري‬3-2-6-9
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬4-2-6-9
9.6.2.4 Maintenance cost.
9.6.2.5 Time and cost requirement to replace or
repair at the end of service life.
‫ زﻣﺎن و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌـﻮﻳﺾ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻴـﺮ در‬5-2-6-9
9.6.2.6 Cost of downtime to replace or repair.
‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن از ﻛﺎر اﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﻌـﻮﻳﺾ ﻳـﺎ‬6-2-6-9
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر آﻣﻮزي‬،‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬7-2-6-9
9.6.2.7 Cost of inhibitors, extra facilities or train
which require to assure achievement of predicted
service life.
.‫ﺟﻬﺖ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ارزش زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮل‬8-2-6-9
9.6.2.8 Time value of money.
‫ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ‬9-2-6-9
9.6.2.9 Factors which impact taxation, such as
depreciation and tax rates.
.‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك و ﻧﺮخ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت‬
46
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
9.6.2.10 Inflation rate
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻮرم‬10-2-6-9
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
(1) It should be realized that the costs of
processed products, such as sheet, plate,
sections and forgings will be much higher
than ingot. Every process and every heat
treatment will give added value and increase
the final material cost.
‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬،‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻓﺮآوري ﺷﺪه‬1)
(2) The estimated costs are based on bulk
according to the daily price.
‫( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬2)
(3) It is usual to see the cost of materials
quoted per unit mass. This may give a
misleading picture as often it is the volume of
material which is important than its mass.
‫( ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ ﺟـﺮم‬3)
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ و آﻫﻨﮕﺮي در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ دادن ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ‬،‫اﻧﻮاع ورقﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ و ﻫـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺷﻤﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ارزش اﻓﺰوده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﺎده را اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ روز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﮔﻤﺮاه ﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺑﺠﺎي ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎده ﻛﻪ از ﺟﺮم ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺠﺎي ﮔﺬارد‬
‫ ﻓﻨﻮن ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬3-6-9
9.6.3 Economic evaluation techniques
‫ﻓﻨﻮن ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ اﻗﺘـﺼﺎدي ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ و‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷـﺖ ﻛﻠـﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎرت‬،‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
:‫اﺳﺖ از‬
Several different techniques exist for economic
appraisal of different materials and alternative
corrosion control measures. Among these are the
concepts of:
،(IRR) ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺎزده داﺧﻠﻲ‬-
- Internal rate of return (IRR),
- Discounted pay back (DPB),
- Present worth (PW), also referred to as net
present value (NPV),
- Present
worth
of
requirements (PWRR),
future
revenue
- Benefit-cost ratios (BCR).
،(DPB) ‫ﺗﻨﺰل ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬
-
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ارزش ﻓﻌﻠـﻲ‬،(PW) ‫ارزش ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
،(NPV) ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ آن رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬
-
،(PWRR) ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت درآﻣﺪ آﺗﻲ ارزش ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
-
.(BCR) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎي ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ درآﻣﺪ‬
-
Some of these techniques lack adequate
sophistication; others are unduly complex and do
not lend themselves readily to comprehension
and use especially as calculation.
‫ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ آﻧﻬـﺎ زﻳـﺎدي‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﻮن ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻬﺎرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﻮده‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه و ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ادراك ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺨـﺼﻮص ﺑﻌﻨـﻮان‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲ روﻧﺪ‬
Generally, the applied method shall embodied
accepted economic terminology at the accounting
and
managerial
levels;
so
that
a
material/corrosion engineer’s judgment can be
properly expressed to and understood by project
management.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ روش اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺣـﺴﺎﺑﺪاري و‬
‫ﺗﺮازﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻗﻀﺎوت‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷـﺪه‬/‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻮاد‬
.‫و ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻃﺮح درك ﺷﻮد‬
Reference shall be made to IPS-E-TP-760
Section 13 in which the excellent presentation of
the subject matter makes it superfluous to enlarge
on the details of factors to be considered in
economic evaluation.
‫ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬IPS-E-TP-760 ‫ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬13 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻴﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
.‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي را ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
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‫ ارﺗﻘﺎء ارزش و ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻮاد‬7-9
9.7 Materials Appreciation and Optimization
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-7-9
9.7.1 General
To indicate, approximately, the general trend of
parallel appreciation of materials, selective checkoff lists are given in this Section. These can, of
course, vary for different materials or designs and a
selective adjustment will be required.
،‫ روﻧﺪ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﻴﻤـﺖ ﻣـﻮاد‬،‫ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد در اﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ آﻣﺪه اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻳـﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻫـﺎ و ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ ﻣـﻮردي‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺑﻮده و در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻴﺎز دارد‬
It is obvious from the contents of these selection
lists that a thorough expert knowledge is required,
both in engineering and in corrosion control, to
complete and evaluate the required data. Only very
seldom, and then mostly in simple or repetitive
projects, can this task be left to an individual,
normally, close co-operation of designer and
corrosion or material engineer is needed, and each
will have to bring into play his overall and
specialized expertise.
‫از ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ واﺿﺢ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ آﮔـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻬـﺖ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎداﻧﻪ ﻫﻢ در ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ و ﻫـﻢ در ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮدن و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ داده ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻻزم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺪرت و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ در ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜـﺮاري ﻣـﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﻃـﺮاح و‬،‫ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﺎدي‬،‫ﺑﻌﻬﺪه ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨــﺪس ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳــﺎ ﻣــﻮاد ﻻزم ﺑــﻮده و ﻫﺮﻛــﺪام ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﻧﻘــﺶ‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺧﻮد را اﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻮاد‬2-7-9
9.7.2 Materials appreciation
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )د( ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
For Materials Appreciation see Appendix D.
‫ﭘﺲ از ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ از اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه‬
‫از ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺘﻲ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺎدر ﺑﺮاي ﺗـﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴـﺮي‬
‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﺎﻳــــــﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﻗﺒـﻮل در راﺑﻄـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﻮاد و‬
.‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮيﻫـﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣـﺎﻻت ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﺗﺎﺋﻴﺪﻳـﻪ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي ﻣـﻮاد و‬
‫روﺷﻬﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮرد )ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد ﺣﺘﻲ در ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاردي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪه اﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫داراي ﻫﻤﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ و در ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧﻤﻮد‬
The data obtained in such a selection list, after
appropriate
evaluation
and
comparative
appreciation, should serve as a base for decision as
to whether the appreciated conglomerate of material
and its fabrication methods are suitable for the
considered purpose. Although in some cases a
clear-cut confirmation of suitability may be secured,
in many more cases several materials and methods
may be evaluated before the optimal one is found.
Even then such materials will not always satisfy all
required properties and under such circumstances
the most satisfactory compromise should be
accepted.
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APPENDICES
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
CORROSION IN OIL & GAS PRODUCTS
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬
Corrosion occurrence has been widely
experienced in the oil and gas industry. In the
following, the main corrosion processes in oil and
gas phases are discussed.
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر وﺳﻴﻌﻲ در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔـﺖ و ﮔـﺎز ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ‬
‫ در زﻳﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ و‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﮔﺎز ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
First of all it must be emphasized that corrosion
(electrochemical) is likely to occur only in the
water phase, as the oil phase is considered non
corrosive. Consequently, the presence of free
water is necessary for corrosion to occur, i.e.
vaporized water in streams at temperatures above
the dew point are considered non-corrosive.
‫ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ )اﻟﻜﺘـﺮو‬
‫ و ﻓـﺎز ﻧﻔــﺖ‬.‫ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ( ﻓﻘـﻂ در ﻓــﺎز آب ﺑـﻪ وﺟــﻮد ﻣـﻲ آﻳــﺪ‬
‫ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻻزﻣﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻀﻮر آب‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ آب ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ دﻣﺎﻫـﺎي‬،‫آزاد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺪارد‬
In addition, it is necessary, especially for mixed
phases streams (oil+gas+water) to verify the water
wetting of materials, in fact, if water is confined
in the middle of the stream, or trapped by oil, no
corrosion attack may develop.
‫ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﻠـﻮط‬،‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪه )ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز و آب( ﻣﻌﻠـﻮم ﺷـﻮد ﻛـﻪ آب ﻣـﻮاد را ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب‬
‫ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ اﮔﺮ آب در وﺳـﻂ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن اﺣﺎﻃـﻪ ﺷـﻮد ﻳـﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺸﻮد‬،‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺤﺒﻮس ﺷﻮد‬
:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ؛‬-
The principle factors controlling corrosion are:
- The CO2 partial pressure;
- The H2S partial pressure;
- Oxygen content and content of other
oxidizing Agents.
- The fluid temperature;
- The water salinity;
- The water cut;
- The flue dynamic.
- The pH
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن؛‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻳﺎ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
-
‫دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل؛‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺷﻮري آب؛‬
-
‫ﺑﺮش )ﻻﻳﻪ( آب؛‬
‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎل در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن؛‬
-
pH
-
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﭘﺎﻻﻳـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔـﺖ و‬
‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺧﺎرج ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻛـﺎر و‬
:‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
Additional factors influencing corrosion rates in
petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants
including offsite facilities and pollution control
facilities are:
(‫ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي آﻟﻲ )اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻨﻴﻚ‬‫ ﻳﻮن ﻓﻠﺰ و ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫ ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪ‬-
- Organic acids (naphthenic acids)
- Halide, metal ion and metal concentration
(‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن )اﺗﻤﻲ‬‫ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ‬-
- Hydrogen (atomic)
- Biological activity
- Amine solution
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬-
- Condensing condition
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- Sulfur
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬‫ آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك‬-
- Sodium hydroxide
- Ammonia
،‫ ﺳـــﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬، ‫ اﺳـــﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌـــﺪﻧﻲ )ﻫﻴـــﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬(‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﻠﺮﻳﻚ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮل‬-
- Inorganic acids (hydrofluoric, sulfuric,
hydrochloric and etc.)
- Glycol
‫ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ‬-
- Cyanide
‫ زوج ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ آﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك‬،‫ ﺳﻮد ﺳﻮزآور‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺶ )ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬(‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬
- Galvanic couple
- Stress (Plus Chlorides, Caustic, Ammonia,
Amines, Polythionic Acid)
‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬‫ ﻫﻮا دﻫﻲ‬-
- Concentration of corrosives
- Aeration
‫ اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺪاز آور‬‫ ﻋﻴﻮب ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬-
- Heat flux
- Welding defects
‫ اﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﻻ‬.‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺎص در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‬
- High temperature oxidation and corrosion
Some of these specific factors discussed in
Appendix B.
‫ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1 Effect of CO2
Dry CO2 is non-corrosive until about 400°C,
while it is corrosive when dissolved in water
phase
‫ درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه‬400 ‫ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺗﺎ ﺣـﺪود‬
.‫ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎز آب ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
CO2 corrosion in presence of free water is known
to cause sweet corrosion. CO2 dissolves in the
water phase forming carbonic acid, which
decreases the water pH; the final pH of the
solution will depend on temperature and CO2
partial pressure.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ در ﻣﺠـﺎورت آب ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪن ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ در ﻓـﺎز آب اﺳـﻴﺪ‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آب را ﻛــــﺎﻫﺶ‬pH ‫ ﻛــــﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴــــﻚ ﺗــــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴــــﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻪ درﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮارت و ﻓـﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳـﻲ‬pH ،‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ﺧﻮردﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻘـﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ در ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
.‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﺳﺖ‬pH ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي اﺳﻴﺪي ﺑﺎ‬
The corrosivity of CO2 saturated solutions is
much higher than other acid solutions at the same
pH, because of a direct action of CO2 in the
corrosion phenomena.
‫ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت‬1-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.1 Effect of temperature
‫( ﻧـﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫـﺪ‬1-‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ )ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬70 ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺎ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺮم و ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از اﻳﻦ درﺟـﺎت ﺣـﺮارت ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷـﺮوع ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬،‫ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ آن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺳـﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺤـﺎﻓﻆ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ در‬، ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﺎت آﻫـﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﻮذي ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
Same studies in laboratories (Fig.A.1) shows that
the corrosion rate increases up to 70°C, probably
due to the increase of mass transfer and charge
transfer rates. Above these temperatures, the
corrosion rate starts to decrease. This fact is
attributed to the formation of a more protective
scale, due to a decrease in iron carbonate
solubility, and consequently a diffusion process
becomes the rate determining step.
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‫ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر‬2-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.2 Effect of pressure
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺛﺮ زﻳﺎن آور دارد‬
: ‫ﭼﻮن ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻖ راﺑﻄﻪ ي‬
PCO2 = P × ‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ‬
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر زﻳﺎد ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
The partial pressure of CO2 has a deterimental
effect on corrosion rate. Since the partial pressure
of CO2 is proportional to the total pressure by
PCO2 = P × Mole fraction CO2, therefore the
corrosion rate will increase by increasing
pressure.
‫ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬3-1- ‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.3 Prediction of CO2 corrosion rate
‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ در آب ﻫـﺎي اﺷـﺒﺎع از‬
‫ دي وارد و ﻣﻴﻠـﻲ‬، * ‫ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل‬
‫( اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷـﻮد در ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬DE Waard and Milliams) ‫ﻳﺎم‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔـﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ و درﺟـﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪه از اﻳـﻦ روش ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫( و ﻧﻤـﻮدار‬1 ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ )ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
.‫( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ‬2-‫)ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
The evaluation of corrosion rate of carbon steels
in CO2 saturated waters may be done *according
to DE Waard and Milliams formula, where the
corrosion rate is an exponential function of CO2
partial pressure and temperature. Results obtained
following this approach should be considered
worst case corrosion.
The formula is easily usable in the form of a curve
(Fig. 1) and nomogram (Fig.A.2):
:‫* ﻳﺎدآوري‬
*Note:
‫ﻣــﺪل ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘﻌــﺪد ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨــﻲ ﻧــﺮخ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑــﻪ وﺳــﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ و ﻣﻮﺳـﺴﺎت ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔـﺎز و‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬.‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺪل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ در ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻗـﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Several corrosion rate prediction models have
been developed by oil companies and research
institutes, due to complexity of the phenomenon
and the diversity of the operation conditions in oil
and gas production and treatment network.
Therefore the model itself, and all modifications,
in order to use it for calculation of CO2 corrosion
in a specific regime should be presented to
company for review and approval.
Log Rmax   5.8 

1710
 0.67 Log PCO2
T

:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
Where:
Rmax
is the corrosion rate (mm/y)
T
is the temperature (°K)
PCO2
Partial Pressure of CO2 in bar
(‫ﺳﺎل‬/‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬Rmax
(‫درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬
T
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎزﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺎر‬PCO2
PCO2 = P × m (CO2)
Being P the total pressure (bar) and m (CO2) the
CO2 molar fraction in the gas phase.
‫ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ در‬m(CO2) ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻠﻲ )ﺑﺎر( و‬P
.‫ﻓﺎز ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
For high pressures, it is recommended to
substitute the partial pressure with the fugacity,
defined as:
‫ ﻓـﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳــﻲ ﺟــﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺑـﺮاي ﻓــﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷــﺪه‬
:‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻮﮔﺎﺳﻴﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
fCO2 = a. PCO2
fCO2 = a. PCO2
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮار زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬a ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬
being a the activity coefficient, given by:
1.4 

Log a    0.0031 
P
T 

‫ﺣﺪود اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﻓﻮق اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻛـﻪ از آن ﻧـﺸﺄت ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﺖ از‬
The validity limits under which the above
mentioned formula was originated are:
• P (CO2) <2 bar
‫ ﺑﺎر‬2 ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ )ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ( ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ از‬

‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬70 ‫دﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬

‫آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن = ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬

• Temperature <70°C
• distilled water
• Flow rate = 1 m/s
The fitness of this formula has been confirmed
also for CO2 partial pressures much higher than
the original experimental work and for high flow
rate (Fig.A.3).
‫ﺻﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ‬
‫ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻛﺎر ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺷﺪه اوﻟﻴـﻪ و ﺑـﺮاي ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬،(CO2)
.(3-‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
This rate, called Rmax. may be adjusted by
considering the influence of the rest of the
environment, other than P(CO2) and T. The final
corrosion rate may be thus expressed as:
‫ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬Rmax ‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔـﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴـﻚ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬T) ‫ و دﻣﺎ‬P(CO2)
:‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﻮد‬
Rcorr = Rmax × F(g) × F(s) × F(w) × F(i) × F(c) ×
F(pH)
Rcorr = Rmax × F(g) × F(s) × F(w) × F(i) × F(c) ×
F(pH)
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
where these reduction factors are applicable.
F (g) – ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮل‬4-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.4 Effect of Glycol - F(g)
‫ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب ﻏﺎﻟﺒـ ًﺎ‬CO2 ‫در ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن و ﺧﻄـﻮط ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ داراي‬
.‫ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ آب ﺗﺰرﻳـﻖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬
‫ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬.‫ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮل ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ روي ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ دارد‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈـﺎر در اﺛـﺮ وﺟـﻮد ﺗـﺮي اﺗـﻴﻠﻦ ﮔﻠﻴﻜـﻮل‬
F (g) ‫( را ﻣﻴﺘﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎراﻧـﻪ ﺑـــﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬TEG)
:‫ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮد‬
In wet CO2 containing pipelines and flow lines,
glycol is often injected to prevent hydrate
formation. Glycols have a significant inhibitive
effect on corrosion. The reduction of the expected
corrosion rate due to the presence of Triethylene
Glycol (TEG) can be conservatively expressed by
F(g):
Log(Fg) = 1.6 Log W(g) - 3.2
‫ ارﻗــﺎم ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد‬،‫ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت ﻣﻮﻧــﻮودي – اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ ﮔﻠﻴﻜــﻮل‬
‫ ﻓﻮق ﺑـﻪ‬F(g) ‫ اﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر‬،‫ﻣﺤﺪودﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
For mono and die-ethylene glycol the available
data are more limited, but the results are also
covered by the above F(g) factor.
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‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ رﺳﻮب‬5-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.5 Effect of scaling - F(s)
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬70 ‫در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺣﺪود‬
،(FeCO3 ،‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻮد )ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت آﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮد و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
:‫ رﺳﻮب ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر رﺳﻮب اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬F ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
At temperatures higher than about 70°C, the steel
may be protected by its corrosion products (iron
carbonate, FeCO3), and consequently the
corrosion rate may be depressed, by a coefficient
F scale representing the scaling factor:
Log (Fs ) 
2400
 0.6 Log  fCO2   6.7 1
T
In the range of temperature between 70 and
150°C, carbon steels are more prone to localized
attack in case of high turbulence, as a
consequence of the failure of the FeCO3 film. In
this case, corrosion rate may be much higher, as
predicted by.
،‫ درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬150 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬70 ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ در اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻣﻘـﺪار ﭘـﻴﺶ‬
.‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
At temperatures higher than 150°C and CO2
partial pressure below 50 bar, the steel is
protected by a strong film of FeCO3 which is not
removed even by high turbulent streams, and the
corrosion rate becomes negligible.
50 ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ زﻳـﺮ‬150 ‫در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻗـﻮي ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﺎت آﻫـﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ ﺷـﺪه‬،‫ﺑﺎر‬
‫ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺟﺪا ﻧﺸﺪه و ﻧﺮخ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻏﻤﺎض ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
A summary of temperature range and corrosion
morphology is drawn in Fig.A.4.
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ اي از داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣـﺎ و ﺳـﻴﺮ ﺗﺤـﻮﻻت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
.‫ رﺳﻢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬4-‫اﻟﻒ‬
Corrosion morphology may be either uniform or
localized (mesa or pitting), according to the
process parameters (temperature, CO2 partial
pressure, water phase composition, flow rate).
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫـﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬،(‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓﺎز ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،CO2 ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬،‫)دﻣﺎ‬
.‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ )ﺗﺨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﺮه اي( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
F (w) – ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آب ﻫﻤﺮاه‬6-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.6 Effect of water cut - F(w)
Oil presence is generally considered beneficial, as
far as oil exerts a kind of inhibition effect. Oil, in
fact, may form on a steel surface a film enough
thick and adherent to inhibit water wetting. On the
contrary, gas and condensates do not generally
exert any beneficial effect, as they have no
inhibition property.
‫ ﺗـﺎ ﺟـﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﻔـﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﻧﻔﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ‬.‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﻓـﻴﻠﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ و ﭼـﺴﺒﻨﺪه ﺑـﺮاي‬
،‫ ﺑـﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﮔﺎز و ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪي را اﻋﻤـﺎل ﻧﻤـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‬
.‫ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬
Hydrocarbon condensates are assumed not to
influence corrosion significantly. Field experience
has shown that, as opposite to oil, the hydrophobic
behavior of condensates is negligible.
‫ﻓــﺮض ﺑــﺮ اﻳــﻦ اﺳــﺖ ك ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧــﺎت ﻫﻴــﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬.‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧـﺪ‬
.‫ رﻓﺘﺎر آﺑﮕﺮﻳﺰي ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ‬،‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻧﻔﺖ‬
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As far as vertical tubing is concerned, an oil film
on the steel surfaces is stable up to about 20-40%
water cuts. For higher water quantities the
corrosion rate can be correctly predicted by De
Waard and Milliams, as the steel may be
considered water wet.
‫ وﺟﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬40 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ آب ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را‬.‫ﻻﻳﻪ آب ﭘﺎﻳﺪار اﺳﺖ‬
Milliams ‫ و‬De Waard ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻓﻮﻻد را ﻣﺮﻃﻮب در ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺮد‬
.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
As far as horizontal pipes are concerned, the
amount of water is not an important factor. In fact,
as water is generally heavier than oil, gas and
condensed products, in case of stratified flow, it
may separate on the lowest surfaces, generally at
6 o’clock position. In this case, the expected
corrosion will occur only on the water wetted
surfaces.
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان آب ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬،‫ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ آب ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ از‬،‫ در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ در ﺻـﻮرت ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن ﻻﻳـﻪ اي ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬،‫ ﮔﺎز و ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫ ﺟـﺪا ﺷـﻮد‬6 ‫اﺳﺖ روي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮح در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻓﻘﻂ روي ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آب ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﺷﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻓﺘﺎد‬
In case of stratified flow, corrosion is also likely
to occur in the top of the line, due to the
condensation of water droplets from the wet gas.
The effect of inhibition is poor in this case, and
experience shows that corrosion rate in the top of
the line can be assumed as 10% of the predicted
rate in fully immersed conditions, with a
maximum of about 0.3 mm/y, irrespective of the
CO2 content. To increase the inhibition efficiency
in case of stratified flow, periodical pig launch
should be made to allow the inhibitor film to be
formed in the top of the line.
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل وﺟـﻮد دارد‬،‫در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻻﻳﻪ اي‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ در اﺛـﺮ ﻣﻴﻌـﺎن ﻗﻄـﺮات آب از ﮔـﺎز‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺑـﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺷﺪت ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻏﻮﻃﻪوري‬10 ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ در ﺳـﺎل ﺑـﺪون در ﻧﻈـﺮ‬0/3 ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣـﺪود‬
‫ ﺑــﺮاي اﻓــﺰاﻳﺶ راﻧــﺪﻣﺎن‬.‫ ﻓــﺮض ﺷــﻮد‬CO2 ‫ﮔــﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻴــﺰان‬
‫ ﺗﻮﭘـﻚ راﻧـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر‬،‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻻﻳـﻪ اي‬
-‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟـﻮﻟـﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
Along flow lines and pipelines, minimum areas
are expected, as shown in Fig.A.5, where free
water may become stagnant, particularly if the
flow is not able to remove it (low velocity). In
these cases, corrosion attack will be localized at 6
o’clock position, as schematically shown in
Fig.A.6b, and the rate may be anyway correctly
predicted with the approach discussed in this
paragraph.
‫ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﺳـﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬،‫در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه‬5-‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛـﻪ در ﺷـﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‬،‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ آب آزاد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ راﻛـﺪ ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬.(‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺪ آن را دﻓﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ )ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ ب ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬6 - ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫـﺪ‬6 ‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ و ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑـﻪ روش ذﻛـﺮ ﺷـﺪه در‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ درﺳﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
Pigging of the line is generally useful to remove
the water remaining stagnant on the pipe bottom
at 6 o’clock position. This will allow also a better
inhibition of the pipe surfaces; in fact, being
inhibitors oil soluble products, they are
transported by the oil phase, and stagnant water
‫ارﺳﺎل ﭘﻴﮓ راﻧﻲ در ﺧﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ آب راﻛـﺪ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪه‬
‫ اﻧﺠـﺎم اﻳـﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬.‫ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ اﺳـﺖ‬6 ‫در ﻛﻒ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
،‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ از ﺳﻄﻮح ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻮدن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫـﺎ در ﻣـﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﻧﻔﺘـﻲ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
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may result more difficult to be inhibited. When
corrosion inhibitors protection is utmost
important, it is common practice to pig the lines
regularly (1) monthly
‫ و ﻣﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺖ آب راﻛــﺪ‬،‫ﺣﻤــﻞ آﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻓــﺎز ﻧﻔﺘــﻲ ﺷــﺪه‬
‫ وﻗﺘــﻲ‬.‫ﻣـﺸﻜﻼت ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮي را ﺑـﺮاي ﺑــﺎزدار ﻳــﺪﻛﻲ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﺪ‬
‫ ارﺳﺎل‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ را دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﮓ در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺮﺗﺐ روش ﻣﻌﻤﻮل اﺳﺖ‬
In case of higher gas flow rate, the flow pattern
may becomes annular, as shown for horizontal
pipes in Fig.A.7b. In this case, a continuous liquid
film (which varies in thickness around the
circumference of the pipe) exists over the full pipe
circumference, whilst gas is flowing in the middle
of the pipe. Since the steel surface is completely
wetted, corrosion is equally likely to occur at any
point around the circumference. As far as the use
of the flow pattern diagrams, superficial velocity
may be defined as the velocity the (liquid/gas)
phase would exhibit if it flowed through the total
cross section of the pipe alone.
‫ اﻟﮕـﻮي‬،‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺎز ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤــﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛــﻪ در ﺷــﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳــﺎن ﻣﻤﻜــﻦ اﺳــﺖ ﺣﻠﻘــﻮي ﺷــﻮد‬
‫ در اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ب ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ‬7 -‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد ﻳﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ )ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ آن در اﻃﺮاف ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ در‬،‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
ً‫ ﭼﻮن ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎز در وﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دارد‬
‫ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻳﻜـﺴﺎن در ﻫـﺮ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪاي در‬،‫ﻣﺮﻃﻮب اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛـﻪ از ﻧﻤـﻮدار اﻟﮕـﻮي‬،‫اﻃﺮاف ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﮔﺎز‬،‫ﮔﺎز( ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮد‬/‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﺎز )ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
.‫از ﻛﻞ ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Protection in this case may be achieved through
continuous injection of film forming corrosion
inhibitors, as they can be transported by the water
phase and film on the full pipe surface. Attention
should be paid in this case to the flow velocity, as
highly turbulent flow may produce high shear
stresses on the pipe wall and remove the inhibitor
film. Another important factor in this case is the
avoidance (or reduction) of disturbances, like
small radius bends, over penetrated root welds, as
shown schematically in Fig.A.6a, sudden change
of diameter or direction, as they could create
turbulence
and
impingement
after
the
discontinuities, remove the inhibitor film and
promote high rate corrosion.
‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣـﻮاد‬
‫ ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺎز آب ﺣﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻻﻳﻪ اي روي ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ روي دﻳـﻮاره ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ و ﺣـﺬف ﻓـﻴﻠﻢ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ دﻳﮕﺮ در ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي )ﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﻔـﻮذ‬، ‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻢﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ( ﺗﻼﻃﻤﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷـﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه در‬،‫اﺿﺎﻓﻲ در رﻳﺸﻪ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬،‫ اﻟﻒ‬6 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺬف ﻓـﻴﻠﻢ‬،‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻼﻃﻢ و ﺗﺼﺎدف ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﺪم ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه و ارﺗﻘﺎء ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻻي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
To conclude, for light hydrocarbon condensate
water wetting may occur at any velocity, thus
F(w) is always set equal to 1.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب‬،‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي‬
F(w) ‫ ﻟـﺬا‬، ‫ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎ آب در ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ رخ دﻫـﺪ‬
.‫ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬1 ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ‬
A.1.7 Effect of corrosion inhibitors - F(i)
F(i) ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬7-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
It has been common practice for many years to
inject corrosion inhibitors into CO2 containing
production tubing and process streams carried by
carbon steels. In some cases inhibitors have been
injected into nominally dry gas lines as a second
defense to back-up the drying process in the event
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي زﻳﺎدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫـﺎي ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ ﻛــﻪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬CO2 ‫ﺟﺮﻳــﺎن ﻫــﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨــﺪي و ﻣﺤــﺼﻮل ﺣــﺎوي‬
‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دﻓﺎع دوم ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن در‬
55
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
of misoperation. In some other cases, inhibitors
are applied as the first line of defense against
corrosion in carbon steel lines carrying wet gas
from satellite to central gathering facilities where
bulk drying can be carried out. Temperature drops
can be considerable over such intrafield lines, so
that condensation of water and hence corrosion
will take place around the full internal pipe
surface.
‫ در‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺧﺸﻚ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ راﻫﺒﺮي ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﺧـﻂ اول دﻓـﺎﻋﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب از اﻳـﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﺠـﺎ ﺧـﺸﻚ ﻛـﺮدن‬،‫اﻗﻤﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري‬
‫ در داﺧﻞ اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط‬.‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬،‫ﺑﻄﻮر اﻧﺒﻮه ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮري‬،‫ اﻓﺖ دﻣﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬، ‫ﺣﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آب و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آن اﻃﺮاف ﺳﻄﺢ داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻄـﻮر‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻓﺘﺎد‬
Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals which may be
divided in a few categories. Among these, the
most used class in horizontal flow lines/pipelines
is the film forming amine type.
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ در ﻣﻴـﺎن اﻳﻨﻬـﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪي ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄـﻮط ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن اﻓﻘـﻲ از ﻧـﻮع‬/ ‫دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫آﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In this case, inhibitor is composed by a flat
aromatic molecule (amine), which is polar and is
attracted by the steel surface, being able to
establish some absorption link; the molecule has
also an aliphatic long tail, which is oil soluble.
The effect of film forming inhibitor is thus to
establish a first layer of flat molecules just on the
steel surface, a second layer of aliphatic tails and a
third layer of oil/condensates. Water cannot thus
reach the steel surface and promote corrosion.
(‫در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﻠﻜﻮل )آﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓـﻮﻻد ﺟـﺬب‬،‫آروﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ و ﻧﻴﺰ‬،‫ و ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﻣﻮاردي از اﺗﺼﺎل ﺟﺬب ﺑﻮده‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮل داراي زﻧﺠﻴﺮهاي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ دﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪدار ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در روﻏﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨـﺪه ﻓـﻴﻠﻢ ﻋﺒـﺎرت از اﻳﺠـﺎد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻻﻳﻪ دوم‬،‫ﻻﻳﻪ اول از ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻣﺴﻄﺢ درﺳﺖ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد‬
‫ ﻟﺬا آب ﻗﺎدر‬.‫ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬/‫زﻧﺠﻴﺮه دﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ دار و ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻮم ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
The stability of this film is dependent on the
chemistry and fluodynamics of the transported
fluids, as they can remove the inhibitors, because
of chemical affinity between oil products and the
aliphatic tail, from the steel surface, or to promote
breaking of this film by impingement of water
droplets.
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري اﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎزك ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاص ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺣﻤـﻞ ﺷـﺪه دارد ﭼـﻮن ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ وﺟـﻮد‬
،‫ﻫﻤﺒــﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑــﻴﻦ ﻓــﺮآورده ﻫــﺎي ﻧﻔﺘــﻲ و زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه دﻧﺒﺎﻟــﻪ دار‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ را از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺣﺬف ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻳﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ‬
.‫ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ را ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮات آب‬
The effect of velocity on corrosion inhibitor
performance is to reduce film life and increase the
concentration of inhibitor required to maintain
protection.
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ روي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎرت اﺳـﺖ از‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ و اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﺑـﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﺳﺖ‬
It is generally accepted to define the capacity of
inhibitors to protect against corrosion using a
parameter, called efficiency, defined as:
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴـﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫ راﻧـﺪﻣﺎن ﺑـﺸﺮح‬،‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ‬
:‫زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮد‬
Inh . Eff 
RCorr Without inhibitors   RCorr With inhibitors 
Rcorr Without inhibitors 
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‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ( ‪ -‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ(‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ(‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت درﺻﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎر ﻣـﻲ رود‪ .‬ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺜـﺎل‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑـﺪون ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪهﻫـﺎ را ‪ 2‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ در‬
‫ﺳﺎل و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺗﺰرﻳـﻖ ﺷـﺪه را ‪ 0/2‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ در ﺳـﺎل‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ‪ ،‬راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ‪ %90‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﺪه آل ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬راﻧـﺪﻣﺎن ﺑـﺎﻻي ‪85‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣـﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬
‫ﺷـــﺪه و ﻣﻴـــﺰان ﭘـــﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨـــﻲ ﺷـــﺪه ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ ﻧﻤـــﻮدار‬
‫‪ ، De waard-Milliams‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻳـﻦ ﺣـﺎل راﻧـﺪﻣﺎن‬
‫‪ 85‬درﺻﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه روي ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺟﺪاره ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ داﺷـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴـﺰي ﻛـﻪ در ﺧﻄـﻮط ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﮔﺎز ﺣـﺼﻮل آن ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺤﺘﻤـﻞ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌـﻼوه‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼﻃﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان اﺧﺘﻼﻟﻲ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﺑـــﺎزدارﻧــﺪه ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷـﻮد‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ اﺧﺘﻼﻻﺗﻲ در اﻃﺮاف ﻓﻠﻨﺞﻫﺎ و در ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫از ﺣﺪ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫رﺷﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﺧﻴﺮاً ارﻗﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻮﻟﺴﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دو ﺟﺮﻳﺎن آزﻣﻮن ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬اﻓﺰوده‬
‫ﺷﺪن ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ اﻓـﺰوده ﺷـﺪن ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻي ‪ 95‬درﺻﺪ در ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن ﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻫﻤـﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛـﻪ در ﺷـﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‪8-‬‬
‫ﻧــﺸﺎن داده ﺷــﺪه ﺑــﻪ داﻣﻨــﻪ ‪ 40‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 90‬درﺻــﺪ ﻛــﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ ﻣـﻮاد ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺒـﻞ از‬
‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑـﻪ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪ آزﻣـﻮن ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ درﺳـﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﺷـﺪه را‬
‫ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ روي ﺳﻄﻮح ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮع )ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ (9-‬و ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه دارد ) ﺷـﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‪.(10-‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻼوه‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪﻛــﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻳﻚ ﺑــــﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻠﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ‪ pH‬ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ دارد‪ .‬در ﺿـﻤﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه زﻣﺎﻧـــﻲ ﻻزم‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛـــﻪ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻨﺶﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻي‬
‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‪ 11-‬ﻧـﺸﺎن داده ﺷـﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ دﻣﺎي ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫از آن ﻛﺎرآﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ در ﺧﻄـﻮط ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪود ‪ 90‬درﺟـﻪ‬
‫‪Often used as a percentage. To give an example, if‬‬
‫‪a system would exhibit 2 mm/y corrosion rate‬‬
‫‪without inhibitors and 0.2 mm/y with inhibitors‬‬
‫‪injection, the calculated efficiency is 90%.‬‬
‫‪Under ideal conditions for inhibitors application,‬‬
‫‪an inhibitor efficiency of above 85% can be‬‬
‫‪achieved when comparing the corrosion rate seen‬‬
‫‪and that predicted by De Waard-Milliams‬‬
‫‪nomogram. However, an efficiency of 85% is‬‬
‫‪dependent upon even distribution of inhibitor over‬‬
‫‪the whole circumference of the pipe wall,‬‬
‫‪something unlikely to be achieved in flowlines‬‬
‫‪transporting a mixture of fluid and gas. In‬‬
‫‪addition, areas of extreme turbulence can appear‬‬
‫‪in connection with disturbances, which reduce the‬‬
‫‪level of protection that an inhibitor can provide.‬‬
‫‪Such disturbances have been seen at flanges and‬‬
‫‪at over penetrations at welds and may also occur‬‬
‫‪in areas of growing corrosion damage.‬‬
‫‪Some recent data have been published by Tulsa‬‬
‫‪University, where for all inhibitors tested under‬‬
‫‪two flow conditions, corrosion rates increased as‬‬
‫‪superficial gas velocity increased; inhibition‬‬
‫‪efficiency, above 95% in single phase flow‬‬
‫‪decreased significantly as shown in Fig.A.8 in the‬‬
‫‪range 40-95%, highlighting the necessity of‬‬
‫‪qualifying the chemicals before injection through‬‬
‫‪properly designed corrosion testing.‬‬
‫‪The inhibitors film persistency on steel surfaces‬‬
‫‪depends on the inhibitor type (Fig.A.9) and‬‬
‫‪dosage (Fig.A.10). Moreover, it was found that‬‬
‫‪the capacity of an inhibitor to produce resistant‬‬
‫‪films is dependent also on the environment pH.‬‬
‫‪Moreover, it was shown that increasing inhibitor‬‬
‫‪concentration is usually required when high flow‬‬
‫‪rate (i.e. high shear stresses) is expected, as shown‬‬
‫‪in Fig.A.11.‬‬
‫‪Most inhibitors exhibit a maximum temperature,‬‬
‫‪above which they do not function properly.‬‬
‫‪Generally, it is believed that inhibitors in pipelines‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
can work up to about 90°C.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
According with some other reference, for a given
oil soluble inhibitor, the parameters of primary
importance that control corrosion rates in
inhibited systems include inhibitor concentration,
dispersion of inhibitor in water, film persistency
and velocity. The parameters of secondary
importance in predicting corrosion in inhibited
wet gas pipeline include partial pressure of CO2,
temperature (if below a critical level) and
composition of aqueous environment (including
pH). In other words, if the local concentration of
an appropriate inhibitor is sufficiently high,
corrosion may be controlled regardless of CO2
partial pressure, fluid composition, or temperature
in the range normally found in pipelines.
،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎي‬
‫ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه در‬،‫ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬، ‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
-‫ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ در ﭘـﻴﺶ‬.‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻓﻴﻠﻢ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫آب‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪه‬
(‫ دﻣﺎ )ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬،CO2 ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ‬،‫ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴـﺎﻧﻲ دﻳﮕـﺮ‬.(pH ‫و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﺪار )ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
،‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪر ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬،CO2 ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬
،‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﻳﺎ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻧﺮﻣﺎل در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﻮد‬
From this last approach, instead of calculating the
expected corrosion rate or inhibitors efficiency,
the reliability of corrosion inhibitors is the most
important task to define. (see IPS-E-TP-780).
‫ ﺑﺠــﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﻪ ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨــﻲ ﻧــﺮخ‬،‫ﺑﻌﻨــﻮان آﺧــﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴــﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨــﺎن از ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴــﺖ‬،‫ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳــﺎ راﻧــﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧــﺪه ﻫــﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﻇﻴﻔﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-TP-780 ‫ )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
To conclude, the inhibitors efficiency is a very
difficult task to establish, being dependent on:
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
:‫اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ دارد‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻴﺰان آن؛‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎل و رژﻳﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬

• Presence of disturbances able to perturbate
the flow;
‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﻣﻮاﻧﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اﺧﺘﻼل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺷﻮد؛‬

• Operating temperature, in order to ensure
persistency of inhibitors film.
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎن از ﭘﺎﻳـﺪاري ﻓـﻴﻠﻢ‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
. ‫ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬

• Proper inhibitors selection and dosage;
• Fluid velocity and flow regime;
It is general practice, in the design stage, to
assume 0.9* inhibitors efficiency, thus F(i) = 0.1.
However, lower figures should be considered
where high flow velocities are expected to
produce erosion corrosion attacks in presence of
disturbances. In fact it is possible to have erosive
liquid flow at local flow disturbances such as weld
beads, pin ends in connections, bends, size
reduction, flanges, even where the bulk liquid
flow rate is not high.
0/9 ‫ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان روش ﻛﻠﻲ‬
،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬F(i) =0.1 ‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺎس‬
‫در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﺣﻤﻼت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ در‬.‫ ارﻗـﺎم ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗـﺮ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﻴـﺮود‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ در اﺧﺘﻼﻻت ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن‬
،‫ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻧـﺪازه‬، ‫ ﺧﻢﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﺰ در اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ذرات ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻌـﺎت ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻧﻴـﺴﺖ‬،‫ﻓﻠﻨﺞﻫﺎ‬
.‫وﺟﻮد دارد‬
For all these cases, the capacity of field repairing
and repair costs should become the effective
design criteria
‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻛـﺎر و‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﻻزم اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
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* :‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:*
0/9 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﮔـﺎز‬،0/85 ‫ﺑﻄﻮر دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻋﺪد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/95 ‫و ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻧﻔﺖ‬
More precisely this figure shall be 0.85 for
condensate, 0.9 for gas and 0.95 for oil stream.
F(c) ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺎز ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬8-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.8 Effect of condensing phase - F(c)
In case of water condensation from saturated
vapor as a consequence of the stream cooling
along the route of piping, corrosion is likely to
occur under the condensed droplets. These
conditions are very likely to produce a protective
film, as scale deposition and adherence are
favored because of the quiescent conditions. In
face, experiments and experience demonstrated
that, in spite the nomogram predicts the same
value in immersed and condensing conditions, the
corrosion rate drops at max. 0.3 mm/y,
irrespective of the partial pressure of CO2.
‫ در اﺛـﺮ ﺳـﺮد ﺷـﺪن‬،‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آب از ﺑﺨﺎر اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در زﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳـﺎدي وﺟـﻮد دارد ﻛـﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ ﭼـﻮن ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻏـﺸﺎء ﻣﺤـﺎﻓﻆ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫رﺳﻮب و ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌـﺎل ﻣﻄﻠـﻮب‬
،‫ در ﻋﻤــﻞ آزﻣــﻮن ﻫــﺎ و ﺗﺠﺮﺑــﻪ ﻧــﺸﺎن داده ﺷــﺪه‬.‫ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻧﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﻧـﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔـــﻲ‬،‫ﺑــﺮﺧﻼف آﻧﻜﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدار‬
‫ ﻧـﺮخ‬،‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳﺮﻣــﺎﻳﺶ و ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ در ﺳـﺎل ﺑـﺪون در ﻧﻈـﺮ‬0/3 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗـــﺎ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ اﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬CO2 ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳـــﻲ‬
Similar reduction in the corrosion rate may be
applied to reduce the expected corrosion rate for
the top surface of vessels and separators etc. It is
also applicable to top of pipelines where the flow
regime is stratified, or nominally dry gas lines
where cooling below the dew point occurs. No
reduction is applicable to immersed conditions.
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺸﺎﺑــﻪ در ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔـــﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑــﺮاي ﻧـﺮخ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻇﺮوف و ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫـﺎ و‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮه اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﻇﺎﻫﺮاً ﺧـﺸﻚ‬،‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻻﻳﻪاي اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧـﻪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺷﺒﻨﻢ ﺳﺮد ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل اﺳـﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ور ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
Such a reduction factor may be evaluated as:
:‫ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Fcond = 0.4 (cond. rate, g/(m².s))  1
In most cases, the adoption of F(c) = 0.1 is
suggested, where applicable.
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺟـﺮا ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬F(c) = 0/1 ‫ ﻓﺮض‬،‫در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮارد‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
F(pH) - ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻮري آب‬9-1-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.1.9 Effect of water salinity - F(pH)
Corrosion in production fluids is mainly
controlled by the presence of free water, which
may come from the reservoir itself (formation
water) and/or condense along the route
(condensation water).
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﺟﻮد آب‬
(‫ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از ﺧﻮد ﻣﺨﺰن آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )آب ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه‬،‫آزاد‬
.‫ﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮد )آب ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ( ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬/‫و‬
These two kind of waters differ very much as
regard composition and the effects on the
corrosion phenomena.
‫اﻳﻦ دو ﻧﻮع آب ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ روي ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
In fact, whereas condensate being free of salts can
achieve very low pH, the salts dissolved in
formation waters may have a high buffering
effect, which leads to higher pH at the same CO2
partial pressures. The solution pH will depend,
finally, on the amount and kind of dissolved
pH ‫ ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻋﺎري از ﻧﻤﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬،‫در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﻫـﺎي ﺣـﻞ ﺷـﺪه در آبﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ آﻳـﺪ‬
،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ در ﻫﻤـﺎن ﻓـﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﺰﻳـﻲ‬pH ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ‬
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solids, and the dissolved gases.
‫ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰان و ﻧـﻮع‬pH ‫ در ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل‬.‫ ﺷﻮد‬CO2
.‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
In addition, the presence of ions (like Ca++, Mg++)
can increase the resistance of the corrosion
product film, where the corrosion resistance may
be influenced by this phenomena.
‫ ( ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ‬Mg++ ، Ca++ ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه وﺟﻮد ﻳﻮن ﻫﺎ ) ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬،‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
To evaluate F(pH), the saturation pH must be first
calculated as the lowest of the two following:
‫ اﺷـﺒﺎع ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان‬pH ‫ در درﺟﻪ اول ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،F(pH) ‫ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي دو ﻣﻘﺪار زﻳﺮ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
pH sat 1.36 
1307
 0.17 Log  f CO2 
T
Which refers to the formation of Fe3O4 and
‫ دارد و‬Fe3O4 ‫ﻛﻪ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
pHsat = 5.4 - 0.66 Log (fCO2)
.‫ دارد‬FeCO3 ‫ﻛﻪ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
That refers to the formation of FeCO3.
‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬،pHact ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم‬pH ‫ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ واﻗﻌﻲ‬
:‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮد‬F(pH) ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
Once known the real environment pH, called
pHact, the corrective factor F(pH) may be
calculated as:
‫اﮔﺮ‬: pHsat  pHact
if: pHsat  pHact
Log (FpH) = 0.32 (pHsat - pHact)
‫اﮔﺮ‬: pHsat  pHact
if: pHsat  pHact
Log (FpH) = - 0.13 (pHact - pHsat)1.6
‫ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺰ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬Fscale ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ از‬
، ‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1 ‫ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬Fscale ‫ ﭘﺲ اﮔﺮ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬1 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬FPH
‫ ﻓﺮض‬1 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬F (pH) ،‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد‬pH ‫اﮔﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
The adoption of such a reduction factor is not
allowed if also Fscale is used, thus FpH is set to 1 if
Fscale is lower than 1.
If the real environment pH is unknown, F (pH) is
set at 1.
(‫ )ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮره‬H2S‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬2- ‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2 Effect of H2S
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن در ﺣﻀﻮر آب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗـﺮش‬
‫ از‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎم ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮن‬.‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
(SSC) ‫ ﺗﺮك ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
.‫( ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬HIC) ‫و ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
H2S in presence of water is known to cause sour
corrosion. This name includes different
mechanisms, known as uniform corrosion,
sulphide stress cracking (SSC) and hydrogen
induced cracking (HIC).
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‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﺮش ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻛﻠـﻲ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـﺎ )اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
.‫( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156
The definition of sour service is generally made
in accordance with. (See NACE MR
0175/ISO15156)
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬1-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.1 Uniform corrosion
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻳﻚ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬،‫ ﺑـﺎ اﻳـﻦ وﺟـﻮد‬.‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬pH
‫ ﺑـﺎ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ ﻧـﺮخ‬،‫اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬12-‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬،‫ﺑﻌﻼوه‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎزي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪار‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬14 ‫ و‬13-‫در ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي اﻟﻒ‬
H2S is a weak acid, so it causes a small decrease
in the pH of the water solution. Nevertheless, it
may corrode also in neutral solutions, with a
uniform corrosion rate generally quite low, as
shown in Fig.A.12 .
Furthermore, H2S may play an important role in
the mechanical resistance of corrosion products
film, increasing or decreasing their strength,
depending on the relative amount, as shown in
Fig.A.13-14.
‫ ﺗﺮك اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬2-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.2 Hydrogen induced cracking
This form of attack, also known as Stepwise
Cracking, is typical of carbon steels, showing
ferritic structures, when in presence of MnS (Type
II) elongated inclusions as a consequence of
rolling manufacturing process.
‫اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺗﺮك ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪاي ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ ﺧــﺎص ﻓﻮﻻدﻫــﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨــﻲ ﻧــﺸﺎن دﻫﻨــﺪه ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي‬،‫اﺳــﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ در ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﮕﻨـﺰ )ﻧـﻮع دو( در اﺛـﺮ‬،‫ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻴﻚ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻮرد ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
This kind of attack may develop if the operating
conditions fall above the limits proposed in , as
shown in Fig.A.15 for sour gas systems :H2S
partial pressure isobars.(See NACE standard
MR 0175/ ISO 15156).
‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺣﺪود ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد اﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮع ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ‬15-‫اﻟﻒ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻳــﺰوﺑــﺎرﻫـــﺎي ﻓـﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳـــﻲ‬:‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‬
NACE MR 0175/ ISO 15156 ‫)ﺑـــﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬. H2S
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
(HIC) ‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺧﻄﺮ‬65 ‫در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
(HIC) ‫ و اﺣﺘﻴﺎط در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺻـﺪﻣﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺎ اﻧﺪازه اي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺿﺮورﺗﻲ ﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺻﺤﻴﺢ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از اﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮع‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آزﻣﻮن ﺣﻴﻦ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد‬
At operating temperatures higher than 65°C the
risk of HIC is anyway very low, and precautions
against HIC damage are generally unnecessary.
This kind of attack must be avoided through
proper selection of carbon steel chemical analysis
and corrosion resistance verified through testing
during manufacturing.
‫ ﺗﺮك ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬3-2-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.2.3 Sulphide stress cracking
This kind of attack occurs under the combined
action of tension stresses, aggressive environment
(H2S) when in presence of a susceptible material.
‫ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﺸـﺸﻲ‬
.‫( در ﺣﻀﻮر ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺣﺴﺎس اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬H2S) ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ‬
Standards define the conditions for sour service
(Fig.A.15) and specify acceptable limits for the
materials to be used in these conditions. The
requirements imposed by the standard are a
restriction to the list of approved materials and a
limitation in materials hardness. (see also
Appendix B.5)
‫( و‬15-‫اﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﺷـــﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛـــﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗـــﺮش )ﺷـــﻜﻞ اﻟـــﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودهﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاد را در اﻳﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬،‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ در ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬5-‫ )ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
61
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬3-‫اﻟﻒ‬
A.3 Effect of Fluedynamics
Fluodynamics exerts and important influence on
the corrosion rate.
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ و اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻧﻔـﻮذ آن ﺑـﺮ روي‬
.‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
When increasing the flow rate, the primary effect
is a higher mass transfer from the bulk of the
solution to the near metal surface, which enhances
both the corroding species and the corrosion
products mobility. This effect is shown in
Fig.A.16, where the rate calculated using De
Waard and Milliams approach is 4.6 mm/y
(approach valid at 1 m/s): higher flow rate
produce higher corrosion rates.
،‫ اﺛـﺮ اوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺗـﺎﺛﻴﺮ آن‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬
،‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺮم ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي از ﺗﻮده ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﻪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ و ﻫـﻢ ﺗﺤـﺮك ﻓـﺮآورده ﻫـﺎي‬
‫ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬16-‫ اﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺤﺎﺳـﺒﻪ‬Milliams ‫ و‬De Waard ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮدار‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ )اﻳـﻦ‬،‫ در ﺳﺎل اﺳﺖ‬4/6 mm ‫ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن‬:(‫روش ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻴﺰان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻧﺮخ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي را ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
The dependence of the corrosion rate on liquid
flow velocity decreases with increased pH, as
demonstrated in Fig.A.17-1. This is important for
practical situations, where dissolved FeCO3 can
increase the pH significantly. Recommendation
for determining of an approximate pH of the water
phase for various conditions(see figs. A.17.2 to
A.17.6)
pH ‫واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﺎ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ‬
The effect of velocity on corrosion rate of steels is
also depended on steel composition and
microstructures. Steels with more homogeneously
distributed carbides like in tempered martensite
and in bainitic structures are not expected to form
lamellar cementite, which can act as a cathodic
depolarizer and stimulator of the CO2 corrosion.
Also the effect of Cr appears to be a partial
blockage of the surface, probably by Cr-oxide
which interferes with the corrosion reaction.
Fig.A.18 gives an example to demonstrate the
differences obtained for the two groups of steels.
The differences in the baselines with Cr% = 0 or
C% = 0 indicates that martensitic steels could
corrode somewhat faster than normalized ones.
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ روي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ و‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﺗﻮزﻳــﻊ‬.‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﭙﻲ ﻓــﻮﻻد دارد‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣـﺎرﺗﻦ زﻳـﺖ‬،‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه و در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻚ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻧﻤﻲرود ﻛــﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎﻧﺘﻴﺖ ورﻗﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻏﻴﺮﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﺎﺗﺪي‬
.‫ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷـﻮد‬CO2 ‫و ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺮﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﺮم ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﺟﺰﻳـﻲ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮم و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ در ﻓﻌـﻞ‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل از‬18-‫ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬.‫و اﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارﻧﺪ‬
.‫اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از دو ﮔﺮوه ﻓﻮﻻدﻫــﺎ را ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻧـﺸﺎن‬C%=0 ‫ ﻳـﺎ‬Cr%=0 ‫اﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎت در ﺧﻄـﻮط ﭘـﺎﻳــﻪ ﺑـــﺎ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣـﺎرﺗﻦ زﻳـﺖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ ﺳـﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺧﻮرده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
When flow rate produces friction stresses on the
corrosion products (or inhibitors) film, it may
break them, with the result of much higher
corrosion rate.
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن روي ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻻت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ )ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه( ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪه و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮي را‬
.‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻗﺎدر‬،‫ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺜﻼً در ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ )ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬6 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ آب آزاد ﺳﺎﻛﻦ در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
.‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﻣﻜﺎن وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬1-17-‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟـﻒ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﻪ اي اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ‬pH ‫آﻫﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ ﻓـﺎز آب‬pH ‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ﺗﻘﺮﺑﻲ‬.‫دﻫﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬6-17-‫ ﺗﺎ اﻟﻒ‬2-17-‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي اﻟﻒ‬
On the contrary, like on horizontal pipes, low flow
rate are generally not able to remove the free
water which is stagnant at the 6 o’clock position.
When the flow rate is high, it is possible that
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corrosion products protective or inhibitors films
are removed, giving chance of high corrosion rate
to occur. This kind of attack is also called
Erosion-Corrosion. API RP-14E contains a simple
formula for estimating the velocity beyond which
accelerated corrosion due to erosion corrosion
may occur.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫـــﺎ‬
.‫ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﻤﻠﻪ را ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺎوي ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺳﺎده اي ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮآورد ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ‬API RP-14E
‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از آن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ در ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬
.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ وﻗﻮع ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ و ﺑـﻪ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ و ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎت ﻛﺎرﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﻮده‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌـﺎدل ﺑـﺮاي اﻣﻜـﺎن ﺷـﺮوع ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ در ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻓﺮآورش ﺳﺮ ﭼﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔـﺎز ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ در ﻏﻴـﺎب ﻣﺎﺳــﻪ‬
: ‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
The formula is empirical and derived from field
experiences, and is meant to describe the velocity
for the possible onset of erosion corrosion in
uninhibited corrosive oil and gas well surface
production equipment fabricated from carbon
steel in the absence of sand:
V
122

:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
Where:
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗـﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺷـﺪه در اﺛـﺮ‬V
V = That velocity beyond which accelerated
corrosion due to high velocity may occur
(m/sec)
(‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬/‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ )ﻣﺘﺮ‬
(‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﺎل )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬
 = Fluid density (Kg/m³)
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ – ﻓﺮﺳـﺎﻳﺶ در‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده‬.‫رژﻳﻢ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪد‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔـﺎز‬
‫ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮوع رژﻳـﻢ ﺑﺨـﺎر ﺣﻠﻘـﻮي در‬19-‫ﺗﺮش ﺧﻮف ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه؛‬20-‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﺎزي‬
‫ ﻣﻴـﺰان‬،‫ در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧـﺪهﻫـﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ در ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﻪ ﺑـﺼﻮرت‬5 ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود‬
-‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه در ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬،‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘـﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬8 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬7 ‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﻳﻦ ارﻗﺎم دﻗﻴﻘـﺎً ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺎز‬.‫وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ و ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﻣـﻼك ﻗـﺮار‬،‫ﺧﻮف ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﻮده‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
:‫ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬
Several authors have observed that erosion
corrosion happens in annular mist regime. It is
also indicated that the increase of the corrosion
rate with velocity at Khuff Gas sour production
system (Fig. A.19) was associated with the onset
of annular mist regime in multi-phase flow, as
indicated also in Fig. A.20. Here, without
inhibitors injection, corrosion rate dramatically
increases at about 5 m/s flow rate, with inhibitor
injection, on straight sections, this change happens
at about 7-8 m/s. Of course these figures are
strictly valid for the Khuff Gas experience only,
and cannot be extrapolated to other conditions.
From this experience, the following general rules
can be derived:
‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮوع‬API ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
• The calculated API erosional velocity is
associated with the onset of annular mist
flow;

‫ ﺷﺮوع ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻳـﺸﻲ در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺪون ﻣـﻮاد‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮوع رژﻳﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺨـﺎر در‬،‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓــﺎزي در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
• The onset of erosion corrosion in uninhibited
systems is associated with the onset of
annular mist flow regime in multiphase
flow in the surface piping;
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺷﺮوع ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻳـﺸﻲ در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﻮاد‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه )ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ( در ﺳـﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺣـﺪود‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺗﻔـﺎق‬API ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ‬1/5
.‫ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﺪ‬
• The onset of erosion corrosion in inhibited
systems (straight portions) occurs at a
velocity of about 1.5 times the calculated
API erosional velocity.
CO2 CORROSION
ACCORDING TO DE WAARD-MILLIAMS
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ‬- ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ دي وارد‬
Temperature ( C )
(‫دﻣﺎ)ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Fig. A.1-CORROSION RATE EVALUATION ACCORDING TO DE WAARD MILLIAMS
‫ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ دي وارد و ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ‬-1-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
64

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‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ‪/‬ﺳﺎل‬
‫‪Fig. A.2-NOMOGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF CORROSION RATES AS A FUNCTION OF CO2‬‬
‫‪PARTIAL PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. EXAMPLE SHOWN: AT 0.2 bar CO2 AND 120°C,‬‬
‫‪CORROSION RATE IS 10 mm/y. SCALE FACTOR = 0.7, THUS EXPECTED CORROSION RATE IS‬‬
‫‪7 mm/y/1/.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -2-‬ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ و دﻣﺎ‪ .‬در ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‪ :‬ﻧﺮخ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎزاء ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 0/2‬ﺑﺎر ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ و ‪ 120‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‪ 10 ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ 0 /7‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه ‪ 7‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮدر ﺳﺎل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫)‪Corrosion Rate (mm/y‬‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل(‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ‪) CO2‬ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل(‬
‫)‪(3‬‬
‫)‪(4‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫)‪ 90 ºC (1‬در ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ‪ Dewaard‬و ‪Milliams‬‬
‫)‪ Kane saton (2‬و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ 1m/s‬دﻣﺎي ‪90 ºC‬‬
‫)‪ De Berry (3‬و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه در ‪25 ºC‬‬
‫)‪ Ikeda (4‬و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ ،25 m/s‬در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪ 60 ºC‬اﺗﻮﻛﻼو‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺪون ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت در ‪ 25 ºC‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪De Berry‬‬
‫‪Fig. A.3-CORROSION RATES AS A FUNCTION OF CO2 PARTIAL PRESSURE. DATA FROM‬‬
‫‪VARIOUS SOURCES‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ 3-‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ‪ .CO2‬داده ﻫﺎ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪Type 3‬‬
‫‪Type 2‬‬
‫‪Type 1‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع ‪3‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع ‪2‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع ‪1‬‬
‫])‪High temp [150˚C(302˚F‬‬
‫])‪Intermediate temp [100˚C(212˚F‬‬
‫])‪Low temp [40˚C(104˚F‬‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ]‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ]‪ 100‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ (212‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ]‪ 40‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)‪ (302‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ[‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ([‬
‫)‪ (104‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ[‬
‫‪Anti corrosion‬‬
‫‪Deep pitting‬‬
‫‪General corrosion‬‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪Formation of light and thin Fe‬‬
‫‪CO3 film due to the increase‬‬
‫‪initial Fe ++ dissolution rate‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ و ﻧﺎزك ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت آﻫﻦ‬
‫در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺮخ اﻧﺤﻼل آﻫﻦ‬
‫دوﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Gravity and/or‬‬
‫‪stripping of Fe CO3‬‬
‫‪film‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ و‪/‬ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي اﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت آﻫﻦ‬
‫‪Bulk composition‬‬
‫‪of Fe CO3‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬
‫‪Bulk composition of Fe CO3‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت آﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫اﻧﺤﻼل‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬
‫‪Formation of pitting‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي ﺣﻔﺮه‬
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‫آﻫﻦ‬
‫آﻫﻦ‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
r.d step: H-evolution [controlled by homogeneous and/or heterogeneous
H2CO3 formation]
[‫ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬/‫ ] ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﺳﻴﺪﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ و‬H-‫ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬: r.d ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬
Corrosion rate=f [PCO2 [L].T[L]. salts[e.g. HCO3], PH, metallurgy]
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
No influence of flow
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺪون ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
nonprotective films
‫ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﺎظ‬
Nature of films: FECO3, FE[Ca.Mg] CO3
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬
r.d. step: solubility/permeability of the films/scales
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬/‫ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬/‫ اﻧﺤﻼل ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬:r.d ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬
solubility = [PCo2[t] Cca[l] Cmg[l] T[l] PH[l] CHCO3[l]
‫ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ‬
permeability= [T.PH.C,cations [e.g Hg.AL.Cr. Si]
‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
corrosion rate =f [PCO2 .T.PH.salts flow, metallurgy]
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﻮﺷﺶدار‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
protective films: protectiveness increasing with Temperature
.‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬:‫ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
Nature of films: [a] low alloy steels: FeCO3, Fe [Ca.Mg]CO3
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﻢ‬Fe oxides[only at T>100° C]
[a]‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬: FeCO3 Fe [Ca.Mg]CO3 ‫[ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي آﻫﻦ‬T>100°C‫] ﻓﻘﻂ در‬
‫[ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم‬b]Cr steels: FeCo3 Cr oxides ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم‬
‫ اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي آﻫﻦ‬Fe oxides [only at T>100°C]
Problems: pitting, erosion -corrosion [for low alloy steels: primarily at 60 to
130° C] steels corrosion cracking [40 to 60 ˚C: no results available for
T>60˚C]
130 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬60 ‫ اﺑﺘﺪا در‬:‫ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ – ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ] ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬، ‫ ﺣﻔﺮه اي‬:‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬
[‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
T>60˚C ‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬:‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬60 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬40 ] ‫ﺗﺮك ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬
[‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‬
Fig. A.4- SCHEMATIC SUMMARY OF NATURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF CORROSION IN THE
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE RANGES /3/
‫ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ و رﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬-4-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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‫ﻟﺨﺘﻪ )ﮔﺎز و ﻣﺎده ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه در آب(‬
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺶ )ﻣﺎده ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه و آب در ﮔﺎز(‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ اي‬
‫آب‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪن آب‬
‫‪Fig.A.5- SCHEMATIC SUMMARY OF FLOW REGIME IN GAS‬‬
‫‪FLOWLINES‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -5-‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ رژﻳﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺳﺎل‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪5‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺟﻮش‬
‫ﭘﺮوب ﻓﻮﻻد ‪1‬‬
‫ﭘﺮوب ﻓﻮﻻد ‪2‬‬
‫‪Fig. A.6aCORROSION RATE AT TWO DISTANCES FROM THE SIMULATED WELD IN‬‬
‫‪FLOWING OIL/WATER MIXTURE. LIQUID FLOW RATE ABOUT 1 m/s‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪-6-‬اﻟﻒ‪-‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در دو ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺟﻮش ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آب و ﻧﻔﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺪود ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫`‬
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‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺳﺎل‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫\‪Flow rate‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫‪Fig. A.6b-CORROSION RATE IN THE PIPE BOTTOM AND AT VARIOUS ANGLES FROM THE‬‬
‫‪PIPE BOTTOM IN A FLOWING OIL/WATER MIXTURE AT 20°C. 5% WATER (4% NaCl) IN OIL.‬‬
‫‪LIQUID FLOW VELECITY ABOUT 1 m/s‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -6-‬ب‪-‬ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻛﻒ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و زواﻳﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﻛﻒ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻧﻔﺖ و آب در ‪ 20‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‪ 5 .‬درﺻﺪ آب )‪ 4‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﻠﺮور ﺳﺪﻳﻢ( در ﻧﻔﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﺪود ‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺒﺎب دار‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺨﺎر آب‬
‫‪Superficial‬‬
‫‪liquid VsL, ft/s‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫‪ Vsl‬ﻓﻮت‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻟﺨﺘﻪاي‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺘﻼﻃﻢ‬
‫‪Superficial gas Vsl, ft/s‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﮔﺎز ‪ Vsg‬ﻓﻮت‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Fig. A.7a-FLOW PATTERN IN VERTICAL MULTIPHASE FLOW‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪- 7-‬اﻟﻒ‪ -‬اﻟﮕﻮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭼﻨﺪﻓﺎزي ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
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‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻟﺨﺘﻪاي‬
‫دادهﻫﺎي ﻗﺮاردادي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ﺣﺒﺎب ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫‪Superficial‬‬
‫‪liquid VsL, ft/s‬‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ اي‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻻﻳﻪاي‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫‪ Vsl‬ﻓﻮت‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮار ‪ -‬ﺻﺎف‬
‫‪superficial gas Vsl, ft/s‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﮔﺎز ‪ Vsg‬ﻓﻮت‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Fig. A.7b-FLOW PATTERN IN HORIZONTAL MULTIPHASE FLOW‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪- 7-‬ب‪-‬اﻟﮕﻮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭼﻨﺪﻓﺎزي اﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫‪PROTECTION PERCENT‬‬
‫)‪Vsg = 4ft/s (1.2m/s). Vsg = 50ft/s (15m/s‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫‪PROTECTION PERCENT‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫زﻣﺎن – ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪Fig.A.8 PERCENT PROTECTION FOR 4 COMMERCIAL INHIBITORS UNDER‬‬
‫‪TWO-PHASE FLOW CONDITIONS‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ ‪-8-‬درﺻﺪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺗﺠﺎري ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دوﻓﺎزي‬
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‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪2‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Fig.A. 9-EFFECT OF THE NATURE OF INHIBITORS ON CRITICAL FLOW INTENSITY.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -9 -‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪1‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Fig. A.10-EFFECT OF INHIBITOR CONCENTRATION ON CRITICAL FLOW INTENSITY‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -10-‬اﺛﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺑﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬
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‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
(ppm) ‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬-‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻓﻌﺎل ب‬
Fig. A. 11-PERFORMANCE/CONCENTRATION CURVES FOR ONE INHIBITOR TYPE FOR
CONDITIONS OF INCREASING SEVERITY
‫ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬/ ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد‬-11-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
Partial pressure H2S (Mpa)
(‫ )ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬H2S ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬
Fig. A.12-INFLUENCE OF PH2S ON CORROSION RATE OF STEEL
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد‬-12-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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‫( ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬mm/y)
‫( ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬mpy)
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig.A.13 EFFECT OF THE ADDITION OF A SMALL QUANTITY OF H2S AND OF THE
TEMPERATURE ON THE CORROSION RATE OF PURE IRON (5% NaCl, 3.0 Mpa CO2 + H2S @
25°C; TEST DURATION 96 HOURS; FLOWRATE 2.5 m/s; SPECIFIC VOLUME 25cc/gr)
‫( در‬CO2+H2S) ‫ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬3 ، ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬5) ‫ و دﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬H2S ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻤﻲ‬13-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
(‫ ﺳﻲ ﺳﻲ در ﮔﺮم‬25 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ وﻳﮋه‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬2/5 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬96 ‫ زﻣﺎن آزﻣﻮن‬، 25Cº
H2S ‫( ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬ppm)
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
CO2 ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬Fe S
FeS ‫رﺳﻮب ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬
Fe S ‫اﻣﻜﺎن رﺳﻮب‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
CO2 ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
FeCO3 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
H2S ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
Fig. A.14-EFFECT OF THE H2S CONTAMINATION ON THE CO2 CORROSION RATE
CO2 ‫ روي ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬H2S ‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬-14-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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Key
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
X mole fraction H2S in gas, % × 104 (parts per
million by volume)
(‫ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬ppm) 104 ×‫ در ﮔﺎز‬H2S ‫ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻲ‬X ‫درﺻﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬،‫ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻞ‬Y
Y total absolute pressure, MPa
1 PH2S = 0.3 KPa
2 PH2S = 1 KPa
3 PH2S = 10 KPa
4 PH2S = 100 KPa
5 PH2S = 1000 KPa
Fig. A. 15-SOUR GAS SYSTEMS: H2S PARTIAL PRESSURE ISO BARS
(‫ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ﻓﺸﺎر‬H2S ‫ ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬:‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬-15-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
75
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Flow Velocity , m/sec
(‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
Fig. A.16-THE EFFECT OF FLOW VELOCITY ON THE CORROSION RATE OF CARBON STEEL
IN CO2 SATURATED WATER. CALCULATED CORROSION RATE ACCORDING TO IS 4.6 mm/y.
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻃﺒﻖ‬CO2 ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در آب اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬-16-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل اﺳﺖ‬4/6
Fig. A.17.1 EFFECT OF FLOWRATE AND pH AT 40°C, 1 bar CO2
‫ در ﻓﺸﺎر ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر‬CO2 ،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬40 ‫ در‬pH ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن و‬1-17-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
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1 Temperature = 20 oC
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاد‬20= ‫دﻣﺎ‬-1
2 Temperature = 100 oC
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮاد‬100= ‫دﻣﺎ‬-2
Fig.A.17.2 THE pH OF CONDENSED WATER UNDER CO2 AND H2S PRESSURE
H2S ‫ و‬CO2 ‫ آب ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬pH - 2-17-‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
77
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig.A.17.3 THE pH OF CONDENSATE WATER (WET GAS) OR FORMATION WATERS
CONTAINING BICARBONATE (UNDERSATURATED IN CaCO3) UNDER CO2 AND H2S
PRESSURE
‫ و‬CO2 ‫ ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬CaCO3 ‫ آب ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه )ﮔﺎزﺗﺮ( ﻳﺎ آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ داراي ﺑﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت )ﺗﺤﺖ اﺷﺒﺎع در‬pH -3-17 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
H2S
78
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig.A.17.4 THE pH OF FORMATION WATERS (SUPER) SATURATED IN CaCO3
(STOICHIOMETRIC OR NON- STOICHIOMETRIC) UNDER CO2 AND H2S PRESSURE AT 20 oC
CO2 ‫ )اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬CaCO3 ‫ آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ )ﻓﻮق( اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه در‬pH - 4-17 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬20 ‫ در دﻣﺎي‬H2S‫و‬
79
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig.A.17.5 THE pH OF FORMATION WATERS (SUPER) SATURATED IN CaCO3
(STOICHIOMETRIC OR NON- STOICHIOMETRIC) UNDER CO2 AND H2S PRESSURE AT 60 oC
CO2 ‫ )اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬CaCO3 ‫ آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ )ﻓﻮق( اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه در‬pH -5-17 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬60 ‫ در دﻣﺎي‬H2S‫و‬
80
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig. A.17.6 -THE pH OF FORMATION WATERS (SUPER) SATURATED IN CaCO3
(STOICHIOMETRIC OR NON- STOICHIOMETRIC) UNDER CO2 AND H2S PRESSURE AT 100 oC
CO2 ‫ )اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي( ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬CaCO3 ‫ آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ )ﻓﻮق( اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه در‬pH -6-17 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬100 ‫ در دﻣﺎي‬H2S‫و‬
81
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Fig. A.17.7-REGIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SEVERITY WITH RESPECT TO SSC CARBON AND
LOW ALLOY STEELS
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ و ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬SSC ‫ﺷﺪت ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ‬- 7-17 -‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
Key
‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
X
H2S partial pressure, kPa
Y
in Situ pH
0
Region 0
1
SSC Region 1
2
SSC Region 2
3
SSC Region 3
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬، H2S ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﺎ‬pH
0 ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
SSC 1‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
SSC 2‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
SSC 3‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
In defining the serverity of the H2S-containing
environment, the possibility of exposure to
unbuffered condensed aqueous phases of low PH
during upset operating conditions or downtime,
or to acids used for well stimulation and/or the
backflow of stimulation acid, after reaction
should be considered.
X
Y
0
1
2
3
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض‬،‫ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬H2S ‫در ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪت‬
‫ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬، ‫ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬pH ‫ﻓﺎزﻫﺎي آﺑﻲ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻴﺪه دﻓﻊ ﻧﺸﺪه در‬
‫ ﻳﺎ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮف ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي‬، ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﻢ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ ﻳﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬/‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﭼﺎه و‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ از واﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note :
1. The discontinuities in the figure below 0.3 kPa
(0.05 psi) and above 1 MPa (150 psi) partial
pressure H2S reflect uncertainly with respect to
the measurement of H2S partial pressure (low
H2S) and steel’s performance outside these limits
(both low and high H2S).
‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ‬0/05) ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬0/3 ‫ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺮ‬-1
‫ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﻓﺸﺎر‬150) ‫ ﻣﮕﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬1 ‫اﻳﻨﭻ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ( و ﺑﺎﻻي‬
H2S) H2S ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬H2S ‫ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ‬H2S ‫ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ( و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻓﻮﻻد ﺧﺎرج از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻫﺎ )ﻫﺮ دو‬
.‫و ﺑﺎﻻ( اﻧﻌﻜﺎس ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ دارد‬
NACE MR0175/ISO ‫ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬3،2،1،0 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ‬-2
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬4-1-2-7 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬3-1-2-7 ‫ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي‬15156-2
2. For regions 0,1,2,3 see NACE MR0175/ISO
15156-2 clauses 7.2.1.3 to 7.2.1.4
82
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -19-‬اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺧﻮف‬
‫‪83‬‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎز دارﻧﺪه‬
‫‪ Wet gas = No. inhibitor‬ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪ Wet gas = inhibitor fittings‬ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬
‫‪Dry gas‬‬
‫ﺑﺪون‬
‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
‫‪Inhibited‬‬
‫‪Uninhibited‬‬
‫ﮔﺎز ﺧﺸﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻠﻪ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ‪ Wet gas = inhibitor straight‬ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب‬
‫‪inhibited‬‬
‫‪straight‬‬
‫‪sections‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪Fittings‬‬
‫‪and points‬‬
‫‪impingement‬‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت و ﻧﻘﺎط‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪Velocity m/s‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺷﺪه ‪Normalized‬‬
‫‪Q7T‬‬
‫‪Fig. A.18-EXAMPLE OF CALCULATED EFFECT OF COMPOSITION‬‬
‫‪OF LOW ALLOY STEELS ON CO CORROSION RATES‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪ -18-‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ از ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪Fig.A.19‬‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎي‬
‫‪CO‬ﺧﻮف ‪/17/‬‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‪ 2‬ﮔﺎز‬
‫روي‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫‪Fig. A.19-EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON CORROSION IN KHUFF /17/‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺪه‪Dispersed flow‬‬
‫ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮج‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪاي‬
‫ﻟﺨﺘﻪاي‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻲ‬
‫‪Fig. A.20-FLOW PATTERN REGIONS ACCORDING TO BAKER, SHOWING THE TRANSITION‬‬
‫‪FROM ANNULAR TO MIST FLOW IN WET KHUFF GAS STREAMS‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‪-20-‬ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺬار از ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻪ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮ در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮف را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫‪84‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
APPENDIX B
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL
PLANTS
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﺎص در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ و واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬1-‫ب‬
B.1 Corrosives and Corrosion Problems
‫ ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه ﻫـﺎ و ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫در اداﻣﻪ‬
‫ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨـﺪ‬،‫آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــﺎت ﺧــﺎص ﻣــﻮاد در ﭘﺎﻻﻳــﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔــﺖ و واﺣــﺪﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
The following are the main corrosives and
corrosion problems in addition to those explained
in Appendix A which require special material
consideration in petroleum refineries and
petrochemical plants.
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﮔﻮﮔﺮد‬1-1-‫ب‬
B.1.1 Sulfur content
‫ ( ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد‬ 0/1 wt%) ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺣﺎوي ﮔﻮﮔﺮد آﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪه در‬.‫در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دﻣـﺎي‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ واﻗﻌﻲ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺑﻪ آن ﻧﻴﺎز داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ از ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
.‫ﻛﺮم – ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Organic sulfur-bearing fluids (  0.1 wt%) corrode
steel at high temperature. Based on accumulated
experience in actual plant design, Chromiummolybdenum steel is normally employed instead
of carbon-steel for the parts, where the operating
temperature requires it.
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬2-1-‫ب‬
B.1.2 Erosion
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺪي ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ در اﻃـﺮاف ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺎي‬
‫ و ﺟﺮﻳــﺎن ﭘــﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳــﺖ ﺧﻨــﻚ ﻛﻨﻨــﺪه ﻫــﺎي ﻫــﻮاﻳﻲ‬H.D.S.
‫ ﻣﻮاد و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎل‬.‫ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ آب ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬R.L Piehls ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روش‬
A serious erosion problem may arise around
H.D.S piping and effluent air coolers downstream
of the water injection point. Materials and fluid
velocity shall be determined by R.L. Piehls
Method.
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺘﻨﻴﻚ‬3-1-‫ب‬
B.1.3 Naphtenic acid
‫ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬0/5 mg KOH/g ‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان اﺳﻴﺪي ﺑـﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺟﺪي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮمﻛﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم را ﺑﺎ‬.‫و ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎي دوار را اﻳﺠﺎد ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( ﺟﺎﺑﺠـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ و‬260 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ )ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫داراي اﺳﻴﺪﻳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن اﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
.‫ را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬316
Crude oil with an acidic value exceeding 0.5 mg
KOH/g may pose serious corrosion problems for
heater tubes, piping and rotary machines.
Austenitic stainless steel of 316 grade shall be
selected for parts handling high-temperature (over
260°C) crude oil having high acidity.
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬4-1-‫ب‬
B.1.4 Hydrogen
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از‬.‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
NACE ‫ و‬API RP 941 ‫آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎپ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ اﻳــﻦ ﻣــﻮرد ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﺑــﺮاي‬.‫ اﻧﺠــﺎم ﺷــﻮد‬MR 0103
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳـﺖ دﻳﮕﻬـﺎي ﺑﺨـﺎر اﺗـﻼف ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
High temperature and pressure sections are
subject to hydrogen attack. Materials for such
services shall be selected using the curves in the
latest edition of API RP 941 and NACE MR 0103.
This shall also be considered for equipment
located downstream of the waste heat boiler.
‫ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬5-1-‫ب‬
B.1.5 Polythionic stress cracking
‫ ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻌـﺪ از‬304 ‫ﻓـﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎﻻ دﭼـﺎر‬/‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري و‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﭘﻠـﻲ ﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴـﻚ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬
Normal 304 stainless steel becomes subject to
polythionic stress corrosion cracking because it
sensitizes after welding and/or long term exposure
under high-temperature service. To avoid
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
sensitization, stabilized austenitic stainless steel
such as Type 321 or 347 may be selected.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪن ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳـﺘﻴﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬
.‫ را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬347 ‫ و‬321 ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺷﺪه از ﻧﻮع‬
‫ ﺗﺮدي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ‬6-1-‫ب‬
B.1.6 Caustic embrittlement by amine solution
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻤـﺎس ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل آﻣـﻴﻦ‬
‫ درﺟــﻪ‬90 ‫ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣــﺸﺮوط ﺑــﺮ اﻳــﻦ ﻛــﻪ دﻣــﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت از‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑـﺮاي ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗـﺮدي ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬
.‫ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Piping and equipment in direct contact by amine
solution shall be stress relieved to avoid caustic
embrittlement, provided that the operating
temperature exceeds 90°C.
‫ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻫﺎ‬7-1-‫ب‬
B.1.7 Salts
(1 lb/1000 bbls) ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﻧﻔـﺖ ﺧـﺎم ﺑـﻴﺶ از‬
If the salt concentration of the crude oil is over (1
lb/1000 bbls) of crude, consideration need to be
given, to the problem of chloride fouling and
corrosion caused by hydrochloric acid resulting
from the hydrolysis of MgCl2 and CaCl2 in
distillation tower, crude preheating exchangers, as
following:
‫ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺸﻜﻞ ﺟـﺮم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕـﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ و ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از اﺳـﻴﺪﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ آب‬
‫ ﻣﺒﺪلﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻛﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ و ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ در ﺑﺮج ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
:‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم‬
a) In cases where the salt concentration is
between 1-10 ptb, the corrosion prevention
measures shall be provided.
،‫ اﺳـﺖ‬1-10ptb ‫اﻟﻒ( در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
b) If the salt concentration is over 10 ptb a
desalter must be necessarily provided to
reduce it to under 1 ptb, or to reduce it to
around 1 ptb and then corrosion preventive
measures shall be provided.
‫ ﺿﺮورت‬،‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬10 ptb ‫ب( ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻚ زدا ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻳﻦ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺗـﺎ زﻳـﺮ‬
‫ ﺿــﺮوري اﺳــﺖ و ﺳــﭙﺲ‬1 ptb ‫ ﻳــﺎ ﺣــﺪود‬1ptb
.‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬8-1-‫ب‬
B.1.8 Condensate
‫ دﻣـﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت در‬،‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ آب و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮج ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﻣـﻮاد ﻛـﻢ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺗـﺮ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
To prevent condensation of water and corrosion,
the operating temperature at top section of the
atmospheric distillation tower is raised. Therefore,
namely, more economical materials can be used
here.
‫ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬9-1-‫ب‬
B.1.9 High temperature
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫـﺎ دﻣـــﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ و ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣـﻮاد‬، ‫رﻳﻔﻮرﻣﺮ ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﻛﻮره رﻳﻔﻮرﻣﺮ‬
.‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬،‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ‬،‫ﮔﺮان ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‬
Regarding material selection for high temperature
piping and reformer tubes used in reforming
furnace, selection shall be made with
consideration given to economic because of very
expensive materials used.
CO2 ‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬10-1-‫ب‬
B.1.10 CO2 corrosion
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺮﻃﻮب رﻳﻔﻮرﻣﺮ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻي‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد)ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺖ اﻟـﻒ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌـﻪ ﺷـﻮد( در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬40
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻧﺪارد‬
Carbon steel has no corrosion resistance in wet
reforming gas services at the temperatures above
40°C (see Appendix A).
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Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ‬11-1-‫ب‬
B.1.11 Amine solution
‫ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬.‫از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺲ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــــﺎي ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل آﻣﻴﻦ ﻏﻨــﻲ در واﺣﺪﻫــﺎي ﻫﻴــﺪروژن و‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ‬CO2 ‫واﺣﺪﻫــﺎي ﮔـﺎز ﺷﻬﺮي ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـــﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
F.C.C. ‫ ﺑــﺎﻻﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮده و در ﻣﻮرد واﺣـــﺪﻫــﺎي‬،‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
CO2 + H2S (H2S/(CO2 + H2S) = 0.01) ‫ﺟﺎﻳــﻲ ﻛـــﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ اﺳﺖ و در ﻣﻮرد واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﮔﺮد زداﻳﻲ‬، ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬H2S ‫ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬
‫ اﺻﻼح ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و‬،‫ ﻛﻤﻚ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬،‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬/‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ رﻗﻴﻖ‬
.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺮي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
The use of copper and copper alloys shall be
avoided. The corrosiveness of rich amine solution
is the highest in the case of hydrogen units and
town gas units where only CO2 is handled, and
moderate in the case of F.C.C units where CO2 +
H2S (H2S/(CO2 + H2S) = 0.01) is handled and
lowest in the case of hydrodesulphurization,
where only H2S is handled. Equipment which
undergo maximum corrosion are Lean/Rich heat
exchangers, regenerator, reboiler, reclaimer and
overhead condenser.
(‫ )ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬H2S 12-1-‫ب‬
B.1.12 H2S
‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت و اﺟﺰاء در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴـﺪروژن ﻣﺮﻃـﻮب‬
‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـﺎ آﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﭼـﺎپ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬7-17 -‫)ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻒ‬
5-‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪ ب‬NACE MR 01-75/ISO 15156
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Parts and components to come in contact with wet
hydrogen sulfide shall be provided with sulfide
stress corrosion cracking prevention measures
(Fig.A.17.7) in accordance with NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156, latest edition. (see B.5)
(‫ )اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬H2SO4 13-1-‫ب‬
B.1.13 H2SO4
Sulfuric acid in concentrations above 85% by
weight is usually not corrosive to carbon steel if
temperatures are below 40°C. Cold-worked metal
(usually bends) shall be stress relieved. Flow
velocities above 1.2 m/s can destroy protective
iron sulfate film. Also localized attack
immediately downstream of piping welds has
been attributed to a spherodized structure; a
normalizing postweld heat treatment at 870°C is
required to minimize corrosion. All valves and
pumps require corrosion resistance internals or
trim. In addition to sulfuric acid, reactor effluent
contains traces of alkyl and dialkyl sulfates from
secondary alkylation reaction. These esters
decompose in reboilers to form sulfur dioxide and
polymeric compounds and finally sulfurous acids
which can cause severe corrosion in overhead
condensers (particularly deisobutanizer tower).
‫ درﺻـﺪ وزﻧـﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ‬85 ‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه ﻓـﻮﻻد‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬40 ‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎ زﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه )ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺧـﻢﻫـﺎ( ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗـﻨﺶ‬.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
-‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ‬1/2 ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از‬.‫زداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت آﻫﻦ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ درﺳﺖ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺟﻮش ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
‫ﻛﺮوي ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳـﺎﻧﺪن‬
870 ‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮش در دﻣﺎي‬
‫ ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬.‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺑﺮﮔـﺮدد‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪﻫﺎ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﺒﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺧﺮوﺟـﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﺳﻴﺪﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼح ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫راﻛﺘﻮر داراي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻞ و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت دي اﻟﻜﻴﻞ از‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎ در ﺑﺎزﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪه‬.‫واﻛﻨﺶ اﻟﻜﻴﻼﺳﻴﻮن ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ دي اﻛـﺴﻴﺪﮔﻮﮔﺮد و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﭘﻠﻴﻤـﺮي و در‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﮔﺮدي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ در ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ ﺷـﻮد )ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑـﺮج‬
.(‫دي – اﻳﺰوﺑﻮﺗﺎﻧﺎﻳﺰر‬
Neutralizers or filming amine corrosion inhibitors
can be injected into the overhead vapor lines of
various towers to prevent corrosion.
‫ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻻﻳﻪ آﻣﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺮج ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺗﺰرﻳـﻖ ﺷـﺪه ﺗـﺎ از‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬14-1-‫ب‬
B.1.14 Hydrogen fluoride
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮرﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
.‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﺑﻮده ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات را ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑـﺎ رﻗﻴـﻖ ﺷـﺪن ﻳـﺎ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ دﻳﮕـﺮ‬،‫ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل‬
‫ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺎول ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ ﻓـﻮﻻد‬،‫ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨ ـﻲ و ﺗــﺮك ﺗﻨــﺸﻲ ﭘــﻴﭻ ﻫــﺎي ﺳــﺨﺖ ﺷــﺪه را ﺑﻮﺟــﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﻲ آورﻳﺪ‬
،‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛـﻪ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎل دارد ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در آﻧﺠـﺎ رخ دﻫـﺪ‬
،‫ ﺑﺮج ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﭘﺮوﭘـﺎن‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻒ ﺑﺮجﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ اﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎزﺟﻮﺷـﺎﻧﻨﺪه ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨـﺪه‬،‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ اﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺮج ﻫـﺎ‬
.‫ﭘﺮوﭘﺎن و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺮج ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
In general, hydrofluoric acid is less corrosive than
hydrochloric acid because it passivate most
metals. However if these films are destroyed by
dilution or else, sever corrosion in the form of
hydrogen blistering of carbon steel and stress
cracking of hardened bolts will occur.
Specific areas where corrosion is likely to occur
include the bottom of the acid rerun tower,
depropanizer towers, the overhead condensers of
these towers, the reboiler of the propane stripper
and piping around the acid rerun tower.
By proper design practices to keep the feed stocks
dry, and prescribed maintenance procedures to
keep the equipment dry during shutdowns, there
will be few corrosion problems by this catalyst.
‫ ﺧــﺸﻚ‬،‫ﺑــﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫــﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣــﻲ ﺻــﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻮراﻛﻬــﺎي ذﺧﻴــﺮه‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و دﺳـﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
،‫ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻗـﻒ‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ را ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
‫ اﺳﻴﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬15-1-‫ب‬
B.1.15 Acetic acid
‫در واﺣﺪﻫـــﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳـﻴﺪ اﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺣﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻳﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫دﻫﻢ درﺻﺪ آب در اﺳﻴﺪ اﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ روي‬
.‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺳﻴﺪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﺪ و ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬،‫دﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬،‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻔﺮه و ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻮاد اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻮا ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﻣﻴـﺰان‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ درﺟــﻪ‬90 ‫ را ﺑـﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫــﺎي زﻳـﺮ‬304 ‫ﻓـﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ ﻧــﺰن ﻧـﻮع‬
‫ را ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي اﺳﻴﺪاﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬317 ‫ و‬316 ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد و ﻧﻮع‬
.‫ﮔﺮم ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬
Corrosion by acetic acid can be a problem in
petrochemical process units. As a rule even tenth
of a percent of water in acetic acid can have a
significant influence on corrosion rate of this acid.
Temperature increases the corrosion rate, bromide
and chloride contamination causes pitting and
S.C.C, while addition of oxidizing agents,
including air, can reduce corrosion rate.
Type 304 stainless steel can be use for
temperatures below 90°C and Type 316 and 317
for hot acetic acid applications.
‫ آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك‬16-1-‫ب‬
B.1.16 Ammonia
‫آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ دو ﻧﻮع ﺗـﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از‬
‫ اول ﺗﺮك ﺧـﻮردن ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ در‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧـﻮع دوم ﺗـﺮك ﺧـﻮردن‬،‫ﺳﺮوﻳﺲ آﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎك ﺑـﺪون آب اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ اﻧﺠﺎم‬،‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﻢ‬.‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻬﺎ و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺗـﺐ ﻛﺎرﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗـﺮك ﺧـﻮردن دﺳـﺘﻪﻫـﺎي‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮك را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﻲ رﺳـﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮب آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻲ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺳـﺎزي ﭘـﺲ‬
.‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪ آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك ﺑﺎ اﺳﻴﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
Ammonia cause two types of S.C.C in
petrochemical plants. The first is cracking of
carbon steel in anhydrous ammonia service, and
the second type is cracking of copper alloys. Use
of low strength steels, postweld heat treatment of
welds and regular inspection are some actions to
be taken to minimize cracking. Cracking of
copper alloys tube bundles during shut downs
should be prevented by neutralizing the residual
ammonia by acid.
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B.1.17 Fuel ash
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬17-1-‫ب‬
Corrosion by fuel ash deposits can be one of the
most serious operating problems with boiler and
preheat furnaces.
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ از‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺪي دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻛﻮره ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
All fuels except natural gas contain certain
inorganic contaminants that leave the furnace with
products of combustion. In particular, vanadium
pentoxide vapor (V2O5) reacts with sodium sulfate
(Na2SO4) to form sodiumvanadate (Na2O .
6V2O5). This compound will react with steel,
forming a molten slag that runs off and exposes
fresh metal to attack.
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ داراي ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫آﻻﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﺣﺘﺮاق از ﻛﻮره‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﭘﻨﺘﻮاﻛﺴﻴﺪ واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ‬،‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎص‬.‫ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ( واﻛﻨﺶ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬Na2SO4) ‫( ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬V2O5)
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ ( ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬Na2O . 6V2O5) ‫ﺳﺪﻳﻢ واﻧﺎدات‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﺑﺎره ﻣﺬاب ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد واﻛﻨﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
.‫ﻛﻪ از ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻪ و ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد‬
In general, alloys with high chromium and nickel
contents provide the best resistance to this type of
attack. Also additions of magnesium type
compound raise the melting points of fuel ash
deposits and prevent the formation of highly
corrosive films. These additives also offer
additional benefits with regard to cold-end
corrosion in boilers by condensation (150-170°C)
of sulfuric acid produced by sulfur content of fuel,
by forming magnesium sulfate.
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮم و ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ را در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻓﺰودن ﻧﻮع ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت‬.‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ ﻧﻘﺎط ذوب رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده و از‬
.‫ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﺑــﻪ ﺷــﺪت ﺧﻮرﻧــﺪه ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣــﻲﻛﻨــﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ اﻓﺰودﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
-170) ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺮد در دﻳﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد( اﺳـﻴﺪ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻮر ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺷـﺪه از ﮔـﻮﻛﺮد‬150
.‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬، ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺰم‬18-1-‫ب‬
B.1.18 Micro organism
‫( در‬S.R.B.) ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي اﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت‬
‫ ﺧـﺼﻮﺻﺎً در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﻮن‬،‫ ﻟﻮپﻫﺎي آب آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫اﻳﺴﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﻇﺮوف و در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻳـﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ آب وﺟﻮد دارد‬
The corrosion action of the sulfate reducing
bacteria (S.R.B) is well known in oil industries,
especially in cooling water systems, fire water
loops, after hydrotesting of tanks & vessels and in
mothballed or water flooded systems.
B.2 Special Material
Refinery’s Equipment
Requirements
for
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎص ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬2-‫ب‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬1-2-‫ب‬
B.2.1 Austenitic stainless steel
‫ در‬.‫از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده را ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻣﻮردي ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳـﻚ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣـﺎده اي ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑـﻞ اﺟﺘﻨـﺎب‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﺧﻄﺮﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ درون داﻧﻪ اي وﺟﻮد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪاﻳﻨﻜﻮﻟﻮي ﻫﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﻓـﻮﻻد زﻧـﮓ‬،‫دارد‬
The use of austenitic stainless steel shall be kept
to a minimum. When the use of such a material
cannot be avoided and where there is danger of
transgranular stress corrosion cracking, the use of
higher alloy materials such as stabilized Incoloys
or ferritic stainless steel such as Type 444 (18 Cr2 Mo) shall be considered.
‫( ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬18 Cr-2 Mo) 444 ‫ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺷﺪه ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧـﻮع‬
.‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬2-2-‫ب‬
B.2.2 Parts to be welded
‫ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ورقﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن ﻫـﻮا ﻳـﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺪون ﻛﻒ و ﻛﻨﺎره‬،‫ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
For parts to be welded, including tank plates and
structural steel, no bottom or side, air or enriched
air-blown converter steels shall be used. Oxygen89
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
blown converter steel may be used only below the
creep temperature range.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻣﺎس ﻏﻨﻲ از ﻫﻮاي دﻣﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺗﻮﻣﺎس دﻣﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑـﺎ اﻛـﺴﻴﮋن ﻓﻘـﻂ زﻳﺮداﻣﻨـﻪ دﻣـﺎي‬
.‫ﺧﺰش اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺲ‬3-2-‫ب‬
B.2.3 Copper base alloy
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺲ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺎس ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
،‫ﻛﻪ در آن آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎي ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ وﺟـﻮد دارد‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The use of copper base alloys in direct contact
streams in which ammonia acetylene or its
homologues may be present is prohibited.
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬4-2-‫ب‬
B.2.4 Carbon content
Carbon content and a carbon equivalent, based on
C+Mn/6 for any plain carbon or carbon
manganese steel that is to be joined by welding,
shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.41%, respectively.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻫـﺮ ﻓـﻮﻻد‬C+Mn/6 ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰدار ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻬﻢ وﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/41 ‫ و‬0/25 ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ از‬
In cases where the above requirements are not
met, welding procedure qualification tests in
accordance with applicable codes shall be
performed, and welding procedures for the
portions to be subjected to the tests shall be
submitted for agreement separately.
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻛﻴﻔـﻲ روش‬،‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻓﻮق اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﻮد‬
‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﻮد و‬
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﻛـﻪ در ﻣﻌـﺮض‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اراﺋﻪ‬،‫آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬5-2-‫ب‬
B.2.5 Ferritic stainless steel
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺮ‬
:‫در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
The use of ferritic stainless steel shall be
considered on the basis of the following
characteristics:
‫( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬1
1) Weldability
(‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬885)‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬474 ‫( ﺗﺮدي در‬2
2) 474°C (885°F) embrittlement
‫( ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮه اي‬3
3) Pitting corrosion
‫( ﺗﺮدي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬4
4) Caustic Embrittlement
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺧﺎص‬3-‫ب‬
B.3 Special Equipment Requirements
،‫ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺒـﺪل ﻫـــﺎ‬1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1 Pressure vessels (including exchanger
shells, channels, etc.)
(‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﻫﺎ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
B.3.1.1 Low temperature vessels
‫ ﻇﺮوف دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬1-1-3-‫ب‬
When pressure vessels are subjected to low
temperatures, i.e. below 0°C, materials and
fabrication practices, e.g. postweld heat treatment,
shall be selected to minimize the risk of brittle
fracture. Requirements for material selection
depending upon the minimum design temperature.
However,
where
this
minimum design
temperature is not a normal continuous operating
condition, for example, if it arises as a result of
auto refrigeration due to rapid depressurization,
the full range of temperatures and coincident
pressures shall be evaluated in order to determine
the appropriate conditions for material selection.
‫ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ زﻳـﺮ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣـﻮاد و روشﻫــﺎي‬،‫ﺻـﻔﺮ درﺟــﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻗــﺮار ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧــﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬،‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮش ﻛـﺎري‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮدي را ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣـﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ دارد‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل در ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣـﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﺮط‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮع‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺪاوم ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ داﻣﻨـﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻞ دﻣﺎﻫﺎ و ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﻫﻢزﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
90
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را ﺗﺎ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮل ﺑـﻮدن ﺑـﺮاي‬
‫ در ﺻـﻮرﺗﻲ‬،‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣـﺎل‬.‫ﻇﺮوف ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﻪ دﻻﻳﻞ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي ﻧﻴـﺎز‬
‫ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺰام ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬،‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺟﻮاﺑﮕﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The use of post-weld heat treatment can extend
the use of carbon steel to temperatures lower than
would be acceptable for as-welded vessels.
However, unless post-weld heat treatment is
required for process reasons, it should be specified
only when the requirement cannot be met by using
carbon steel in the as-welded condition.
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2 Corrosion resistance
Carbon steel should normally be selected for
pressure vessels, and an appropriate corrosion
allowance applied where total corrosion is not
expected to exceed 6 mm over the design life of
the vessel.
‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻧﻤﻲ رود ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻓـﻮﻻد‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬6 ‫از‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز ﺟﺒـﺮان‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Where the corrosion rate is predicted to exceed 6
mm over the design life, the various alternatives
shall be evaluated. These alternatives may
include, but should not be limited to, the
following:
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ‬6 ‫ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫در ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣـﺎ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳـﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﺸﻮد‬
12 ‫ ﻫـﺮ‬،‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺜـﺎل‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻣـﺎﻧﻲ‬
a) Replacement at intervals, e.g. every 12
years,
‫ﺳﺎل‬
b) Increased corrosion allowance,
‫ب ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ج ( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
c) Corrosion resistant internal linings,
‫د ( ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
d) Alternative solid corrosion resistant
material.
Where pressure vessels are relatively thin in the
absence of any corrosion allowance, the use of
solid corrosion resistant alloys such as stainless
steel and nickel based alloys may be more suitable
than corrosion allowances or the use of internal
cladding. However, for thicker vessels it is likely
that internal corrosion resistant alloy cladding will
provide the most economic solution. In certain
circumstances, the use of coal tar epoxy, glass
flake reinforced resins or other nonmetallic
coatings may be appropriate. Followings should
be considered where there is a choice between
clad or lining and solid corrosion resistance
material;
‫در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻧﺒﻮد ﻫﺮ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي ﺻـﻠﺐ‬،‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻧﺎزك ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗـﺮ از ﺑﻜـﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻇﺮوف‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎل‬.‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ روﻛﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل دارد ﻛﻪ روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﻓﻠﺰي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑـﺎ آﻟﻴـﺎژ‬،‫ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺗﺮ‬
‫ در‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ راه ﺣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻬﺘـﺮي را ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ ﻛﻨـﺪ‬
‫ رﻧﮕﻬــﺎي ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از اﭘﻮﻛــﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﺘــﺎر‬،‫ﺷــﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧــﺎص‬
‫ﭘﻮﻟﻜﻬــﺎي ﺷﻴــﺸﻪ اي ﻳــﺎ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﻫــﺎي ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠــﺰي‬
‫ در ﺟﺎﻫﺎﺋﻴﻜـﻪ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺑـﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻜﺎت زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
B.3.1.2.1 The alloy material of vessel shells and
heads required for corrosion resistance may be
provided as alloy clad plate or as alloy cladding
provided that the backing material of the clad
plate is suitably resistant to the other conditions of
the designated service.
‫ ﻣﺎده آﻟﻴﺎژي ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎ و ﻛﻠﮕـﻲ ﻇـﺮوف ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬1-2-1-3-‫ب‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز دارد را ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮان از ورق روﻛـﺶ‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻛـﺮد ﺑـﺸﺮﻃﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﺎده‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻳﺎ روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
‫ﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ورق روﻛﺶ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﻴﻦ ورق آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻳﺎ ورق روﻛﺶ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬2-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2.2 The choice between alloy plate or alloy
clad plate shall be made and be based on
economic considerations. However, when
austenitic stainless steel is the material required
for corrosion resistance, alloy cladding should be
used.
،‫ در ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎل‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻧﺠـﺎم ﺷـﻮد‬
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳـﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﻛـﺶ آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺗﻮﺻﻴـــﻪ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠـﻲ ورق آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺑﺠـﺎي‬3-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2.3 The use of alloy sheet lining, instead of
cladding or deposit lining for vessel shells and
heads shall be subjected to separate approval and
shall be considered only for localized areas where
the use of lining may be desirable from an
economic standpoint.
‫روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ و ﻛﻠﮕـﻲ‬
‫ﻇﺮوف ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
. ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻳﺪه آل ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎ و ﻛﻠﮕـﻲ ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ روﻛـﺶ‬4-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2.4 For heavy shells and heads, alloy
deposit lining may be used in lieu of cladding.
The automatic strip-arc deposit welding process is
acceptable. In all overlay weld metal the ferrite
content shall be between 4 to 5%.
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ رﺳﻮب آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺎي روﻛـﺶ‬
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري رﺳـﻮﺑﻲ ﻗـﻮس ﻧـﻮاري‬.‫ﻛﺎري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ در ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬.‫ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬5 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬4 ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬5-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2.5 Where the anticipated erosion-corrosion
rates on carbon steel wear plates exceed 1.5 mm
per year, alloy steel wear plates shall be employed
to prevent this corrosion rate being exceeded.
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ روي ورقﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ ﻓـﻮﻻد آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﻣﻘـﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬1/5 ‫از‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ از اﻳﻦ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧـﺮخ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﭼﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ در ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬6-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.1.2.6 Cast iron pressure-retaining parts shall
not be used in process fluid services, but may be
used in fresh cooling water services for heat
exchanger channels and cover sections.
‫ اﻣـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ در آب ﺗـﺎزه‬،‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻧﺎلﻫــﺎ و ﺳﺮﭘﻮش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺪل‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
B.3.1.2.7 Strip cladded plate shall not be used if
post-weld heat treatment is required.
،‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬7-2-1-3-‫ب‬
B.3.2 Storage tanks (See IPS-M-ME-130)
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌـﻪ‬IPS-M-ME-130 ‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه )ﺑﻪ‬2-3-‫ب‬
.‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از ورق روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
(‫ﺷﻮد‬
B.3.2.1 The decision on steel used for storage
tanks shall be made from an economic viewpoint,
between either normal or high tensile steel,
however the yield strength of the plate, weld
metal and heat-affected zone shall be 60 kg/mm²
maximum.
‫ در ﺑﺎره ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﻜﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬1-2-3-‫ب‬
B.3.2.2 Steels containing deliberately added
chromium, nickel or molybdenum shall not
normally be used for tankage.
،‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺣـﺴﺎب ﺷـﺪه داراي ﻛـﺮم‬2-2-3-‫ب‬
‫از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل ﺣـﺪاﻛﺜﺮ اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﻮد‬
60kg/mm² ‫ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺟﻮش و ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺣﺮارت دﻳﺪه ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ورق‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺨـﺰن‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
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B.3.2.3 Austenitic stainless steels shall not be
used for swing arm cables.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎي‬3-2-3-‫ب‬
B.3.2.4 Care should be exercised when selecting
high strength steels for fluids containing hydrogen
sulfide becomes of the potential for sulfide
cracking. As a minimum, the hardness of the
welds should meet NACE standard RP 04 72.
(Latest edition)
‫ در زﻣﺎن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑـﺮاي‬4-2-3-‫ب‬
.‫ﺑﺎزوي ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺑﻮده و ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗـﺮك‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ‬.‫ دﻗﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷــﻮد‬،‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪي ﻫﺴﺘــﻨﺪ‬
NACE RP 04 72 ‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺟﻮشﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫)آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎپ( ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ دﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻴﻮب ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3 Heat exchanger tube bundles
‫ ﻣــﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺑﻲ ﺑــﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬــﺎي ﻣﺒــﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗــﻲ و‬1-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.1 Materials for heat exchanger tubes and
tube sheets shall be selected for resistance against
both shell and tube side fluids.
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﺗﻴﻮب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ دو ﺳﻴﺎل ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺪﻧـﻪ‬
.‫و ﺗﻴﻮب ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در دو ﻃﺮف ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪام از ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬
.‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﺗﻴﻮب ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
Allowances for corrosion shall be made on both
sides of single tube sheets.
B.3.3.2 For water-cooled heat exchangers, the
following considerations should be made.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺪلﻫــﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛــــﻪ ﺑــﺎ آب ﺳـﺮد‬2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.1 Sea-water-cooled heat exchanger
.‫ ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ آب درﻳﺎ ﺳﺮد ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.1.1 For heat exchangers on seawater duty
where long life is required, titanium may be used.
Alternatively, Cu/Ni alloys may be selected
provided that the fluid velocities are kept within
the range specified in specifications.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺪلﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ آب درﻳﺎ ﻛـﺎر‬1-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.1.2 Normally, seawater is permitted only
on the tube-side of a heat exchanger. On some
high pressure gas coolers, however, this is not
possible because of the risk of tubes collapsing
under external pressure. In such cases titanium
tubes and shell are necessary to allow seawater to
be used on the shell-side.
‫ آب درﻳﺎ ﻓﻘـﻂ داﺧـﻞ ﺗﻴـﻮب ﻳـﻚ‬،ً‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬2-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
.‫ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜـﻞ را‬/‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬.‫ﺗﻴﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻫﻢ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻛﺮد ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﻴﺎل در ﺣـﺪود‬
.‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﻣﺘﻼﺷـﻲ ﺷـﺪن‬.‫ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﺠـﺎز اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺳـﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫـﺎي ﮔـﺎزي‬
‫ در ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻄﻲ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ اﻣﻜـﺎن وﺟـﻮد ﻧـﺪارد‬،‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ و ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آب درﻳﺎ ﻻزم ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺘﻮان آب درﻳﺎ را در داﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮد‬
B.3.3.2.1.3 Where the materials of interconnecting
seawater piping and the mating surfaces of the
heat exchanger are dissimilar, rubber lined
couplings will be required if galvanic corrosion
would otherwise occur. This is particularly
important in the case of titanium and Cu/Ni
dissimilar metal joints. An alternative solution
which may be considered is the use of sacrificial
spool pieces of austenitic spheroidal graphitic cast
iron between the titanium and Cu/Ni components.
‫ ﺟــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻣــﻮاد ﻣﺤﻠﻬــﺎي اﺗــﺼﺎل‬3-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.1.4 Titanium plate exchangers should be
used in closed circuit systems where treated fresh
‫ ﺗﻮﺻــﻴﻪ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮد ﻣﺒــﺪلﻫــﺎي ﺻــﻔﺤﻪ اي‬4-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي آب درﻳﺎ و ﺳﻄﻮح در ﺗﻤـﺎس ﻣﺒـﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻴـﺎز اﺳـﺖ در‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳــﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜـﻞ ﻣﻬـﻢ‬/‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم و اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﺲ‬
،‫ ﻳﻚ راه ﺣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴـﺮد‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت اﺳﭙﻮل ﻓﺪاﺷﻮﻧﺪه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﭼﺪن ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﺮوي‬
.‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬/‫آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم و اﺟﺰاء ﻣﺲ‬
‫ ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ آب ﺗـﺎزه‬،‫ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺪارﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬
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water is exchanged with seawater.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ آب درﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
B.3.3.2.1.5 Whether tubes shall be either inhibited
aluminum brass or aluminum bronze, tube sheets
shall be of the same material as tubes.
‫ ﻫــﺮ ﮔــﺎه ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ از ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬــﺎي ﺑــﺮﻧﺞ‬5-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.1.6 Where corrosion of copper base alloys
by sulphides in the hydrocarbon stream are
excessive, consideration shall be given to either
providing a greater corrosion allowance than
normal or to the use of materials such as nickel
based alloys (such as Monel, incoloy 801),
aluminum alloys (such as Alclad), and titanium
alloys.
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬6-1-2-3-3-‫ب‬
،‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺮﻧـﺰ آﻟـﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺑـﺎزداري ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﻮد‬
.‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﺗﻴﻮب ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﻫﺎ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪاﺗﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز ﺟﺒـﺮان ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮي‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﺎدي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ از ﻣـﻮادي ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي‬،(801 ‫ اﻳﻨﻜﻠـﻮي‬،‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي ﺗﻴﺘــﺎﻧﻴﻮم‬،(‫آﻟــﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ روﻛــﺶ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴــﻮم‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
B.3.3.2.2 Fresh-water-cooled heat exchanger
.‫ ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ آب ﺗﺎزه ﺳﺮد ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬2-2-3-3-‫ب‬
Carbon steel tubes may be used only where the
water has a low dissolved solid content and where
a water recirculation system is employed.
‫ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان در ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ آب داراي‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬،‫اﻣﻼح ﻛﻢ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ آب اﺳﺖ‬
B.3.3.2.3 Copper-based alloys subject to stress
corrosion cracking in hydrocarbon streams
containing free ammonia (with pH exceeding 7.2
even for short periods) shall not be employed in
heat exchangers. Cu-Ni (70-30) alloy may be
considered satisfactory for such applications.
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺲ را ﻛـﻪ در ﻣﻌـﺮض ﺗـﺮك‬3-2-3-3-‫ب‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ در ﺟﺮﻳـﺎنﻫـﺎي ﻫﻴـﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ داراي‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎي‬7/2 ‫ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬pH ‫آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك آزاد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺑﺎ‬
– ‫ آﻟﻴـﺎژ ﻣـﺲ‬.‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎه( ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺒﺪلﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻜـﺎر ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ‬
‫( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ﻳـﻚ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬70-30) ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
.‫رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
/‫ ﺑـــﺮاي ﻣﺒـــﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗـــﻲ ﻫﻴـــﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬4-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.4 For hydrocarbon/hydrocarbon heat
exchangers, where one or both hydrocarbon
streams have a high H2S content, consideration
should be given to the use of double dipaluminized material for the material in contact
with liquids in order to prevent corrosion due to
sulphide scale fouling.
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﺟﺮﻳـﺎن ﻫﻴـﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ داراي‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دو ﺑﺎر آﺑﻜﺎري ﻣـﺎده آﻟـﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬H2S
‫ﺑــﻪ روش ﻏﻮﻃــﻪور ﺑــﺮاي ﻣــﺎده اي ﻛــﻪ در ﺗﻤــﺎس ﺑــﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻌــﺎت‬
‫ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﺟــﺮم‬
.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ رﺳﻮب ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
B.3.3.2.5 Unstabilized austenitic stainless steel
shall not be used for U-tubes. Low carbon
unstabilized stainless steels such as Type 304L or
Type 316L are acceptable for U-tubes.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ‬5-2-3-3-‫ب‬
B.3.3.2.6 Normally air-cooled heat exchanger
tubes shall be carbon steel. For corrosive or heavy
fouling services, the application of internal
coatings will be considered, if required.
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﺒـﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﻮا‬6-2-3-3-‫ب‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﻛـﻢ‬.‫ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬U ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي‬316 L ‫ ﻳــﺎ ﻧﻮع‬304L ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻮع‬
.‫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬U
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻮرﻧـﺪه‬.‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻜـﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻮﺷـﺶﻫـﺎي‬،‫ در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﺎز‬،‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺮم ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه‬
.‫داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﻮره ﻫﺎ‬4-3-‫ب‬
B.3.4 Furnaces
‫ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﻛﻮره ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ اﻗﺘـﺼﺎدي‬1-4-3-‫ب‬
B.3.4.1 Material for furnace tubes shall be
selected from an economic viewpoint. However,
high temperature strength, corrosion resistance
،‫ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم در دﻣـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ‬،‫ در ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎل‬.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
and scaling resistance factors must be satisfied.
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫رﺿﺎﻳﺘﺒﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
B.3.4.2 Regarding furnace tube wall thickness,
material selection and calculation shall be based
on 100,000 hours operation in accordance with
API STD 530 .
‫ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره ﺗﻴﻮب ﻛـﻮره‬2-4-3-‫ب‬
B.3.4.3 Corrosion rates in excess of 0.5 mm per
year are not normally acceptable. The design
corrosion rate of furnace tubes shall be
determined on the basis of available information
from corrosion experience in similar applications.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﺳـﺎل‬0/5 ‫ ﻧﺮﺧﻬﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬3-4-3-‫ب‬
In the absence of any suitable information, a
minimum corrosion allowance of 3.2 mm shall be
provided for furnace tubing in hydrocarbon
services, and 1.6 mm in steam services.
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎزﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬،‫در ﻧﺒﻮد ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﻛﻮره در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻫﻴـﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ و‬3/2
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬1/6
B.3.4.4 Material selected for furnace tubes and
other parts of furnace coils exposed to firebox
conditions shall be such that free scaling
temperatures will not be exceeded under normal
operation.
‫ ﻣﻮاد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎي ﻛـﻮره و ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬4-4-3-‫ب‬
B.3.4.5 The composition, and physical and
mechanical properties of materials for headers and
return bends, irrespective of whether they are cast
or wrought, rolled or welded in, shall be
compatible with those tubes to which they will be
connected and shall be of a weldable quality. The
use of cast alloy steel parts shall require approval.
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺑـﺮاي‬5-4-3-‫ب‬
‫ ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮداري‬100000 ‫ﻣﺎده و ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API STD 530 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎي‬.‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﻋﺎدي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻮره ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد از ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴـﺎت ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
،‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﻳﻞﻫﺎي ﻛﻮره ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺷﻌﻠﻪ آﺗﺶ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻋﺎري از ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ رﺳﻮب آﻧﻬﺎ از‬
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻼف اﻳﻦ ﻛـﻪ آﻧﻬـﺎ از ﻧـﻮع‬،‫ﭼﻨﺪ راﻫﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺧﻢﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ ﻧـﻮرد ﻳـﺎ ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري ﺷـﺪه ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﻛﺎرﺷﺪه‬،‫رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
-‫ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري داﺷﺘﻪ و از ﻧﻮع ﺟـﻮش‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﻮﻻد آﻟﻴﺎژي رﻳﺨﺘﮕـﻲ ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺠﻮز دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬــﺎي ﻓــﻮﻻد‬،‫ ﺑــﺮاي واﺣــﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﺑﺨــﺎر‬6-4-3-‫ب‬
B.3.4.6 Carbon steel tubes for steam generating
units shall be seamless.
.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون درز ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-PI-140 ‫ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪﻛــﺸﻲ )ﺑــﻪ اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5 Piping (See IPS-E-PI-140)
(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
B.3.5.1 Materials for piping shall be selected from
an economic viewpoint, however the strength
based on the pressure-temperature rating against
corrosion resistance shall be satisfied.
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬1-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.2 Where high alloy or non-ferrous material
is employed, special consideration shall be given
to decide the economical limits of the pipe size for
which a clad or solid design is to be adopted.
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻠﻮص زﻳﺎد ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨـﻲ‬2-5-3-‫ب‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺎ – ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬،‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ رﺿﺎﻳﺘﺒﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺤـﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫـﺎي اﻗﺘـﺼﺎدي‬،‫ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي آن ﻳﻚ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠـﺰي ﻳـﺎ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﻳﻜـﺴﺎن‬
.‫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎص ﻣﺒﺬول ﮔﺮدد‬،‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬3-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.3 Low-temperature piping
‫در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟـﻪﻛـﺸﻲ ﺑـﺎ دﻣﺎﻫـﺎي ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ روﺑـﺮو‬
‫ ﻣـﻮاد و ﺷـﻴﻮه ﻫـﺎي‬،‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ زﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬،‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
Where piping systems are subjected to low
temperatures, i.e. below 0°C, materials and
fabrication practices, e.g. postweld heat treatment,
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shall be selected to minimize the risk of brittle
fracture. However, where this minimum design
temperature is not a normal continuous operating
condition, e.g. if it arises as a result of auto
refrigeration due to rapid depressurization, the full
range of temperatures and coincident pressures
shall be evaluated in order to determine the
appropriate conditions for material selection.
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮش ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ در‬،‫ ﺑﻬـﺮ ﺣـﺎل‬.‫ﺗﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ را ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ در ﻳﻚ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑـﺮداري‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﺳـﺮﻣﺎي‬،‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﺎدي ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ داﻣﻨـﻪ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬،‫ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر دﻣﺎ در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﺸﺎر اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ آن ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
The use of post-weld heat treatment can extend
the use of carbon steel to temperatures lower than
would be acceptable for as-welded pipework.
However, unless post-weld heat treatment is
required for process reasons, it should be specified
only where the requirement cannot be met by
using carbon steel in the as-welded condition.
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻد‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را ﺑﺮاي دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻗﺒـﻮل ﺑـﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻛـﺸﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﮕـﺮ اﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺑـﻪ دﻻﻳـﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣـﺎل‬.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷـﺪه ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ داد‬
‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﻮش ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬4-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.4 Corrosion resistance piping
‫در ﺟﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎده اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ اﺳـﺖ و‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ ﻣﺘﺠـﺎوز از‬6 ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻧﻤﻲرود ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻳـﻚ ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز ﺟﺒـﺮان‬،‫ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪﻛـﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
6 ‫در ﺻــﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻧــﺮخ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ ﭘــﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨــﻲ ﺷــﺪه ﺑــﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻮارد زﻳـﺮ‬.‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Where carbon steel is the selected material for
piping, and the total corrosion is not expected to
exceed 6 mm over the design life of the piping, an
appropriate corrosion allowance shall be applied.
Where the corrosion rate is predicated to exceed 6
mm over the design life, the various alternatives
shall be evaluated. These alternatives may
include, but should not be limited to, the
following:
a) Replacement at intervals, e.g. every 10
years,
.‫ ﺳﺎل‬10 ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺮ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
b) Increased corrosion allowance,
،‫ب ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
c) Application of internal corrosion resistant
cladding,
d)
Alternative
material,
solid
corrosion
،‫ج ( ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي روﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
resistant
، ‫د ( ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺐ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
e) Injection of corrosion inhibitor, or other
treatment of the process stream.
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺑـﺮ روي‬،‫ﻫـ( ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
ً‫در ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﻴﻦ )ج( ﻳﺎ )د( اﺳـﺖ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎل ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬.‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ و ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬50 ‫دﻣﺎي ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ‬،‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﺧﻄـﺮ ﺗـﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ‬
Where the choice is between options (c) or (d)
selection will generally be governed by costs.
However, austenitic stainless steel in solid form
shall be used in a marine environment only where
the external skin temperature does not exceed
50°C, and should normally be AISI Type 316,
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because of the risk of chloride stress corrosion
cracking.
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬AISI Type 316 ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل از‬
B.3.5.5 Where the external skin temperature
exceeds 50°C, carbon steel lines internally clad
with austenitic stainless steel may be used.
Alternatively, solid pipe of one of the duplex
stainless steels may used, as they exhibit much
greater resistance to chloride stress corrosion
cracking. They also possess much higher yield
strengths, and their use therefore results in weight
saving.
‫ در ﺟﺎﺋﻴﻜﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎي ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬5-5-3-‫ب‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي داﺧﻠـﻲ ﺧﻄـﻮط ﻓـﻮﻻد‬،‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧـﺰن دوﺗـﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ داراي ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺗـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر‬.‫اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑــﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑــﻮده و اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬــﺎ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺻــﺮﻓﻪ ﺟــﻮﻳﻲ در وزن‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮوف ﻳﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬6-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.6 Where carbon steel vessels or pipework
are connected to pipework which is either
internally clad or of solid corrosion resistant alloy,
and where galvanic corrosion of the carbon steel
is likely, such corrosion shall be prevented by
installing electrically isolating joints, insulating
flanges or pipe spools coated internally with a
non-metallic lining, whichever is appropriate for
the conditions. It should be noted that, in many
locations, insulating flanges and joints will be
rendered ineffective by electrical short circuiting
through connections to the supporting steelwork.
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺎ روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي داﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ از آﻟﻴـﺎژ ﺻـﻠﺐ ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ و ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔـﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫـﺎي ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه‬،‫ﻧﺼﺐ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻣﺠﺰاﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻳـــﺎ اﺳﭙﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎده ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠـﻲ ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺷـﻮد‬،‫اﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠـﻨﺞﻫـﺎي ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه و‬،‫ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﺎنﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد اﺗﺼﺎل ﻛﻮﺗﺎه اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ اﺗـﺼﺎﻻت ﺑـﻪ‬
.‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي اﺛﺮات ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻔﻴﺪي اراﺋﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺧﺪﻣﺎت آب رﺳﺎﻧﻲ درﻳﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﻃﻮر‬7-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.7 Piping for seawater duty should normally
be of 90/10 Cu/Ni conforming to piping
specification. High molybdenum austenitic and
25% Cr duplex stainless steels may offer cost and
weight advantages over Cu/Ni, and shall be
evaluated for specific projects. These stainless
steels have, in addition to much higher strength,
excellent resistance to pitting corrosion, chloride
stress corrosion cracking and flow induced
erosion and, therefore, may permit the use of
higher flow velocities which in turn may permit
the use of smaller bore piping, and thinner pipe
walls, thus saving weight and cost.
‫ﻣﺲ و از ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛـﺸﻲ‬/‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬90/10 ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ درﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺮم و‬25 ‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺰﻳﺖﻫـﺎي ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ و وزن‬
‫ و ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي‬،‫ﻣـﺲ اراﻳـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬/‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﻜـﻞ‬
‫ ﻋـﻼوه‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬.‫ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ داراي اﺳــﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻋــﺎﻟﻲ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺑــﻪ‬،‫ﺑــﺮ اﺳــﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑــﺴﻴﺎر ﺑــﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﺗـﺮك ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨـﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ و‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺣﻔﺮهاي‬
‫ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮاي‬،‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ و ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﺑـﺎ دﻳـﻮاره ﻧـﺎزﻛﺘﺮ‬،‫اﺳﺖ از ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻛـﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ‬
.‫ و در ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ و وزن ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه‬
Recent limited laboratory testing indicates that the
stainless steels may be susceptible to chloride
crevice corrosion in seawater at temperatures
above about 30°C. This shall be taken into
consideration for piping downstream of heat
exchangers.
‫اﺧﻴﺮاً آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻓـﻮﻻد‬
‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺣـﺴﺎس‬30 ‫در آب درﻳﺎ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﻟﺬا اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺒﺪلﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار داد‬
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‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷـﺪه‬8-5-3-‫ب‬
B.3.5.8 Non-metallic materials, such as Glass
Reinforced Plastics (GRP), may offer advantages
for seawater pipework, particularly in respect of
corrosion resistance and weight saving. However,
specialist expertise in design, fabrication and
installation techniques will be required for the
evaluation of factors such as cost, susceptibility to
mechanical damage, and safety implications,
before such materials are selected. Any proposal
to use non-metallic materials shall be subject to
approval by Company. Also, it may be necessary
to obtain waivers from the statutory authorities
regarding the use of combustible materials.
ً‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺬاري در آب درﻳﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬، (GRP) ‫ﺑﺎ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ و ﺻـﺮﻓﻪ ﺟـﻮﻳﻲ در وزن‬
‫ در ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎل ﻣﺘﺨﺼـﺼﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺰﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻓﻨﻮن ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑـﻪ ارزﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻣﺎﻫﺮ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ و ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬،‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ ﻫــﺮ‬.‫اﻳﻤﻨــﻲ ﻗﺒــﻞ از اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣــﻮادي ﺧﻮاﻫﻨــﺪ داﺷــﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴـﺪ‬
‫ در ﺿﻤﻦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ از ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬
.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق از ﻃﺮف ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6 Corrosion resistance valves
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺳﺮﭘﻮشﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬1- 6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.1 In general, valve bodies and bonnets
should be manufactured in a material similar to
that used for the piping or vessel to which they are
attached. Valve trims shall be manufactured in a
more resistant material to prevent erosion/
corrosion; the choice of materials being dependent
upon the process conditions.
‫ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻇﺮوف ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘـﺼﻞ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻴـﺮﻳﻢ ﺷـﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ از ﻣـﻮادي ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺗـﺮ ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﻳﺶ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ؛ اﻧﺘﺨــﺎب ﻣــﻮاد‬/‫ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي دارد‬
B.3.6.2 Where electorless nickel plating of valve
internals is approved by Company (e.g. for ball
valves or parallel slide gate valves), the following
requirements shall be met:
‫ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب آﺑﻜـﺎري رﺳـﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﻜـﻞ‬2-6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.2.1 The substrate shall be stainless alloy for
High Integrity Valves, e.g. those for sub-sea
applications, although carbon steel may be
permitted for other applications.
‫ زﻳﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از آﻟﻴـﺎژ‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ‬1-2-6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.2.2 Phosphorous content of the coating shall
be within the range 8 to 11% by weight.
11 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬8 ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ﺣـﺪود‬2-2-6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.2.3 Plating thickness shall not be less than
0.075 mm.
0/075 ‫ ﺿــﺨﺎﻣﺖ آﺑﻜــﺎري ﻧﺒﺎﻳــﺪ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮ از‬3-2-6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.2.4 Components shall not be baked after
plating.
.‫ اﺟﺰاء را ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺑﻜﺎري ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮد‬4-2-6-3-‫ب‬
B.3.6.2.5 Plated components shall be subjected to
a ferroxyl test to ASTM B 733 for evidence of
porosity or cracking.
‫ اﺟﺰاء آﺑﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي آﺷﻜﺎرﺳﺎزي ﺧﻠﻞ و‬5-2-6-3-‫ب‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷـﻮد )ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﺑــﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣــﺎت زﻳــﺮ‬،(‫ﺷــﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗــﻮﭘﻲ ﻳــﺎ ﺷــﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛــﺸﻮﺋﻲ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﺑـﺴﺘﺮ درﻳـﺎ ﺑﻜـﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬،‫زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
ASTM ‫ﻓﺮج ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮك ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻌﺮض آزﻣﻮن ﻓﺮوﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻃﺒـﻖ‬
.‫ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬B 733
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‫ﺟﺞ‬
B.3.6.2.6 Plated test pieces shall be sectioned and
checked for coating thickness using a micrometer.
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳـﺸﻲ آﺑﻜـﺎري ﺷـﺪه را ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ‬6-2-6-3-‫ب‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ زده و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـﺮ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
B.3.6.2.7 The adhesion of the nickel coating shall
be evaluated using coated test pieces subject to
testing in accordance with ASTM B 733 and
ASTM B 571.
‫ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از‬7-2-6-3-‫ب‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻣــﻮرد آزﻣــﻮن ﻗــﺮار‬ASTM B 571 ‫ و‬ASTM B 733
.‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
B.3.7 Flare systems
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻠﻲ‬7-3-‫ب‬
B.3.7.1 For high pressure flares of the Indair type,
alloy 800 H should be used for the bowl and stool.
For Mardair type flares, Incoloy DS should be
used for the trumpet. The gas filled parts and base
may be fabricated in alloy 800 H; however, AISI
Type 316 may be used if there is a heat shield in
incoloy DS with ceramic fibre insulation.
، Indair ‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ از ﻧـﻮع‬1-7-3-‫ب‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻇﺮف و ﭼﻬﺎرﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬800 H ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷـﻴﭙﻮري‬DS ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از اﻳﻨﻜﻠﻮي‬Mardair ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه از ﮔﺎز ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از آﻟﻴﺎژ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ در ﺻــﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﺣﻔــﺎظ‬،‫ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ؛ در ﻫﺮﺣــﺎل‬800 H
‫ وﺟـﻮد داﺷـﺘﻪ‬DS ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ در اﻳﻨﻜﻠﻮي‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬316 ‫ ﻧﻮع‬AISI ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ از‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ اﺳـﻢﻫـﺎي ﺗﺠـﺎري ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ اﻧﺤﺼـﺎري‬Mardair ‫ و‬Indair
‫ اﻳﻨﻜﻠﻮي اﺳﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮﻛﺖ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬.‫ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬Kaldair
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬Inco
Indair and Mardair are trade names of kaldair
limited. Incoloy is a trade name of inco limited.
B.3.8 Rotating machinery
‫ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ آﻻت دوار‬8-3-‫ب‬
Generally, pump casings are fabricated in a
material which matches that used for the piping
system. Pump internals are usually fabricated in
corrosion resistant materials with additional
resistance to erosion; the choice of materials being
dependent upon the process conditions. Pumps
handling seawater or brine above 40°C
contaminated with oil and H2S shall be fabricated
in one of the super duplex stainless steels or a
more corrosion resistant material.(See NACE MR
0176)
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺟﺪاره ﻫﺎي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ را ﺑﺎ ﻣـﻮادي ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﻛـﻪ در ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨـﺶﻫـﺎي داﺧﻠـﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒـﻪ‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﻣﻲ ﺳـﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬40 ‫ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ آب درﻳﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻮر ﺑﺎﻻي‬.‫دارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ از ﻣـﻮاد‬،‫ را ﺟﺎﺑﺠـﺎ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‬H2S ‫آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﻔﺘـﻲ و‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن دوﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬
(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬NACE MR 0176 ‫ )ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
When a wet gas stream is corrosive, the first stage
of wet gas compressors shall be fabricated in a
corrosion resistant material such as 13% Cr steel.
‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪ اول‬،‫وﻗﺘــﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻳــﻚ ﺟﺮﻳــﺎن ﮔــﺎز ﺗــﺮ ﺧﻮرﻧــﺪه اﺳــﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻣﺎده ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬13 ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫دودﻛﺶﻫﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـــﻴﻦ ﻗـــﺴﻤﺖ ﺧـــﺎرﺟﻲ‬.‫ﺧـــﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳـــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـــﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫دودﻛﺶ ﻫـــﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ آﺑﺒﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ دﻗـﺖ ﺑﻌﻤـﻞ‬.‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫آﻳﺪ و ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺷـﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
Exhaust stacks for gas turbines shall be fabricated
in corrosion resisting carbon steel. Also stacks
shall be protected externally by aluminum metal
spray with an aluminum silicone sealer. Care shall
be taken to ensure that the design eliminates
thermal fatigue.
99
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
B.4 Special Material
Petrochemical Plants
Requirement
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
in
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮاد در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬4- ‫ب‬
In selecting materials for petrochemical plants,
considerable effort should be paid to fluid
composition, sizing of lines, valve and pumps
details and processing temperature and pressure.
Most environments in petrochemical processes
involve flammable hydrocarbon systems, highly
toxic chemicals, explosive gases and strong acids
and caustics. Therefore corrosion could be
mysterious and costly enemy to the safety of
personnels and community. Following tables
indicate materials in use in different processes of a
petrochemical plant. However these tables are just
informative and material and corrosion
allowances shall be selected on the basis of
corrosion tests and procedures outlined in section
9 of this Standard.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫در اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺮاي واﺣـﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﺷـﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﺷﻴﺮ و ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻫـﺎ و دﻣـﺎ و‬،‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻄﻮط‬،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻴﺎل‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺗﻼش ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي ﺑﻌﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫــﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨــﺪي در ﭘﺘﺮوﺷــﻴﻤﻲ درﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧــﺪه ﺳــﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫــﺎي‬
،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺳـﻤﻲ‬،‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻮده‬
،‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر و اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻫﺎي ﻗﻮي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﻣﻮز و دﺷﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ اﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﺪاول زﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد را ﻛﻪ در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪﻫـﺎي‬.‫ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ ﻟﺬا‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاول ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻃﻼع ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻮاد و ﺣـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺎز ﺟﺒـﺮان‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ و دﺳـﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫـﺎي‬
.‫ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬9 ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
100
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪INDEX OF PIPING SERVICES‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮيﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬
‫‪CORROSION‬‬
‫‪ALLOWANCE‬‬
‫‪VALVE BODY/‬‬
‫‪TRIM‬‬
‫‪BASIC‬‬
‫‪MATERIAL‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻣﺠﺎز ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ‪/‬اﺟﺰاء داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪MONEL‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪3.18 mm‬‬
‫) "‪(0.125‬‬
‫‪RATING-FACE‬‬
‫‪TEMP-PRESS‬‬
‫‪SERVICE.‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ﻓﺸﺎر‪-‬ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬
‫‪NO.‬‬
‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫دﻣﺎ‪-‬ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫‪CLASS 150. RF‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫‪CAUSTIC‬‬
‫)‪(STRESS RELIEVED‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪399° C (750°C) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪GENERAL‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150°.RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F)MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪2.54 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.10‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪MILDLY CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻣﻌﺘﺪل‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪3.13 mm‬‬
‫) "‪(0.125‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 150. RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪6.0 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.251‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪316 SS & LTCS‬‬
‫‪LTCS‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150. RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪-46°C TO -30°C‬‬
‫)‪(-50°F TO -21°F‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪ -30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -46‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪LOW TEMERATURE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﻛﻢ‬
‫)‪ -21‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -50‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪304 L SS‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C / 800°F MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪URE.SOLUTION/‬‬
‫‪MELT‬‬
‫‪PROCESS VAPOUR‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اوره‪ /‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ذوب‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪UNIVERSAL‬‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C / 800°F MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪UREA SOLUTION /‬‬
‫‪MELT‬‬
‫‪PROCESS VAOUR‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اوره‪ /‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ذوب‬
‫‪CLASS 150.FF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/FF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪STEAM,BFW‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/RF‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪LUBE AND‬‬
‫‪SEAL OIL‬‬
‫روﻏﻦ روانﺳﺎزي و روﻏﻦ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫آبﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫‪GENERAL PROCESS‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR- 1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫& ‪HYDROGEN‬‬
‫‪HYDROCARBON‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 593‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫)‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪2.54 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.10‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪MILDLY CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻛﻢ‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪3.18 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.125‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316 SS & LTCS‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪-46°C TO -30°C‬‬
‫)‪(-50°F TO -21°F‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫‪LTCS‬‬
‫‪LOW TEMPERATURE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻣﺎي ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪ -30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -46‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪UNIVERSAL‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮرﺳﺎل‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪102‬‬
‫‪STEAM, BFW‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎر ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫روﻏﻦ روانﺳﺎزي و روﻏﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪150‬‬
‫آبﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫‪CLASS 300 RF‬‬
‫‪427°C / 800°F MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫‪UREA SOLUTION /‬‬
‫‪MELT PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اوره‪/‬ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ذوب‬
‫‪LUBE AND SEAL OIL‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪304L SS‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 300 RF‬‬
‫‪427°C / 800°F MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪300/RF‬‬
‫‪UREA SOLUTION /‬‬
‫‪PROCESS VAPOUR‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اوره‪/‬ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫‪GENERAL PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR- 1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫& ‪HYDROGEN‬‬
‫‪HYDROCARBON‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 593‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫)‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 399‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫)‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪3.18 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.125‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪UNIVERSAL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪STEAM. BFW‬‬
‫‪CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎر ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR- 1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪UNIVERSAL‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 593‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪STEAM & BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫)‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪600/RF‬‬
‫روﻏﻦ روانﺳﺎزي و روﻏﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪150‬‬
‫آبﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫‪CLASS 900.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪900/RF‬‬
‫‪GENERAL PROCESS‬‬
‫‪LUBE AND SEAL OIL‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪LTCS‬‬
‫‪CLASS 900.RF‬‬
‫‪-46°C TO -30°C‬‬
‫)‪(-50°F TO -21°F‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪900/RF‬‬
‫‪LOW TEMERATURE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪ -30‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -46‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪-21‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دﻣﺎي ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ‪ -50‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪FULL H.F‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪ -HF‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR- 1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪FULL H.F‬‬
‫‪ -HF‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫‪CLASS 900.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪900/RF‬‬
‫‪STEAM & BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫)‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1 - 1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪CLASS 900.RF‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪900/RF‬‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 593‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫‪STEAM & BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫)‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 900.RF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪900/RF‬‬
‫روﻏﻦ روانﺳﺎزي و روﻏﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪150‬‬
‫آبﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫‪LUBE AND SEAL OIL‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫‪FERROALUM‬‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.LRJ‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500/ LRJ‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪399‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮوآﻟﻮم‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪11-13 CR‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪UREA SOL,N‬‬
‫‪CARBONATE SOL,N‬‬
‫‪CO2, PROCESS‬‬
‫‪VAPOUR‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اوره‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.RJ‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500 /RJ‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪427‬‬
‫‪GENERAL PROCESS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR- 1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪FULL H.F‬‬
‫‪ -HF‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪1-1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪ -HF‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.RJ‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500/ RJ‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪593‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪HYDROGEN‬‬
‫‪HYDROCARBONS‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻫﻴﺪروژﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪FULL H.F‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪427‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪ -HF‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫‪STEAM & BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ‪BFW‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL/H.F.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ‪H.F/‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR/H.F.‬‬
‫‪1-1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪304 H SS‬‬
‫‪304 H SS‬‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR/H.F.‬‬
‫‪1-1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪304L/CS JKT‬‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.RF‬‬
‫‪400°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 400‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪STEAM, AND BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و آب ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪CLASS 1500.RJ‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 1500/ RJ‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 593‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪STEAM, AND BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و آب ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 2500.RJ‬‬
‫‪816°C(1500°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 2500/ RJ‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 816‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 1500‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CI/MI‬‬
‫‪CI/13% CR‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫‪UNIVERSAL‬‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮرﺳﺎل‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL/‬‬
‫‪CAST IRON‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﭼﺪن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CI/MI/CI‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 2500.RJ‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪2500/RJ‬‬
‫‪PROCESS ALLOY‬‬
‫‪VERIFIED‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪STEAM AND BFW‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و آب ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ دﻳﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫‪CLASS 150.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 150/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫اوره ﻣﺬاب ﺑﺎ روﻛﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫‪CLASS 150.FF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 150/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪PLANT AIR‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫‪STEAM JACKETED‬‬
‫‪UREA MELT‬‬
‫ﻫﻮاي ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫‪177°C (350°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 177‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪VACUUM EXHAUST‬‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺧﻼء‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 350‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫)‪66°C (150°F‬‬
‫‪MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫‪COOLING WATER‬‬
‫)‪(ABOVE GROUND‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه )روي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪COOLING WATER‬‬
‫)‪(UNDER GROUND‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه )زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪316L SS/‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪316L SS‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 150.FF‬‬
‫‪204°C (400°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 150/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 204‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 400‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RFSF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 600/ RFSF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 427‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪GALV.CS‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CI/MI/CI‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪P.V.C/‬‬
‫‪P.V.C‬‬
‫‪P.V.C‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL/‬‬
‫‪CI‬‬
‫‪CARBON‬‬
‫‪STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﭼﺪن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪150 PSIG MAX‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫‪ 150/ PSIG‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫"‬
‫‪3 &>CA=2.54‬‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪105‬‬
‫‪DEMINERALIZED‬‬
‫‪WATER‬‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫آب ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬
‫‪UREA SOLUTION‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫‪VAPOUR/CONDENSATE‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫اوره‪/‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫‪POTABLE WATER‬‬
‫)‪(ABOVE GROUND‬‬
‫‪49‬‬
‫آب ﺷﺮب )روي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪POTABLE WATER‬‬
‫)‪(UNDER GROUND‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫آب ﺷﺮب )زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪FIRE WATER‬‬
‫)‪(ABOVE GROUND‬‬
‫آب آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ )روي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪51‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
52
FIRE WATER
(UNDER-GROUND)
CLASS 125.FF
66°C (150°F) MAX
66 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬125/ FF ‫ﻛﻼس‬
(‫آب آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ )زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬150) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
CARBON STEEL
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
"
CI/NI/CI
3 &>CA=2.54
CI/NI/
11-13 CR
NONE
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
5.30 KG/ CM2
(75 PSIG)MAX
316°C(600°F) MAX
316 SS
_____
101.24KG/CM2
1440 PSIG
399°C (750°F) MAX
304 SS
316 SS/
316 SS
NONE
233.08 KG/ CM2
(3600 PSIG)
399°C (750°F) MAX
316 SS
316 SS/
316 SS
NONE
CS/316 SS
CS/
11-13 CR
NONE
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
(‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
53
INSTRUMENT AIR
SUPPLY
CLASS 150.FF
66°C (150°F) MAX
66 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬150/ FF ‫ﻛﻼس‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاي اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ‬150) ‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
CARBON STEEL
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
(‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
54
55
STEAM TRACING
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ ﺑﺨﺎري‬
INSTRUMENT
PROCESS
& ANALYZER
SERVICE
‫اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬
1.27 mm
(0.05")
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫آﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰر‬
56
INSTRUMENT
PROCESS
& ANALYZER
SERVICE
‫اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫آﻧﺎﻻﻳﺰر‬
INSTRUMENT AIR
SIGNAL
57
58
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻫﻮاي اﺑﺰار‬
14.06 KG/CM2
(125 PSIG)
AMBIENT TEMP
‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
INSTRUMENT
PROCESS PIPING
104 KG/CM2
(1480 PSIG)
AMBIENT TEMP.
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ‬
INSTRUMENT
PROCESS PIPING
59
60
61
62
CS/304 SS
CARBON STEEL/
11-13 CR
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻖ‬
202 KG/ CM2
(2880 PSIG)
(AMBIENT TEMP)
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
SEWER
(NON-CORROSIVE)
ATMOSPHERIC
(AMBIENT TEMP.)
(‫ﭘﺴﺎب )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
(‫آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ )دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
SEWER
(CORROSIVE)
ATMOSPHERIC
(AMBIENT TEMP.)
VITRIF -CLAY
(‫ﭘﺴﺎب )ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬
(‫آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ )دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺎك‬
SEWER (BENFIELD
AND UREA
SOLUTION)
ATMOSPHERIC
260°C(500°F) MAX
‫ﭘﺴﺎب )ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ از ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
304L SS
‫آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ‬
CS/304 SS
CARBON STEEL/
11-13 CR
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
D.I
______
1
______
______
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
1.27 mm
(0.05")
1.27 mm
(0.05")
NONE
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
NONE
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
NONE
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
(‫اوره و ﺑﻨﻔﻴﻠﺪ‬
1) VITRIF-CLAY
.‫( ﺧﺎك رس ﮔﺪاﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻴﺸﻪ درآﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1
106
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 300/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪427‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪CS/304 L SS‬‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪DI/‬‬
‫‪PFA LINED‬‬
‫‪TFE LINED CS‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪CLASS 150.LJ‬‬
‫‪-20°F TO 466°F‬‬
‫)‪(-29°C TO 230°C‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪150/ LJ‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﻠﻮن‬
‫‪ -29‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 230‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪PFA/ DI‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪STEAM JACKETED‬‬
‫‪UREA MELT‬‬
‫اوره ﻣﺬاب ﺑﺎ روﻛﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫‪63‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)‪H2SO4(93%-98%‬‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮرﻳﻚ‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫)‪ -20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 466‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪2.4 mm‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL/‬‬
‫‪CAST IRON‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ‪/‬ﭼﺪن‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫‪66°C (150°F)MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪66‬‬
‫‪RAW WATER‬‬
‫)‪(ABOVE GROUND‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫آب ﺧﺎم )روي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CI/MI/C.I.‬‬
‫‪DUCTILE IRON‬‬
‫آﻫﻦ ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار‬
‫‪CLASS 125.FF‬‬
‫)‪66°C (150°F‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 125/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪66‬‬
‫‪RAW WATER‬‬
‫)‪(BELOW GROUND‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫آب ﺧﺎم )زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ(‬
‫‪66‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫‪DI/‬‬
‫‪PFA LINED‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪PFA/ DI‬‬
‫‪SARAN LINED‬‬
‫‪CLASS 150.FF‬‬
‫)‪(-20°F TO 150°F‬‬
‫‪-29°C TO 66°C‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 150/ FF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪-29‬‬
‫ﺳﺎران‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 66‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪-20‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪HYDROCHLORIC‬‬
‫)‪(28%‬‬
‫‪67‬‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﻠﺮﻳﻚ )‪(28%‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ 150‬درﺟﻪ ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪2.4 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.1‬‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL/‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫‪CARBON STEEL‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪427°C (800°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 600/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪427‬‬
‫‪MIDLY CORROSIVE‬‬
‫‪PROCESS‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 800‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫______‬
‫‪D.I.‬‬
‫‪316 SS‬‬
‫‪304 SS‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR/‬‬
‫‪13% CR H.F‬‬
‫‪1 1/4 CR-1/2 MO‬‬
‫‪ATMOSPHERIC PRESS‬‬
‫‪HIGH TEMPERATURE‬‬
‫‪SEWER‬‬
‫)‪(NON-CORROSIVE‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫‪69‬‬
‫)ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮرﻧﺪه(‬
‫‪NONE‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫‪CLASS 300.RF‬‬
‫‪399°C (750°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 300/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪399‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 750‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪1.27 mm‬‬
‫)"‪(0.05‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪CLASS 600.RF‬‬
‫‪593°C (1100°F) MAX‬‬
‫ﻛﻼس ‪ 600/ RF‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ‪593‬‬
‫‪HYDROGEN AND‬‬
‫‪HYDROCARBON‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )‪ 1100‬درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن و ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫‪107‬‬
‫‪CORROSIVE PROCESS‬‬
‫‪ALLOY VERIFIED‬‬
‫‪71‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note:
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻠﻴﺪن‬،‫ﺳﺎران = اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﺎران‬
SARAN = Polyvinylidene chloride, saran fiber
M.I =
Malleable Iron
‫= ﭼﺪن ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار‬M.I
C.I =
Grey Cast Iron
‫= ﭼﺪن ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬C.I
D.I =
Ductile Iron
TFE =
Poly tetrafluoroethylene
PFA =
Per floro alkoxy copolymer
‫ = ﭼﺪن ﻧﺮم‬D.I
‫= ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺮا ﻓﻠﻮرواﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬TFE
‫ = ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ آﻟﻜﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﭘﺮﻓﻠﻮرو‬PFA
for
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺗﺮش‬5-‫ب‬
B.5.1 Equipment in sour service, as set forth in the
process data sheet or in the mechanical drawings,
shall strictly comply with the requirements of
NACE standard MR 0175/ISO 15156, and NACE
MR 0103 as supplemented by the following
articles.
‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮﮔﻪ دادهﻫـــﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻳﺎ در‬1-5-‫ب‬
B.5
Supplemental
Requirements
Equipment in Sour Service
،‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﻛﺎرﺑــﺮي ﺗﺮش‬،‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫــﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪ‬
‫ و‬NACE MR0103 ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻛﻴــﺪاً از اﻟﺰاﻣــﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬NACE MR0175/ISO 15156
:‫زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬2-5-‫ب‬
B.5.2 Carbon steel
‫ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬1-2-5-‫ب‬
B.5.2.1 Process of manufacture
All carbon steel products shall be fully killed and
fine grain treated and shall be supplied in the
normalized, normalized and tempered or
quenched and tempered condition.
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻛـﺸﺘﻪ و‬
،‫داﻧﻪﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ‬
‫)ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﺮدن( ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ و ﺑﺎزﭘﺨـﺖ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺮد ﻛـﺮدن ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ و‬
.‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
Production shall be by a low sulphur and low
phosphorus refining process (e.g. electric furnace
with double deslagging or in the basic oxygen
converter).
،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮد و ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻛﻢ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻛﻮره اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑـﺎ دو ﺑـﺎر ﺳـﺮﺑﺎره ﮔﻴـﺮي ﻳـﺎ در ﻣﺒـﺪل دﻣـﺶ‬
.‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The heat shall be vacuum degassed and inclusion
shape control treated, preferably by calcium.
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎدﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺼﻮرت ﮔـﺎز زداﻳـﻲ در ﺧـﻼء ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـﺎً ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻠـﺴﻴﻢ اﻧﺠـﺎم‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬2-2-5- ‫ب‬
B.5.2.2 Chemical analysis
:‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﻮد‬
Chemical analysis shall be restricted as follows:
Check analysis
Carbon
0.20
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺬاب‬
Heat analysis
% max
0.19
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/19
% max
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/2
% max
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/002
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/003
Phosphorous 0.020 % max 0.020 % max
0/02
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬1/2
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/45
0/02
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬1/2
‫ درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬0/45
Sulphur 0.003 % max
Manganese 1.20
% max
Silicon
% max
0.45
0.002
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
1.20 % max
0.45 % max
108
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻛﺮد‬
‫ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
Residuals
Chromium0.25 % max
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Copper
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
0.25 % max
Molybdenum0.10 % max
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Nickel
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
0.30 % max
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Vanadium0.05 % max
‫درﺻﺪﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Niobium0.04 % max
Ca+O+N
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﻮد‬
to be reported
0/25
‫ﻛﺮم‬
0/25
‫ﻣﺲ‬
0/10
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬
0/3
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
0/05
‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ‬
0/04
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻮم‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬+ ‫ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬+ ‫ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬4-2-‫( )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ ب‬CE) ‫ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدل‬3-2-5- ‫ب‬
B.5.2.3 Carbon equivalent (CE) (See B.2.4)
(‫ﺷﻮد‬
C.E. shall not exceed 0.42%.
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/42 ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
C , E %   C 
B.5.2.4 Through-thickness tension testing
Mn Cr  Mo  V  Ni  Cu 


6
5
15
‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺸﺶ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬4-2-5-‫ب‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛـــﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬25 ‫ورﻗﻬﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـــﺎي ﺗﺮش ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ )ﺑـــﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌــﻪ‬1.3 ‫ ﭘــﺎراﮔﺮاف‬NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156
‫ درﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄـﻊ در‬35 ‫ﺷﻮد( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ داراي ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫( ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬Z‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺸﺶ )ﻣﻘﺪار‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬ASTM A-770 ‫آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Plates 25 mm and greater in thickness, directly
exposed to sour environments (see NACE MR
0175/ISO 15156 par. 1.3) shall have a minimum
reduction of area of tension test specimens (Z
value) of 35%.
Testing shall be conducted according to ASTM
A-770.
‫ آز ﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬5-2-5- ‫ب‬
B.5.2.5 Ultrasonic testing
‫آزﻣﻮن ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ورقﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺿـﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
ASTM A- ‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻃﺒـﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧــــﺪارد‬12 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬435
Ultrasonic testing, in accordance with ASTM A435, shall be carried out on all plates having a
thickness greater than 12 mm.
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬6-2-5-‫ب‬
B.5.2.6 Hardness
Hardness across the width and thickness of each
product/weld shall not exceed 200 HB.
‫ﺟـﻮش ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ‬/‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻋﺮض و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮل‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬200 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻞ‬
Specimen for hardness surveys shall be taken in
the same area where the coupons are to be
removed for mechanical tests.
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛـﻮﭘﻦ ﻫـﺎ را‬،‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻴﻬﺎي ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
.‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﻲدارﻧﺪ‬
‫ آزﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬7-2-5-‫ب‬
B.5.2.7 Weldability tests
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ورقﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺎً ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش ﺑـﺎ اﻧﺠـﺎم آزﻣـﻮن ﻫـﺎ‬
.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري روي ورقﻫﺎي اراﻳـﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
200 ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺨﺘﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺣﺮارت دﻳﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻞ‬
.‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻳﻦ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
It shall be demonstrated that the proposed plates
are suitable for welding and subsequent post weld
heat treatment by carrying out weldability tests on
representative plates. The hardness value in heat
affected zone shall not exceed 200 HB. Detail of
these tests should be provided for Company
approval.
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‫ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬3-5-‫ب‬
B.5.3 Stainless steel
Stainless steel products shall be supplied in the
fully solution treated condition.
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧـﺰن ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ در ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Cold works resulting in a material deformation
degree of more than 5%, shall be followed by a
solution annealing heat treatment of the parts
involved.
‫ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻛـﺎر‬،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده‬5 ‫ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ﺳﺮد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧـﺖ ﺳـﺎزي ﻣﺤﻠـﻮل ﺟﺎﻣـﺪ در‬
.‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
B.5.4 Fabrication requirements
‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬4-5-‫ب‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎرﻳﻬﺎي ﻇـﺮوف ﻓـﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ‬1-4-5- ‫ب‬
‫ ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣـﺎي‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻮش اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
NACE MR 0175/ISO ‫ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺷــﺪه در اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑـﺮاي‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬595°C ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬15156
615 ±20°C ‫ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﭘـﺲ از ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري را در‬
.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و ﻣﻠﺰوﻣﺎت ﺟﻮﺷـﻜﺎري‬2-4-5-‫ب‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺟـﻮش اﻧﺠـﺎم‬،‫ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
B.5.4.1 All carbon steel vessels shall be post weld
heat treated after completion of all welding.
Minimum temperature shall be 595°C as stated in
NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156. This condition will
lead to specify a PWHT target temperature of 615
±20°C.
B.5.4.2 Internal and external fittings, and
attachments welded to pressure parts, shall be
fully penetrated.
B.5.4.3 Nozzles shall be self-reinforced type with
integral or welding-neck flanges.
‫ ﻧﺎزل ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻧﻮع ﺧﻮد ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﮕﻲ‬3-4-5-‫ب‬
B.5.4.4 Hardness testing shall be conducted on
base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone, as
follows:
‫ ﻓﻠـﺰ ﺟـﻮش و‬،‫ آزﻣﻮن ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ روي ﻓﻠـﺰ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ‬4-4-5-‫ب‬
.‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﻨﺞ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﻮﺟﻮﺷﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
:‫ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺣﺮارت دﻳﺪه اﻃﺮاف ﺟﻮش ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‬
- On macro-examination specimens taken
from production test coupons;
‫روي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه از ﻛـﻮﭘﻦ ﻫـﺎي آزﻣـﻮن‬
.‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﭙﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫روي ﺟــﻮش ﻫــﺎي داﺧﻠــﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴــﺰات )ﺣــﺪاﻗﻞ ﻳــﻚ‬
‫ﻳـﺎ ﺟـﻮش‬/‫دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻫـﺮ ﺟـﻮش ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ و‬
.(‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
- On internal welds of the equipment (one set
reading for each longitudinal and/or
circumferential shell weld, at least).
- Hardness value shall not exceed 200 HB
‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬200‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺑﺮﻳﻨﻞ‬
-
-
B.5.4.5 Because of the significantly greater risk of
crevice corrosion in sour/chloride service, the use
of screwed couplings and some types of weld
details, which could result in a crevice on the
process side, is not permitted.
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ‬5-4-5-‫ب‬
B.5.4.6 C - ½ % Mo welding consumables and
those having more than 1% Ni shall not be used
for welding Carbon- Manganese steel.
‫ ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ ﻣــﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﺷــﻜﺎري‬C - ½ % Mo 6-4-5-‫ب‬
B.5.4.7 Weld repair of plate surface defects will
not be permitted without Company approval, and
shall be subject to an agreed repair procedure
prior to the work being carried out.
‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻴــﺮ ﻋﻴــﻮب ﺟــﻮش ﺳــﻄﺢ ورق ﺑــﺪون ﺗﺄﻳﻴــﺪ‬7-4-5-‫ب‬
B.5.4.8 ERW pipes shall not be used for sour
service.
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳــﺪ ﺑــﺮاي ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮي ﺗــﺮش‬ERW ‫ ﻟﻮﻟــﻪ ﻫــﺎي‬8-4-5-‫ب‬
‫ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨـﮓ ﻫـﺎي‬،‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ‬/‫ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ در ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮي ﺗـﺮش‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻲ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از اﻧﻮاع ﺟـﻮش ﻫـﺎي وﻳـﮋه ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
.‫ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺷﻜﺎف در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي‬،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ دارﻧﺪ‬1 ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻦ – ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ و ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
.‫ﺷﺪه ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺷﺮوع ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
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APPENDIX C
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج‬
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
C.1 Ferrous Alloys
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻫﺎي آﻫﻦ‬1-‫ج‬
Some 94 percent of the total world consumption
of metallic materials are in the form of steels and
cast irons. This is also true in the oil industries
with a figure around 98%.
‫ درﺻﺪ از ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻠﺰي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ را ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎ‬94 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻔـﺖ‬.‫و ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳﺖ‬98 ‫ﺣﺪود‬
Therefore the primary choice in any material
selection is steel or cast iron unless they can not
afford the design requirements.
،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻳﺎ ﭼﺪن ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ در ﻫﺮ اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣـﻮاد ﺑـﻮده‬
.‫ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ را ﺑﺮآورده ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
C.1.1 Carbon steels
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬1-1-‫ج‬
The strength and hardness of steels vary very
considerably with both carbon content and type of
heat treatment. Certain names, which relate to the
carbon content, are used in connection with steels.
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﻪ اي ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻴـﺰان‬
،‫ ﻧﺎم ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻌـﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﻧﻮع ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده‬
..‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
- Mild or low carbon steels: are those
containing up to 0.3 percent of carbon.
0/3 ‫ آﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ‬:‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮم‬
.‫درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ دارﻧﺪ‬
-
- Medium carbon steels: steels containing
between 0.3 and 0.6 percent of carbon.
These may be hardened and tempered.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬:‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ اﻳـﻦ ﻫـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ دارﻧﺪ‬0/6 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/3 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﺳﺖ ﺳﺨﺖ و ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
-
- High carbon steels or tool steels: steels
containing 0.6 percent of carbon and always
used in the hardened and tempered
condition. Table C.1 gives some typical
uses of carbon steels.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬:‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ ﺑـﻮده و ﻫﻤﻴـﺸﻪ در ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﺳـﺨﺖ و‬0/6 ‫داراي‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ از‬1-‫ ﺟﺪول ج‬.‫ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ را اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
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TABLE C.1 - COMPOSITIONS AND TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF STEELS
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬1-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
C
(PERCENT)
NAME
APPLICATIONS
‫ﻧﺎم‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
0.05
0.08-0.15
0.15
0.1-0.3
0.25-0.4
0.3-0.45
0.4-0.5
0.55-0.65
0.65-0.75
0.75-0.85
0.85-0.95
0.95-1.1
1.1-1.4
Dead mild steel
Sheet and strip for presswork, car bodies, tin-plate; wire, rod, and tubing
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ و ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻢ‬،‫ ورق ﻗﻠﻊ‬،‫ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ‬،‫ورق و ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻜﺎري‬
Sheet and strip for presswork; wire and rod for nails, screws, concrete
Mild steel
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم‬
Mild steel
reinforcement bar
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺘﻦ‬،‫ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻢ و ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻴﺦ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ورق و ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻜﺎري‬
Case carburizing quality
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم‬
Mild steel
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮن ﺳﻄﺢ روﻛﺶ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
Steel plate and sections, for structural work
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم‬
Medium carbon steel
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزه ﻓﻠﺰي‬، ‫ورق و ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
Bright drawn bar
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Medium carbon steel
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاق‬
Shafts and high-tensile tubing
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Medium carbon steel
‫ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Shafts, gears, railway wheels
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
High carbon steel
‫ ﭼﺮخ ﻫﺎي راه آﻫﻦ‬،‫ دﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬، ‫ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
Forging dies, railway rails, springs
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
High carbon steel
‫ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ رﻳﻞ ﻫﺎي راه آﻫﻦ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻟﺒﻬﺎي آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬
Hammers, saws, cylinder linings
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
High carbon steel
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪرﻫﺎ‬،‫ اره ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﭼﻜﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
Cold chisels, forging die blocks
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
High carbon steel
‫ ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺐ آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬،‫ﻗﻠﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد‬
Punches, shear blades, high-tensile wire
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
High carbon steel
‫ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
Knives, axes, picks, screwing dies and taps, milling cutters
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
High carbon steel
‫ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻓﺮزﻛﺎري‬،‫ ﺣﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﻗﻼوﻳﺰ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻛﺎردﻫﺎ‬
Ball bearings, drills, wood-cutting and metal-cutting tools, razors
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮش‬،‫ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮش ﭼﻮب و ﻓﻠﺰ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪ اي‬
‫اﻟﺘﻼﺗﻼ‬
‫ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺳﻄﻮح‬1-1-1-‫ج‬
C.1.1.1 Surface hardening
.‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬
‫در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎده‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ و دﻧﺪه ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﭼﻘﺮﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد‬
‫ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳـﻄﺢ‬2-‫ ﺟﺪول ج‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
.‫را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
Generally, the toughness of a material decreases
as the hardness increases. There are very many
service conditions where the requirement is for a
tough material of very high surface hardness, such
as shafts and gears. Table C.2 shows different
methods to accomplish surface hardening.
112
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TBLE C.2 - SURFACE HARDENING METHODS
‫ روشﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺳﻄﺢ‬2-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
CARBURISING
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮره ﻛﺮدن‬
NITRIDING
CYANIDING
CARBONITRIDING
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن دﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮره ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮه ﻛﺮدن‬
A high carbon surface is produced on a low
carbon steel and is hardened by quenching
A very hard nitride-containing surface is
produced on the surface of a strong tough steel
A carbon and nitride-containing surface is produced
low carbon steel and is hardened by quenching
on a
Carbon and nitrogen are added to the surface of a
low carbon steel and permit hardening by an oil
quench
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ زﻳﺎد روي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن‬:‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ داراي ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﻛﻪ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ و ﺳﺨﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ داراي ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن و ﻛﺮﺑﻦ روي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه و‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و‬
.‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روﻏﻦ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Suitability: Suitable for plain carbon or alloy steels
containing about 0.15 percent C
Nitralloy steels containing aluminum; a
typical nitriding steel contains 0.3 percent C,
1.6 percent Cr, 0.2 percent Mo, 1.1 percent Al.
This steel is hardened by oil quenching from
900°C and tempered at
600-700°C before
being nitrided
Suitable for plain carbon or alloy steels containing
0.15 percent C
Suitable for plain carbon steels containing
0.15 percent C
Effect:
0/15 ‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪود‬:‫ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
.‫درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ دارﻧﺪ‬
about
about
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/15 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺳﺎده ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي داراي ﺣﺪود‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/15 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺳﺎده داراي ﺣﺪود‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
Low carbon steel is heated at 870°C in a molten 30
percent sodium cyanide bath for about one hour.
Quenching in oil or water from this bath hardens the
surface of the steel
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪود ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در ﺣﻤﺎم‬870 °C ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ در دﻣﺎي‬
Low carbon steel is heated at 700-870°C for
several hours in a gaseous ammonia and
hydrocarbon atmosphere. Nitrogen in the
surface layer increases hardenability and
permits hardening by an oil quench
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬700-870 °C ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ در دﻣﺎي‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫــﺎي ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه داراي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬1/6 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/3 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/1 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬0/2 ،‫ﻛﺮم‬
‫ در روﻏﻦ آب داده ﺷﺪه ﺳﺨﺖ و‬900 °C ‫اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد در‬
.‫ ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬600-700 ‫ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن دادن در‬
Method
Low carbon steel is heated at 850-930°C
in contact with gaseous, liquid, or solid
carbon-containing substances for several
hours. The high
carbon steel surface
produced is then hardened by quenching
‫ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺐ داراي‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬:‫روش‬
‫ ﺣﺮارت‬850-930°C ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣﺎي‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ زﻳﺎد ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The steel is heated at 500-540°C in an
atmosphere of ammonia gas for 50-100
hours. No further heat treatment is
necessary
‫ در آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﮔﺎز آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك‬500-540 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد در دﻣﺎي‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﺮارت داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬50-100 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻻزم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺬاب ﺣﺮارت داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬30
.‫در روﻏﻦ ﻳﺎ آب از اﻳﻦ ﺣﻤﺎم ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد را ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
113
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ و آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎك ﮔﺎزي ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن در ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ را‬.‫داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده و ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ روﻏﻦ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪Continued‬‬
‫)اداﻣﻪ(‬
‫‪CARBONITRIDING‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮه ﻛﺮدن‬
‫‪CYANIDING‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮره ﻛﺮدن‬
‫‪NITRIDING‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن دﻫﻲ‬
‫‪CARBURISING‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮره ﻛﺮدن‬
‫‪Case depth is about 0.5 mm. Hardness after‬‬
‫‪heat treatment is HRC 65 (HD 870).‬‬
‫‪Negligible dimension change occurs.‬‬
‫‪Distortion is less than in carburising or‬‬
‫‪cyaniding‬‬
‫‪Case depth is about 0.25 mm. Hardness is about‬‬
‫‪HRC 65. Negligible dimension change is caused by‬‬
‫‪cyaniding. Distortion may occur during heat‬‬
‫‪treatment‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺪود ‪ 0/25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺣﺪود ‪HRC 65‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺪود ‪ 0/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ راﻛﻮل‪) 65‬وﻳﻜﺮز‪ (870‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ اﺑﻌﺎد اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫دادن ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮر اﻋﻮﺟﺎج ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺟﺰﻳﻲ اﺑﻌﺎدي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﻓﺰودن ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮر اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‪ .‬در ﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد‬
‫آﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Case depth is about 0.38 mm. Extreme‬‬
‫‪hardness (HD 1100). Growth of 0.025-0.05‬‬
‫‪mm occurs during nitriding. Case is not‬‬
‫‪softened by heating for long times up to‬‬
‫‪420°C. Case has improved corrosion‬‬
‫‪resistance‬‬
‫‪ResultCase depth is about 1.25 mm. Hardness‬‬
‫‪after heat treatment is HRC 65 (HD‬‬
‫‪870).‬‬
‫‪Negligible dimension change‬‬
‫‪caused‬‬
‫‪by‬‬
‫‪carburising. Distortion may‬‬
‫‪occur‬‬
‫‪during‬‬
‫‪heat treatment‬‬
‫‪Typical uses are for gears, nuts and bolts‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاي دﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮه ﻫﺎ و ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺪود ‪ 0/38‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
‫)وﻳﻜﺮز ‪ (1100‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﺣﻴﻦ دادن ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن رﺷﺪ ‪-0/5‬‬
‫‪ 0/025‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺎ ‪ 420°C‬ﻧﺮم ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺪود ‪ 1/25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ راﻛﻮل ‪) . 65‬وﻳﻜﺮز‪ (870‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﺑﻌﺎدي‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ اﻓﺰودن ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬در ﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Typical uses are for small gears, chain links, nuts,‬‬
‫‪bolts and screws‬‬
‫‪Typical uses are for valve guides and‬‬
‫‪seatings, and for gears‬‬
‫‪Applications: Typical uses are for gears, camshafts‬‬
‫‪and bearings‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاي دﻧﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮه ﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ و ﭘﻴﭻ ﺧﻮدرو ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاي ﻏﻼف و ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻨﮕﺎه ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و‬
‫دﻧﺪهﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاي دﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﺳﻮﭘﺎپﻫﺎ و ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎنﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
FLAME HARDENING
INDUCTION HARDENING
SILICONISING (IHRIGISING)
HARD CHROMIUM PLATING
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اي‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن اﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻪ روش ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ دﻫﻲ‬
‫آب ﻛﺮم ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ‬
The surface of a hardenable steel or iron is heated
by a gas torch and quenched
The surface of a hardenable steel or iron is
heated by a high - frequency electromagnetic
field and quenched
A moderately hard corrosion-resistant surface
containing 14 percent silicon is produced on low
carbon steels
A hard chromium plate is applied directly to
the metal surface
‫ﺳﻄﺢ آﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪان‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
.‫ﺳﺮد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ روي ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬14
Steel containing 0.4-0.5 percent carbon or cast iron
containing 0.4-0.8 percent combined carbon may be
hardened by this method
Steel containing 0.4-0.5 percent carbon or cast
iron containing 0.4-0.8 percent combined
carbon may be hardened by this method
Suitable for plain carbon steels containing 0.10.2 percent carbon
Generally used on steels, low or high carbon,
soft or hardened
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/4-0/8 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺪن ﺑﺎ‬0/4-0/5 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ روش ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/4-0/8 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺪن ﺑﺎ‬0/4-0/5 ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ‬
.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ روش ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬0/1-0/2 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﺮم ﻳﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ زﻳﺎد‬،‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً روي ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬
.‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺷﺪه‬
A gas flame quickly heats the surface layer of the
steel and a water spray or other type of quench
hardens the surface
The section of steel to be hardened is placed
inside an induction coil. A heavy induced
current heats the steel surface in a few seconds.
A water spray or other type of quench hardens
the surface
The steel parts are heated at 930-1000°C in
contact with silicon carbide and chlorine gas for
two hours. No further heat treatment is required
The steel parts are plated in the usual plating
bath but without the usual undercoat of
nickel. The plating is a thousand times
thicker than decorative chromium plating
‫ﺳﻄﺢ آﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪن را ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎزي‬
.‫ﺣﺮارت داده و ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﺮد ﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد را ﮔﺮم و ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ آب ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﻧﻮع دﻳﮕﺮي از ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ را ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
The hardened layer is about 3 mm thick. Hardness is
HRC 50-60 (HD500-700). Distortion can often be
minimized
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دارد‬3 ‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﻴﺘﻮان اﻋﻮﺟﺎج را‬.(500-700 ‫ )وﻳﻜﺮز‬50-60 ‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ راﻛﻮل‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد در ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻮر ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ و ﮔﺎز ﻛﻠﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫آب ﻛﺮم ﻛﺎري ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ اﻋﻤﺎل‬
.‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬
-‫ ﺣﺮارت داده ﻣﻲ‬930-1000 °C ‫ را در‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬2 ‫ﻣﺪت‬
.‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻻزم ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬.‫ﺷﻮد‬
ً‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد در ﺣﻤﺎم ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ آﺑﻜﺎري اﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آﺑﻜﺎري‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﭘﻮﺷﺶ زﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ آﺑﻜﺎري ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ آﺑﻜﺎري ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﺮم ﻫﺰار ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
The hardened layer is about 3 mm thick.
Hardness is HRC 50-60 (HD 500-700).
Distortion can often be minimized. Surface
remains clean
Case depth is about 0.63 mm. Hardness is
about HD 200. Case has good corrosion
resistance. Growth of 0.025-0.05 mm occurs
during siliconising
Plating thickness is about 0.125 mm. Extreme
hardness HD 900. Plating has good corrosion
resistance and a low coefficient of friction
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دارد‬3 ‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺪود‬
ً‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬.(500-700 ‫ )وﻳﻜﺮز‬50-60‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ راﻛﻮل‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻘﺺ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮان اﻋﻮﺟﺎج را ﺑــﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
200 ‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺣﺪود‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬0/63 ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺣﺪود‬
.‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ داراي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮب در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺖ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺗﻔﺎق‬0/025-0/05 ‫در ﺣﻴﻦ دادن ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻢ رﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮد در داﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭻ اﻟﻘﺎء‬
‫ در ﻋﺮض ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﻘﺎء ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻗﺮار داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ آب ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮع دﻳﮕﺮي از ﺳﺮد‬.‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد را ﮔﺮم ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن ﺳﻄﺢ را ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬0/125 ‫ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ آﺑﻜﺎري ﺣﺪود‬
‫ آﺑﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬900‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ وﻳﻜﺮز‬
.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك آن ﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
Used for gear teeth, sliding ways, bearing Used for gear teeth, sliding ways, Typical uses are for valves, tubing and Typical uses are for dies, gauges, tools and
cylinder bores
surfaces, axles and shafts
bearing surfaces, axles and shafts
shafts
،‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎنﻫﺎ‬،‫ راهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬،‫ﺑﺮاي دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
،‫ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎنﻫﺎ‬،‫ راهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬،‫ﺑﺮاي دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
115
‫ ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري و ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ و‬،‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻞ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي‬2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2 Alloy steels
‫اﺛﺮات اﺻﻠﻲ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺧـﺎص در ﺟـﺪول‬
:‫ اﻗﻼم اﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬.‫ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-‫ج‬
The main effects conferred by specific alloying
elements are given in Table C.3. Major categories
of steels are as followings:
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ‬1-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.1 Low alloy steel
‫ درﺻﺪ از ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺰء آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺑـﻮده و ﺑـﺎ دارا‬4 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬3 ‫داراي‬
‫ و ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻮدن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ ﺳـﺎده ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ؛ اﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﭼﻘﺮﻣﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي‬
.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
Contains up to 3 or 4 percent of one or more
alloying elements and is characterized by
possessing similar microstructures to, and
requiring similar heat treatment to, plain carbon
steels; but improved strength and toughness over
the plain carbon steels with the same carbon
content.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ‬1-1-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.1.1 High strength low-alloy steel
‫اﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎ داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻳـﺰ ﺑـﺎ‬
.‫ ﻣﮕﺎﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬360 ‫ و‬350 ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻳـﺎ‬Ti, Nb ‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷـﺪه از‬
. ‫ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬Va
This is a group of low alloy steels with a very fine
grain size with tensile yield strengths between 350
and 360 Mpa. This is achieved by addition of
small controlled amounts of Nb, Ti or Va.
116
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TABLE C.3 - EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEELS
‫ اﺛﺮات ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬3-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
ALLOYING
ELEMENT
GENERAL EFFECTS
TYPICAL STEELS
‫اﺛﺮات ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
Increases the strength and hardness and forms a carbide;
increases hardenability; lowers the critical temperature
range, and when in sufficient quantity, produces austenitic
steel; always present in a steel to some extent because it is
used as a deoxidizer
Pearlitic steels (up to 2 percent Mn) with high
hardenability used for shafts, gears, and connecting
rods; 13 percent Mn in Hadfields steel, a tough
austenitic steel
‫( ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎﻻ در‬Mn ‫ درﺻﺪ‬2 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ )ﺗﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده و ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ و‬،‫ و داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‬،‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن زدا ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي در ﻓﻮﻻد وﺟﻮد‬
.‫دارد‬
،‫ ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﻻد ﺳﺨﺖ آﺳﺘﻴﻨﺘﻲ‬،Mn ‫ درﺻﺪ‬13 ‫ ﺑﺎ‬Hadfield ‫در ﻓﻮﻻد‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
Strengthens ferrite, raises the critical temperatures; has a
strong graphitising tendency; always present to some
extent because it is used, with manganese, as a deoxidizer
Silicon steel (0.07 percent C; 4 percent Si) used for
transformer cores; used with chromium (3.5 percent Si;
8 percent Cr) for its high-temperature oxidation
resistance in internal combustion engine valves
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
Manganese
‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬
Silicon
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬،‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ را ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻴﺒﺮد‬،‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ را ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻜﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳـﻚ اﻛـﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن دارد‬
.‫زدا ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺗﺎﺣﺪي در ﻓﻮﻻد وﺟﻮد دارد‬
Increases strength and hardness, forms hard and stable
carbides; raises the critical temperatures; increases
hardenability; amounts in excess of 12 percent render steel
stainless
Chromium
‫ﻛﺮم‬
Nickel
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ و‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي را ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ را ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻴﺒﺮد‬،‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬12 ‫ﻣﻴﺒﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
Marked strengthening effect, lowers the critical
temperature range; increases hardenability; improves
resistance to fatigue; strong graphite-forming tendency;
stabilizes austenite when in sufficient quantity
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺨﺸﻲ دارد‬
‫ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
‫ وﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮد‬،‫ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن دارد‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ‬
.‫ﻓﻮﻻد آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺘﻲ را ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
To be continued
‫( در ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي‬Si ‫ درﺻﺪ‬4 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬0/07) ‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬8 ،Si ‫ درﺻﺪ‬3/5) ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮم‬
‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮدن در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ در ﺷﻴﺮ‬Cr
.‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺗﻮر درون ﺳﻮز ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
1.0-1.5 percent Cr in medium and high carbon steels for
gears, axles, shafts, and springs, ball bearings and
metal-working rolls; 12-30 percent Cr in martensitic
and ferritic stainless steels; also used in conjunction
with nickel (see below)
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮم ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬1-1/5 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ زﻳﺎد و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﺎﻃﺎﻗﺎﻧﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬، ‫ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه‬
‫ در ﻓﻮﻻد زﻧﮓ‬Cr ‫ درﺻﺪ‬12-30 ،‫ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪ اي و ﻏﻠﻄﻚﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫ﻧﺰن ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ و ﻓﺮﻳﺖ؛ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ از آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
(‫ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
0.3-0.4 percent C with up to 5 percent Ni used for
crankshafts and axles, and other parts subject to
Fatigue
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ در ﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﮓ و ﻣﺤﻮر‬5 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﺗﺎ‬0/3-0/4
.‫ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬،‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
117
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
ALLOYING
ELEMENT
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
Nickel and
Chromium
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻛﺮم‬
Tungsten
‫ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬
Molybdenum
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬
Vanadium
‫واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ‬
GENERAL EFFECTS
TYPICAL STEELS
‫اﺛﺮات ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
Frequently used together in the ratio Ni/Cr = 3/1 in pearlitic
steels; good effects of each element are additive, each element
counteracts disadvantages of the other; also used together for
austenitic stainless Steels
‫ اﺛﺮات ﺧﻮب‬،‫ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬Ni/Cr=3/1 ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
0.15 percent C with Ni and Cr used for case carburizing; 0.3
percent C with Ni and Cr used for gears, shafts, axles and
connecting rods; 18 percent, or more, of chromium and 8
percent, or more, of nickel give austenitic stainless steels
‫ ﻫﻤﺮاه‬،‫ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻓﺰودﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻀﺮات ﻣﻮاد دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
Forms hard and stable carbides; raises the critical temperature
range, and tempering temperatures;
hardened tungsten steels
resist tempering up to 600°C
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ و دﻣﺎﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ و ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ دار ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ را ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺮد‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬600 °C ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪزاي ﻗﻮي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺰش در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
.‫ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬Ni-Cr ‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ‬Mo ‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/5 ‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺰش و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﺎ‬،‫ﺗﻨﺪﺑﺮ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬Ni-Cr ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
Strong carbide-forming element; has a scavenging action and
produces clean, inclusion-free steels
Not used on its own, but is added to high-speed steels, and to
some pearlitic chromium steels
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺎري داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻋﺎري از ذرات ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪزاي ﻗﻮي‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ و ﺑﺪون ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺪﺑﺮ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺘﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪزاي ﻗﻮي‬
Not used on its own, but added as a carbide stabilizer
to some austenitic stainless steels
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم‬
Soluble in ferrite, also forms nitrides
.‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬
Added to nitriding steels to restrict nitride formation to
surface layers
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن دار ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪ روي ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ‬
.‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬
Strengthens, but decreases hardenability
.‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داده اﻣﺎ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ‬
Strong carbide former, increases creep resistance
Niobium
‫ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﺻﻠﻲ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار ﺗﻨﺪﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ داﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
Not normally used alone; a constituent of high-speed tool
steels, creep-resistant steels and up to 0.5 percent Mo often
added to pearlitic Ni-Cr steels to reduce temper-brittleness
Strong carbide-forming element
Cobalt
Major constituent in high-speed tool steels; also used in some
permanent magnet steels
Strong carbide-forming element, and also improves high
temperature creep resistance; reduces temper-brittleness in Ni-Cr
steels
Titanium
Aluminum
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻛﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺰه ﻛﺮدن )ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ( ﺑﻪ‬0/15
،‫ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻛﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬0/3 ،‫ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ‬8 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺮم و‬18 ،‫ﻣﺤﻮرﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﺰﺷﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪزاي ﻗﻮي‬
Used in Stellite type alloys, magent steels, and as a binder in
cemented carbides
‫ و ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬،(‫ )آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ‬Stellite ‫در آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻮع‬
.‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه در ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﺎﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود‬
Added for improved creep resistance and as a stabilizer in
some austenitic stainless steels
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺰش و ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺎﻳﺪارﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از‬
.‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ اﻓﺰوده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ‬
118
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ALLOYING
ELEMENT
GENERAL EFFECTS
TYPICAL STEELS
‫اﺛﺮات ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
Increases strength and corrosion resistance. > 0.7% Cu permits
precipitation hardening
Added to cast steels to improve fluidity, castability and
strength. Used in corrosion resistant architectural Steels
‫ درﺻﺪ‬0/7 ‫ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدد‬Cu
‫ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﺻﻼح ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ و اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
.‫ در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
Insoluble in iron
Added to low-carbon steels to give free-machining Properties
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
Copper
‫ﻣﺲ‬
Lead
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﺳﺮب‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در آﻫﻦ‬
.‫در ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ دادن ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ‬2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2 High alloy steels
‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴﺎژ داراي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨـﻲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ آﻟﻴـﺎژي‬5 ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﻴﺶ از‬.‫ﺳﺎده ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎي ﭘﺮآﻟﻴـﺎژ‬.‫دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
High alloy steels are those that possess structures
and require heat-treatment that differ considerably
from those of plain carbon steels. Generally they
contain more than 5 percent of alloying element.
A few examples of some high alloy steels are
given in following paragraphs.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي اﺑﺰار ﺗﻨﺪﺑﺮ‬1-2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2.1 High-speed tool steels
‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﺗـﻮان‬،‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻏﻨﻲ از ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ و ﻛﺮم‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑـﺎﻻي آﻧﻬـﺎ در‬،‫ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺑﺮش ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺜـﺎل‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬600 ‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﺎ‬
1 ،‫ درﺻــﺪ ﻛــﺮم‬4 ،‫ درﺻــﺪ ﺗﻨﮕــﺴﺘﻦ‬18 ‫ داراي‬18/4/1 ‫ﻓــﻮﻻد‬
.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/8 ‫درﺻﺪ واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ و‬
High carbon steels rich in tungsten and chromium
provide wearing metal-cutting tools, which retain
their high hardness at temperatures up to 600°C.
Example is 18/4/1 steel containing 18 percent
tungsten 4 percent of chromium, 1 percent
vanadium and 0.8 percent carbon.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن‬2-2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2.2 Stainless steels
‫ ﻓـﻮﻻد در‬،‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳﺖ‬12 ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮم ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ در زﻳـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﺧﻼﺻـﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
When chromium is present in amounts in excess
of 12 percent, the steel becomes highly resistance
to corrosion. There are several types of stainless
steel which are summarized below.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬1-2-2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2.2.1 Ferritic stainless steels
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮم و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬25 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬12 ‫ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ روي اﻳـﻦ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ دارﻧﺪ‬0/1
‫ﻧﻮع ﻓﻮﻻد اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﻛـﺎر ﺳـﺨﺘﻲ اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم آن‬
.‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Ferritic stainless steels contain between 12 and 25
percent of chromium and less than 0.1 percent of
carbon. This type of steel can not be heat treated
but strengthened by work hardening.
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳﺘﻲ‬2-2-2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2.2.2 Martensitic stainless steels
‫ درﺻـﺪ ﻛـﺮم ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه‬18 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬12 ‫اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪ از ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﺣﺎوي‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮد‬. ‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/5 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/1
These class of steels contain between 12 and 18
percent of chromium, together with carbon
content ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 percent. These
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
steels can be hardened by quenching from the
austenite range temperatures.
.‫ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ از داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
C.1.2.2.2.3 Austenitic stainless steels
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي زﻧﮓ ﻧﺰن آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ‬3-2-2-2-1-‫ج‬
These are non-magnetic and contain 18 percent
chromium, 8 percent nickel and less than 0.15
percent carbon. Carbides may form in these steels
if they are allowed to cool slowly from high
temperature, or if they are reheated in the range
500-700°C (heat affected zones adjacent to
welds). Small stabilizing additions of titanium, or
niobium prevent the intercrystalline corrosion,
weld decay. They are widely used in chemical
engineering plants.
‫ درﺻـﺪ‬8 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛـﺮم‬18 ‫اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ و داراي‬
‫ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬0/15 ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
-700 ‫از دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ آﻫﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در داﻣﻨـﻪ‬
(‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد )ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺣﺮارت دﻳﺪه ﻣﺠﺎور ﺟـﻮش ﻫـﺎ‬500
.،‫ﺑﺎزﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷـﻮد‬
‫اﻓﺰودن ﻛﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮم ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻮم از ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻳـﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎ ﺑـــﻪ‬. ‫ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﻮش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫داﻧﻪاي‬
‫ﻃــــﻮر ﮔــــﺴﺘﺮدهاي در واﺣــــﺪ ﻫــــﺎي ﺷــــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻜــــﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﺎراﻳﺠﻴﻨﮓ‬3-2-2-1-‫ج‬
C.1.2.2.3 Maraging steels
‫اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬
18 ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫـﺎ‬.‫ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬1900Mpa ‫ﺗﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺒﺎﻟـﺖ و ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻛﻤـﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ دﻳﮕـﺮ‬7 ،‫درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ درﺻـﺪ‬0/05 ‫ ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ آﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از‬.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﺎراﻳﺠﻴﻨﮓ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠـﺎم‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮداﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎر و ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ ﻛـﺎري ﻧـﺮم ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺳـﺨﺖ ﮔﺮداﻧـﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ زﻣـﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫رﺳﻮﺑﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در دﻣﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ از‬،‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه‬
.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ‬
These are very high strength materials. They can
be hardened to give tensile strengths of up to 1900
MPa. They contain 18 percent nickel, 7 percent
cobalt and small amount of other elements such as
titanium. The carbon content is less than 0.05
percent. A major advantages of Maraging steels is
that before hardening process they are soft enough
to be worked and machined and precipitation
hardening treatment is at a fairly low temperature
when distortion of machined parts is negligible.
Although the basic material cost is very high the
final cost of a complex component is less than
other high strength because of the much lower
machining costs.
C.1.2.2.4 Manganese steels
‫ ﻓﻮﻻدﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‬4-2-2-1-‫ج‬
This is a high alloy steels that contains 12-14
percent of manganese and 1 percent of carbon.
They are non-magnetic and are very resistance to
abrasion coupled with the fact that the core of
material remains comparatively soft and tough.
They are used for drill bits, roch crusher jaws,
excavator bucket teeth etc.
‫ درﺻـﺪ‬12-14 ‫اﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﻻد ﭘﺮ آﻟﻴـﺎژ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ داراي‬
‫ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوم‬.‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ اﺳﺖ‬1 ‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ و‬
ً‫ ﺑﻌﻼوه در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻫـﺴﺘﻪ ﻣـﺎده ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ‬،‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
،‫ ﻓﻚ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﺷـﻜﻦﻫـﺎ‬،‫ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻣﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺮم و ﺑﺎدوام ﻣﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﭼﻨﻜﮓ ﺑﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﻔﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
C.1.3 Cast iron
‫ ﭼﺪن‬3-1-‫ج‬
The carbon content of cast irons is generally
between 2 and 4 percent. They are generally
cheap, with ease of melting and casting, also high
damping capacity and very good machinability.
Cast irons classified as either white or grey. These
terms arise from the appearance of a freshly
‫ ﭼـﺪنﻫـﺎ‬.‫ درﺻﺪ اﺳـﺖ‬4 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2 ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑــﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴــﺖ ذوب و رﻳﺨﺘــﻪ ﮔــﺮي آﺳــﺎن و‬، ‫ﺑﻄــﻮر ﻛﻠــﻲ ارزان‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ داراي ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﻴﺮاﻳﻲ ارﺗﻌﺎش و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﭼـﺪنﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻳـﺎ‬.‫ﻛﺎري ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺧـﻮب ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
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fractured surface. The structure of cast irons is
affected by the following factors:
‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ اﻳـﻦ واژه ﻫـﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳـﺘﻪ از‬
‫ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭼـﺪن ﻫـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬.‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺎزه ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
- The rate of solidification,
- Carbon content,
- The presence of other elements,
- The effect of heat treatment.
Table C.4 indicates the
properties of some cast irons.
composition
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
and
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﺠﻤﺎد‬
-
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
-
‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ دﻳﮕﺮ‬
-
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
-
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﺧﻮاص ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﭼﺪن ﻫـﺎ را ﻧـﺸﺎن‬4-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
121
‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪Mar. 2010/ 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-TP-740(1‬‬
‫‪TABLE C.4 - COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME CAST IRONS‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ج‪ -4-‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﺧﻮاص ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪TYPE AND USES‬‬
‫‪TENSILE STRENGTH‬‬
‫)‪(MN/m²‬‬
‫‪APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION‬‬
‫ﻧﻮع و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫)ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬
‫‪Pearlite and graphite. Motor brake drums‬‬
‫‪3.2% C, 1.9 % Si‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬
‫‪ 3/2‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 1/9 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Pearlite and graphite. Engine cylinder blocks‬‬
‫‪3.25 % C, 2.25 % Si‬‬
‫‪220‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪر ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬
‫‪ 3/25‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 2/25 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪3.25 % C, 2.25 % Si, 0.35 % P‬‬
‫‪Ferrite, pearlite and graphite. Light machine castings‬‬
‫‪185‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﻚ‬
‫‪ 3/25‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 2/25 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‪0/35 ،‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫‪3.25 % C, 1.75 % Si, 0.35 % P‬‬
‫‪Ferrite, pearlite and graphite. Medium machine castings‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪ 3/25‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 1/75 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‪0/35 ،‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫‪3.25 % C, 1.25 % Si, 0.35 % P‬‬
‫‪Pearlite and graphite. Heavy machine castings‬‬
‫‪250‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ 3/25‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 1/25 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‪0/35 ،‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫‪3.6 % C, 2.8 % Si, 0.5 % P‬‬
‫‪Wear resistant. Piston rings‬‬
‫‪370‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬رﻳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮن‬
‫‪ 3/6‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 2/8 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‪0/5 ،‬‬
‫درﺻﺪ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫‪Pearlitic S.G‬‬
‫‪3.6 % C, 1.7 % Si‬‬
‫‪540‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺖ و ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Ferritic S.G‬‬
‫‪3.6 % C, 2.2 Si‬‬
‫‪415‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺖ و ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه ﻓﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Blackheart malleable‬‬
‫‪ 3/6‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 2/2 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪2.8 % C, 0.9 % Si‬‬
‫‪310‬‬
‫ﭼﺪن ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‬
‫‪ 3/6‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 1/7 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪ 2/8‬درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 0/9 ،‬درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪To be continued‬‬
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
‫‪122‬‬
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION
TENSILE
STRENGTH
(MN/m²)
TYPE AND USES
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮع و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
(‫)ﻣﮕﺎﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
White heart malleable
3.3 % C, 0.6 % Si
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬0/6 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬3/3
340
2.9 % C, 2.1 % Si, 1.75 % Ni, 0.8 % Mo
‫ﭼﺪن ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‬
Shock resistant. Crankshafts for petrol and diesel engines
‫ درﺻﺪ‬1/75 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬2/1 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬2/9
450
‫ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﮓ ﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻨﻲ و دﻳﺰﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪن‬0/8 ،‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
2.9 % C, 2.1 % Si, 15 % Ni,
Ni-resist. Corrosion-resistant austenitic iron.
‫ درﺻﺪ‬15 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬2/1 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬2/9
220
‫ آﻫﻦ آﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬
Used in chemical plant
2% Cr, 6% Cu
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﺲ‬6 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮم‬2
‫در واﺣﺪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻴﺮود‬
Silal. A growth-resistant iron for high-temperature service
2.5 % C, 5% Si
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬5 ،‫ درﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬2/5
170
‫ آﻫﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي در دﻣﺎي زﻳﺎد‬.‫ﺳﻴﻼل‬
(S.G) ‫ﺷﻔﺖ و ﭼﺮخ دﻧﺪه‬
S.G = Shaft and gear
‫ ﭼﺪنﻫﺎي ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار‬1-3-1-‫ج‬
C.1.3.1 Malleable cast irons
‫اﻳﻦ ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ اﻧﺠـﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ روي ﭼـﺪﻧﻬﺎي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛـﺴﺘﺮي و‬.‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎ از ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﭼﺪن‬.‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ دو ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭼـﺪن ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﻓﺮﻳـﺖ در‬.‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ آﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﮔﺮهﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ در‬،‫ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ و ﻓﺮﻳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
These cast irons produced by heat treatment of
certain white cast irons. There are two process
used giving rise to black heart and white heart
irons. The names arise from the appearance of the
fracture surface of the treated iron. The white
heart structure is composed of ferrite at the
surface of casting and ferrite, Pearlite and some
graphite nodules at the center.
‫ ﭼﺪن آﻟﻴﺎژي‬2-3-1-‫ج‬
C.1.3.2 Alloy cast iron
‫ ﺳـﺨﺖ و ﻣﻘـﺎوم در‬،‫ داراي اﺳـﺘﺤﻜﺎم زﻳـﺎد‬،‫ﭼﺪن ﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﺎژي‬
‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ دﻣﺎي زﻳـﺎد‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺎرﺗﻨﺰﻳـﺖ‬5 ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺪود‬
.‫در ﺳﻄﺢ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
Alloy cast irons, are high strength, hard, and
abrasion and corrosion resistance materials and
are suitable for high temperature services.
Addition of about 5 percent nickel causes the
formation of martensitic structure at the surface of
casting which are very hard constituents.
‫ درﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪاري ﻛـﺮم و ﻣـﺲ‬25 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬15 ‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘــﺮﻳﻦ ﭼــــﺪن ﻣﻘــﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ ﺧــﻮردﮔﻲ را ﺑـــــﻪ وﺟــﻮد‬
.‫ﻣﻲ آورد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري دراز ﻣﺪت در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﺮﺑﻦ در آﻟﻴـﺎژ‬
15-25 percent of nickel plus some chromium and
copper give the best cast iron for corrosion
resistance.
For prolonged service at elevated temperature the
123
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
carbon content of alloy is kept down to about 2
percent. The alloy contains 5 percent silicon or
silicon and nickel. The presence of these, reduces
oxide scale formation at high temperature.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
5 ‫ آﻟﻴـﺎژ داراي‬.‫ درﺻـﺪ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷـﺘﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬2 ‫ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ وﺟـﻮد اﻳـﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬.‫درﺻﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﺲ و ﻧﻴﻜـﻞ اﺳـﺖ‬
.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪي در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ‬2-‫ج‬
C.2 Non-ferrous metals
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-2-‫ج‬
C.2.1 General
‫ ﻋـﺪد( و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي آﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬70 ‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي دﻳﮕﺮ )ﺣﺪود‬
‫ ﺑـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺮ از ﺗﻤـﺎم‬.‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﻧـﺪ‬
،‫ ﻣـﺲ‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴـﻮم‬،‫ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺗـﺎﻳﻲ‬، ‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ و روي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎً در‬،‫ ﻗﻠﻊ‬،‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻢ‬،‫ﺳﺮب‬
‫ در ﭘـﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺮ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ زﻳﺎد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻏﻴﺮآﻫﻨﻲ و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي آﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫اﺷﺎره ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮرژي اﻳﻦ ﻓﻠـﺰات ﺧـﺎرج از داﻣﻨـﻪ‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
All the other metallic elements (some 70 in
number) and their alloys are classified as nonferrous. Out of all the nonferrous metals, only a
few, aluminum, copper, lead, magnesium, nickel,
tin, titanium and zinc are produced in moderately
large quantities. Only a brief description of nonferrous metals and their alloys are mentioned in
following paragraphs and a detailed coverage of
the metallurgy of these metals is outside the scope
of this Standard.
‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬2-2-‫ج‬
C.2.2 Aluminum
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم داراي ﺧﻮاﺻﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آن را ﻳﻚ ﻣـﺎده ﻓـﻮق اﻟﻌـﺎده‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﺧــﻮب در ﺑﺮاﺑــﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻔﻴــﺪ ﺑــﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﻣــﻲ ﺳــﺎزد‬
.‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻫـﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ دارد‬،‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧـﺎزك‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ اﺗﻢ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ‬.‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﻮده و ﺳﻄﺢ را از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ آﻧـﺪ ﻛـﺎري ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻮارد اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده‬
،‫ ﻣﺎده اي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ درﺻـﺪ آﻫـﻦ‬0/5 ‫ آﻫﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﻓـﺰودن‬، ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻛـﻢ آﻫـﻦ ﮔﺮﭼـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد( زﻳـﺎد‬8-7 ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ اي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول‬
‫ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴــــﻮم ﺧــــﺎﻟﺺ ﺗﺠــــﺎري ﺑــــﻪ ﻃــــﻮر‬.‫ﻣــــﻲ ﺷــــﻮد‬
‫ و ﺗﺨﻤـﻴﻦ زده ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد ﻛـﻪ‬،‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬
.‫ﻧﻮزدﻫﻤﻴﻦ رده ﻓﺮوش ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Aluminum posses a number of properties that
make it an extremely useful engineering material.
It has good corrosion resistance, low density and
good electrical conductivity. The corrosion
resistance of aluminum is due to the presence of a
thin oxide layer which is only a few atoms in
thickness, but it is permeable to oxygen and
protects the surface from further attack. The
corrosion resistance may be improved by
anodizing. High purity aluminum is too week to
be used for many purposes. The material
commonly termed pure aluminum is an aluminum
iron alloy, by adding up to 0.5 percent of iron.
This small iron addition gives a considerable
increase in strength (see Table 7.8), although there
is some reduction in ductility and corrosion
resistance. Commercial-purity aluminum is used
extensively, and accounts for about nineteenths of
aluminum product sales.
C.2.3 Aluminum alloys
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬3-2-‫ج‬
‫آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺷﺪه ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ ﺑـﺮاي ﺧـﻮاص‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮوه از ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ را ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨـﺪ‬
5-‫ﺑﻌــﻀﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫــﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴــﻮم و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﺷــﺎن ﺑــﻪ ﺟــﺪول ج‬
.‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Aluminum may be alloyed with a number of
elements to produce a series of useful engineering
materials. For properties of some aluminum alloys
and their use see Table C.5.
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TABLE C.5 - PROPERTIES OF SOME ALUMINUM ALLOYS
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬- 5-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
ALLOY NUMBER
‫ﺷﻤﺎره آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
BRITISH
AMERICAN
‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬
APPROXIMATE
COMPOSITION
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
99.99% A1
CONDITION
*
*‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
O
TENSILE
STRENGTH
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
45
TYPE OF
PRODUCT
USES
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
Sheet, strip
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
1080
1060
99.8% A1
O
75
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻇﺮوف‬
Sheet, strip
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
1200
1200
99.0% A1
O
90
Sheet, strip,
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
H 14
120
wire, extruded
‫ روزن راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬
H 18
150
3103
A1+1.75 % Mn
O
110
Sheet, strip,
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
H 14
160
Extruded
210
Lightly stressed and
decorative panelling, wire
and bus bars, foil for
packaging, kitchen and
other hollow-ware
، ‫ﻗﺎب ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻼﻳﻢ‬
،‫ﻓﻠﺰي ﻧﺎزك ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫آﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻇﺮوف‬
Hollow-ware, roofing,
panelling, scaffolding tubing
‫ ﻗﺎﻟـﺐ‬،‫ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺳـﺎزي‬،‫ﻇﺮوف ﮔﻮد‬
‫روزن راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
H 18
‫در ﻛﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ورق‬،‫ﺳﻴﻢ و ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎدي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
Sections
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
3103
Linings for vessels in food
and chemical plant
Sections
‫ دارﺑﺴﺖ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
5251
5052
A1 + 2% Mg
5154 A
5454
A1+ 3.5 % Mg
5056 A
5056 A
O
180
250
240
300
280
335
H 24
O
A1 + 5% Mg
H 24
Sheet, plate,
‫ورق‬
tubes and
extrusions
‫ﺗﻴـــــﻮب ﻫـــــﺎ و‬
‫روزن راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
Stronger deep-drawn
articles; ship and small boat
construction and other
marine applications
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ ﻛــﺸﺘﻲ و‬،‫روش ﻛــﺸﺶ ﻋﻤﻴــﻖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫـﺎي‬
‫درﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
LM6
S12C
A1 + 12% Si
M
180 ♣
210 ♣
M
Sand and die
castings
Excellent casting alloy
‫ﻗﻄﻌــﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﮕــﻲ در‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ اي‬
6082
6082
A1 + 0.9% Mg;
T4
1% Si; 0.7% Mn
T6
220
320
Sheet, forgings,
Extrusions
،‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬،‫ورق‬
‫روزن راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪهﻫﺎ‬
Structural components for
road and rail transport
Vehicles
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺳﺎزه اي ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺎده اي و راه آﻫﻦ‬
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Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
ALLOY NUMBER
‫ﺷﻤﺎره آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
BRITISH
AMERICAN
‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬
2014
2014
2024
2024
APPROXIMATE
COMPOSITION
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
CONDITION
*
*‫وﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
TENSILE
STRENGTH
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
TYPE OF
PRODUCT
USES
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
A1 + 4.5% Cu;
T4
440
0.5% Mg; 0.8 % Mn
T6
480
Sheet, forgings,
extrusions, tubing
T3
480
،‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬،‫ورق‬
general engineering
‫اﻛــﺴﺘﺮودﻫﺎ و ﺗﻴــﻮب‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌــﺎت ﺗﺤــﺖ ﺗــﻨﺶ ﺑــﺎﻻ در‬
‫ﮔﺬاري‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤــﺎ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ‬
A1 + 4.5% Cu;
1.5% Mg; 0.6% Mn
Highly stressed parts in
aircraft construction and
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
2L95
7075
Plate, Rod and bar
1.5% Mg: 0.6% Mn
A1 + 5.6% Zn;
L160
1.6% Cu; 2.5% Mg
7075
A1 + 7% Zn;
‫ورق ﻣﻴﻠﻪ و ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮد‬
T6
500
1.75% Cu; 2% Mg
2090
8090
2090
8090
Aircraft construction
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ‬
Sheet and
Extrusions
‫ورق و اﻛﺴﺘﺮودﻫﺎ‬
T6
620
A1 + 2.2% Li;
T6
580
2.7 Cu; 0.12% Zr
T6
495
A1 + 2.5% Li;
Sheet plate,
Aircraft construction
‫ورق‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ‬
1.3% Cu; 0.7% Mg
:* ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
Key:*
The symbols for condition are:
:‫ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
O = annealed;
‫= ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﺮارت دادن و ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن آﻫﺴﺘﻪ؛‬O
‫= ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ؛‬M
M = as cast;
‫= ﺗﺎ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه؛‬H 14
H 14 = partly work hardened;
H 18 = fully work hardened;
‫= ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ؛‬H 18
‫= ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه و اﻧﺪﻛﻲ آﻧﻴﻞ )ﻧﺮم( ﺷﺪه ؛‬H 24
H 24 = hardened and partially annealed;
T3 = solution treated, cold worked and aged;
‫ ﻛﺎرﺳﺮد و ﭘﻴﺮﺷﺪه؛‬,‫= ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪه‬T3
‫= ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻴﺮﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ؛‬T4
T4 = solution treated and naturally aged;
.‫= ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه‬T6
T6 = solution treated precipitation hardened.
.‫♣ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬
♣ Sand cast.
.‫♣ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪي ﻳﺎ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
♣ Chill or die cast.
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‫ ﻣﺲ‬4-2-‫ج‬
C.2.4 Copper
‫ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣـﺲ اﺳـﺖ و‬
‫ ﺳـﺎل ﺑﻜـﺎر ﺑـﺮده‬5000 ‫ﻳﻜﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن ﺑﺮﻧﺰ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي درﺟﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻣـﺲ ﺧـﺎﻟﺺ‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ و ﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن؛‬،‫ ﺳﻴﻢ‬:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن و ﻇـﺮوف و ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻛـﺸﻲ‬،‫ورق ﺑﺮاي روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي در ﻣﻌﻤﺎري‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺪل ﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ در ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﻗﻴﻤـﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪي از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ در ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ ﻓﻠﺰات ارزاﻧﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ آن ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ‬،‫زﻳﺎد‬
Copper is one of the oldest metals known to man
and one of its alloys, bronze, has been worked for
over 5000 years. Some applications of the various
grades of pure copper are: wire, for electrical
windings and wiring; sheet for architectural
cladding, tanks and vessels and tubing for heat
exchangers in chemical industries. There are very
many useful application of copper alloys in
industries but due to high price of metal they
replaced by cheaper material.
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬5-2-‫ج‬
C.2.5 Copper alloys
‫ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﻣﺤـﺪوده‬،‫ﺑﺎ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﻣﻬـﻢ‬.‫اي از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ را ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ‬
(‫ ﻣﺲ – روي )ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻫﺎ‬(‫ ﻣﺲ– ﻗﻠﻊ )روي( )ﺑﺮﻧﺰﻫﺎ و ﻣﻔﺮغﻫﺎ‬(‫ ﻣﺲ – آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم )ﺑﺮﻧﺰﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻣﻲ‬(‫ ﻣﺲ – ﻧﻴﻜﻞ )ﻛﺎﭘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻫﺎ‬-
Copper may be alloyed with a number of elements
to provide a range of useful alloys. The important
alloy systems are:
- Copper-zinc (brasses)
- Copper-tin (zinc) (bronzes and gun metals)
- Copper-aluminum (aluminum bronzes)
- Copper-nickel (capronickels)
‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺎ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮم ﻳﺎ ﻛـﺮم ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺲ‬
‫ اﻓﺰودن ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻛﻤـﻲ ﻛـﺎدﻣﻴﻮم ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم زﻳﺎد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺑـﺎ از دﺳـﺖ دادن ﻫـﺪاﻳﺖ‬
‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﺗﻠﻮرﻳﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺲ آﻟﻴـﺎژي ﺑـﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺲ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎري ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮب ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻃﺒﻘــﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪهاﻧﺪ‬6-‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي ﻣﺲ در ﺟﺪول ج‬
Small addition of berylium or chromium to copper
give high strength alloys, a small addition of
cadmium gives a significant increase in strength
with little loss of electrical conductivity, while an
addition of tellurium to copper gives an alloy with
very good machineability. Properties of copper
and some copper alloys are classified in Table
C.6.
127
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE C.6 - PROPERTIES OF COPPER AND SOME COPPER ALLOYS
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺲ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﺲ‬-6-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
ALLOY
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
APPROXIMATE
COMPOSITION
CONDITION
*
TENSILE
STRENGTH
(MPa)
TYPE OF PRODUCT
USES
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Pure copper
99.95% Cu
O
220
H
350
‫ﻣﺲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
Arsenical
copper
99.85% Cu
O
220
H
360
Sheet, strip, wire
High conductivity electrical applications
‫ ﺳﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
All wrought forms
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Chemical plant, deep drawn and spun
articles
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺲ آرﺳﻨﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ اﺟـﺴﺎم ﻣﻘﻌـﺮ و‬،‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬
Brasses
99.25% Cu; 0.5% As
O
H
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻫﺎ‬
220
All wrought forms
360
Retains
strength
temperatures.
at
elevated
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه‬
‫دردﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم را ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
Gilding
metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰﻃﻼﻛﺎري‬
90% Cu; 10% Zn
70% Cu; 30% Zn
O
280
Sheet, strip
H
510
Wire
325
Sheet, strip
O
700
Sheet, strip, extrusions
Imitation jewellery and decorative work
H
340
‫ ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ ﻫﺎي روزن‬،‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
‫ﺟﻮاﻫﺮ ﺑﺪﻟﻲ و ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺗﺰﺋﻴﻨﻲ‬
700
‫راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪهﻫﺎ‬
375
Hot rolled plate and
O
H
Cartridge
brass
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬
Heat exchanger steam pipes
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻓﺸﻨﮓ‬
General cold
65% Cu; 35% Zn
working brass
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
Muntz metal
60% Cu; 40% Zn
M
Extrusions
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺰ‬
‫ورق ﻧـﻮرد ﮔـﺮم و ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺎي روزن راﻧﻲ ﺷﺪهﻫﺎ‬
High-ductility brass for deep drawing
dectorative work
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻧﺮم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺶ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺷﺪه و ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﻲ‬
General purpose cold working alloy
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
High tensile
Brass
35% Zn; 2% Mn; 2% A1;
M
600
2% Fe; balance Cu
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
Cast and hot worked
Condenser and heat exchanger plates
Forms
‫ورق ﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺪل ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻨﺪه‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪه‬
128
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
ALLOY
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
APPROXIMATE
COMPOSITION
CONDITION
*
TENSILE
STRENGTH
(MPa)
TYPE OF PRODUCT
USES
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Bronzes
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺰﻫﺎ‬
95.5% Cu; 3% Sn;
O
325
1.5% Zn
H
725
5.5% Sn; 0.1% P;
O
360
Balance Cu
H
700
10% Sn; 0.5 P;
M
280
balance Cu
Strip
‫ورق‬
Ships screws, rudders and high-tensile
applications
Sheet, strip,
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
‫ ﺑﺎل ﻋﻘﺐ ﻫﻮاﭘﻴﻤﺎ و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬،‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ زﻳﺎد‬
Wire
Castings
‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
British copper coinage
‫ﺿﺮب ﺳﻜﻪ ﻣﺴﻲ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‬
Springs and steam turbine blades
‫ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‬
Gunmetal
10% Sn; 2% Zn;
balance Cu
M
300
Castings
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮغ‬
Aluminium
bronze
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺰ آﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎن ﻫﺎ وﻗﻄﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
95% Cu; 5% A1
O
400
10% A1; 2.5% Fe;
2-5% Ni; bal. Cu
H
770
M
700
Strip, tubing
‫ ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري‬،‫ﻧﻮار‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
75% Cu; 25% Ni
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺲ‬
70% Cu; 30% Ni
Monel
29% Cu; 68% Ni;
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻞ‬
O
360
H
600
O
375
H
650
O
H
Strip
‫ﻧﻮار‬
Sheet, tubing
Pressure-tight coatings, pump and valve
bodies
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻫﺎ و‬
Hot worked and cast
products
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ و ﻛﺎرﮔﺮم‬
Cupronicle
General purpose castings and bearings
Imitation jewellery and condenser tubes
‫ﺟﻮاﻫﺮ ﺑﺪﻟﻲ و ﺗﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻨﺪه‬
High strength castings and forgings
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت آﻫﻨﮕﺮي و رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم زﻳﺎد‬
British silver coinage
‫ ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري‬،‫ورق‬
‫ﺿﺮب ﺳﻜﻪ ﻧﻘﺮه اي اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ‬
550
All forms
725
Condenser tubing, excellent corrosion
resistance
‫ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻴﻮب ﮔﺬاري ﻛﻨﺪاﻧﺴﻮر‬
1.25% Fe; 1.25% Mn
‫در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
berylliumCopper
1 ¾ - 2 ½% Be; ½% Co;
WP
1300
balance Cu
Sheet, strip,
Excellent corrosion resistance, used in
chemical plant
‫ ﻧﻮار‬،‫ورق‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺲ ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮم‬
‫در واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
To be continued
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
129
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
ALLOY
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
APPROXIMATE
COMPOSITION
CONDITION
*
TENSILE
STRENGTH
(MPa)
TYPE OF PRODUCT
USES
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Cadmiumcopper
99% Cu; 1% Cd
O
285
H
500
WP
450
Wire, rod
Springs, non-spark tools
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ اﺑﺰار ﺑﺪون اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬،‫ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺲ ﻛﺎدﻣﻴﻮم‬
Chromiumcopper
0.4-0.8% Cr; bal. Cu
Wrought forms and
castings
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺲ ﻛﺮم‬
‫رﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬
Overhead electrical wire, spot-welding
electrodes
‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﺟﻮش‬،‫ﺳﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻘﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ‬
Welding electrodes, communal segments
‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮودﻫﺎي ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
TelluriumCopper
0.3-0.7% Te;
bal. Cu
O
225
H
300
‫ﻣﺲ ﺗﻠﻮرﻳﻮم‬
Wrought forms
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎر ﺷﺪه‬
Free-machining properties
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري ﺧﻮب‬
:‫* راﻫﻨﻤﺎ‬
* Key :
O = annealed;
‫= ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﺮارت دادن و ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن آﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬O
‫= ﻛﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‬H
H = work hardened;
(‫= ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ )رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪه‬M
M = as manufactured (cast or hot worked);
‫= ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه‬WP
WP = solution heat treated and precipitation
hardened
‫ ﺳﺮب و آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي آن‬6-2-‫ج‬
C.2.6 Lead and its alloys
Lead is soft and malleable, and posses an
excellent resistance to corrosion. It has been used
for water pipeworks and waste disposal system
but nowadays replaced by other materials. A
major application for lead is in manufacture of
lead acid storage batteries which account for
almost 30 percent of the annual world
consumption of lead. Cable sheathing, soft solders
and fusible plugs in sprinklers of fire fighting
systems are other application of lead alloys. (see
Table C.7).
‫ﺳﺮب ﻧﺮم و ﭼﻜﺶ ﺧﻮار اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ‬
‫ از آن ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛـﺸﻲ ﻫـﺎي آب و ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓـﻊ‬.‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دارد‬
‫ اﻣﺎ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد دﻳﮕـﺮ‬،‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
-‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺳﺮب در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻴـﻞ‬.‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ از ﻣـﺼﺮف ﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬30 ً‫ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬،‫ﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎره ﺳﺮب – اﺳﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢﻫـﺎي ﻧـﺮم و‬،‫ روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬.‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮب را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﻮﭘﻲﻫﺎي زودﮔﺪاز در آب ﭘﺎشﻫﺎي ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎي آﺗـﺶ ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﻲ‬
7-‫ )ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺪول ج‬.‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫـﺎي ﺳـﺮب ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.(‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE C.7 - SOME LEAD ALLOYS
‫ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﺳﺮب‬7-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
COMPOSITION (percent)
ALLOY
APPLICATIONS
(‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ )درﺻﺪ‬
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
Antimonial lead
‫ﺳﺮب آﻧﺘﻴﻤﻮاﻧﻲ‬
Hard lead
‫ﺳﺮب ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Plumbers solder
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
Common solder
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
Tinmans solder
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﺣﻠﺒﻲ ﺳﺎزي‬
Type metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
Pb
Sb
Sn
Bi
Hg
99
1
---
---
---
94
6
---
---
---
60
2.5
37.5
---
---
50
---
50
---
---
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
Cable sheathing
‫روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ‬
Lead-acid batteries, lead shot
‫ ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﻲ‬،‫ﭘﻴﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮب – اﺳﻴﺪ‬
Soft solders
‫ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم‬
38
---
62
---
---
62
24
14
---
---
81
14
5
---
---
For casting into printing type
‫ﺑﺮاي رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﺣﺮوف ﭼﺎپ‬
Linotype metal
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﺣﺮوف ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‬
(+ 12% Cd) Alloy with M.Pt. of 71°C used
Woods alloy
‫ودز‬‫آﻟﻴﺎژ و‬
24
---
14
50
---
71 °C ‫( ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬Cd ‫درﺻﺪ‬+12) ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ‬
for fusible plugs in sprinkler systems
.‫در ﺗﻮﭘﻲ ﻫﺎي زودﮔﺪاز در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آب ﭘﺎش اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
Roses alloy
‫زِز‬‫آﻟﻴﺎژ رو‬
Dental alloy
‫آﻟﻴﺎژ دﻧﺪان ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
28
---
22
50
---
17.5
---
19
53
10.5
Low melting point alloy with M.Pt. of 100°C
100 °C ‫آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﻛﻢ در دﻣﺎي‬
Dental cavity filling (M.Pt. 60°C)
(60 °C ‫ﭘﺮﻛﺮدن ﻛﺮم ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ دﻧﺪان )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬
‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬7-2-‫ج‬
C.2.7 Nickel
‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧـﻮردﮔﻲ ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳﻲ و‬
‫ﺑﻴــﺸﺘﺮ اﺳــﻴﺪﻫﺎ دارد و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﻪ در واﺣــﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﻣــﻮاد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ارزان ﺑﻮدن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬.‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ورق ﻧﺎزك روﻛﺶ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم ﻛـﺸﻴﺪه ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬
‫ آب ﻧﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬،‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ روي ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ و ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت آﺑﻜـﺎري ﺑـﻪ روش‬،‫داده ﺷﻮد‬
.‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻد ﻧﺮم آب ﻛﺮم دار ﻻزم ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Pure nickel posses an excellent resistance to
corrosion by alkalis and many acids and,
consequently, is used in chemical engineering
plant. For cheapness, nickel is frequently used as a
cladding of thin sheet on a mild steel base. Nickel
may also be electroplated on a number of
materials, and an intermediate layer of
electrodeposited nickel is essential in the
production of chromium plated mild steel.
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‫ آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬8-2-‫ج‬
C.2.8 Nickel alloys
‫آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻟﻮي و ﺳﺮي آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻚ‬،‫ اﻳﻨﻜﻮﻧﻞ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﻣﻮﻧﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ را ﻧـﺸﺎن‬8-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
.‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
The principal nickel base alloys used industrially
are monel, inconel, incoloy and the nimonic series
of alloys. Table C.8 indicate composition and use
of some nickel alloys.
TABLE C.8 - COMPOSITION AND USES OF SOME NICKEL ALLOYS
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از آﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‬8-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
COMPOSITION (percent)
NAME
USES
(‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ )درﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺎم‬
Ni
Cu
Cr
Fe
Mo
W
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎ‬
Ti
A1
Co
C
Chemical engineering plant.
Monel
68
30
---
2
---
---
---
---
---
---
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Steam turbine blades
‫ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
Chemical engineering plant.
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Inconel
80
---
14
6
---
---
---
---
---
---
Electric cooker heating elements.
‫اﻟﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ ﻏﺬاﭘﺰ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Exhaust manifolds
‫ﭼﻨﺪراﻫﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ دودﻛﺶ‬
Heating elements for kettles,
Brightray
80
---
20
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
،‫اﻟﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﻛﻦ ﻛﺘﺮيﻫﺎ‬
toasters, electric furnaces
‫ ﻛﻮرهﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬،‫ﺗﻮﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬
Hastelloy C
55
---
15
5
17
5
---
---
---
---
Hastelloy X
47
---
22
18
9
1
---
---
---
---
Nimonic 75
77
---
20
2.5
---
---
0.4
---
---
0.1
Nimonic 90
56.6
---
20
1.5
---
---
2.4
1.4
18
0.06
Nimonic 115
Incoloy 825
56.5
45
--3
15
22
0.5
25
4
---
3
4
1.2
5
0.2
15
---
0.1
0.05
Chemical engineering plant.
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Furnace and jet engine components
‫ﻛﻮره و اﺟﺰاء ﻣﻮﺗﻮر ﺟﺖ‬
Thermocouples
sheaths,
components, nitriding boxes
furnace
‫ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي‬، ‫ اﺟﺰاء ﻛﻮره‬،‫روﻛﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن دﻫﻲ‬
Gas turbine discs and blades
‫ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎز‬
Gas turbine discs and blades
‫ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎز‬
Chemical engineering plant.
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ‬9-2-‫ج‬
C.2.9 Titanium
The useful properties of titanium are its relatively
high strength coupled with a low density, and its
excellent corrosion resistance. However it does
posses some characteristics, that make processing
both difficult and costly.
‫ و‬،‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً زﻳﺎد ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳـﻦ وﺟـﻮد‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮب در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫داراي ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ آن را ﻣﺸﻜﻞ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد‬
The main use of titanium alloys are where an
excellent corrosion resistance is required.
‫ﻣﺼﺮف اﺻﻠﻲ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻢ ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر‬
.‫ﺧﻮب در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(See European
Pub.No.17)
Federation
of
.(‫ اﺗﺤﺎدﻳﻪ اروﭘﺎ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬17 ‫)ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
Corrosion
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻫﺎ‬3-‫ج‬
C.3 Polymers
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-3-‫ج‬
C.3.1 General
‫ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ اﻻﺳـﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎ و ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳـﺖ ﻫـﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻮاد ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﺪه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣـﺼﺮف ﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬.‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ زﻳـﺎد در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ‬،‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺧـﻮاص ﻋـﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜـﻲ و ﺣﺮارﺗـﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ و‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
،‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﻢ‬.‫راﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ و ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒـﺴﺎط‬،‫دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪن ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺧﻼﺻـﻪ اي از‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً زﻳﺎد از ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﺪه آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ از زﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ در اﻳـﻦ ﻗـﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴــﺎت ﺧــﻮاص و ﻛــﺎرﺑﺮد در اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬.‫ﺑﺤــﺚ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ‬
.‫ اراﻳﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‬IPS-E-TP-350
The group of materials known as polymers (or
plastics) can be sub-divided into thermoplastic,
elastomers and thermosetting materials. The major
increase in the use of plastics are due to low cost,
low densities, high resistance to chemical attack,
good thermal and electrical insulation properties
and ease of fabrication. The main disadvantages
are the low strength and elastic modules values,
low softening and thermal degradation
temperatures and their comparatively high thermal
expansion coefficients. A brief general definitions
of sub-divisions of plastics are discussed in this
section. Details of the properties and application
are given in IPS-E-TP-350.
‫ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬2-3-‫ج‬
C.3.2 Thermoplastics
There are several varieties of thermoplastics, but
generally they have the property of softening by
heating and hardening by cooling within a
temperature range (ASTM D 883).
‫ اﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً در ﻳﻚ‬،‫اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ از ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮارت دادن ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪه و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳـﺮد ﺷـﺪن‬، ‫داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎ‬
.(ASTM D 883) ‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Thermoplastics are categorized as following: (see
also Table C.9).
‫ )ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬:‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﻧـﺪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬9-‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول ج‬
-
Polyethylene (PE) consist of : High density
polyethylene (HDPE) low density (LDPE),
linear low density (LLDPE), ultra high
molecular weight (UHMWPE), cross linked
(XLPE) and polyethylene foam.
-
Etylene copolymers consist of: Ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA), Ionomer.
‫ ﭘﻠــﻲ اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ ﭼﮕــﺎﻟﻲ زﻳــﺎد‬:‫( ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬PE) ‫ﭘﻠــﻲ اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ‬
‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻢ ﺧﻄـﻲ‬،(LDPE) ‫ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ‬،(HDPE)
‫ وزن ﻣﻮﻟﻜــــــﻮﻟﻲ ﺑــــــﺴﻴﺎر زﻳــــــﺎد‬،(LLDPE)
‫( و ﻓـﻮم ﭘﻠـﻲ‬XLPE) ‫ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺮﺿـﻲ‬،(UHMWPE)
.‫اﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ وﻳﻨﻴــﻞ اﺳــﺘﺎت‬:‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫــﺎي اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬،(EVA)
-
Etylene copolymers consist of: Ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA), Ionomer.
‫ اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ وﻳﻨﻴــﻞ اﺳــﺘﺎت‬:‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫــﺎي اﺗــﻴﻠﻦ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬،(EVA)
-
-
Polypropylene (PP)
.(PP) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﺮوﭘﻴﻠﻦ‬
-
‫ ﻧــﺮم ﻧــﺸﺪه‬:‫( ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ‬PVC) ‫ﭘﻠــﻲ وﻳﻨﻴــﻞ ﻛﻠﺮاﻳــﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫــــﺎ‬،(PPVC) ‫ ﻧــــﺮم ﺷــــﺪه‬،(UPVC)
.( CPVC ‫ و‬PVDC)
ECTFE :‫( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬PTFE) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺮا ﻓﻠﻮرو اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
-
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consist of:
unplastisized (UPVC), plasticized (PPVC),
copolymers (CPVC and PVDC).
- Polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE) consist of:
ECTFE
-
Polystyrene (PS) consist of: SBR, SAN,
ABS
-
Acrylic materials consist of: PMMA, PAN
SBR, SAN, ABS :‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
PMMA, PAN :‫ﻣﻮاد آﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
133
-
-
-
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
-
Polyamides (nylon) (PA) consist of: PA 6,
PA 6.6, PA 6.10, PA 6.12, PA 11, PA
(R1M)
-
Poly carbonate (PC)
-
Acetal (POM) polyoxymethylene
-
Saturated polyesters: PET, PETP, PCDT,
PBT
-
Cellulosics : (CN), CA, CAB, CP, EC
-
Polyether ether ketone (P.E.E.K)
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
PA 6.6, PA6:‫( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬PA) (‫ﭘﻠﻲ آﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ )ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮن‬
PA (RIM) PA 11, PA 6.12, PA6.10
-
(PC) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت‬
‫( ﭘﻠﻲ اﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬POM) ‫اﺳﺘﺎل‬
PCDT, PETP, PET :‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﺷـﺒﺎع ﺷـﺪه‬
PBT
EC, CP, CAB, CA, (CN) :‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰﻫﺎ‬
(P.E.E.K.) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﺮ اﺗﺮﻛﺘﻮن‬
PPS, PPO :‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﻨﻴﻠﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
- Polyphenylenes: PPO, PPS
PPSU, PES, ‫ﭘﻠـﻲ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﻬﺎ و ﭘﻠـﻲ آرﻳـﻼت ﻫـﺎ‬
- Polysulphones and polyarylates: PSU, PES,
PPSU, PPS
.PPS PSU
PAI, PEI :(PI) ‫ﭘﻠﻲ آﻳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
- Polyimides (PI): PEI, PAI
‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎ‬3-3-‫ج‬
C.3.3 Elastomers
Elastomers are materials that have low elastic
module which show great extensibility and
flexibility when stressed but which return to their
original dimensions, or almost so, when the
deforming stress is removed.
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺪول ارﺗﺠـﺎﻋﻲ ﻛﻤـﻲ دارﻧـﺪ و‬
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ از ﺧﻮد ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ ﻛـﺸﺶ و اﻧﻌﻄـﺎف‬
‫ اﻣـﺎ وﻗﺘـﻲ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬.‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮي زﻳﺎدي ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد اﺻﻠﻲ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺣﺬف ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
There are several classes of elastomers, these
being (see also Table C.9).
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ از اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎ وﺟـﻮد دارﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨـﺪ از )ﺑـﻪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬9-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
(NR) ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
-
‫ )داراي زﻧﺠﻴﺮهﻫـﺎي‬R ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
،(‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ اﺷﺒﺎع ﻧﺸﺪه‬
-
،(‫ )اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه‬m ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
-
- o class elastomers (heterochain with
oxygen),
‫ )ﺑـﺎ زﻧﺠﻴـﺮه ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎرن ﺑـﺎ‬O ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
،(‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬
-
- u class elastomers (heterochain with O,N),
‫ و‬O ‫ ) ﺑﺎ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن ﺑﺎ‬u ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
-
- q class elastomers (heterochain with Si),
،(N
‫ ) ﺑﺎ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﻘـﺎرن ﺑـﺎ‬q ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
،(Si
-
- Natural rubber (NR),
- Synthetic R class elastomers (unsaturated
carbon chains),
- m class elastomers (saturated),
.‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬-
- Thermoplastic elastomers.
C.3.4 Thermosetting materials
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﻴﻨﮓ‬4-3-‫ج‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎده ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘﻴﻨﮓ اوﻟـﻴﻦ دﻓﻌـﻪ ﺣـﺮارت داده ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﭘﻼﺳـﺘﻴﻚ‬
Thermosetting material undergoes chemical
changes when first heated and is converted from a
plastic mass into a hard and rigid material. There
134
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
are also a number of materials that will set hard
and rigid at ordinary temperatures. The
commercially available thermosetting materials
are as following:
-
Phenolic materials, phenol formaldehyde,
-
Amino-formaldehyde materials, urea (UF),
melamine (MF),
-
Polyester materials,
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌـﺪادي از‬.‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﺳﻔﺖ و ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻣﻮاد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻔﺖ و ﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
:‫ﺗﺠﺎري ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
،‫ ﻓﻨﻞ ﻓﺮم آﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬،(MF) ‫ ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ‬،(UF) ‫ اوره‬،‫ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬-‫ ﻣﻮاد آﻣﻴﻨﻮ‬،‫ ﻣﻮاد ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬-
- Epoxies,
،‫ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎ‬-
- Polyurethanes,
،‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻫﺎ‬-
- Allyl resins, diallyl Phthalate (DAP).
.(DAP) ‫ دي اﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﺘﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ رز ﻳﻦ ﻫﺎي اﻟﻴﻞ‬‫ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬4-‫ج‬
C.4 Ceramics and Glasses
‫ ﺧﻼﺻــﻪ اي از ﺑﻌــﻀﻲ ﮔــﺮوه ﻫــﺎي اﺻــﻠﻲ ﻣــﻮاد‬9-‫ﺟــﺪول ج‬
.‫ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
Table C.9 gives a summary of some of the main
groupings of ceramic and glass materials.
135
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
TABLE C.9 - CLASSIFICATION OF SOME NON-METALLIC MATERIALS AND THEIR
MAXIMUM WORKING TEMPERATURE
‫ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻠﺰي و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎر آﻧﻬﺎ‬-9-‫ﺟﺪول ج‬
RECOM.
CLASS
NO.
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
SOME TRADE NAMES
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
ABBREV.
(ASTM/ BS/ DIN / ISO)
‫ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
MAXIMUM
WORKING TEMP.
˚C
˚C ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
1.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
THERMOPLASTIC
MATERIALS
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
Polyethylene. low density
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻢ‬
Polyethylene. high density
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ زﻳﺎد‬
Polypropylene.
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﺮوﭘﻴﻠﻦ‬
Carlona, lupolen, Alkathene
PE
60
Carlona, moplen, Alkathene
PE
70
Carlona P, moplen, propathene
PP
110
Mipolam
PVC
60
Carina, vinidur, Geon
PVC
70
Kel-F, Hostaflon C
PCTFE
200
Teflon TFE, Hostaflon, Fluon
PTFE
260
Elvanol, Mowiol
PVAL
90
Perspex, Plexiglas
PMMA
70
Orlon, PAN
PAN
230
Deirin, Celcon
POM
120
Pentun*
-
120
Carinex, polystyrol
PS
70
Aktrion, Nylon, Risan
PA
120
Rhepanol, oppanol
PIB
100
Hypalon
CSM
180
Polychloride. Plasticized
‫ ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
Polyvinyl chloride, rigid
‫ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
Polychlorotri – fluoroethylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺮوﺗﺮي ﻓﻠﻮرو اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Polytetrafluoroethylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺮاﻓﻠﻮرو اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Polyvinyl alcohol
‫ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻞ‬
Polymethyl methacrylate
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﻛﺮﻳﻼت‬
Polyacrylonitrile
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻛﺮﻳﻠﻮ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
Polyoxymethylene/polyformaldehyde
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬/‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻛﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬
Polychloromethyloxetane
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺮوﻣﺘﻴﻞ اﮔﺰﺗﺎن‬
Polystyrene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
Polyamide
‫ﭘﻠﻲ آﻣﻴﺪ‬
Polyisobutylene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰو ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Chlorosulphonated polyethylene
‫ﻛﻠﺮو ﺳﺎﻟﻔﻮﻧﻴﺘﺪ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
To be continued
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
136
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
RECOM.
ABBREV.
CLASS
NO.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION
SOME TRADE NAMES
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
(ASTM / BS /
DIN /ISO)
‫ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
THERMOSETT
ING
MATERIALS
2.6
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺖ‬
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Fluorinated ethylene
200
Cycolac, Kralastic
ABS
80
Saran
PVDC
70
Cellidor B, tenite butyrate
CAB
70
Solef, Kynar
PVDF
140
Terylene, Dacron
-
130
Platal, Lamellon
UP
90
Atlac, crystic
-
130
Hetron, H.E.T
-
120
-
140
Haveg 31, bomum harz 5104, kera A
-
140
Haveg 41
PF
140
Haveg 60, keebush H
-
140
-
140
Plastopal, plaskon
UF
125
Formica, ultrapas
MF
130
Baysilon
SI
250
‫اﻛﺮﻳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺑﻮﺗﺎدﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
Poly vinylidene chloride
‫ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻠﻴﺪن ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ‬
Cellulose acetate butyrate
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ اﺳﺘﺎت ﺑﻮﺗﻴﺮات‬
Polyvinylidene fluoride
‫ﭘﻠﻲ وﻳﻨﻴﻠﻴﺪن ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬
Polyester, saturated
‫ اﺷﺒﺎع ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
Polyester, unsaturated, gen. purp.
‫ اﺷﺒﺎع ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻫﺪاف ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
Polyester, unsaturated, spec, purp.
‫ اﻫﺪاف‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت‬،‫ اﺷﺒﺎع ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
Polyester, unsaturated, chlorinated
‫ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪه‬،‫ اﺷﺒﺎع ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬
Kera
**
, bomum harz 5102/6101,
keebush M/G
‫ﻓﻨﻠﻴﻚﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻠﻴﻚ اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه‬
˚C ‫ﻛﺎر‬
FEP
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Phenolics modified
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي‬
Teflon FEP.
‫ﻓﻠﻮرﻧﻴﺘﺪاﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Phenolics
MAXIMU
M
WORKING
TEMP. ˚C
Phenol formaldehydes
‫ﻓﻨﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
Phenol furfurals
‫ﻓﻨﻮل ﻓﻮرﻓﻮرال ﻫﺎ‬
Furanes
Haveg 61, bomum harz 6201, kera
‫ﻓﻮران ﻫﺎ‬
FU
Ureas
‫اوره ﻫﺎ‬
Melamines
‫ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
Silicones
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﻫﺎ‬
To be continued
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
137
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
CLASS
NO.
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
2.13
2.14
2.15
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
RUBBER/ELASTOMERS
/‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮ‬
3.7
3.8
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Polyurethanes
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اورﺗﺎن ﻫﺎ‬
Epoxies, cold cured
‫ ﭘﺨﺖ ﺳﺮد‬،‫اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
Epoxies, hot cured
‫ ﭘﺨﺖ ﮔﺮم‬،‫اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
RECOM.
SOME TRADE NAMES
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
˚C ‫ﻛﺎري‬
Durethan U
PUR
140
Epikote (Epon), Araldit
EP
90
Epikote (Epon), Araldit
EP
150
Linatex
NR
70
Vulcoferran, vulkodurit
NR
120
-
90
Neoprene, baypren, vulkodunit WR
CR
120
Cariflex I
IR
80
Cariflex S, Buna SL, Hycar OS,GRS
SBR
120
Perbunan N, GRA, Buna N, vulkodurit WT
NBR
120
Butyl, GRI, vulkodurit W50
IIR
140
Kel-F elastomer
-
175
Viton, Fluorel
FKM
230
Thlokol
-
60
Silastic, Rhocorsil, silopren
SI
260
‫ ﻧﺮم‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
Depolymerized rubber
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
Polychloroprene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺮوﭘﺮﻳﻦ‬
Polyisoprene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰو ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬
Polybutadiene styrene
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﺎدﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻳﺮن‬
Polybutandiene acrylonitrile
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﺎدﻳﻦ آﻛﺮﻳﻠﻮﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻞ‬
Polyisobutylene, isoprene
‫ اﻳﺰو ﭘﻴﺮن‬،‫ﭘﻠﻲ اﻳﺰوﺑﻮﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي‬
‫ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
Natural rubber, soft
Natural rubber, hard
ABBREV.
(ASTM / BS / DIN / ISO)
MAXIMUM
WORKING
TEMP. ˚C
Vinylidene fluoride-chlorotri3.9
fluoroethylene
‫ﻛﻠﺮوﺗﺮي‬-‫وﻳﻨﻴﻠﻴﺪن ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮرواﺗﻴﻠﻦ‬
Vinylidene fluoride-
3.10
hexafluoropropylene
‫ﻫﮕﺰاﻓﻠﻮروﭘﺮوﭘﻴﻠﻦ‬- ‫وﻳﻨﻴﻠﻴﺪن ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬
3.11
3.12
Polysulphides
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ‬
Silicon rubbers
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬
To be continued
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
138
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
RECOM.
CLASS
NO.
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
SOME TRADE NAMES
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
ABBREV.
(ASTM / BS / DIN
/ ISO)
‫ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬
4.1
Carbon, non-impregnated
MAXIMUM
WORKING
TEMP. ˚C
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي‬
˚C ‫ﻛﺎري‬
Durabon O/R
750
Graphitor BS/HB, Vicarb VLA, Diabon N/NS
190
Graphilor F, vicarb VCG
190
‫ ﺑﺎردار ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
Graphite, phenolic resin
4.3
impregnated
‫ رزﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﻠﻲ ﺑﺎردار ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‬
4.4
Graphite, furane impregnated
‫ ﻓﻮران ﺑﺎردار ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‬
Acid resistant bricks/tiles
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
CERAMICS/CARBONACE
OUS
MATERIALS
4.10
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬/
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
1300
‫آﺟﺮﻫﺎ و ﻛﺎﺷﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ‬
Stoneware
200
‫ﻇﺮوف ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬
Porcelain
250
‫ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‬
Glass
480
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Quartz/silica
1050
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ‬/‫ﻛﻮارﺗﺰ‬
Glass lined steel
225
‫ﻓﻮﻻد ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
Fire resistant bricks
1800
‫آﺟﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
Silicon carbide
1700
‫ﻛﺎرﺑﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬
Cement, portland
300
‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻠﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, blast furnace
300
‫ ﻛﻮره ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬، ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, alumina
300
‫ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮم‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, sodium silicate
‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﺳﺪﻳﻢ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, potassium silicate
‫ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬، ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, phenolic
‫ ﻓﻨﻠﻴﻚ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, furane
‫ ﻓﻮران‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Vitrex, Acalor 7, SWD
1000
Vitrex, Acalor 7K, HFR
1000
Asplit CN. acalor 9
180
Asplit FN. acalor 12, Furacin
180
To be continued
‫اداﻣﻪ دارد‬
139
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
Continued
(‫)اداﻣﻪ‬
CLASS
NO.
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Cement, polyster
4.20
‫ ﭘﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺮ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
Cement, epoxy
4.21
4.22
‫ اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎن‬
‫ﭘﺨﺖ ﮔﺮم و ﺳﺮد‬
150
300
60
Vinyl
80
‫وﻳﻨﻴﻞ‬
Chlorinated rubber
70
(‫ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﻛﺎﺋﻮﭼﻮ‬
.5
.6
.7
˚C ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎري‬
Asplit ET Wapex, acalor 5
‫اﻟﻜﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻻك ﻫﺎ‬/ ‫رﻧﮕﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎم اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
120
Alkyd
.4
MAXIMUM
WORKING TEMP.
˚C
Asplit O
Concrete (see cements)
.2
.3
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
(‫ﺑﺘﻦ )ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺮاﺣﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
5.1
PAINTS/LACQUERS
HOT CURED
COLD CURED
SOME TRADE NAMES
RECOM.
ABBREV.
(ASTM / BS / DIN /
ISO)
Epoxy, Cold cured
120
‫ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺳﺮد‬،‫اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
Epoxy, Hot cured
120
‫ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه ﮔﺮم‬،‫اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
Phenolic
120
‫ﻓﻨﻠﻲ‬
Epoxy-phenolic
140
‫ ﻓﻨﻠﻲ‬- ‫اﭘﻮﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺘﺪاﻣﺘﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬5-‫ج‬
C.5 Composite Materials
‫در ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺎدي وﺟـﻮد دارد ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻜـﻪ ﻫـﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻣﺎدهاي ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﻟﺰاﻣـﺎت ﻳـﻚ ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ ﺧـﺎص ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣـﺎل ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ دو ﻣـﺎده ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ داراي‬.‫ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و راه ﺣﻞ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘـﺬﻳﺮي ﺑـﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻛـﻪ در‬.‫ﻣﺎده ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ اﺷﺎره ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﺎري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
There are very many situations in engineering where
no single material will be suitable to meet a
particular design requirement. However, two
materials in combination may possess the desired
properties, and provide a feasible solution to the
material-selection problem. In this section some of
the composites in current use just will be mentioned.
-
Timber and plywood, which is built up of
thin layers of wood bonded with a water
resistance glue or a thermosetting resin,
with the grain of successive layers at right
angles to each other.
‫ ﻛﻪ از ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻧـﺎزك‬،‫ ﺗﻴﺮ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ و ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻻﻳﻲ‬‫ﭼﻮب ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آب ﻳﺎ از‬
‫ﻳﻚ رزﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﭘـﺸﺖ‬
.‫ﺳﺮﻫﻢ در زاوﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﭼﺴﺒﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
-
Fiber reinforced materials, in these
composite materials, high strength fibers
are encased within a tough matrix. Fibers
‫ در اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮاد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﻲ از‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻟﻴـﺎف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در داﺧﻞ ﻳﻚ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻔﺖ و‬
140
-
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
are such as glass, carbon, polymer,
ceramics, wire filaments; and matrixes are
such as thermoplastic and thermosetting
resins, glasses, ceramics and metals. Many
different matrix/fiber combinations have
been developed with different properties for
different applications.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
،‫ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖﻫـﺎ از اﻧـﻮاع ﺷﻴـﺸﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﺮار داده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻤﻬﺎي رﺷﺘﻪاي و زﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫـﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‬،‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ ﻣـــﻮاد‬، ‫از اﻧـــﻮاع ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳـــﺘﻴﻚ و ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳـــﺘﻴﻨﮓ‬
‫ ﺑـﺴﻴﺎري از‬.‫ﺷﻴﺸﻴﻪ اي ﺳﺮاﻣﻴﻚ و ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻟﻴــﺎف ﺑــﺎ ﺧــﻮاص‬/ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴــﺐ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ زﻣﻴﻨــﻪ‬
.‫ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
- Sandwich structures, the structures generally
are composed of two skins of high strength
with a light weight core. This arrangement
provides a material with low density and
high specific stiffness, where the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses are carried
by the skin. These combination also provide
useful thermal and sound insulation. Skin
material include sheet metal, plywood,
plastics (including G.R.P), concrete and
plasterboard, with cores that may be metal
or paper honeycomb structures, rigid plastic
foam, chip board or low density porous
masses of glass fiber or rockwool bonded
with a plastic resin.
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎً از دو ﻻﻳـﻪ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻳﭽﻲ‬‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ وزن ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ آراﻳﺶ ﻣﺎدهاي ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ و ﺳﺨﺘﻲ وﻳﮋه‬.‫اﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎري و ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮده‬
‫ اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎت‬.‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﻤــﻞ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮد‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ و ﺻﺪاي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ‬
،‫ ﺗﺨﺘـﻪ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻻﻳـﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ورق ﻓﻠـﺰي‬.‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑـﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺘﻦ و ﮔﭻ ﺗﺨﺘـﻪ‬،(G.R.P. ‫ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻏـﺬ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
‫ ﻧﻴﻮﭘﺎن ﻳﺎ از اﻟﻴﺎف‬،‫ ﻓﻮم ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺨﺖ‬،‫ﻻﻧﻪ زﻧﺒﻮري‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑـﺎ‬
.‫رزﻳﻦ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
141
Mar. 2010/ 1388 ‫اﺳﻔﻨﺪ‬
APPENDIX D
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
MATERIAL APPRECIATION
‫ﺑﻬﺎي ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ ﻓﻠﺰات؛ ﺑﺮگ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬1- ‫د‬
D.1 Metals; selective check-off list
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬1-1-‫د‬
D.1.1 Physical character of material
‫( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬a
a) General
‫ﺧﻮاص ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
(‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ )درﺻﺪ‬
Ballistic properties
Chemical composition (%)
‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Contamination of contents by corrosion
products
:‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ در‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
Corrosion characteristics in:
Atmosphere
‫آب ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎك‬
Waters
Soil
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬
Chemicals
Gases
‫ﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﺬاب‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ‬
Molten metals
Other environments
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﺧﺰش در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ دﻣﺎ‬
Creep characteristics verses temperature
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
Crystal structure
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻴﺮاﻳﻲ‬
Damping coefficient
(g/cm³) ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
Density (g/cm³)
‫اﺛﺮ ﻛﺎر ﺳﺮد‬
Effect of cold working
Effect of high temperature on corrosion
resistance
‫اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮروي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Effect on strength after exposure to
hydrogen
‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ از در ﻣﻌـﺮض ﻫﻴـﺪروژن ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
Effect on strength after exposure to
higher temperature
‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ از در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
(‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )زﻳﻤﻨﺲ‬
Electrical conductivity (s/m)
(‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ)اﻫﻢ × ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
Electrical resistivity (ohm * cm)
Fire resistance
‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
Hardenability
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
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‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬
Hydraulic permeability
(‫ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻛﻮري‬
Magnetic properties (Curie point)
Maximum temperature
strength (°C)
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
not
(°C) ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﺛﺮ ﻧﺪارد‬
affecting
(°C) ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬
Melting point (°C)
‫ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻦ در دﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺮك ﺑﺮﻗﻲ‬
Position in electromotive series
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ– ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
Rapidity of corrosion-corrosion factor
:‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
Susceptibility to various types of corrosion:
General
Hydrogen damage
‫ﺣﻔﺮه‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
Pitting
Galvanic
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
Stress corrosion cracking
Corrosion fatigue
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎف‬/‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﻠﻮل‬
Fretting
Concentration cell/crevice
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬/‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫آﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن‬
Corrosion/erosion
Cavitation damage
‫ﻣﻴﺎن داﻧﻪاي‬
‫ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬
Intergranular
Selective attack
‫دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
High temperature
Others
Thermal coefficient of expansion (°C-1)
(°C-1) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Thermal conductivity (W/ (m K))
(W/ (m K)) ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﺖ‬
Toxicity
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎري – ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
(‫ذاﺗﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي ﺧﻮد‬
Wearing quality:
Inherent
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آﺑﻜﺎري‬
Given by heat treatment
Given by plating
‫ب ( اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
b) Strength or mechanical
:‫ﺧﻮاص اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Above strength properties:
‫در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري در زﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ در دﻣﺎ‬
At elevated temperatures and for long
holding times at temperature
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At room temperature after exposure to
elevated temperatures
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻦ در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳـﺎ‬/‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬/‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ )ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬/‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﺶ و ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬
Bearing ultimate* (N/mm² or kN/m² or
kg/mm²)
Complete stress-strain curve for tension and
compression
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬/‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬
/‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑـﻊ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﮔﺮم‬/‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ* )ﻧﻴـﻮﺗﻦ‬
(‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
S-N ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
Compression modulus of elasticity (kg/mm²)
Compression yield * (N/mm² or Kg/mm²)
Fatigue properties:
S-N curve
‫ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
(Vickers) ‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
Endurance limit
Hardness (Vickers)
20 ‫ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ در‬/‫ﺧــﻮاص ﺿــﺮﺑﻪ )ﭼــﺎرﭘﻲ ﻛﻴﻠــﻮﮔﺮم‬
(‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎف زﻧﻲ‬
‫اﺛﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
(‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮد‬
Impact properties (Charpy kg/cm² at 20°C):
Notch sensitivity
Effect of low temperature
Maximum transition temperature (°C)
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺪد ﭘﻮاﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫واﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﺶ زداﻳﻲ‬
Poisson’s ratio
Response to stress-relieving methods
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ در ﺑﺮش‬
*
(‫ﺑﺮش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ )ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
Shear modulus of elasticity (kg/mm²)
Shear ultimate* (Pa)
‫ ﺑـﺎ رﮔـﻪﻫـﺎي‬- ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲﻫﺎي ﺿـﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻤـﺎس در ﺗـﺮاﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬
(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺶ )ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
Tangent modulus curves in compression with and across grain
Tension modulus of elasticity (Pa)
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﺎف زﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
*‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﺶ‬
Tension - notch sensitivity
Tension yield*
* Typical and design values, variability - with
and across grain.
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎ و ﻋﺮض‬،‫* ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ﻣﻘـﺎدﻳـﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
‫داﻧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬2-1-‫د‬
D.1.2 Design limitations
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
Restrictions
‫اﻧﺪازه و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
Size and thickness
Velocity
‫دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
Temperature
Contents
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‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﻲ ﻣﺘﺎل‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
Bimetallic attachment
Geometric form
‫ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري اﻳﺴﺘﺎﻳﻲ و دورهاي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Static and cyclic loading
Surface configuration and texture
‫ﻓﻨﻮن و روشﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬
Protection methods and techniques
Maintainability
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬3-1-‫د‬
D.1.3 Fabrication character of materials
‫ ﻟﺤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎري‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺟﻮش ﺑﺮﻧﺠﻲ‬
a) Brazing and soldering
‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري‬
Compatibility
‫اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎده ﮔﺪازﻧﺪه و ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﻮش‬
Corrosion effect
Flux and rod
‫ب ( ﺷﻜﻞﭘﺬﻳﺮي در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
b) Formability at elevated and room
temperatures
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن‬
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺮم ﻛﺮدن‬
Ageing characteristics
Annealing procedure
‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ‬
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Corrosion effect of forming
Heat treating characteristics
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
Quenching procedure
Sensitivity to variation
‫دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت روي ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Tempering procedure
Effect of heat on prefabrication treatment
‫ج ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺷـﺪه و‬
c) Formability in annealed and tempered
states
‫ﺑﺎزﭘﺨﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي × ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
Apparent stress × local strain curve
:‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت در‬
‫ﺧﻢ ﻛﺎري‬
Characteristics in:
Bending
‫ﭘﺦ ﻛﺎري ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪه ﻛﺮدن‬
Dimpling
Drawing
Shrinking
‫ﻓﺎق و زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬
Stretching
‫ﻛﺶ آﻣﺪﮔﻲ‬
Joggling
Corrosion effect of forming
‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻲ‬
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‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل × ﻃﻮل اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻗﺮار دادن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Elongation × gage length
Standard hydropress specimen test
‫ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ واﻗﻌﻲ‬- ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺳﺎزي‬
True stress-strain curve
Uniformity of characteristics
‫د ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري‬
d) Machinability
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮش‬
:‫اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
Best cutting speed
Corrosion effect of:
‫ﻣﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺮزﻛﺎري‬
Drilling
Milling
‫ﺷﻴﺎر ﻛﻨﻲ‬
‫اره ﻛﺎري‬
Routing
Sawing
‫ﺑﺮش ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺗﺮاﺷﻜﺎري‬
Shearing
Turning
‫ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ ﺳﻮزي‬
‫روﻏﻦ روان ﺳﺎز ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎده ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
Fire hazard
Lubricant or coolant
‫ﻣﺎده و ﺷﻜﻞ اﺑﺰار ﺑﺮش‬
:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬
Material and shape of cutting tool
Qualitative suitability for:
‫ﻣﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺮزﻛﺎري‬
Drilling
Milling
‫ﺷﻴﺎر ﻛﻨﻲ‬
‫اره ﻛﺎري‬
Routing
Sawing
‫ﺑﺮش ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺗﺮاﺷﻜﺎري‬
Shearing
Turning
‫ﻫـ( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
e) Protective coating
‫آﻧﺪي ﻛﺮدن‬
‫روﻛﺶ ﻛﺮدن ﻓﻠﺰي‬
Anodizing
Cladding
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
(‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﻛﺮدن )روي اﻧﺪود ﻛﺮدن‬
Ecology
Galvanizing
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫روﻛﺶ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
Hard surfacing
Metallizing
:‫ﻟﺰوم ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي‬
‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬
Necessity of application for:
Storage
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‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬
Processing
Service
‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ و ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري رﻧﮓ‬
‫آﺑﻜﺎري‬
Paint adhesion and compatibility
Plating
‫ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬
Prefabrication treatment
Sensitivity to contamination
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن‬
‫ﻧﻮع آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬
Suitability
Type of surface preparation optimal
‫و ( ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
f) Quality of finish
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰي‬
Appearance
Cleanliness
‫درﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ زدن‬
Grade
Honing
‫ﺻﻴﻘﻞ دادن‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Polishing
Surface effect
g) Weldability
‫ز ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
Gas welding :
: ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﮔﺎزي‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻛﺴﻲ اﺳﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬-
- Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW)
- Oxyhydrogen Welding (OHW)
- Pressure Gas Welding (PGW)
Arc welding :
: ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻮدري‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش‬-
- Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
- Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
- Gas Metal Arc Welding(GMAW,MIG,
MAG)
- Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTA,TIG)
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‬-
Resistance welding :
: ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﮔﺪازه اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮش‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري درزي‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺟﺮﻗﻪ اي‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺐ‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬-
- Electroslag welding
- Spot welding
- Projection welding
- Seam welding
- Flash welding
- Butt (upset) welding
- High frequency resistance welding
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Solid phase welding :
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
: ‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﺎز ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
- Friction welding
‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﻓﺸﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ اﻣﻮاج ﻣﺎورا ﺻﻮت‬‫ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري اﻧﻔﺠﺎري‬‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن‬
- High frequency pressure welding
- Altrasonic welding
- Explosive welding
Corrosion effect of welding
Cracking tendency
‫اﺛﺮ ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Effect of prefabrication treatment
‫ﻣﺎده ﮔﺪاز آور‬
Flux
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺟﻮش ﻛﺎري ﻗﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻫﻠﻴﻮم‬
Heat zone effect
Heli-arc welding
(‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري )ﺳﻴﻢ ﺟﻮش‬
Welding rod
h) Torch cutting
‫ح ( ﺑﺮﺷﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
Cutting speed
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮش‬
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬4-1-‫د‬
D.1.4 Economic factors
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻮدن‬
a) Availability
:‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
In required quantities:
‫ﺗﻜﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺋﻲ‬
Single
Multiple
‫ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود‬
Limited
Unlimited
‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬
In different forms:
Bar
‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬،‫رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي )ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬
(‫داﻳﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن‬
Casting (sand, centrifugal, die, permanent
mould)
Extrusion
‫آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬
‫اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن ﺿﺮﺑﻪاي‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮدن‬
Forging
Impact extrusion
Pressing
‫ذوب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮدن ﭘﻮدر‬
Sintered
Powder pressing
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IPS-E-TP-740(1)
:‫اﻧﻮاع روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﻓﻠﺰي و ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﺰه ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
In metallized and pretreated forms:
Galvanized
Plastic coated
‫آﺑﻜﺎري ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Plated
Prefabrication treated
:‫اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺼﻮرت روﻛﺶ ﻓﻠﺰي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬
In cladded forms:
Uniformity of material
‫ﻋﺎري از ﻋﻴﻮب‬
:‫زﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
Freedom from defects
Time of delivery:
‫ﺣﺎل‬
‫آﻳﻨﺪه‬
Present
Future
‫ب ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
b) Cost of different forms
‫رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ورق‬
Bar shape or plate
Casting (sand, centrifugal, die, permanent
mould)
‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي‬،‫ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬،‫رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي )ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬
(‫داﺋﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻛﺴﺘﺮوژن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫آﻫﻨﮕﺮي‬
Extrusion
Forging
‫روزن راﻧﻲ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ اي‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮدن‬
Impact extrusion
Pressing
‫ذوب ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
(‫ﻓﺸﺮدن ﭘﻮدر )ﮔﺮد ﻓﺸﺎري‬
Sintered
Powder Pressing
‫ج ( ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ اﻧﺪازه در اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
c) Size limitation in different forms
(‫اﻧﺪازه )ﮔﻴﺞ‬
‫ﻃﻮل‬
Gage
Length
‫وزن‬
‫ﻋﺮض‬
Weight
Width
‫د ( اﻧﺪازه رواداري ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
d) Size tolerances for different forms
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي واﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ‬:‫ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎ‬2-‫د‬
D.2 Plastics: Selective check-off list, to be
adjusted for generic groups
.‫ اﺻﻼح و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮگ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ‬
D.2.1 Physical character of material
‫ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻮاد‬1-2-‫د‬
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
a) General
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﺰوﺗﺮوﭘﻴﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎ آن‬
Anisotropy characteristics-main and crossdirection
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Area factor (mm2 kg-1 micron1)
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
(mm2 kg-1 micron1) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
(cm/min in sec) ‫ﺷﺪت ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬
Burning rate (cm/min in sec)
Bursting strength (1 mm thick, Mullen
points)
(‫ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﻧﻔﺠﺎر )ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﻮﻟﻦ‬
Change in linear dimensions at 100°C for
30 min (%)
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑـﺮاي‬100 ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﺧﻄﻲ در‬
(‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ )درﺻﺪ‬30
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ‬
Clarity
‫ﻓﺎم رﻧﮓ‬
(‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج‬،‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت )ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬
Color
Contamination of contents (decomposition
and extract)
،‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺰش در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣـﺪول دﻣـﺎ – ﺧـﺰش‬
(‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬/‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬10) ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﻠﻮري‬
Creep characteristics verses temperaturecreep-apparent-modulus (10° kg/mm²)
Crystal structure
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﺑﻠﻮرﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻴﺮاﺋﻲ‬
Crystalline melting point
Damping coefficient
:‫وﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎي واﭘﺎﺷﻲ در‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬
Decay characteristics in:
Atmosphere
Alcohol
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬
Chemicals
Gases
‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫روﻏﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬
High relative humidity
Hydraulic oils
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫روان ﺳﺎزﻫﺎ و ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﺎ‬
Hydrocarbons
Lubricants and fats
‫ﺣﻼل ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‬
Solvents
Sunlight
Water
‫آب‬
Other environments
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
(‫دﻣﺎي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
(‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ )ﮔﺮم‬
3
(60 c/s ،10 c/s ،104 c/s) ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ دي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
Deflection temperature (°C)
Density (g/cm³)
Dielectric constant (60 c/s, 103 c/s, 104 c/s)
(‫ وﻟــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻫــﺎ‬- ‫ﺷــﺪت دي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳــﻚ‬
:(v/mm)
‫زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎه‬
‫ﮔﺎم ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎم‬
Dielectric strength - V to laminations
(v/mm):
Short time
Step by step
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(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ )ﻳﻚ ﻣﮕﺎ اﻫﻢ‬
‫اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ روي واﭘﺎﺷﻲ‬
Dissipation factor (1 M  )
Effect of high temperature on decay
‫اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﻢ روي واﭘﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫اﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ از در ﻣﻌﺮض دﻣﺎ ﺑﻮدن‬
Effect of low temperature on decay
Effect on strength after exposure to
temperature
(s/m) ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Electrical conductivity (s/m)
‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ در دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق ﺑﺎزاء ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
Electrical properties at room temperature
per thickness
(1 MΩ) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺗﻼف اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
(cos Ø ) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﺪرت اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Electrical loss factor (1 M  )
Electrical power factor (cos Ø )
:‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬/‫ﻗﻮس‬
°
(35 c ‫ و‬rh ‫ درﺻـــﺪ‬90 ‫ ﺳـــﺎﻋﺖ در‬96) ‫ﻋـــﺎﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﮕﺎاﻫﻢ‬
(  /cm - 50% rh ‫ و‬25 °c) ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬
Electrical resistivity:
Arc/sec
Insulation (96 h at 90% rh and 35°c) m 
Volume (  /cm - 50% rh and 25°c)
‫رﺷﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻓﺮاورده ﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫رﺷﺪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
Evolvement of combustion products
Evolvement of corrosives
‫ﭘﺮﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ آﺗﺶ‬
Fillers
Fire resistance
(‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل )آﺗﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺪن‬
Flammability (ignited by flame)
Folding endurance
‫دود دادن در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﮔﺎز‬
Fuming on application
Gas permeability (cm³/M²/mm thick/24
h/atm at 25°C):
‫ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫ ازت‬،‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬،‫ﮔﺎز ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ‬
‫ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﻲ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت آن‬
‫ﺑﺮاق‬
CO2, H2, N2, O2
Generic group and composition
Gloss
(‫ﻛﺪر ﺷﺪن )در ﺻﺪ‬
‫دﻣﺎي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
Haze (%)
Heat distortion temperature
‫اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
(‫)ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺧﻄﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Heat expansion
(Coefficient of linear thermal expansion)
‫ﺗﻨﺰل ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
( W/m.K ‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ )ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
Heat degradation
Heat insulation (thermal conductivity
(W/m.K)
Heat sealing temperature range
‫داﻣﻨﻪ دﻣﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
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Hydraulic permeability
‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬
Light transmission, total white (%)
‫ﺷﺪت ﻓﺎم‬
(‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺳﻔﻴﺪ )درﺻﺪ‬،‫درﺻﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻮر‬
Maximum service temperature (°C)
(°C) ‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
Intensity of color
Maximum temperature
strength (°C)
not
(‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﺛﺮ ﻧﺪارد )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
affecting
(dg/min) ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ذوب‬
Melt index (dg/min)
affecting
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎ‬
(‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم اﺛﺮ ﻧﺪارد )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
transmission
‫ﻛﺪورت‬
(0/01g/24 hm at 37/8 °C) ‫ﻣﻴﺰان اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺨﺎر آب‬
Migration of plasticizers
Minimum temperature
strength (°C)
not
Opacity
Rate of water vapor
(0.01g/24hm2 at 37.8C˚)
2
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬
(n) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ‬
Reflectance
Refractive index (n)
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
(‫دﻣﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺷﺪن )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Reinforcement
Softening temperature (°C)
(25 °C) ‫وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬
(Kcal/°C g-1) ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي وﻳﮋه‬
Specific gravity (25°C)
Specific heat (Kcal/°C g-1)
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﻓﺎم‬
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻳﺎﻧﮓ‬- ‫ﺳﻔﺘﻲ‬
Stability of color
Stiffness-Young’s modulus
Susceptibility
deterioration:
to
various
types
:‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺒﺎﻫﻲ‬
of
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬/ ‫ﻛﺎوﻳﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮن‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
General
Cavitation/erosion
Erosion
‫ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫آﻟﻮده ﺷﺪن‬
Fatigue
Fouling
(‫ﮔﺎﻟﻮاﻧﻴﻚ )ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه از ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‬
Galvanic (metal-filled plastics)
Impingement
‫ﺗﺮك ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻨﺶ و ﺗﺮﻛﻬﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
Stress cracking and crazing
‫ﻣﺰه‬
(W/(m.°C)) ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
Taste
Thermal conductivity (W/(m.°C))
‫ﺳﻤﻴﺖ‬
Toxicity
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Transmittance (%)
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
(‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل )درﺻﺪ‬
(kg/m³) ‫وزن واﺣﺪ‬
Unit weight (kg/m³)
Water absorption (g/cm2/24h)
(g/cm2/24h) ‫ﺟﺬب آب‬
Wearing quality:
:‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
Inherent
‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ذاﺗﻲ‬
Given By Treatment
‫ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ب ( اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
b) Strength or mechanical
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
Abrasion resistance
(kg/m2) ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬
Average yield (kg/m2)
(N/mm²) * ‫ﺣﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
Bearing ultimate * (N/mm²)
(kg/thickness) ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
Bonding strength (kg/thickness)
‫ﺗﺮدي‬
Brittleness
(kg/mm²)‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺪن‬
Bursting pressure (kg/mm²)
‫ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﺶ و ﻓﺸﺎر‬-‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
Complete stress-strain curve for tension and
compression
: ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻓﺸﺎري‬
(N/mm²) ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
(N/mm²) ‫ﻣﺤﻮري‬
(N/mm²) ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺧﻤﺶ‬10 ‫ﺑﺎزاء‬
Compressive strength:
flatwise (N/mm²)
Axial (N/mm²)
At 10% deflection (N/mm²)
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎر‬
(‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل )در ﺻﺪ‬
Deformation under load
Elongation (%)
(24 °C) (‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ )درﺻﺪ‬
:‫ﺧﻮاص ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
Elongation at break (%) (24°C)
Fatigue properties:
(‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬-‫ )ﺗﻨﺶ‬S-N ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري‬
S-N curve
Endurance limit
‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮي و ﻣﺪت دوام آن‬
(N/mm²) * ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺧﻤﺸﻲ‬
Flexibility and flex life
Flexural strength* (N/mm²)
(‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ )راك ول‬
(‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ )اﻳﺰود‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ذاﺗﻲ‬
Hardness (Rockwell)
Impact strength, Izod
Inherent rigidity
(kg/mm²) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ارﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬
Modulus of elasticity (kg/mm²)
(kg/mm²) ‫در ﻓﺸﺎر‬
In compression (kg/mm²)
‫درﺧﻤﺶ‬
‫در ﻛﺸﺶ‬
In flexure (kg/mm²)
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In tension (kg/mm²)
‫در ﺑﺮش‬
In shear (kg/mm²)
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
(‫دﻣﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ اﻳﻤﻦ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Resistance to fatigue
Safe operating temperature (°C)
(‫ﺑﺮش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ* )ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
:‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم در ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ‬
Shear ultimate* (Pa)
Tear strength:
Propagating (g/mm)
(g/mm) ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
Initial (kg/cm)
(kg/cm) ‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
(kg/mm²) ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ‬
Tensile strength (kg/mm²)
‫دﻣﺎي ﻓﺮورﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺧﻸ‬
Vacuum collapse temperature
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺑﺎ و‬،‫* ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ارﻗﺎم ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
* Typical and design values, variability with
and across grain.
‫در ﻋﺮض ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬2-2-‫د‬
D.2.2 Design limitations
‫اﻧﺪازه و ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
Size and thickness
Velocity
‫دﻣﺎ‬
:‫ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺠﺎور‬
Temperature
Compatibility with adjacent materials:
‫در دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
At ambient temperature
at elevated temperature
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
Geometric form
‫ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي اﻳﺴﺘﺎ و ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و آراﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Static and cyclic loading
Surface configuration and texture
‫روﺷﻬﺎ و ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬
Protection methods and techniques
Maintenance
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬3-2-‫د‬
D.2.3 Fabrication character of materials
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي و ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ‬
a) Moulding and injection
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬
Compression ratio
(kg/cm²) ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Compression moulding pressure (kg/cm²)
(°C) ‫دﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Compression moulding temp. (°C)
(kg/cm²) ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ‬
Injection moulding pressure (kg/cm²)
(°C) ‫دﻣﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺰرﻳﻘﻲ‬
Injection moulding temp. (°C)
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي‬
(cm/cm) ‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎض )ﺧﻄﻲ( ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫( و ﻏﻴﺮه‬cm³/g) ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬
Moulding qualities
Mould (linear) shrinkage (cm/cm)
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Specific volume, (cm³/g) etc.
‫ب ( ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
b) Lamination
(kg/cm²) ‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫( و ﻏﻴﺮه‬°C) ‫دﻣﺎي ﻻﻳﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
Laminating pressure (kg/cm²)
Laminating temperature (°C), etc.
‫ج ( ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي در دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
c) Formation at elevated temperatures
‫د ( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري‬
d) Machinability
:‫اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس از‬
‫ﻣﺘﻪ ﻛﺎري‬
Adverse effect of:
Drilling
‫ﻓﺮز ﻛﺎري‬
‫اره ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺑﺮش ﻛﺎري‬
Milling
Sawing
Shearing
‫ﺗﺮاﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮش‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
Turning
Best cutting speed
Fire hazard
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎري‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ و ﺷﻜﻞ اﺑﺰار ﺑﺮش و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
Machining qualities
Material and shape of cutting tool, etc.
‫ﻫـ( ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
e) Protective coating
‫روﻛﺶ ﻛﺎري ﻓﻠﺰي‬
‫رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي‬
Cladding
Painting
‫آﺑﻜﺎري‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬
Plating
Sensitivity to contamination
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن‬
‫ﻧﻮع آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Suitability
Type of surface preparation optimal
‫و ( ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
f) Quality of finish
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰي‬
Appearance
Cleanliness
‫درﺟﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ و اﺛﺮ آن‬
Grade
Polishing
Surface and effect
‫ز ( اﺗﺼﺎل‬
g) Joining
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴﺐ‬
Adhesive joining
‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ دادن‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن‬
Bonding
Cracking tendency
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Heat zone effect
Welding, etc.
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ ﻏﻴﺮه‬،‫ﺟﻮﺷﻜﺎري‬
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬4-2-‫د‬
D.2.4 Economic factors
‫اﻟﻒ( در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮدن‬
a) Availability
Cladded forms
‫ﺑﺼﻮرت روﻛﺶ ﺷﺪه‬
Forms available
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬
(cm) ‫ﻋﺮض ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
Maximum width (cm)
‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺴﺎزي ﺷﺪه‬
Thickness range
Treated forms
‫ﻳﻜﺪﺳﺖ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﻮاد‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﻋﻴﻮب‬
Uniformity of material
Freedom from defects
‫ب ( ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
b) Cost of different forms
c) Size limitations
‫ج ( ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازه‬
d) Size tolerances
‫د ( رواداري ﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازه‬
‫ ﺑـﺮگ ﻣﻨﺘﺨـﺐ‬:‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻣـﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬3-‫د‬
D.3 Natural and synthetic elastomers: selective
check-off list
‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬
D.3.1 Physical character of material
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎده‬1-3-‫د‬
a) Uncured properties
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪه‬
Color
‫ﻓﺎم‬
‫دوام‬
‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺠﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻛﺎﻻ‬
‫ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي‬
Consistency
Shelf life
Viscosity
‫ب ( ﺧﻮاص ﻣﺎده ﻋﻤﻞ آورده ﺷﺪه‬
b) Cured properties
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
Chemical composition
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬
‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت در اﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎس‬
Compression set
Contamination of contents by contact
‫ﺧﺰش‬
(‫راﻧﺶ )دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق‬
Creep
Drift (room temperature)
‫ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺸﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
Elasticity
Elastic memory
‫اﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬
(‫اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺧﻄﻲ )درﺻﺪ‬
Flexing
Hardness range
Linear shrinkage (%)
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‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ داﺋﻤﻲ‬
Permeability to gases
Permanent set
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ارﺗﺠﺎع‬
‫ ﺧﻮدﻣﻴﺮاﺋﻲ‬-‫ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ‬
Resilience
Self-damping
‫وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬
(‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻮرم )در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
Specific gravity
Swelling resistance (in various environments)
‫ج ( ﺧﻮاص ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
c) Thermal properties
-3
‫ در ﻫﺮ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬10 × ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
Coefficient of thermal expansion × 10-3 per
°C
‫راﻧﺶ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫درﺻﺪ ازدﻳﺎد ﻃﻮل در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Drift at elevated temperature
Elongation % at elevated temperature
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن در اﺛﺮ ﺣﺮارت‬
Flame resistance
Heat ageing
(‫ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ )درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬-‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺮدي‬
(‫ در دﻣﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ) درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬-‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻠﺒﻴﺖ‬
(‫داﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي ) درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬
Low temperature-brittle point (°C)
Low temperature-stiffening (°C)
Maximum service temperature range (°C)
(‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ )ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
(w/m. K˚) ‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
Tensile strength-elevated temperature (Pa)
Thermal conductivity (w/m. K˚)
‫د ( ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
d) Electrical properties
Dielectric constant
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Dielectric strength
‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻋﺎﻳﻖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
Dissipation factor
(Ω/cm ) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Electrical resistivity (Ω/cm)
Volume resistivity
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ‬
D.3.2 Mechanical properties
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬2-3-‫د‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮك‬
‫ﺗﺪاوم ﺑﺮش‬
Crack resistance
Cut growth
(‫درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل )ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
(‫درﺻﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل )ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
Elongation % (plain)
Elongation % (reinforced)
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ و ﺷﻮك‬
Resistance to abrasion
Resistance to impact and shock
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
Resistance to wear
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Tear resistance
IPS-E-TP-740(1)
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﭘﺎرﮔﻲ‬
Tensile strength-reinforced (MPa)
(MPa) ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
Tensile strength-unreinforced (MPa)
(MPa) ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫ ﺧﻮاص زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬3-3-‫د‬
D.3.3 Environmental properties
:‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
Chemical resistance in:
‫آب‬
‫اﺳﻴﺪ‬
Water
Acid
‫ﻗﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻴﻔﺘﻴﻚ‬
Alkali
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي آروﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺎﻟﻮژﻧﻪ‬
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Halogenated hydrocarbons
‫اﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫روﻏﻦ ﻫﺎ و ﮔﺮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎ‬
Alcohol
Oil and greases
(‫ دي اﺳﺘﺮ‬،‫روﻏﻦ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻓﺴﻔﺎت ﻫﺎ‬، ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ – ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻫﺎ‬
Synthetic lubricants (e.g. Diester)
Hydraulic fluids-silicates, phosphates
‫ﻧﻮر‬
‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪن‬
Light
Oxidation
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫ﻫﻮا‬
Radiation
Weather
‫ ﺧﻮاص ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬4-3-‫د‬
D.3.4 Subjective properties
‫ﺑﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻚ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺰه‬
Odor
Staining
Taste
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬5-3-‫د‬
D.3.5 Fabrication-character of materials
‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺐ‬
Bonding to rigid materials
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﻴﺮي‬
Limits of geometric form
Moulding limits
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
‫ﺷﻜﻢ دادن‬
Processing characteristics
Sagging
‫ اﺛﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬6-3-‫د‬
D.3.6 Corrosion effect on substrate
‫دودﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
Fumes in combustion
‫ﺗﻤﺎس ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
Physical contact
Vapor on setting and set
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‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮاد‬7-3-‫د‬
D.3.7 Fabrication character of materials
‫ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬8-3-‫د‬
D.3.8 Economic factors
‫ ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ‬:‫ ﭼﺴﺐ ﻫﺎ‬4-‫د‬
D.4 Adhesives: selective check-off list
‫ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎده‬1-4-‫د‬
D.4.1 Physical character of material
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
a) General
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
(‫ﻓﺎم )رﻧﮓ‬
‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺴﺐ‬
Chemical composition
Color
Contamination of contents by adhesive
:‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در‬
‫ﺟﻮ‬
‫آب و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺧﺎك‬
Characteristics in:
Atmosphere
Waters and humidity
Soil
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫روﻏﻦ روان ﺳﺎزي‬
Chemicals
Lubricating oil
‫ﺳﻴﺎل ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺣﻼل ﭼﺮﺑﻲ زداﻳﻲ‬
Hydraulic fluid
Degreasing solvent
‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ‬
Gases
Other environments
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺰش و دﻣﺎ‬
‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
Creep characteristics and temperature
Density
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﺎرات آﻟﻲ روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻠﺰ‬
Effect of forming on substrate
Effect of organic vapors on substrate
Effect of high temperatures
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Effect of low temperatures
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ روي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ در دﻣﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ‬
Effect on strength after exposure to higher
temperature
‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
Electrical conductivity
Electrical resistivity
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
Fire resistance
Flammability
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‫( اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬b
b) Mechanical strength
:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺎر روي ﺧﻂ ﭼﺴﺐ‬
‫ﮔــﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ‬-(‫ از ﻋــﺮض‬kg/cm) ‫ﺷـﻜﺎف ﺑﺮداﺷــﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺎﻓﺖ‬
(‫ از ﻋﺮض‬kg/cm) ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن‬
(kg/cm²) ‫ﺑﺮش‬
(kg/cm²) ‫ﻛﺸﺶ‬
Load on glue line:
Cleavage (kg/cm of width)
Peel (kg/cm of width)
Shear (kg/cm²)
Tension (kg/cm²)
‫ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬2-4-‫د‬
D.4.2 Design limitations
:‫ﺳﺮوﻳﺲﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
Utility:
Development
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ در ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اوﻟﻴﻪ‬
Field repair
Production
Prototype
:‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ دادن‬
Application:
Bonding
‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
Reinforced joint
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ در ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ در ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Restriction on joined area
Restriction on pressure
‫رﺳﻮب ﻛﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن‬
Scaling
Type of drying
:‫اﻧﻮاع ﺳﻄﻮح‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
Surface types:
Base metal
Finish
:‫ﻧﻮع اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻟﺒﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه – ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
‫روﻳﻬﻢ اﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ‬
Type of joint:
Edge
Filled
Lap
‫ﻧﻔﻮذ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ روي اﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎم‬
Hydraulic permeability
Maximum
strength
temperature
not
affecting
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب‬
‫ﺑﻮ‬
‫اﻳﺠﺎد دود در آﺗﺶ‬
Melting point
Odor
Smoke development on fire
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‫اﺛﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ(‪:‬‬
‫‪Surface effect (corrosion):‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫‪Metals‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Non-metals‬‬
‫‪Coatings‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪Susceptibility to environments:‬‬
‫در ﺑﻴﺮون در زﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎن‬
‫در ﺑﻴﺮون ﺑﺎن در ﻣﻌﺮض ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫‪Outdoor sheltered‬‬
‫‪Outdoor direct exposure‬‬
‫در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﺮون و ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻧﻮر ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪ‬
‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬
‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬
‫‪Outdoor sunlight only‬‬
‫‪Indoor room condition‬‬
‫‪Indoor controlled‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه )ﺑـﺮاي آزﻣـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(‬
‫در زﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﻪﺑﺎن در ﺑﻴﺮون اﻧﺒﺎر ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Stored sealed‬‬
‫)‪Stored sealed (opened for test‬‬
‫‪Stored outdoor sheltered‬‬
‫د‪ 5-‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ ﻣــﻮاد و ﺳــﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن )ﺑــــﻪ ﺑﻨــــﺪ ‪ 7‬اﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫‪D.5 Qualification of materials and manufacturers‬‬
‫)‪(See Norsok standard – M 001 clause 7‬‬
‫‪ Norsok M 001‬ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد(‬
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