IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬
FOREWORD
The Iranian Petroleum Standards (IPS) reflect the
views of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum and
are intended for use in the oil and gas production
facilities,
oil
refineries,
chemical
and
petrochemical plants, gas handling and processing
installations and other such facilities.
IPS is based on internationally acceptable
standards and includes selections from the items
stipulated in the referenced standards. They are
also supplemented by additional requirements
and/or modifications based on the experience
acquired by the Iranian Petroleum Industry and
the local market availability. The options which
are not specified in the text of the standards are
itemized in data sheet/s, so that, the user can
select his appropriate preferences therein.
The IPS standards are therefore expected to be
sufficiently flexible so that the users can adapt
these standards to their requirements. However,
they may not cover every requirement of each
project. For such cases, an addendum to IPS
Standard shall be prepared by the user which
elaborates the particular requirements of the user.
This addendum together with the relevant IPS
shall form the job specification for the specific
project or work.
The IPS is reviewed and up-dated approximately
every five years. Each standards are subject to
amendment or withdrawal, if required, thus the
latest edition of IPS shall be applicable
The users of IPS are therefore requested to send
their views and comments, including any
addendum prepared for particular cases to the
following address. These comments and
recommendations will be reviewed by the relevant
technical committee and in case of approval will
be incorporated in the next revision of the
standard.
Standards and Research department
No.19, Street14, North kheradmand
Karimkhan Avenue, Tehran, Iran .
Postal Code- 1585886851
Tel: 88810459-60 & 66153055
Fax: 88810462
Email: Standards@nioc.org
‫( ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه دﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎي‬IPS) ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
‫وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
،‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬،‫و ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت اﻧﺘﻘﺎل و ﻓﺮاورش ﮔﺎز و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺰﻳﺪهﻫﺎﺋﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎت ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر‬.‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻮاردي‬،‫و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻻ از ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻴﺎز‬
.‫ﺑﻄﻮر ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﻲ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي از ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ آورده ﻧﺸﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ در داده ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ‬.‫اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص آﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬.‫را ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ آن ﭘﺮوژه و ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎر ﺧﺎص را‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬
.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داد‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﺮ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎل ﻳﻜﺒﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و روزآﻣﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردي ﺣﺬف و ﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﺑﻪ آن اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮد و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﻮاره آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ و‬،‫از ﻛﺎرﺑﺮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات اﺻﻼﺣﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﻴﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد ﺧﺎص‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات‬.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ زﻳﺮ ارﺳﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻧﺪ‬
‫درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ در ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و در ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬
.‫در ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻮﭼﻪ‬،‫ ﺧﺮدﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﻳﻤﺨﺎن زﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺮان‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
19 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره‬،‫ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ‬
‫اداره ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
1585886851 : ‫ﻛﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ‬
66153055 ‫ و‬88810459 - 60 : ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬
88810462 : ‫دور ﻧﮕﺎر‬
Standards@nioc.org
:‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
: ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
General Definitions:
Throughout this Standard
definitions shall apply.
the
following
Company :
Refers to one of the related and/or affiliated
companies of the Iranian Ministry of Petroleum
such as National Iranian Oil Company, National
Iranian
Gas
Company,
and
National
Petrochemical Company etc.
Purchaser :
Means the “Company" Where this standard is
part of direct purchaser order by the “Company”,
and the “Contractor” where this Standard is a part
of contract documents.
Vendor And Supplier:
Refers to firm or person who will supply and/or
fabricate the equipment or material.
Contractor:
Refers to the persons, firm or company whose
tender has been accepted by the company.
Executor :
Executor is the party which carries out all or part
of construction and/or commissioning for the
project.
Inspector :
The Inspector referred to in this Standard is a
person/persons or a body appointed in writing by
the company for the inspection of fabrication and
installation work
Shall:
Is used where a provision is mandatory.
Should:
Is used where a provision is advisory only.
Will:
Is normally used in connection with the action
by the “Company” rather than by a contractor,
supplier or vendor.
May:
Is used where a provision is completely
discretionary.
.‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود‬
: ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و واﺑﺴﺘﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮔﺎز اﻳﺮان‬،‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬
.‫ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه اﻃﻼق ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪار‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آن "ﺷﺮﻛﺖ" ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ "ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎري" ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺪارك ﻗﺮارداد آن اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه و ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ و ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي‬
. ‫ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﺻﻨﻌﺖ را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
:‫ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ وﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدش‬، ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪ وﻳﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺪه ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
: ‫ﻣﺠﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺠﺮي ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از‬
.‫ﻛﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺮوژه را اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎزرس‬
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺎزرس ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ اﺗﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮورت اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
: ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬
. ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
PROCESS DESIGN OF FLARE
AND BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS
FIRST REVISION
DECEMBER 2009
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ اول‬
1388 ‫آذر‬
This Standard is the property of Iranian Ministry of
Petroleum. All rights are reserved to the owner. Neither
whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to
any third party, reproduced, stored in any retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the prior written consent of the Iranian Ministry
of Petroleum.
0
‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻘﻮق آن‬.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ آن ﺑﻮده و ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ وزارت ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫اﻳﺮان‬
‫ ﻳﺎ روش دﻳﮕﺮي در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬،‫ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
.‫اﻓﺮاد ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
CONTENTS:
Page
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
No.
0. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 3
3..............................................................‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
1. SCOPE................................................................ 4
4......................................................‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
2. REFERENCES .................................................. 4
4............................................................. ‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY .............. 5
5................................................‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
3.1 Atmospheric Discharge .............................. 5
5.............................................. ‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3
3.2 Autorefrigeration........................................ 5
5.................................... ‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3
3.3 Back Pressure ............................................. 5
5............................................‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3
3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve..................... 6
6.......................... ‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure .............................. 6
6............................ ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
3.6 Closed Disposal System.............................. 6
6...................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3
3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve.............. 6
6................... ‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3
3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio ..................... 6
6.......................... ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3
3.9 Flare............................................................. 6
6...................................................... ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up.................. 6
6.................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
3.11 Flare Blow Out.......................................... 7
7.................................. ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3
3.12 Mach Number ........................................... 7
7..................................................‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3
3.13 Open Disposal System .............................. 7
7.......................................... ‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3
3.14 Quenching ................................................. 7
7......................................... ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3
3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure................. 7
7................................... ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3
3.16 Vent Stack ................................................. 7
7................................. ‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3
1
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............. 7
7..........................................‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4
5. UNITS................................................................. 10
10............................................................ ‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS . 10
10................................... ‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6
6.1 General ........................................................ 10
10...................................................... ‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief
Stream.......................................................... 11
11.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief
Stream.......................................................... 13
13.......‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
7. DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS ................................................ 14
14............................. ‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7
7.1 Piping........................................................... 14
14.................................................. ‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7
7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum .......................... 22
22........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7
7.3 Quench Drum ............................................. 22
22................................. ‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7
7.4 Sizing a Seal Drum ..................................... 27
27........................ ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7
7.5 Flares ........................................................... 27
27.................................................. ‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7
7.6 Burning Pits ................................................ 38
38..................................... ‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
APPENDICES:
:‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE
PIPE SIZING ............................... 42
47.........‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
APPENDIX B SIZING A KNOCK-OUT
DRUM........................................... 44
44...................... ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
APPENDIX C DETERMINATION OF LIQUID
LEVEL IN A HORIZONTAL
VESSEL........................................ 50
50.................. ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
APPENDIX D SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR
SIZING A FLARE STACK ......... 51
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬
51.....................................‫دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
2
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
0. INTRODUCTION
‫ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬-0
"Process Design of Safeguarding Systems for Oil,
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) Processes" are
broad and contain variable subjects of paramount
importance. Therefore, groups of process
engineering standards are prepared to cover the
subject.
،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي‬.‫و ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‬
This group includes the following Standards:
STANDARD CODE
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
STANDARD TITLE
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﻛﺪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
IPS-E-PR-450 "Engineering Standard for
Process Design of Pressure
Relieving
Systems
Inclusive Safety Relief
Valves"
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-450
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
"‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
IPS-E-PR-460 "Engineering Standard for
Process Design of Flare
and Blowdown Systems"
‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-460
" ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
IPS-E-PR-470 "Engineering Standard for
Process
Design
of
Emergency Measures"
‫ " اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬IPS-E-PR-470
"‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري‬
This Standard covers:
:‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد زﻳﺮ را در ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬
AND
"‫"ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
In designing safeguarding systems for process
plants, facilities should be provided for handling,
directing and ultimately disposal of voluntary and
involuntary gases and liquids. There are several
options available to the process design engineer
as to the selection of disposal systems. Once a
specific disposal system is selected detail design
is then undertaken.
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
‫ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ و ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم دﻓﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
.‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
-‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻃﺮاح اﻧﺘﺨﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺧﺎص اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬.‫ﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
"PROCESS DESIGN OF
BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS"
FLARE
3
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
1. SCOPE
‫ داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬-1
This Standard covers process design and
evaluation and selection of relief systems for Oil,
Gas and Petrochemical (OGP) process plants.
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﮔﺎز و ﭘﺘﺮوﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻧﻔﺖ‬
.‫( را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬OGP)
It includes network and related ancillary
installations which are to handle and direct fluids
discharged due to overpressure and/or operational
requirements to a safe disposal system.
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ و ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط و‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬/‫ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻻت ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
.‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This Standard is primarily concerned with
selection of disposal system, sizing of relief
headers, sizing of flare systems and burning pits.
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﺻﻮﻻً در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫اﻧﺪازه ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:1 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 1:
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ‬1378 ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
1 ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻮارد ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
.‫ اﺑﻼغ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬82 ‫ﻃﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره‬
This standard specification is reviewed and
updated by the relevant technical committee on
June 1999, as amendment No. 1 by circular
No.82.
:2 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 2:
‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد دو زﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و‬1388 ‫ﻛﻪ در آذر ﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل‬
(0) ‫ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺲ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬.‫( اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬1) ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬
.‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
This bilingual standard is a revised version of the
standard specification by the relevant technical
committee on Dec 2009, which is issued as
revision (1). Revision (0) of the said standard
specification is withdrawn.
:3 ‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Note 3:
‫ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻼك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
In case of conflict between Farsi and English
languages, English language shall govern.
2. REFERENCES
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬-2
Throughout this Standard the following dated and
undated standards/codes are referred to. These
referenced documents shall, to the extent
specified herein, form a part of this standard. For
dated references, the edition cited applies. The
applicability of changes in dated references that
occur after the cited date shall be mutually agreed
upon by the Company and the Vendor. For
undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced
documents
(including
any
supplements and amendments) applies.
‫در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ آﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار و‬
‫ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي ﻛﻪ در‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ زﻳﺮ اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از اﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دار‬.‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻼك ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ در‬
‫ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ و ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫آﻧﻬﺎ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ در ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎي آن ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
IPS (IRANIAN PETROLEUM STANDARDS)
(‫ )اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‬IPS
"‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬IPS-E-GN-100
IPS-E-GN-100 "Engineering Standard for
Units"
‫"اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
IPS-E-PR-440 "Engineering Standard for
4
IPS-E-PR-440
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Process Design of Piping Systems (Process
Piping and Pipeline Sizing)",Parts 1-4".
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ )ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﺧﻂ‬
"4 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي‬
IPS-E-PR-725 "Engineering Standard for
Process Design of Plant
Waste
Water
Sewer
Systems".
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬IPS-E-PR-725
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
"‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
(‫ )ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬API
API (AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE)
API RP 520
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫" ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه‬
-‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
"‫ﻫﺎ‬
"Sizing,
Selection
and
Installation of PressureRelieving
Devices
in
Refineries"
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه واﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬-I ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
Part I -Sizing and Selection
‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬-II ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬
Part II - Installation
API RP 521
‫ " راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و‬API RP 521
"‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
"Guide
for
PressureRelieving and Depressuring
Systems"
API Publication 931
API Publication 931
‫ در ﻣﻮرد دﻓﻊ‬API ‫"دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه – ﺑﺨﺶ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در‬
"‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
"API Manual on Disposal of
Refinery Wastes, Volume on
Atmospheric Emissions".
ASME(AMERICAN
SOCIETY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS)
ASME B 31.3
API RP 520
(‫ )اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ASME
OF
‫ "اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ‬ASME B 31.3
"‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي‬
"Process Piping"
3. DEFINITIONS & TERMINOLOGY
‫ ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ و واژﮔﺎن‬-3
For extensive description reference can be made
to API RP 521.
‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬API RP 521 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
3.1 Atmospheric Discharge
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬1-3
Is the release of vapors and gases from pressurerelieving and depressuring devices to the
atmosphere.
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﺨﺎرات و ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
3.2 Autorefrigeration
‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي‬2-3
Is the reduction in temperature as a result of
pressure drop and subsequent flashing of light
hydrocarbon liquids.
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻣﺎ در اﺛﺮ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
.‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺳﺒﻚ را ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
3.3 Back Pressure
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬3-3
Is the pressure that exists at the outlet of a
‫ﻓﺸﺎري اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ‬
5
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
pressure relief device as a result of pressure in the
discharge system .
.‫ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬4-3
3.4 Balanced Safety/Relief Valve
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪن و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آزادﺳﺎزي‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
.‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
Is a safety/relief valve that incorporates means for
minimizing the effect of back pressure on the
performance characteristics- opening pressure,
closing pressure, lift, and relieving capacity.
3.5 Built-up Back Pressure
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه‬5-3
Is the pressure in the discharge header, which
develops as result of flow after the safety-relief
valve opens.
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ‬
.‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
3.6 Closed Disposal System
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬6-3
Is a disposal system that is capable of containing
pressures different from atmospheric pressure
without leakage.
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬
.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺤﻴﻂ را ﺑﺪون اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺸﺘﻲ دارد‬
3.7 Conventional Safety/Relief Valve
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﺪاول‬/‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬7-3
Is a closed-bonnet pressure relief valve whose
bonnet is vented to the discharge side of the
valve. The valves performance characteristicsopening pressure, closing pressure, lift, and
relieving capacity are directly affected by
changes of the back pressure on the valve.
‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎ درﭘﻮش ﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ درﭘﻮش آن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻻرﻓﺘﻦ و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آن‬،‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ روي ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
3.8 Critical Flow Pressure Ratio
‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ‬8-3
Is the result of the following equation:
(Eq.1)
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ از ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
PCF  2 


P0
k  1
3.9 Flare
k /( k 1)
(1 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬9-3
Is a means of safe disposal of waste gases by
combustion. With an elevated flare, the
combustion is carried out at the top of a pipe or
stack where the burner and igniter are located. A
ground flare is similarly equipped, except
combustion is carried out at or near ground level.
A burn pit differs from a flare in that it is
primarily designed to handle liquids.
‫وﺳﻴﻠـﻪاي ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ دودﻛﺶ ﺟﺎﻳﻴﻜﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬.‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ و ﻳﺎ روي‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
.‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
3.10 Flare Blow Off/Flame Lift-up
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬/‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10-3
Is the lifting of flame front from the flare tip.
.‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺳﺖ‬
6
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
3.11 Flare Blow Out
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬11-3
Is the extinguishing of flare flame.
.‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
3.12 Mach Number
‫ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬12-3
Is the ratio of vapor velocity to sonic velocity in
that vapor at flowing conditions.
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت اﺳﺖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
3.13 Open Disposal System
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎز‬13-3
Is a disposal system that discharges directly from
the relieving device to the atmosphere with no
containment other than a short tail pipe.
‫ ﺑﺪون ﻫﻴﭻ‬،‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
.‫ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺟﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬
3.14 Quenching
‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬14-3
Is the cooling of a hot vapor by mixing it with
another fluid or by partially vaporizing another
liquid.
‫ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺎر داغ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﺮدن آن ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎل‬
.‫دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
3.15 Super Imposed Back Pressure
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎزاد‬15-3
Is the static pressure that exists at the outlet of a
pressure relief device at the time the device is
required to operate. It is the result of pressure in
the discharge system coming from other sources
and may be constant or variable.
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر در زﻣﺎن‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر در اﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد دﺳﺘﮕﺎه وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد و‬
.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
3.16 Vent Stack
‫ دودﻛﺶ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬16-3
Is the elevated vertical termination of a disposal
system that discharges vapors into the atmosphere
without combustion or conversion of the relieved
fluid.
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﻠﻨﺪي در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرات‬
.‫را ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬
4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ و اﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‬-4
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ؛‬A
A = Cross-sectional area, in (m2).
AL1 = Vessel segment area occupied by
slops and drain, in (m2).
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب‬AL1
‫اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
AL2 = Vessel segment area occupied by
condensed liquid, in (m2).
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل‬AL2
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
Ap = Pit area required to vaporize and
burn liquid, in (m2).
‫ = ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن‬Ap
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
At = Total vessel cross-sectional area, in
(m2).
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺰن )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬At
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬AV
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬
AV = Vessel cross-section area available
for vapor flow, in (m2).
‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺸﺶ؛‬C
C = Drag coefficient.
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬D
D = Flare tip diameter (m)
f=fD=4fF ،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬f
f = Moody Friction Factor, f=fD=4fF,
fF=Fanning Friction Factor,
،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻓﺎﻧﻴﻨﮓ‬:fF
f D=Darcy Friction Factor.
‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك دارﺳﻲ؛‬:fD
F = Fraction of heat radiated.
‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ؛‬F
g = Acceleration due to gravity,9.8 in
(m/s2).
‫ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺬور ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬9/8 ،‫ = ﺷﺘﺎب ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬g
G = Design mass flow, in (kg/s. m2).
‫ = ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬
Gci = Critical mass flux, in (kg/s.m2).
‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬Gci
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬
‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ )ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﻏﻮﻃﻪور‬h
h = Depth (maximum distance, that the
inlet pipe is submerged), in (m).
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد( ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
‫ = ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬H
H = Flare stack height, in (m).
hL1 = Vessel depth occupied by slops
and drain, in (m).
‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺠﻦ و زﻳﺮآب اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه‬hL1
hL2
‫ = ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬hL2
= Vessel depth occupied
condensed liquid, in (m).
‫اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬
by
‫)ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬
hv = Vertical space for vapor flow, in
(cm).
‫ = ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬hv
k = Ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv for the
vapor being relieved.
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر رﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه؛‬CP/CV ،‫ = ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ وﻳﮋه‬k
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬
Dimensional constant equal to
0.076 mm/min.
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ؛‬0/076 ‫ = ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺑﻌﺎدي ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K1
K
= Maximum allowable radiation
(kilowatts per square meter ).
‫ = ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(؛‬K
K2
= Unit conversion factor equal to
60,000.
‫؛‬60000 ‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺎوي‬K2
K1
=
‫ = ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ(؛‬L
L = Flame length, in (m).
‫ = ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬Lmin
Lmin = Flare knockout drum minimum
length required, in (m).
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ؛‬
‫ = ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LH
LH = Level high
LHA = Level high alarm
‫ = ﻫﺸﺪار ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻ؛‬LHA
8
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
M = Molecular mass (weight) of the
vapor or gas.
‫ = ﺟﺮم )وزن( ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز؛‬M
Mw = Average molecular weight of the
vapour
‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر؛‬Mw
N = Line resistance factor,
(dimensionless).
‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﺑﺪون اﺑﻌﺎد(؛‬N
n = Polytrophic exponent.
‫ = ﺗﻮان ﭘﻠﻲ ﺗﺮوﭘﻴﻚ‬n
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P1
P1 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa
absolute).
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬P0
P0 = Upstream pressure, in (kPa absolute)
P2 = Pressure in the pipe at the exit or at
any point or distance L downstream
from the source, in (kPa absolute).
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﺎ‬P2
P3 =Pressure in reservoir into which pipe
discharges, in [101 kPa (absolute)
with atmospheric discharge].
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬P3
PCF = Critical flow pressure, in (kPa
absolute)
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬PCF
ql = Rate of vaporization and burning of
liquid, in (kg/s) (selected as equal to
the rate of flashed liquid entering the
pit).
‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ql
‫ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬،‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬L ‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ؛‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ‬101)
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(؛‬
‫)ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد(؛‬
‫ = ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات(؛‬Q
Q = Heat liberated ( kilowatts ).
‫ = ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬Qv
Qv = Heat required to vaporize liquid, in
(kJ/kg).
‫ﮔﺮم(؛‬
‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬W
W = Flow rate (kg/hour)
‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر آب )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬ws
ws = Steam flow rate, in (kg/s).
‫ = ﺷﺪت ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ(؛‬wHC
wHC = Vapor relief rate, in (kg/s).
‫ = ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮرد‬R
R = Surface distance from the center of
flare stack to the object under
consideration, in (m).
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ؛‬
‫ = ﻋﺪد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز؛‬Re
Re = Reynolds number.
r = Relative humidity, in (percent).
‫ = رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ درﺻﺪ‬r
( mm/min)‫ = ﻧﺮخ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ؛‬SR
SR = Linear regression rate of liquid
surface, in (mm/min).
9
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T
T = Flowing temperature (K)
T1 = Upstream temperature, in (K).
‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ؛‬T1
Uc = Particle dropout velocity, in (m/s).
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذره )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uc
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uj
Uj = Exit gas velocity, in (m/s).
Uv = Vapor velocity, in (m/s).
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ(؛‬Uv
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد )ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( در ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﻘﻲ؛‬U 
U  = Lateral wind velocity, in (m/s);
z = Compressibility factor.
.‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z
Greek Letters
‫ﺣﺮوف ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ‬
δ (Gama) = Fraction of heat intensity
transmitted
through
the
atmosphere.
‫ = ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺷﺪت ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬δ (Gama)
.‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ = زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ؛‬ (theta)
 (theta) = Liquid particle dropout time,
in (s).
= Viscosity of gas, in (cP=1m
Pa. s);
‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﻚ‬µ (mu)
= Constant figure equal to
3.1416.
3/1416 ‫ = ﻋﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ (pi)
 L (rho) = Density of liquid at operating
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ L (rho)
.‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
µ (mu)
 (pi)
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
3
conditions, in (kg/m )
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ v (rho)
.‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
 V (rho) = Density of vapor at operating
3
conditions , in (kg/m ).
‫ = ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬ (tau)
 (tau) = Fraction of heat intensity
transmitted
5. UNITS
‫ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬-5
This standard is based on International System of
Units, (SI) as per IPS-E-GN-100 except where
otherwise specified.
،(SI) ‫اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ در‬IPS-E-GN-100 ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ﻣﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6. SELECTION OF BLOWDOWN SYSTEMS
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-6
6.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-6
While the various systems for the disposal of
voluntary or involuntary vapor or liquid are
mentioned below, the actual selection of a
disposal system shall be conducted in accordance
with the expected frequency, duration of
operation, required capacity and fluid properties.
‫ذﻳﻼً ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب واﻗﻌﻲ ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﺪت‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد‬،‫ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز و ﺧﻮاص ﺳﻴﺎل‬،‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
10
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
6.2 Blowdown System for Vapor Relief Stream
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه‬2-6
Systems for the disposal for voluntary and
involuntary vapor discharges are:
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺑﺨﺎر‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
1) To atmosphere
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1
2) To lower pressure process vessel or
system
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬2
3) To closed pressure relief system and
flare
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4
4) Acid gas flare
6.2.1 Vapor discharge to atmosphere
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬1-2-6
Vapor relief streams shall be vented directly to
atmosphere if all of the following conditions are
satisfied (for a complete discussion on the subject
see API RP 521):
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي‬،‫در ﺻﻮرت اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮدن ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺑﺮاي‬
:(‫ رﺟﻮع ﺷﻮد‬API RP 521 ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ‬
1) Such disposal is not in conflict with the
present regulations concerning pollution and
noise.
‫( ﭼﻨﻴﻦ دﻓﻌﻲ در ﺗﻌﺎرض ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬1
2) The vapor is effectively non-toxic and noncorrosive.
.‫( ﺑﺨﺎر دﻓﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻤﻲ و ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬2
3) Vapor which is lighter than air or vapor of
any molecular mass that is non-flammable,
non-hazardous and non-condensable.
‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬3
4) There is no risk of condensation of
flammable or corrosive materials.
‫( ﺧﻄﺮ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه وﺟﻮد‬4
5) There is no chance of simultaneous release
of liquid, apart from water.
‫ وﺟﻮد‬،‫( اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ از آب‬5
6) Relief of flammable hydrocarbons direct to
the atmosphere should be restricted to cases
where it can be assured that they will be
diluted with air to below the lower flammable
limit. This should occur well before they can
come in contact with any source of ignition.
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﻪ‬6
.‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ و ﺻﺪا ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
.‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ از رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮا ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺣﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
The above condition can most easily be met if the
vapors to be released have a density less than that
of air. However, with proper design of the relief
vent adequate dilution with air can be obtained in
certain cases with higher density vapors. Methods
of calculation are given in API RP 521 section
4.3.
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﻣﻮاد‬.‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪن‬،‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ روشﻫــﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒــﻪ در‬.‫ﻛﺎﻓــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫــﻮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬3-4 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API RP 521
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
1) Vapor from depressuring valves shall be
discharged to a closed pressure relief system.
‫( ﺑﺨﺎر ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ‬1
2) Vapor which contains 1% H2S or more by
volume, shall be discharged to a closed
pressure relief system.
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬H2S ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﺎز‬1 ‫( ﺑﺨﺎري ﻛﻪ داراي‬2
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻓـﺸﺎر‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
6.2.2 Vapor discharge to lower pressure
process vessel or system
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻳﺎ ﺳـﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪي ﺑـﺎ‬2-2-6
Individual safety/relief valves may discharge to a
lower pressure process system or vessel capable
of handling the discharge.
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد)ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ( ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮش‬
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻮاد ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه را دارﻧﺪ‬
Although this type is rarely used, it is effective
for discharges that contain materials which must
be recovered.
‫ وﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي‬،‫ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﻛﺎرآ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
6.2.3 Vapor discharge to closed pressure relief
system and flare
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬3-2-6
In all cases where the atmospheric discharge or
release of vapor to a lower pressure system is not
permissible or practicable, vapor shall be
collected in a closed pressure relief system which
terminates in a flare, namely flare system. Where
the concentration of H2S is such that
condensation of acid gas is probable, provision
for a separate line, heat traced, shall be
considered.
‫در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻳﻚ‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-‫ ﺟﻤﻊ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬H2S ‫ در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬.‫آوري ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﺑﺮاي ﻳﻚ‬،‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺮود‬
.‫ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
In all cases, the installation of a closed pressure
relief system shall result in a minimum of air
pollution and the release of combustion products.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ‬، ‫در ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﻮا و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش‬4-2-6
6.2.4 Acid gas flare
In process plants where H2S free and H2S
containing streams are to be flared, consideration
should be given to the installation of a separate
header and flare stack assembly for the H2S
containing streams. The following provisions
should be studied for the acid gas flare assembly:
‫ و‬H2S ‫در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون اﻳﻦ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬.‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬H2S
:‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺗﺮش ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
1) Automatic injection of fuel gas down
stream of H2S pot in order to make the
combustion stable.
H2S ‫( ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن‬1
2) Steam injection for smokeless operation
shall not be considered for H2S flare tip.
‫ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬،H2S ‫( ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2
3) A common pilot igniter may be used to
‫( ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻤﺎم‬3
.‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
.‫ﺑﺪون دود در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
ignite all flare stacks including the acid flare.
.‫دودﻛﺶﻫﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدد‬
4) The H2S flare header and subheaders may
be heat traced in order to prevent the
condensation acid gas.
‫ و اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬H2S ‫( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ‬4
.‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﮔﺎزﺗﺮش ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
6.3 Blowdown System for Liquid Relief
Stream
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬3-6
Systems for the disposal of voluntary and
involuntary liquid discharges are:
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري و ﻏﻴﺮاﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
:‫ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1
1) To onsite liquid blowdown drum.
2) To lower pressure process vessel or
system.
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬2
3) To oily water sewers only if the
material will not cause hazardous
conditions.
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺎل ﭘﺴﺎب روﻏﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ‬3
4) To pump suction if pump will not
overheat or can withstand the
expected temperature rise.
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﮔﺮم‬4
.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﻄﺮزا اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﮕﺮدد‬
.‫ﻧﺸﻮد ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺮارت ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5
5) To burning pit.
6) To vaporizer.
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6
Thermal expansion relief valves may discharge
small quantities of volatile liquid or vapor into
the atmosphere, provided the valve outlet is in a
safe location.
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﺮوط‬،‫ﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻓﺮار ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺎرات را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
.‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6.3.1 Liquid discharge to onsite liquid blow
down drum
The liquid shall be discharged to an onsite liquid
blow down drum which is capable of retaining
the liquid discharged at the required liquid relief
rate for a period of 20 minutes. This drum shall
have a vapor discharge line to the closed pressure
relief system.
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ دور رﻳﺰ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬1-3-6
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد‬
،‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪاي را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺮاي دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6.3.2 Liquid discharge to lower pressure
process vessel or system
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر‬2-3-6
The liquid shall be discharged to a lower pressure
process vessel or system which is capable of
handling the required liquid relief rate plus any
flashed vapor.
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻮرد ﻟﺰوم ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
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‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ‬3-3-6
6.3.3 Liquid discharge to oily water sewer
Liquid discharge to an oily water sewer shall be
nonvolatile and nontoxic. The required liquid
relief rate shall be within the oil removal
capability of the oily water treating system.
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب روﻏﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﺮار و‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫روﻏﻦزداﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب روﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ‬4-3-6
6.3.4 Liquid discharge to pump suction
Required liquid relief shall discharge to an
upstream liquid reservoir from which the pump
takes suction. The liquid relief may discharge
directly to the pump suction line if sufficient
cooling is provided to prevent a temperature rise
of the liquid recycled through the pump when the
safety/relief valve opens or when a constant
displacement pump is used.
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ وارد ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ از‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
/‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺑﺎزﺷﺪن ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
.‫ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬5-3-6
6.3.5 Liquid discharge to burning pit
Liquid relief or voluntary liquid blow down
which need not be returned to the process or
discharged to an oily water sewer, shall be
discharged to a burning pit, if environmentally
accepted.
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺻﻮرت‬،‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻋﺪم ﻣﻨﻊ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬6-3-6
6.3.6 Liquid discharge to vaporizer
The liquid shall be discharged to a vaporizer
which is capable of vaporizing a liquid relief of
no more than 5,000 kg/h.
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اي ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬5000 ‫ﺷﺪه آن از‬
.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
SYSTEM
‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﺟﺰاء ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﻓﻌﻲ‬-7
Depending on the process plant under
consideration, a disposal system could consists of
a combination of the following items: piping,
knock-out drum, quench drum, seal drum, flare
stack, ignition system, flare tip, and burning pit.
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻌﻲ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ‬
،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬:‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬،‫ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮد ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
. ‫ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬
7. DESIGN OF
COMPONENTS
DISPOSAL
7.1 Piping
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ‬1-7
7.1.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-1-7
In general, the design of disposal piping should
conform to the requirements of ASME B31.3
Installation details should conform to those
specified in API Recommended Practice 520,
Part II.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ‬
‫ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮارد‬ASME B31-3 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API 520 ،II ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي‬2-1-7
7.1.2 Inlet piping
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ورودي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
The design of inlet piping should be in
14
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
accordance with API-RP-521, Section 5.4.1.2 .
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬API-RP-521 ‫ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬5.4.1.2
7.1.3 Discharge piping
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬3-1-7
The sizing should be in accordance with API-RP521, Section 5.4.1.3 in conjunction with
Appendix A as a supplement to the above.
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬5.4.1.3 ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬API-RP-521
.‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
TABLE 1- TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬K ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬-1 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
FITTING
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
GLOBE VALVE, OPEN
‫ ﺑﺎز‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ‬
FITTING
K
9.7
TYPICAL DEPRESSURING VALVE, OPEN
8.5
‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
90-DEGREE DOUBLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
SCREWED TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎز‬، ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
ANGLE VALVE, OPEN
‫ﺷﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪاي – ﺑﺎز‬
4.6
‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪه – ﺑﺎز‬
2.3
SWING CHECK VALVE, OPEN
180 DEGREE CLOSE-SCREWED RETURN
1.95
FABRICATED TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
LATERAL THROUGH RUN
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
90-DEGREE TRIPLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
SCREWED OR FABRICATED TEE
THROUGH BRANCH
1.72
45-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
90-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ‬
WELDING TEE THROUGH BRANCH
‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﺗﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
90-DEGREE STANDARD-SCREWED ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻲ‬
60-DEGREE SINGLE-MITER ELBOW
‫ﺮ‬‫ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑ‬60 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ‬
1.72
1.37
0.93
0.93
45-DEGREE LATERAL THROUGH BRANCH
0.76
180-DEGREE WELDING RETURN
‫ درﺟﻪ‬180 ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
WELDING TEE THROUGH RUN
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻪ راﻫﻪ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
90-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
45-DEGREE WELDING ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫زاﻧﻮﻳﻲ ﺟﻮﺷﻲ‬
GATE VALVE, OPEN
‫ ﺑﺎز‬- ‫ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬45 ‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب‬
90-DEGREE LONG-SWEEP ELBOW
‫ درﺟﻪ‬90 ‫زاﻧﻮﺋﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
0.59
RATIO OF DIAMETERS
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
CONTRACTION
or ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
ENLARGEMENT
CONTRACTION
(ANSI)
(ANSI) ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
CONTRACTION
(SUDDEN)
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬
ENLARGEMENT (ANSI)
(ANSI)‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
ENLARGEMENT (SUDDEN)
‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬
__________________________________
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
---
---
0.21
0.135
0.039
0.5
0.46
0.38
0.29
0.12
---
---
0.9
0.5
0.11
1.0
0.95
0.74
0.41
0.11
15
K
0.59
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.43
0.38
0.32
0.21
0.21
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
TABLE 2 - TYPICAL FRICTION FACTORS AND CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CLEAN
STEEL PIPE (BASED ON EQUIVALENT ROUGHNESS OF 0.046 mm)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬0/046 ‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي ﺗﻤﻴﺰ )ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس زﺑﺮي ﻣﻌﺎدل‬-2 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
CONVERSION FACTOR FOR EQUIVALENT
LENGTH PER UNIT OF K
K ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدل در واﺣﺪ‬
DIAMETER NOMINAL
PIPE SIZE (mm)
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻗﻄﺮ اﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
50 SCHEDULE 40
80 "
"
100 "
"
150 "
"
200-6 mm WALL
250 " "
300 "
"
350 " "
400 " "
500 " "
600 " "
750
900 " "
MOODY FRICITION
FACTOR (f)
(f) ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك ﻣﻮدي‬
0.0195
0.0178
0.0165
0.0150
0.0140
0.0135
0.0129
0.0126
0.0123
0.0119
0.0115
0.0110
0.0107
Note:
METERS
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
2.7
4.36
6.25
10.2
14.7
19.2
24.0
27.3
31.88
41.45
56.67
67.85
83.33
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The above friction factors and conversion factors
apply at high Reynolds numbers, namely, above
1 × 106 for DN 600 and larger, scaling down to 2
× 105 for DN 50.
‫ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ اﺻﻄﻜﺎك و ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻮق ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي‬1 ×10 6‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻋﺪاد رﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
5
DN 50‫ ﺑﺮاي‬2 ×10 ‫ و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ‬DN600
.‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‬
7.1.4 Liquid blow down header
‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬4-1-7
In order to reduce relief header loads and prevent
surges due to two-phase gas/liquid flow as much
as possible, it is advisable to direct all disposable
liquids into a separate blow down network.
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎر روي ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ دو ﻓﺎزي‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،(‫ﺷﺪن ﺟﺮﻳﺎن )ﻣﺎﻳﻊ – ﮔﺎز‬
.‫دور رﻳﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Once maximum load and back pressure in each
segment have been established, standard pipe
sizing procedures are used (refer to IPS-E-PR440).
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر و ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ در ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ از دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫ﺷﺪ‬
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
In determination of back pressure the following
shall be taken into consideration:
:‫ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬،‫در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬
1) Flashing of liquid at relief/safety valve
discharge or along the network due to pressure
drop and/or warm-up to ambient temperatures
should be analyzed.
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
‫ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر و‬
.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
16
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
2) Solids formation due to auto refrigeration
and presence of high melting point liquids
should be determined.
‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و وﺟﻮد‬2
3) If flashing and auto refrigeration is
possible, a temperature profile along the
network should be established so that proper
piping material selection and construction
practices is undertaken.
‫( اﮔﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ و ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي وﺟﻮد‬3
.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ درﺟﻪ ذوب ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺷﻮد‬،‫دارد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ‬
.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮدد‬
4) The network should be self-draining and
should not include pockets.
‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده و در آن‬4
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
5) The network should be continuously purged
by natural gas controlled through an orifice.
‫( ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬5
،‫از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار )ارﻳﻔـﻴﺲ( ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد‬
.‫ﮔﺎززداﻳﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
6) High liquid velocities should be watched
for within the network (refer to IPS-E-PR440).
‫( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻮد‬6
.(‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮد‬IPS-E-PR-440 ‫)ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
7.1.5 Stress
‫ ﺗﻨﺶ‬5-1-7
The design should be in accordance with ASME
B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2,302.3.5.
‫ﻃــﺮاﺣــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻳﺴﺘــﻲ ﻣﻄــﺎﺑــﻖ اﺳﺘــﺎﻧـــﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 2.302.3.5
7.1.6 Anchors, guides, and supports
‫و‬
،(guides)‫ﻏﻼفﻫﺎ‬
،(Anchor)‫ﺗﻜﻴﻪﮔﺎه‬
6-1-7
. (supports)‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪهﻫﺎ‬
‫ و‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻃــﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑـــــــــﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ASME B.31.3 Chapter II, Part 5.321.2
The design should be in accordance with APIRP-521; and ASME B.31.3 Chapter II,
Part 5, 321.2.
7.1.7 Drainage
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7-1-7
Disposal system piping should be self-draining
toward the discharge end. Pocketing of discharge
lines should be avoided. Where pressure relief
valves handle viscous materials or materials that
can solidify as they cool to ambient temperature,
the discharge line should be heat traced. A small
drain pot or drip leg may be necessary at low
points in lines that can not be sloped continuously
to the knockout or blow down drum. The use of
traps or other devices with operating mechanisms
should be avoided.
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ زﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺧﻮدﻛـﺎر‬
‫ از اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( در‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﺟـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ از ﺷـﻴﺮﻫﺎي‬.‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻮادي ﻛـﻪ در دﻣـﺎي‬
‫ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺷﺪن ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻴﺮوﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴـﺮ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻇـﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬،‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ از ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدن ﺗﻠـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬.‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫وﺳﺎﻳﻞ داراي ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰم ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
17
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.1.8 Details
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬8-1-7
1) Safety/relief valve connection to the
header
.‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬1
Normally, the laterals from individual
relieving devices should enter a header from
above.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل اﻧﺸﻌﺎﺑﺎت ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
.‫از ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
2) Safety/relief valves connection when
installed below the relief header
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ وﻗﺘﻲ زﻳﺮ‬/‫( اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬2
Laterals leading from individual valves
located at an elevation above the header
should drain to the header. Locating a safety
valve below the header elevation in closed
systems should be avoided. Laterals from
individual valves that must be located below
the header should be arranged to rise
continuously to the top of the header entry
point. However, means should be provided to
prevent liquid accumulation on the discharge
side of these valves.
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫در ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ از ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﺎً ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻞ ورودي ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬،‫دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫آورده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
In this regard the following should be taken
into consideration:
:‫ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
a) For the branch header which must be
connected to the main header from a lower
level than the main header, e.g., sleeper flare
piping, a drain pot must be installed. This is
shown in Fig. 1.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
b) If a safety/relief valve must be installed
below the flare header, the outlet line leading
to the flare header shall be heat-traced from
the safety/relief valve to their highest point.
But the arrangement of safety/relief valve
must be reviewed, as such, an arrangement is
not permitted for safety/ relief valves which
discharge a medium which can leave a
residue.
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ در زﻳﺮ‬/‫ب( اﮔﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ‬،‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺗﺎ‬/‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬/‫ اﻣﺎ آراﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮔﺮم ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻧﻲ از‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮاد آن ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﻣﺠﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
The heat-tracing can be omitted if the
safety/relief valve in question handles only
products which vaporize completely, or do not
condense at all, at the lowest ambient
temperature.
‫در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ از‬،‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪن ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان از ﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
.‫ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ‬،‫در روي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬1 ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
18
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫اﺗﺼﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬
Fig. 1-DRAIN POT
‫ ﻇﺮف ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬-1 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Diameter
the larger between twice the
cross-sectional area of the branch
header and pipe of DN 250.
Height
minimum 800 mm.
3) Purge point of gas for dry seal
،DN250 ‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬800 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫( ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﮔﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﺸﻚ‬3
a) A continuous fuel gas purge shall be
installed at the end of the main header and the
end of any major sub header. The fuel gas
purge shall be controlled by means of a
restriction orifice.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬
b) Purge gas volume shall be determined such
that a positive pressure is maintained and air
ingress is prevented.
‫ب( ﺣﺠﻢ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻤﺪه ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ روزﻧﻪ دار)ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ( ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ و ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ورود‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﻫﻮا ﮔﺮدد‬
‫( ﻋﺎﻳﻘﻜﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬4
4) Insulation of flare line
Normally insulation of flare line (including
outlet line of safety/relief valve) is not
required except for personnel protection.
‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎري ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن( ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬/‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﻧﻴﺎز ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺮدي‬
But to avoid hydrate formation or ice
accumulation, etc., within the flare line the use
of insulation or heat tracing shall be
‫اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﺦ و ﻏﻴﺮه‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎدﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
19
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
considered.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
5) Location of safety/relief valve
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬5
More than one piece of equipment may be
protected by a common safety/relief valve,
provided they are connected by a line of
sufficient size and that no block valve exists
on the connecting lines.
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬/‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ را ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺮ آن ﻛﻪ آن‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪهاي در اﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
.‫اﺗﺼﺎل دﻫﻨﺪه وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6) Valves on inlet/outlet line of safety/relief
valve
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ‬/‫( ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي روي ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي‬6
Unless otherwise specified by the company all
safety relief valves must have block valves on
the inlet and outlet to facilitate maintenance.
The block valves must be full bore and locked
open. Safety valves discharging to the
atmosphere shall not have block valves on the
outlet. A bypass line with a valve shall be
provided for each safety valve.
‫ ﻫﻤﻪ‬،‫ﺟﺰ در ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه‬
،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات‬/‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي ورودي و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎز و‬.‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﻗﻔﻞ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎز ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬،‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺎرﮔﺬر ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬/‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
7) Provision for installation of drain holes
‫( ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬7
Where individual valves are vented to the
atmosphere, an adequate drain hole [a nominal
pipe size of DN 15 is usually considered
suitable] should be provided at the low point
to ensure that no liquid collects downstream of
the valve. The vapor flow that occurs through
this hole during venting is not generally
considered significant, but each case should be
checked to see if the drain connection should
be piped to a safe location. Vapors escaping
from the drain hole must not be allowed to
impinge against the vessel shell, since
accidental ignition of such vent streams can
seriously weaken the shell.
،‫درﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ)ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬DN15 ‫اﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺎ از ﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ‬..‫ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺧﺮوج از اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮراخ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫ دﻳﻮاره ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺑﺨﺎرات‬.‫اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ زﻳﺮا ﺟﺮﻗﻪ‬،‫ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﮔﺮدد‬
8) Angle entry into the relief header
‫( ورودي زاوﻳﻪدار ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬8
‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ‬0/79)‫ درﺟﻪ‬45 ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زاوﻳﻪ ورودي‬
‫ رادﻳﺎن( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺳﺮ‬0/52)‫ درﺟﻪ‬30
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The use of angle entry an-entry at 45 degrees
(0.79 radian) or even 30 degrees (0.52 radian)
to the header axis for laterals is much more
common in relieving systems than in most
process piping systems.
20
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
9) Installation of valves and blinds in relief
headers
‫( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ و ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺴﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در‬9
Means (valve and blind) must be provided to
isolate each unit from the flare system for
safety and maintenance.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻫﺮ واﺣﺪ از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮات ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ادواﺗﻲ) ﺷﻴﺮ و ﻣﺴﺪود‬
.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه( ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
Extreme caution must be exercised in their use
to ensure that equipment which is operating is
not isolated from its relieving system. Valves
in the header system, if used should be
mounted so that they cannot fail in the closed
position (for example, a gate falling into its
closed position).
‫در اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد ﺗﺎ‬
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت از‬
‫ اﮔﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ )ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺮ دروازهاي‬.‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ‬
.(‫ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
10) Slope of flare header
‫( ﺷﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬10
A slope of 1 m in 500 m is suggested for the
flare header.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬500 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ در‬1 ‫ﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
11) Absorption of thermal expansion in
headers by looped pipes
‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬11
a) As a rule, headers shall be designed so that
thermal expansion generated in headers can
be absorbed by the bent parts of the headers.
In other words, the piping route of headers
shall incorporate several bends.
‫ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪه در‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻤﻴﺪه ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت دﻳﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺟﺬب ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ داراي ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
b) If thermal expansion cannot be absorbed
by the above method, absorption by looped
pipes shall be considered. Looped parts shall
have no drain pocket.
‫ب( اﮔﺮ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﺎﻻ وﺟﻮد‬
‫ ﺟﺬب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺷﺪه ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ)ﺗﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
12) Absorption of thermal expansion by
expansion joints
‫( ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ‬12
‫ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬
a) As a rule, no expansion joints shall be
used. The use of expansion joints is limited
to the case in which thermal expansion
cannot be absorbed by pipes alone because of
a short route, e.g., the route between the seal
drum ( or knock out drum) and the flare
stack.
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
،‫ﻣﻮاردي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻣﻜﺎن ﺟﺬب اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن آب ﺑﻨﺪ )ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰن‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪور ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ( و دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
b) Drain pipes shall be installed at bellows or
other concave parts where drain is likely to
remain.
‫ب( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬،‫دارد‬
21
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
c) The conditions for selecting bellows
(design condition, materials) shall be
specified clearly.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
(‫ ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ج( ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻓﺎﻧﻮﺳﻲ )ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
13) Solids formation
‫( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬13
The possibility of solids forming within the
disposal system must be studied considering
all related aspects, such as hydrate formation,
water or heavy hydrocarbon presence, autorefrigeration, etc. Consideration should be
given to separate disposal system so that the
possibility of solids formation is eliminated.
‫در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات و ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ ﺣﻀﻮر آب ﻳـﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪرات‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮدي و ﻏﻴﺮه اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد‬،‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار‬
.‫ﮔﻴﺮد ﺗﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﺪات از آن ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد‬
7.2 Sizing a Knock-out Drum
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ‬2-7
See Appendix B and Figs. 2 & 3. and Table 3 in
Appendix B.
(‫ را در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب‬3 ‫ و ﺟﺪول‬3 ‫ و‬2 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ب( و ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي‬
.‫ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
7.3 Quench Drum
‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬3-7
7.3.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-3-7
A quench drum is provided as a means of
preventing liquid hydrocarbon condensation in
the flare system, to reduce flare capacity
requirements, or to prevent discharge of
condensable hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. In
some cases, it serves the additional purpose of
reducing the maximum temperature of flare gases
and hence minimizing thermal expansion
problems in the mechanical design of flare
headers. The quench drum functions by means of
a direct contact water spray arrangement which
condenses entering heavy hydrocarbon vapors.
Condensed hydrocarbons and effluent water are
discharged through a seal to the sewer or pump
out to slop tankage. On the other hand,
uncondensed hydrocarbon vapors are vented to
the flare or to the atmosphere. Fig. 4 presents a
typical quench drum.
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ از ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳــﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺰن‬،‫ در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي اﻫﺪاف دﻳﮕﺮي ﭼﻮن ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ دﻣﺎي ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫و ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ آن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ در‬
.‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬،‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ آب ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﺪه و آب ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮاد زاﻳﺪ‬، ‫ﻳﻚ آب ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺮاي ﭘﺴﺎب‬
‫ از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ از ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از‬4 ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
22
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
C (Re) 2
Fig. 2-DETERMINATION OF DRAG COEFFICIENT
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ‬-2 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ = ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺰ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬µ
µ = Viscosity of gas, in (cp=1 m pa.s)
PV =Density of vapor (gas) at operating
conditions, in (Kg/m3)
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر)ﮔﺎز( در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PV
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
PL =Density of liquid at operating conditions, in
(Kg/m3)
‫ = ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ‬PL
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
D =Particle diameter, in (m)
‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ ذره ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D
23
‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬
‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از ﺷﻴﺮ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‪/‬اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ‪ 30-20‬دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺿﻄﺮاري‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن‬
‫از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻨﻲ و دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
‫‪Fig. 3-FLARE KNOCK-OUT DRUM‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -3‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫‪0/3‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ 0/1‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎدآوري‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫‪Fig. 4-QUENCH DRUM‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -4‬ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫‪25‬‬
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Notes:
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
It is suggested that the sewer seal be
1)
designed for a minimum of 175 percent of the
drum’s maximum operating pressure.
‫( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ آب ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﺮاي‬1
2)
Proper destination of liquid effluent
should be investigated in case it contains toxic
or hazardous materials.
‫( ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮزا‬2
3) Criteria for venting to atmosphere should
be considered.
.‫( ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬3
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
7.3.2 Details
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-3-7
a) The quench drum shall have a design
pressure capable of withstanding the
maximum back pressure. Minimum design
pressure is 350 kPa gage.
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
b) Water requirements are normally based on
reducing gas and liquid outlet temperatures to
about 50°C. Selection of the optimum
temperature is based on considerations of
temperature and composition of entering
streams, and the extents to which subsequent
condensation of effluent vapors downstream
of the drum can be tolerated.
‫ب( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﺎدي ﻣﻘﺪار آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬50 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﮔﺎز و ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود‬
‫ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب دﻣﺎي ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻣﺎ و‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺎي ورودي و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎن ﺑﻌﺪي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻴﮕﻴﺮد‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎرات ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬
It is generally assumed that no more than 4050 percent of the liquid fed will be vaporized.
The water supply should be taken from a
reliable water system. If a recirculation
cooling
water system is used, then the
circulating pumps and cooling water basin
must have adequate capacity to supply the
maximum quench drum requirements for 20
minutes.
‫ درﺻﺪ‬50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬40 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ آب ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬.‫از ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﮔﺮ از ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ آب ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﮔﺮدش آب و ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ آب ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ آب ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬20 ‫ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺮدﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎن‬
.‫ﺷﻮد‬
The seal height in the liquid effluent line
(assuming 100% water) is sized for 175% of
the maximum operating pressure, or 3 meters,
whichever is greater.
100 ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع آب ﺑﻨﺪ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض‬
3 ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ‬175 ‫درﺻﺪ آب( ﺑﺮاي‬
.‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ ﻫﺮﻛﺪام ﻛﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
c) Should the quenched hydrocarbons be of a
sour nature; Provisions shall be made for
proper disposal system and due consideration
be given to material specification.
‫ج( ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي ﺳﺮد ﺷﺪه ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﺳﻴﺪي‬
‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ را داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي‬350 ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪات ﻻزم ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ دﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
.‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﻮاد در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
26
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
7.4 Sizing a seal drum
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬4-7
Sizing a seal drum and design details should be in
accordance with API-RP-521, Sections 5.4.2.2
and 5.4.2.4 .
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ آن ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ و‬2-2-4-5 ‫ ﺑﺨﺶﻫــﺎي‬API-RP-521 ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـــﺎ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4-2-4-5
For treating sour water discharge from seal drums
refer to IPS-E-PR-725.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ آب اﺳﻴﺪي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺨﺰن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬IPS-E-PR-725 ‫ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
7.5 Flares
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ‬5-7
7.5.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-5-7
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي دﻓﻊ اﻳﻤﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﮔﺎزي ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي‬.‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
:‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Flare systems provide for the safe disposal of
gaseous refinery wastes. Depending on local
environmental constraints, these systems can be
used for:
1) Extensive venting during startup or
shutdown.
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ در ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳــﺎد در زﻣﺎن راهاﻧﺪازي ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬1
.‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ واﺣﺪ‬2
2) Venting of excess Process Plant gas.
‫( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮادي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺿﻄﺮاري از ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬3
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺧﺎرج‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
3) Handling emergency releases from safety
valves, blow down, and depressurizing
systems.
Designs will vary considerably, depending upon
the type of connected equipment and the
complexity of the overall system. A flare system
generally consists of an elevated stack, means to
maintain burning conditions at the top of stack
and means to prevent flashback within the
system.
‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻔﻆ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل در ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و وﺳﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
.‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
7.5.2 Sizing
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬2-5-7
The sizing of flares requires determination of the
required stack diameter and the required stack
height.
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﺮ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﻧﻴﺎز را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮد‬
Since the flare tip is open to the atmosphere, high
gas velocities are expected at this point. Very
high tip velocities cause a phenomenon known as
blow-off where the flame front is lifted and could
eventually turn into a blow-out. Very low
velocities could damage the flare tip due to high
heat intensities and smoking. In this case ingress
of air in the system and creation of a flammable
mixture is possible. Therefore, determination of
the right flare diameter is important as far as
operation of the system is concerned.
،‫از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﺎز ﺑﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
‫زﻳﺎد ﮔﺎز در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﭘﺪﻳﺪهاي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﭘﺮش‬
ً‫ ﻧﻮك ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ آﻣﺪه و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ‬،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در آن ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ورود ﻫﻮا‬.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و دود ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﻲرود‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
27
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
The location and height of flare stacks should be
based upon the heat release potential of a flare,
the possibility of personnel exposure during
flaring, and the exposure of surrounding plant
equipment. There are exposure limitations set
forth which must be taken into consideration.
This in effect fixes the distance between the
flame and the object. Now if there are limitations
on the location (distance), then the stack height
can be calculated, otherwise an optimum trade off
between height and distance should be applied.
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ و ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه از‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﺣﺪود ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫اﻃﺮاف ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و اﺷﻴﺎء را‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻣﻜﺎن)ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻨﺼﻮرت ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
Wind velocity, by tilting the flame in effect
changes the flame distance and heat intensity.
Therefore, its effect should be considered in
determining the stack height.
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺞ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و‬
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ آن را ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻧﻤﻮد‬
If the flare is blown-out (extinguished), or if there
are environmental hazards associated with the
flare output, the possibility of a hazardous
situation down wind should be analyzed.
‫اﮔﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻳﺎ اﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ در ارﺗﺒﺎط‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬،‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
.‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
a) Diameter
‫اﻟﻒ( ﻗﻄﺮ‬
Flare stack diameter is generally sized on a
velocity basis, although pressure drop should
be checked. Depending on the volume ratio of
maximum conceivable flare flow to
anticipated average flare flow, the probable
timing, frequency, and duration of those flows,
and the design criteria established for the
project to stabilize flare burning, it may be
desirable to permit a velocity of up to 0.5
Mach for a peak, short-term, infrequent flow,
with 0.2 Mach maintained for the more normal
and possibly more frequent conditions.
Smokeless flares should be sized for the
conditions under which they are to operate
smokelessly.
‫ﻗﻄﺮ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
.‫ اﻣﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
،‫ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻜﺮار‬،‫ زﻣﺎﻧﺒﻨﺪي‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق و ﻣﻌﻴﺎرﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
0/5 ‫ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه ﭘﺮوژه ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺎخ ﺑﺮاي‬0/2 ‫ﻣﺎخ در زﻣﺎن ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻛﻢ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬.‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻋﺎدي ﻣﺠﺎز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﻧﺪازه ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
The formula relating velocity (as Mach
number) to flare tip diameter can be expressed
as follows:
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻋﺪد ﻣﺎخ‬
:‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(Eq. 2)
Mach = (3.23) (10-5)
W
P2 D 2
T .z
KM w
(2 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
Where P2 is flowing pressure at the flare tip in
kPa absolute and D is flare tip diameter in
meter.
‫ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬P2 ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
Pressure drops as large as 14 kilopascals have
been satisfactorily used at the flare tip. Too
low a tip velocity can cause heat and corrosion
damage. The burning of the gases becomes
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬14 ‫اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮم ﺷﺪن و آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
28
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
quite slow, and the flame is greatly influenced
by the wind. The low-pressure area on the
downwind side of the stack may cause the
burning gases to be drawn down along the
stack for 3 meters or more. Under these
conditions, corrosive materials in the stack
gases may attack the stack metal at an
accelerated rate, even though the top 2.4-3
meters of the flare is usually made of
corrosion-resistant material.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آرام اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬.‫ﺑــﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑــﺎد ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪن‬
‫ در‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺮدد‬3 ‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪزه‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه در داﺧﻞ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي دودﻛﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﻮرده ﺷﺪن دودﻛﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً از ﻣﻮاد‬3 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬2/4 ‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
.‫ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
b) Height
‫ب ( ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
The flare height is generally based on the
radiant heat intensity generated by the flame.
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The following equation may be used to
determine D in (meter) the minimum distance
from the midpoint of the flare to an object
whose exposure to thermal radiation must be
limited.
‫ ﺑﺮ‬D ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
(Eq. 3)
D
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬
.‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد‬،‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي آن وﺟﻮد دارد‬
FQ
4K
The factor F allows for the fact that not all the
heat released in a flame can be released as
radiation. Measurement of radiation from flames
indicate that the fraction of heat radiated (radiant
energy per total heat of combustion) increases
toward a limit, similar to the increase in the
burning rate with increasing flame diameter. Data
from the U.S Bureau of Mines for radiation from
gaseous-supported diffusion flames are given in
Table 4.
(3 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫ اﻣﻜﺎن اﻋﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬F ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ را ﻧﺸﺎن‬،‫در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
(‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻲ )اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪي )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪت اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ دادهﻫﺎي داﻳﺮه ﻣﻌﺎدن آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬.،‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ( اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ آورده‬4 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي در ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
29
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
TABLE 4 - RADIATION FROM GASEOUS DIFFUSION FLAMES
‫ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎزي‬-4 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
BURNER
DIAMETER
(CENTIMETERS)
GAS
‫ﮔﺎز‬
(‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
 RADIATIVE OUTPUT 
  100

 THERMAL OUTPUT 
(‫)ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ‬
100 ×
HYDROGEN
BUTANE
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎن‬
METHANE
‫ﻣﺘﺎن‬
NATURAL GAS (95
PERCENT CH4)
(‫ درﺻﺪ ﻣﺘﺎن‬95) ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
0.51
9.5
0.91
1.90
4.10
8.40
20.30
40.60
9.1
9.7
11.1
15.6
15.4
16.9
0.51
21.5
0.91
1.90
4.10
8.40
20.30
40.60
25.3
28.6
28.5
29.1
28.0
0.51
10.3
0.91
1.90
4.10
8.40
11.6
16.0
16.1
14.7
20.30
19.2
40.60
23.2
These data apply only to the radiation from a gas.
If liquid droplets of hydrocarbon larger than 150
micrometers in size are present in the flame, the
values in Table 4 should be somewhat increased.
‫ اﮔﺮ‬.‫اﻳﻦ دادهﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ از ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎز اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ در ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪاري‬4 ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺟﺪول‬،‫وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‬
The fraction of heat intensity transmitted, τ is
used to correct the radiation impact. It can be
calculated from the following relationship:
‫ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬τ ،‫ﻛﺴﺮ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
:‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(Eq.4)
  0.79( 100
)1 / 16 ( 30D.5 )1 / 16
r
(4 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
Where D is distance from flame to illuminated
area, in meters.
‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
This equation is strictly applicable under the
following conditions. Luminous hydrocarbon
flame radiating at 1227°C, 27°C dry bulb ambient
temperature, relative humidity more than 10%,
distance from the flame between 30 and 150 m,
but it can be used to estimate the order of
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬1227 ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﻮراﻧﻲ در‬
‫ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬،‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد‬27 ‫دﻣﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬150 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬30 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ‬10 ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
‫ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬τ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺪود‬
30
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
magnitude of τ under a wide range of conditions.
This equation should prove
adequate
for
most flare gases, except H2 and H2S which burn
with little or no luminous radiation.
‫ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮر ﻛﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻮر‬H2S ‫ و‬H2 ‫ﮔﺎزﻫــﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﺰ‬
.‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد‬
The allowable radiation level, K is given in Table
5.
.‫ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬5 ‫ در ﺟﺪول‬K ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
TABLE 5 - RECOMMENDED DESIGN FLARE RADIATION LEVELS EXCLUDING SOLAR
RADIATION
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺪون اﺣﺘﺴﺎب ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺧﻮرﺷﻴﺪي‬-5 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
PERMISSIBLE DESIGN LEVEL K
K ‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺠﺎز ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
CONDITIONS
‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬
KILOWATTS PER
SQUARE METER
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
15.77
HEAT INTENSITY ON STRUCTURES AND IN AREAS WHERE
OPERATORS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE PERFORMING DUTIES
AND WHERE SHELTER FROM RADIANT HEAT IS AVAILABLE,
FOR EXAMPLE, BEHIND EQUIPMENT
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت روي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ و ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم وﻇﺎﻳﻔﺸﺎن در آﻧﺠﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
.‫و ﺟﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ‬
9.46
VALUE OF AT DESIGN FLARE RELEASE AT ANY LOCATION
TO WHICH
PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS, FOR EXAMPLE, AT
GRADE BELOW THE FLARE OR ON A SERVICE PLATFORM OF
NEARBY TOWER. EXPOSURE MUST BE LIMITED TO A FEW
SECONDS, SUFFICIENT FOR ESCAPE ONLY.
‫ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬:‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪار آزاد ﺷﺪه از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ در ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در دﺳﺘﺮس اﻓﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﺮار‬.‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻳﺎ روي ﺳﻜﻮي ﻣﺠﺎور ﺑﺮج‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
6.31
HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS
LASTING UP TO 1 MINUTE MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
CLOTHING
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬1 ‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﺣﻔﺎظ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
4.73
HEAT INTENSITY IN AREAS WHERE EMERGENCY ACTIONS
LASTING SEVERAL MINUTES MAY BE REQUIRED BY
PERSONNEL WITHOUT SHIELDING BUT WITH APPROPRIATE
CLOTHING.
‫ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺿﻄﺮاري در ﭼﻨﺪ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﻴﺮد‬
1.58
VALUE OF K AT ANY LOCATION WHERE PERSONNEL WITH
APPROPRIATE CLOTHING MAY BE CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED.
‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺪاوم در‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺮض ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
On towers or other elevated structures where
rapid escape is not possible, ladders must be
provided on the side away from the flare, so the
structure can provide some shielding when K
radiation intensity is greater than 6.31 kilowatts
per square meter.
‫در ﺑﺮجﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮار ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ ﻧﺮدﺑﺎنﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﻼف ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬
K ‫ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺳﺎزه ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬6/31 ‫ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
.‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
31
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
As for the effect of radiation level on humans it
should be noted that the allowable radiation level
is a function of length of exposure. Table 6 gives
exposure times necessary to reach the pain
threshold.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ از زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ‬6 ‫ ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره‬.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ‬
TABLE 6 - EXPOSURE TIMES NECESSARY TO REACH THE PAIN THRESHOLD
‫ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻣﺎن ﭘﺮﺗﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺎ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬-6 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
RADIATION INTENSITY
TIME TO PAIN THRESHOLD
‫ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫زﻣﺎن رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ درد‬
KILOWATTS PER SQUARE METER
(SECONDS)
(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
(‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
1.74
60
2.33
40
2.90
30
4.73
16
6.94
9
9.46
6
11.67
4
19.87
2
The correction for the location of the flame center
will be quite significant when radiation levels are
examined.
‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ زﻣﺎن در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
.‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر اﻫﻤﻴﺖ دارد‬
Information on this subject is limited and is
usually based on visual observations in
connection with emergency discharges to flares.
Fig. 5 gives flame length versus heat release.
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻮده و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس‬
.‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻋﻴﻨﻲ در ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
-‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ‬5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
.‫دﻫﺪ‬
c) Wind effect
‫ج( ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد‬
Another factor to be considered is the effect of
wind in tilting the flame, thus varying the
distance from the center of the flame, which is
considered to be the origin of the total radiant
heat release, with respect to the plant location
under consideration. A generalized curve for
approximating the effect of wind is given in
Fig. 6.
‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫واژﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
d) Dispersion
‫د( ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
Where there is concern about the resulting
atmospheric dispersion if the flare were to be
extinguished, reference should be made to the
API Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes,
Volume on Atmospheric Emissions for
calculating the probable concentration at the
point in question.
‫در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز درﺟﻮ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن‬
API ‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﭽﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮي‬،‫درﺑﺎره دﻓﻊ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ‬
.‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
.‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ در ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )د( ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬، ‫ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
Flame length including any lift off, Meters
A sample calculation has been presented in
Appendix D.
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬
HEAT RELEASE, WATTS
‫ وات‬،‫ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬508 ‫●ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﮔﺎزي )دود ﻛﺶ‬
● Fuel gas (508 mm stack)
‫○ ﭼﺎه ﮔﺎز اﻟﺠﺰاﻳﺮي‬
○ Algerian gas well
∆ Catalytic reformer recycle gas (610 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬610 ‫∆ ﮔﺎز ﮔﺮدﺷﻲ رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
□ Catalytic reformer reactor effluent gas (610 mm
stack)
‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬610 ‫□ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ راﻛﺘﻮر رﻳﻔﺮﻣﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
(‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
◊ Dehydrogenation unit (305 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬305 ‫◊ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروژن زداﻳﻲ )دود ﻛﺶ‬
× Hydrogen (787 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬787 ‫× ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬
 Hydrogen (762 mm stack)
(‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬762 ‫ ﻫﻴﺪروژن )دود ﻛﺶ‬
Fig. 5- FLAME LENGTH VERSUS HEAT RELEASE:
INDUSTRIAL SIZES AND RELEASES
:‫ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه‬-5 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
Multiple points indicate separate observations or
different assumptions of heat content.
‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﻣﺠﺰا ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ‬
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻳﺎدآوريﻫﺎ‬
Notes:
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬U 
U  =LATERAL WIND VELOCITY
‫ = ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ‬Uj
Uj = EXIT GAS VELOCITY FROM STACK
Fig. 6-APPROXIMATE FLAME DISTORTION DUE TO LATERAL WIND ON JET
VELOCITY FROM FLARE STACKS
‫ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﺑﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ روي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-6 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
7.5.3 Design details
1) Smokeless flares
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬3-5-7
‫( ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون دود‬1
‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻛﺎر ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ دﻣﺶ‬،‫ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ‬،‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﺑﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﭘﻴﺶ‬،‫ﻫﻮا‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼط ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬،‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺪون دود‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Smoke-free operation of flares can be
achieved by various methods, including steam
injection, injection of high pressure waste gas,
forced draft air, operation of flares as a
premixed burner, or distribution of the flow
through many small burners.
The most common type of smokeless flare
involves steam injection.
34
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺑﺨﺎر آب و ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار وزﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺎده واﺳﻄﻪ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎر آب ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬0/50 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬0/20 ‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ از‬
.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎزي ﺑﺎ وزن)ﺟﺮم( ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺪون دود ﻣﻲﺳﻮزد را ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
The assist medium mass requirements are low
for steam and fuel gas because of their high
velocity relative to the flare gas. Typical
values for steam or fuel gas are from 0.20 to
0.50 kilograms of assist gas per kilograms of
hydrocarbon flow.
The following equation predicts steam use for
a given hydrocarbon molecular mass (weight)
gas to be burned in a smokeless flare.
(Eq. 5)
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
W steam = W HC [0.68 - (10.8/M)]
(5 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬2
2) Flashback protection
‫ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ورود ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ اﺳﺖ‬7 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﺷﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ در ﺑـﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠــﻪ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ و‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﻬﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺪاوم از ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي‬،‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ در‬.‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا اﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ از‬
‫ ﻛﻪ اﺟﺎزه ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن‬،‫اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آزاد ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ درﺻﺪ‬6 ‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬7/6 ‫در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﻤﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ روزﻧﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪاوم ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ از ﺧﺮاﺑﻲ اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮدد‬
The most common method of preventing
propagation of flame into the flare system due
to entry of air is the installation of a seal drum
as depicted in Fig. 7. Flame arresters are
occasionally used for flashback protection;
however, they are subject to plugging, and
their application is limited.
Alternatively, continuous introduction of
purge gas can be used to prevent flash back. A
safe condition exists in situations involving
hydrocarbon air mixtures if a positive flow of
oxygen free gas is maintained, allowing the
oxygen concentration to be no greater than 6
percent at a point 7.6 meters from the flare tip.
The injection rate should be controlled by a
fixed orifice to ensure that supply remains
constant and is not subject to instrument
malfunction or maladjustment.
Molecular seals can be used to minimize purge
gas rates.
‫ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان‬
.‫ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎزي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
To flare
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
Flare header
‫ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
Try cocks for checking
hydrocarbon
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﺎوري ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
Vent
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
Water level
‫ﺳﻄﺢ آب‬
Submerged weir welded
on end of flare line
Baffle
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
See note
‫آبﺑﻨﺪ ﻏﻮﻃﻪور ﺟﻮش ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺎدداﺷﺖ را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ‬
Water supply
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ آب‬
Drain
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
Fig. 7-FLARE STACK SEAL DRUM
‫ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-7 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
It is suggested that the sewer seal be designed for
a minimum of 175 percent of the drum’s
maximum operating pressure.
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺠﺎري ﻓﺎﺿﻼب ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬175 ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
3) Ignition
‫( ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ‬3
To ensure ignition of flare gases, continuous
pilot with a means of remote ignition are
recommended for all flares. The most
commonly used type of igniter is the flamefront propagation type, which uses a spark
from a remote location to ignite a flammable
mixture.
‫ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﺎ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زﻧﻲ از دور ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﻮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن‬.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
،‫ﺟﻠﻮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﺮﻗﻪ از ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮﻗﻪزن از دور‬
.‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﺗﺶ ﮔﻴﺮ را ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
Pilot igniter controls are located at a safe
distance from the base of elevated flares and at
least 30 meters from ground flares.
‫ادوات ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻫﺎي‬30 ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ‬
36
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
It is recommended that a low pressure alarm
for the pilot gas be provided so that the
operator in the control room becomes aware of
pilot blow out.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺎز‬
‫ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻃﻮري ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﺪي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در اﺗﺎق‬
.‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل از ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
Reliable pilot operation under all wind and
weather conditions is essential. Flaring
operations are for the most part intermittent
and non-scheduled. The flare must be instantly
available for full emergency duty to prevent
any possibility of a hazardous or
environmentally offensive discharge to the
atmosphere. Wind-shields and flame retention
devices may be used to ensure continuous
piloting under the most adverse conditions.
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ وزش ﺑﺎد و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آب‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻏﻠﺐ‬.‫ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰي ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻤﺎم ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮات اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ ﺑﺮاي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن از ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً آﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮا‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬،‫ﻣﺪاوم ﺷﻤﻌﻚ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎد و ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد‬
4) Fuel system
‫( ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬4
Fuel gas supply to the pilots and ignitors must
be highly reliable. Since normal plant fuel
sources may be upset or lost, it is desirable to
provide a backup system connected to the
most reliable alternative fuel source, with
provision for automatic cut-in on low pressure.
Use of waste gas with low energy content or
with unusual burning characteristic should be
avoided. Parallel instrumentation for pressure
reduction is frequently justifiable. The flare
fuel system should be carefully checked to
ensure that hydrates cannot present a problem.
Because of small lines long exposed runs,
large vertical rises up the stack, and pressure
reductions, use of a liquid knockout pot or
scrubber after the last pressure reduction is
frequently warranted. If at all feasible in terms
of distance, relative location, and cost, it is
considered good practice to install a lowpressure alarm on the fuel supply after the last
regulator or control valve so that operators
will be warned of any loss of fuel to the pilots.
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﮔﺎز ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ ﻫﺎ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﺎز‬.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻻزم‬،‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ دﭼﺎر اﺷﻜﺎل ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦﺗﺮي ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ﮔﺎز ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﻮدﻛﺎر ﻓﺸﺎر را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫دﻫﺪ‬
‫زاﺋﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ادوات اﺑﺰار دﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮازي ﺑﺮاي‬.‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر اﻏﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﺪراتﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺸﻜﻞ در آن ﻧﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ وﺟﻮد ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﻃﻮل‬.‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬
‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻي دودﻛﺶ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬،‫زﻳﺎد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮهﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎري ﺳﺎز‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬،‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻫﺸﺪار ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ روي ﻣﻨﺒﻊ‬،‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ از آﺧﺮﻳﻦ رﮔﻮﻻﺗﻮر ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن از ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬
.‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
5) Fired or endothermic flares
‫(ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬5
‫وﻗﺘﻲ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ‬
‫ از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﮔﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﮔﺎز ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ واﺣﺪ ﮔﻮﮔﺮدﺳﺎزي( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬،‫)ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
.‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
When low heating value gases are to be sent to
a flare stack, fired or endothermic flare are
used (Sulfur plant tail gas presents an
example).
37
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
Generally, if the heating value of the gas to be
flared is less than 4280 kJ/m3 a fired flare with
a high heating value assist gas may be
required for complete combustion.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﮔﺮ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﮔﺎز ارﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4280 ‫از‬
‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ﻛﺮدن اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‬
6) Location
‫( ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬6
The location of flares in the vicinity of tall
refinery equipment should be examined.
Flames or hot combustion products can be
carried by the wind, which could cause
problems and create hazards to personnel
working on these elevated structures at the
time of a flare release. As discussed in the
section on sizing, flare height and distance are
dependent on radiation intensity. When either
the height or the distance from the plant of a
flare is fixed the other can be determined.
Usually there are constraints on the distance,
therefore stack height is calculated.
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت داغ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬.‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ روي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﺎر‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ را در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﺸﻌﻞ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
،‫ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد‬
‫از ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از واﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و دﻳﮕﺮي‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ از واﺣﺪ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس آن ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫اﮔﺮ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺘﻲ در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺸﻌﻞ وﺟﻮد‬
.‫ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
If there are no constraints on the distance and
flare height is to be determined, the following
guideline is recommended.
For stack heights less than 23 meters a
distance of 91 meters, and for stack heights
greater than 23 meters a distance of 61 meters
from the plant is considered.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮي و‬91 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮي از‬61 ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬23 ‫ﺑﺮاي ارﺗﻔﺎع دودﻛﺶ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از‬
.‫واﺣﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
7) Due consideration should be given to
installation of flow measuring equipment on
the flare system. Specifically sub-headers
handling continuous relief loads from
individual units shall be provided with proper
flow elements.
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻘﺪار‬7
‫ ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن روي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮص در ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺪاوم ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ارﺳﺎل ﻣﻴﺪارﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
.‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدد‬
7.6 Burning Pits
‫ ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬6-7
Burning pit flares can handle flammable liquids
or gases or mixtures of the two. A typical design
is shown in Fig. 8. In this figure a circular pit is
illustrated, but any convenient shape may be
used.
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮح‬8 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط آﻧﻬﺎ را دارﻧﺪ‬
‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮدال ﻣﺪور‬.‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻣﺎ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬
The burning pit is simply a shallow earth or
concrete surfaced pool area enclosed by a dike
wall, a liquid/vapor inlet pipe through the wall,
and provided with pilot and ignitor. While the
design basis flow is adequate for handling
emergency releases, a more conservative
approach is recommended for continuous flaring
services, incorporating up to twice the calculated
pit area.
‫ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ در واﻗﻊ ﻳﻚ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﻳﻮاري اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺑﺨﺎر از ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﻮار ﺑﻮده و ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ اﺿﻄﺮاري ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ روش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻛﺎراﻧﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮔﻮدال‬،‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺪاوم‬
.‫دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
38
‫)‪IPS-E-PR- 460(1‬‬
‫آذر ‪Dec. 2009 / 1388‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺷﻤﻌﻚ و ﺟﺮﻗﻪ زن‬
‫‪0.65 m min‬‬
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ آب )ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺴﻮز ﺑﺘﻨﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ﻻﻳﻲ = ‪ 5‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 0/6‬ﻣﺘﺮ – ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬
‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫)ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ(‬
‫دﻳﻮارﺣﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ ‪ 30‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﻓﻖ‬
‫‪45 m3/h‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ آب ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‪45-‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫‪0/45‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي آزاد‬
‫ردﻳﻔﻬﺎي ﺳﻮراخﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻗﻄﺮ ‪38‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮروي ﮔﺎم ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ‪75‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮي‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع روﻏﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ آب‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﮔﻮدال‬
‫‪Base distributor diameter on pressure drop along its length of 0.17 kPa‬‬
‫‪at maximum flow. Base distributor length and number of holes on‬‬
‫‪pressure drop of 1.72 kPa across the holes at maximum flow‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 0/17‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل در ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮراخ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر ‪ 1/72‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل از ﻋﺮض‬
‫ﺳﻮراخ ﻫﺎ در ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﻧﺴﻮز‬
‫ﺳﻮراخ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‪ 38 ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻤﻮل آب‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻪ وﻗﺘﻲ دﻳﻮار ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﭘﺮ ازﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺠﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼب‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ازﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ روﻏﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت ب‬
‫ورودي آب ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪ و ﻧﺸﺖﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﺮرﻳﺰ‬
‫‪Fig. 8-TYPICAL BURNING PIT‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪-8‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪاي از ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫‪39‬‬
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
7.6.1 Burning pit flare sizing
‫ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬1-6-7
The burning pit area is sized to provide sufficient
surface to vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal
to the maximum incoming liquid rate. The
calculation procedure is as follows:
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻃﻮري ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮزاﻧﺪن ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان‬
‫ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬.‫ورودي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
1) Determine the linear regression rate of the
liquid surface (i.e. the rate at which the liquid
level would fall as a result of vaporization by
radiant heat from the burning vapor above it,
assuming no addition of incoming liquid):
(Eq. 6)
‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان‬.‫( ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬1
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در اﺛﺮ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه از ﺑﺨﺎرات ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي آن– ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض ﻛﻪ‬
:(‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﮕﺮدد‬
SR=K1
Q
QV .q1
2) Determine the pit area necessary to
vaporize and burn liquid at a rate equal to the
liquid input rate:
(Eq.7)
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ و ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬،‫( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﮔﻮدال‬2
.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ورودي ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
AP=K2
3) The dike wall height above the water level
is selected to provide hollow capacity for the
largest liquid release resulting from a single
contingency during 30 minutes, plus 460 mm
free board. The liquid rate is based on the
actual flashed liquid entering the pit, assuming
no burning or further vaporization in the pit.
The height of the dike wall above the water
level should not however, be less than 1.20
meters.
l
S R . l
(7 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫( ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻃﻮري اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬3
30 ‫ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ آزاد ﺷﺪه در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻻزم‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع آزاد‬460 ‫دﻗﻴﻘﻪ و ﺑﻌﻼوه‬
‫ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار واﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫را ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪه ورودي ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮض ﻋﺪم ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع دﻳﻮار‬،‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‬.‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬1/2 ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ از‬
7.6.2 Spacing of burning pit flares
‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺸﻌﻞﻫﺎ‬2-6-7
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻴﺰان ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارت آزاد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺳﺎده‬
:‫ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
Spacing is based upon radiant heat consideration
at maximum heat release, using a simplified
calculation procedure, as follows:
(Eq. 8)
(6 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
D=
FQ
4K
This equation has been described in the section
on flare sizing.
Note that in this equation absorption of radiation
by surrounding air is neglected.
(8 ‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬
.‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ از ﺟﺬب اﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮاي‬
.‫اﻃﺮاف ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Also the fraction of heat radiated, as shown in
Table 4 refers to light gases, but in burning pits
combustion of liquid is under consideration;
‫ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ‬،4 ‫اﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬،‫ اﻣﺎ در ﮔﻮدالﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬،‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﻚ اﺳﺖ‬
40
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
therefore, good engineering judgment should be
exercised in evaluating the effect of this factor
when determining the distance.
‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.‫ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
.‫رود‬
The center of the flame is assumed to be 1.5 pool
diameters from the center of the pool, in the
direction of the point where radiant heat density
is being considered. This assumption is used to
allow for flame deflection by wind.
‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﮔﻮدال از ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬1/5 ‫ﻓﺮض ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض‬.‫ﮔﻮدال در ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارد‬،‫ﺑﺮاي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎد‬
Although permissible radiant heat densities are
given in Table 5, note that its value at the
property line must not exceed 1.60 kilowatts per
square meter.
5 ‫ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﺪت ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز در ﺟﺪول‬
‫ ﻳﺎدآوري ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن در ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬1/60 ‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ از‬
In addition, the following minimum spacings
apply to burning pits:
‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻮدال ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر‬
:‫ﻣﻲ رود‬
150 meters from property lines, roadways, or any
process or storage facilities.
‫ ﺟﺎدهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﺎت‬، ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬150
.‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪي و ذﺧﻴﺮه ﺳﺎزي‬
60 Meters from any source of ignitable
hydrocarbons, such as separators, or floating roof
tanks.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬60
.‫ﺟﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻨﺎور‬
Valves in the inlet, seal water and pilot gas lines
should be located according to permissible
radiant heat densities for personnel. Piping to the
burning pit should be suitably protected against
flame impingement (e.g., by installation below
grade).
‫ آب ﺑﻨﺪ و ﺧﻄﻮط ﮔﺎز ﺷﻤﻌﻚ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي در ﺧﻄﻮط ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ورودي‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎز از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮدال‬.‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
.‫)ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﺼﺐ زﻳﺮ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ( ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮدد‬
In designing the burning pit all personnel and
equipment safety precautions should be observed.
‫در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﻮدال ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮارد اﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن و‬
.‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
41
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDICES
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
APPENDIX A
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻒ‬
VAPOR RELIEF DISCHARGE PIPE
SIZING
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
P3/P1 (P2/P1-Above Dashed Line Only)
G/Gci
(‫ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺧﻂ ﭼﻴﻦ‬P2/P1) P3/P1
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮت‬
Isothermal Flow of Compressible Fluid through Pipes at High Pressure Drops
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﻢ دﻣﺎي ﺳﻴﺎل ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر زﻳﺎد‬
42
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
1)
.‫ )ﻣﻴﺰان ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ( را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬N (1
Calculate N (Number Of Velocity Heads)
(Eq.A.1)
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
N
fL
K
D
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
Where:
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
f = Moody Factor (Dimensionless).
.(‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮدي )ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ‬f
L = Length of Equivalent Pipe, in Meters.
.(‫ = ﻃﻮل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل )ﻣﺘﺮ‬L
D = Internal Diameter Of Pipe, in Meters.
.(‫ = ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )ﻣﺘﺮ‬D
K = Factor Representing Friction Resistance
To Flow, Dimensionless. (From Table
1)
2)
،‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺸﺎندﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬K
(1 ‫ﺑﺪون ﺑﻌﺪ )از ﺟﺪول‬
.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬P2/P1 ‫ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 (2
Calculate P3/P1 or P2/P1
Where:
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
P3 = Pressure in Reservoir into Which Pipe
Discharges.101 KPa absolute with atmosphere
discharge.
.‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در آن ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬P3
(‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ آﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻳﻚ‬101)
P1 = Pressure at Upstream low velocity
Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬P1
P2 = Pressure In the Pipe at the Exit or At
Any Point Distance L downstream From
the Source, In Kilopascals Absolute.
‫ = ﻓﺸﺎر داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﺮوج ﻳﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬P2
3)
.(‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
.‫ در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻨﺒﻊ دارد‬L ‫دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
.(‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬Gci (3
Calculate Gci
(Eq.A.2)
Gci  6.7 P1 (
Where:
Gci = Critical Mass Flux, In Kilograms per
Second per Square Meter.
MW = Molecular Weight Of the Vapor.
MW 0.5
)
zT1
(2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﻟﻒ‬
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
(‫ = ﺷﺎر ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﻲ ) ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Gci
.‫ = ﺟﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬MW
T1 = Temperature at upstream low velocity
source, in Kelvin.
z = Compresibility factor
4) From P3/P1 or P2/P1 and N, Read G/
Gci.
5) Calculate G in (Kilograms per Second per
Square Meter).
.(‫ = دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬T1
.‫ = ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي‬z
.‫ را ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ‬G/ Gci ‫ ﻣﻘﺪار‬N ‫ و‬P2/P1 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬P3/P1 ‫( از‬4
‫ را ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬G (5
.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
6) Calculate w (Actual Flow in Kilograms
per Second).
‫ )ﻣﻘﺪار ﺟﺮﻳﺎن واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ( را‬w (6
Where:
w = G  (Cross-Sectional Area of Pipe, In
Square Meters).
:‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
.‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
(‫ ﺿﺮب در )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬G= w
43
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
APPENDIX B
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ب‬
SIZING A KNOCK-OUT DRUM
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
Sizing a knock-out drum is generally a trial-anderror process. First, the drum size required for
liquid entrainment separation is determined.
Liquid particles will separate (a) when the
residence time of the vapor or gas is equal to or
greater than the time required to travel the
available vertical height at the dropout velocity of
the liquid particles and (b) when the vertical gas
velocity is sufficiently low to permit the liquid
droplet to fall. This vertical height is usually
taken as the distance from the liquid surface. The
vertical velocity of the vapor and gas must be low
enough to prevent large slugs of liquid from
entering the flare. Since the flare can handle
small-sized liquid droplets, the allowable vertical
velocity in the drum may be based on that
necessary to separate droplets from 300 to 600
micrometers in diameter. The dropout velocity of
a particle in a stream is calculated as follows:
‫اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﻌﻲ و ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ در اﺑﺘﺪا اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬.‫دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‬
‫ ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﺪا‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ از ذرات ورودي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ )اﻟﻒ( زﻣﺎن اﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻳﺎ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از زﻣﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﻃﻲ ﻛﺮدن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ )ب( وﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.‫ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ اﻣﻜﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺮاي ذرات ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺎز و‬.‫از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺨﺘﻪ و ورود‬
‫ از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬.‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺠﺎز در‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را دارد‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑــﺎ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬600 ‫ ﺗـﺎ‬300 ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
:‫ﻳﻚ ذره در ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
(Eq.B.1)
U c = 1.15
g.D(  L  V )
V (C )
Where D is particle diameter in meters.
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
.‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ذرات ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬D ‫ﻛﻪ در آن‬
This basic equation is widely accepted for all
forms of entrainment separation.
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزيﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
.‫ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The second step in sizing a knock-out drum is to
consider the effect any liquid contained in the
drum may have on reducing the volume available
for vapor/liquid disengagement. This liquid may
result from (1) condensate that separates during a
vapor release or (2) liquid streams that
accompany a vapor release. It is suggested that
the volume occupied by the liquid be based on a
release lasting 20-30 minutes. Any accumulation
of liquid retained from a prior release (pressure
relief valves or other sources) must be added to
the liquid indicated in Items 1 and 2 above to
determine the available vapor disengaging space.
However, for situations where the knock-out
drum is used to contain large liquid dumps from
‫ در ﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دوم در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
(1) :‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﮔﺮدد‬
(2) .‫ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺿﻤﻦ آزادﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬.‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛــﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر آزاد ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﺷﻐﺎل ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬.‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫آزادﺳﺎزي در ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه از ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺒﻠﻲ )ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
‫ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه در‬،‫اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻻ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﻀﺎي در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﺮاي‬2 ‫ و‬1 ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
44
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
pressure relief valves on other sources where
there is not significant flashing and the liquid can
be removed promptly, it would not usually be
necessary to consider these volumes relative to
vapor disengaging.
‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت ﻛﻪ از‬
‫ ﻛﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻴﺮﻫﺎي اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن اﻳﻤﻨﻲ روي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺪا‬،‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ آﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ درﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬،‫ﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﺟﺪاﻳﺶ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
The economics of vessel design should be
considered when selecting a drum size and may
influence the choice between a horizontal and a
vertical drum. When large liquid storage is
desired and the vapor flow is high, a horizontal
drum is often more economical. Split entry of exit
decreases the size of the drum for large flows.
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن و ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
.‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‬،‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻳﺎ اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺒﺎرش ﺣﺠﻢ زﻳﺎد ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺮاي‬.‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن را در ﺟﺮﻳﺎنﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ‬
As a rule drum diameters over 3.3 meters should
apply split flow arrangements for best economics.
Horizontal and vertical knock-out drums are
available in many designs, the main differences
consisting in how the path of the vapor is
directed. The various designs include the
following:
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬3/3 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از‬
‫ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬.‫از ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮاي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در دﺳﺘﺮس‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺗﻔﺎوت اﺻﻠﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
:‫ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺖ‬
1) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
one end of the vessel and exiting at the top of
the opposite end (no internal baffling).
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻤﺖ آن و‬1
2) A Vertical drum with the vapor inlet nozzle
on a diameter of the vessel and the outlet
nozzle at the top of the vessel’s vertical axis.
The inlet stream should be baffled to direct the
flow downward.
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر روي‬2
‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺳﻤﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ)ﺑﺪون ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
.(‫ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮ)ﺟﺪاره( از ﻣﺨﺰن و ﻧﺎزل ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺤﻮر‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ورودي ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺨﺰن‬
.‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻫﺪاﻳﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
3) A vertical vessel with a tangential nozzle.
.‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎزل ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬3
4) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
at each end on the horizontal axis and a center
outlet.
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر‬4
5) A horizontal drum with the vapor entering
in the center and exiting at each end on the
horizontal axis.
‫( ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ورودي ﺑﺨﺎر در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ و ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در‬5
6) A combination of a vertical drum in the
base of the flare stack and a horizontal drum
upstream to remove the bulk of the liquid
entrained in the vapor. This combination
permits the use of larger values for the
numerical constant in the velocity equation.
‫( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ دودﻛﺶ‬6
.‫اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
.‫ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﻣﺤﻮر اﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ در ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﺬف ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺨﺎر‬
.‫ﻋﺪدي در ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ را اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد‬
The following sample calculations have been
limited to the simplest of the designs, items 1 and
2. The calculations for Items 4 and 5 would be
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدهﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬5 ‫ و‬4 ‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮارد‬.‫ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬2 ‫ و‬1
45
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
similar, with one half the flow rate determining
one half the vessel length.
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
‫ ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن ﻧﺼﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
.‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The normal calculations would be used for Item 3
and will not be duplicated here.
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ‬3 ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻮرد‬
.‫ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Assume the following conditions: A single
contingency results in the flow of 25.2 kilograms
per second of a fluid with a liquid density of
496.6 kilograms per cubic meter and a vapor
density of 2.9 kilograms per cubic meter, both at
flowing conditions. The pressure is 13.8
kilopascals gage, and the temperature is 149°C.
The viscosity of the vapor 0.01 centipoise.
25/2 ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار‬:‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺮ را ﻓﺮض ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬496/6 ‫ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬،‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم در ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬2/9 ‫و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ و دﻣﺎ‬13/8 ‫ ﻓﺸﺎر‬.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﭘﻮآز‬0/01 ‫ ﮔﺮاﻧﺮوي ﺑﺨﺎر‬.‫ درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد اﺳﺖ‬149
.‫اﺳﺖ‬
Also the fluid equilibrium results in 3.9 kilograms
per second of liquid and 21.3 kilograms per
second of vapor.
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ‬3/9 ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻓﺎزي ﺳﻴﺎل ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬21/3 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و‬
In addition, 1.89 cubic meters of storage for
miscellaneous drainings from the units is desired.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ از ذﺧﻴﺮه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎي‬1/89 ‫ﺑﻌﻼوه ﺣﺠﻢ‬
3 ‫ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ از واﺣﺪﻫﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺠﺎز ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻄﺮات ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬.‫ﻃﺮح ﻛﻠﻲ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬300
The schematic in Fig. 3 applies. The droplet size
selected as allowable is 300 micrometers in
diameter.
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The vapor rate is determined as follows:
Vapor rate =
21.3 kilograms per second
= ‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺨﺎر‬
2.9 kilograms per cubic meter
21.3 kilograms per second
2.9 kilograms per cubic meter
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬7/34=
= 7.34 cubic meters per second
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬2 ‫ از ﺷﻜﻞ‬،C ،(‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﺲ راﻧﺶ)درگ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The drag coefficient, C, is determined from Fig. 2
as follows:
C(R e )2 
0.13  10 8 (2.9)(300  10  6 ) 3 (496.6  2.9)
 5025
(0.01) 2
C=1. 3 : 2‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬
From Fig. 2, C=1.3
The dropout velocity, ud is calculated as follows:
:‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ذرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
 (9.8)( 300  10 6 )(496.6  2.9) 

U c  1.15
( 2.9)(1.3)




 0.71
‫ را ﻓﺮض‬L ‫ و ﻃﻮل اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ‬Di ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
:‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
Assume a horizontal vessel with an inside
diameter, Di and a cylindrical length, L. This
gives the following total crosssectional area:
(Eq.B.2)
0.5
At=

4
46
( Di) 2
(2-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
Liquid holdup for 30 minutes release from the
single contingency, in addition to the slops and
drain volume, is desired.
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ اي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﻳﻚ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻪ‬30 ‫زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬
.‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‬
The volume in the heads is neglected for
simplicity. The liquid holdup required AL1 in
square meters is therefore calculated as follows:
‫ از ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ‬،‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
‫ )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ( ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬ALI ‫ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻻزم ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬.‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
1) The slops and drain volume of 1.89 cubic
meters will occupy a bottom segment as
follows:
‫ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬1/89 ‫( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬1
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺗﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل‬
:‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد‬
AL1 ( square meters)= (1.89 cubic meters)/L
2) A total of 3.9 kilograms per second of
condensed liquids with a density of 496.6
kilograms per cubic meter accumulated for 30
minutes will occupy a cross-sectional segment
(see above) as follows:
A L2 
(3.9kg / s)
(496.6kg / m3 )
(
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻌﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎ‬3/9 ‫( ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻛﻠﻲ‬2
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ‬30 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت‬496/6 ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬
:‫ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺷﻐﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬


60 sec ond
1

)(30 min utes)
min ute
 L meter 
square meters
The cross-sectional area remaining for the
vapor flow is as follows:
(Eq. B.3)
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬
:‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
Av = At – (AL1 +AL2 )
The vertical depths of the liquid and vapor spaces
are determined using standard geometry, (see
Appendix C), where hL1 = depth of slops and
drains, hL1+hL2 = depth of all liquid accumulation,
and hv = remaining vertical space for the vapor
flow.
(3-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻮاد زاﺋﺪ‬hL1 :‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج را ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ( ﻛﻪ‬
hv ‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه و‬hL1+hL2 ،‫و ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
.‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر اﺳﺖ‬
The total drum diameter is calculated as follows:
:‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻇﺮف ﺑﺼﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد‬
ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv
ht = hL1 + hL2 +hv
The adequacy of the vapor space is verified as
follows: The vertical drop available for liquid
dropout is equal to hv. The liquid dropout time is
determined as follows:
:‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺨﺎرات ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬hv ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻘﻮط ﻋﻤﻮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺟﺪاﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
.‫زﻣﺎن ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬


hV

 
(4-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ب‬
 c meters per second   100centimeters per meter 
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻋﺒﻮر ﻳﻚ راﻫﻪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
The velocity of vapor , based on one vapor pass,
is determined as follows:
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
(Eq. B.4)

θ = 
U
1
47
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
 7.34cubic meter sper sec oned 

Uv  


N vapor passes




1

 m/sec
 Av square meters 


:‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The drum length required is determined as
follows:
Lmin = (Uv meters per second)(  seconds) × (N
vapor passes)
meters
(‫ ﺗﻌﺪاد راﻫﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺎر‬N)(  ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ()ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬Uv)= Lmin
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
Lmin must be less than or equal to the above
assumed cylindrical drum length, L; otherwise
the calculation must be repeated with a newly
assumed cylindrical drum length.
‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي ﻣﻔﺮوض‬Lmin
‫ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮل‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬L ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺿﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﺗﻜﺮار ﮔﺮدد‬
Table 3 summarizes, the calculations above for
horizontal drums with various inside diameters to
determine the most economical drum size. Drum
diameters in 15 centimeter increments are
assumed, in accordance with standard head sizes.
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻓﻮق را ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي‬3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎديﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺎن‬
‫ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﺑﺮاي اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻠﮕﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
.‫ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ‬15 ‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬
TABLE 3 - OPTIMIZING THE SIZE OF HORIZONTAL KNOCK-OUT DRUM (SI UNITS)
( SI‫ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ اﻓﻘﻲ )واﺣﺪ‬-3 ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Trial
No.
‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬
‫ردﻳﻒ‬
Assumed
Drum
Inside
Diameter
Di
(Meters)
‫ﻗﻄﺮ داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮوض‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬
Assumed
Drum
Cylindrical
Length, L
(Meters)
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻔﺮوض‬
‫اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬
Cross-Sectional Area
(Square Meters)
Vertical Depth Of Liquid And
Vapor Spaces (Centimeters)
(‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ)ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ و ﺑﺨﺎر‬
A1
AL1
AL2
AV
hL1
hL1+hL2
hv
ht
Liquid
Dropout
Time, θ
(seconds)
‫زﻣﺎن‬
Vapor
Velocity,
Uv
(Meters)
per
(Second)
Required
Drum
Length h.
L min
(Meters)
‫ﺳﻘﻮط ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬
(‫)ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ﻻزم‬
‫)ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
(‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
1
22.4
5.79
4.67
0.33
2.45
190
30
140
104
224
1.45
3.9
5.6
2
2.29
6.25
4.10
0.30
227
1.53
29
137
91
229
1.28
4.8
6.2
3
2.13
6.86
3.57
0.28
207
1.23
28
133
81
213
1.13
6.0
6.7
4
1.98
7.62
3.08
0.25
186
0.98
27
128
70
198
0.98
7.0
7.4
Note:
:‫ﻳﺎدآوري‬
The data in this table are in accordance with the
example given in text.
.‫دادهﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
48
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
The following conclusions can be drawn from
this table:
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
:‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
1) All of the drum size above would fulfill the
design requirements.
‫( ﺗﻤﺎم اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن در ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬1
.‫را ﺑﺮآورده ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
2) The most suitable drum size should be
selected according to the design pressure,
material
requirements,
the
corrosion
allowance, and layout, transportation, and
other considerations.
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬2
3) The choice of two-pass flow, as shown in
Figure 3, is optional.
‫ ﻧﺸﺎن‬3 ‫( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن دو راﻫﻪ ﻛﻪ در ﺷﻜﻞ‬3
،‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻮردﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺎز‬،‫ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺟﻨﺲ‬،‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬
.‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدد‬،‫ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
.‫ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ‬،‫داده ﺷﺪه‬
Now consider a vertical vessel. The vapor
velocity is equal to the dropout velocity which is
0.71 meters per second. The required Crosssectional area of the drum is determined as
follows:
Cross – sectional area =
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻻ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬0/71 ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻘﻮط ﻗﻄﺮات‬
:‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
7.34 cubic meters per second
= 10.3 m2
0.71 meters per second
The drum diameter is determined as follows:
D= 10.3 m 2
:‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
(4)
 3.6meters

Thus, a vertical drum is not a logical choice for
the example given, unless layout considerations
dictate differently.
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل داده‬
‫ﺷﺪه ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ دﻳﮕﺮي را‬
.‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
B.2 Details
‫ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎت‬2-‫ب‬
1) If the knock-out drum would become
disproportionally large, adoption of the vane
type knock-out drum shall be considered.
‫( اﮔﺮ ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ‬1
2) The 20-30 minutes residence time is based
on the release of maximum liquid quantity for
the liquid space in the knock-out drum
between high level alarm and minimum pumpout level.
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي آزادﺳﺎزي‬30 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬20 ‫( زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‬2
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺰن ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻴﻐﻪ اي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﺸﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
.‫ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ‬
3) The pump installed to empty the drum shall
be sized to do so in two hours.
‫( ﺗﻠﻤﺒﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازهاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬3
4) The header leading to the knock-out drum
should be sloped towards it. The header from
the drum to the flare stack should slope
continuously back to the drum.
‫( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن‬4
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ‬2 ‫ﻛﺎر ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ را در‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬.‫ ﺷﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻗﻄﺮه ﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺐ‬
.‫ﻣﺪاوﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﻣﺨﺰن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
49
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDIX C
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ج‬
DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LEVEL IN
A HORIZONTAL VESSEL
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ در ﻣﺨﺰن اﻓﻘﻲ‬
One way the liquid depth in a horizontal
cylindrical vessel can be calculated is the
following (volume due to heads is neglected for
simplicity):
‫ﻳﻚ روش ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ را در ﻣﺨﺰن اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪاي اﻓﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ روش زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎده ﺳﺎزي از ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
:(‫ﻛﻠﮕﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
Liquid volume = (Segment area) (Vessel length)
(‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ = )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ( )ﻃﻮل ﻣﺨﺰن‬
The segment area is given by:
(Eq. C.1)
:‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺎ راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
r h
2
A  r 2 . cos 1 
  (r  h) 2rh  h
 r 
(1-‫)ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ج‬
‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬h ‫ و‬R
‫آرك ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮس ﻛﻤﺎن داﻳﺮه ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ در واﺣﺪ رادﻳﺎن ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬
r ‫ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ از‬h ‫ ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ اﮔﺮ‬.‫ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد‬،‫ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻧﺼﻔﻪ ﭘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫دارد‬
r and h must have similar units. Obviously the arc
cosine term must be calculated in radians.
It is worthwhile to note that this equation is
applicable even if h is greater than r, i.e., the
vessel is more than half full.
50
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
APPENDIX D
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ د‬
SAMPLE CALCULATION FOR SIZING A
FLARE STACK
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه دودﻛﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
D.1 General
‫ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬1-‫د‬
This Appendix presents an example for sizing a
flare stack based on the effect of radiation.
‫اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ را اراﺋﻪ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬
The effect of dispersion if the flame is
extinguished is not analyzed.
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه‬،‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر در ﺻﻮرت ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
:‫اﺳﺖ‬
D.2 Basic Data:
:‫ دادهﻫﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ‬2-‫د‬
Hydrocarbon vapor flow rate :
45445 kg/s
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬45445
Average molecular mass of vapor : 46.1
Flowing temperature:
422 K
Heat of combustion
:
Ratio of specific heats :
50,000 kJ/kg
:
46/1
:‫ﺟﺮم ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ درﺟﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬422
:‫دﻣﺎي ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮژول ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم‬50000
1.1
1/1
Flowing pressure at flare tip:101.3 kPa (absolute)
Design wind velocity
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬101/3
8.9 m/s
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬8/9
D.3 Calculation of Flare Diameter
:‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي اﺣﺘﺮاق‬
:‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه‬
:‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
:‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎد‬
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬3-‫د‬
For Mach= 0.2 the flare diameter is calculated as
follows:
‫ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬،0/2 ‫ﺑﺮاي ﻋﺪد ﻣــﺎخ‬
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Mach = (3.23)(10 5 )
0. 2 = (3.23)(10 5 )
W
P2 D 2
45445
101.3D 2
zT / k .M w
422 /(1.1)(46.1)
d = 0.46m
D.4 Calculation of Flame Length
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬4-‫د‬
The heat liberated Q in kilowatts, is calculated as
follows:
‫ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑـﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬Q ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي آزاد ﺷﺪه‬
:‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
Q = (12.6)(50000) = 6.3 × 105 kW
.‫ ﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‬52 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،Lf ،‫ ﻃﻮل ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬،5 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬
From Fig. 5, the flame length, Lf, is 52 meters.
51
Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
D.5 Calculation of Flame Distortion Caused by
Wind Velocity
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬5-‫د‬
:‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺨﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The vapor flow rate is dertemined as follows:
Flow = (12.6) (22.4/46.1) (422/273) =
Q =(12.6)(22.4/46.1)(422/273) =9.46‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ واﻗﻌﻲ‬
3
9.46 actual m /s
:‫اﻧﺤﺮاف ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺛﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‬
The flame distortion caused by wind velocity is
calculated as follows:
U  /Uj = Wind velocity/Flare tip velocity
U
‫ـــــــ = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
Uj
The flare tip exit velocity, Uj, may be determined
as follows:
‫ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ‬،Uj ،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺧﺮوج از ﻧﻮك ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬
:‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدد‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد‬
Uj = Flow / (  d2/4)
Uj = ‫ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬/ (  d2/4)
Uj =
9.46
 (0.46) / 4
2
= 56.9 m/s
U  / Uj = 8.9 / 56.9 = 0.156
From Fig. 6:
:6 ‫از ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 ∆Y/L = (0.35)
= 18.2m
 ∆Y/L = (0.35)
= 18.2m
 ∆X/L = (0.85)
= 44.2m
 ∆X/L = (0.85)
= 44.2m
D.6 Calculation of required flare stack height (for
dimensional references see Fig. 9).
‫ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ )ﺑﺮاي اﺑﻌﺎد‬6-‫د‬
(‫ دﻳﺪه ﺷﻮد‬9 ‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
The design basis is as follows:
:‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ اﺳﺖ‬0/3 ‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬،F ،‫ﺟﺰء ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﺷﺪه‬
Fraction of heat radiated, F, is 0.3.
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬45/7 ‫ در‬،K ،‫ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﻣﺠﺎز‬
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮوات ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﺖ‬6/3 ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬
Maximum allowable radiation, K, at 45.7 meters
from the flare stack is 6.3 kW/m2.
:‫ ﺳﭙﺲ‬ = 1.0 :‫ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
Assume  = 1.0, then:
=48.9m
 FQ
(0.3)(6.3  105
= D
4(3.14)(6.3)
4 K
H   H  ( 1 )(  )
2
R   R  ( 1 )( X )
2
R' = 45.7 - ½ (44.2) = 23.7 m
D2 = R' 2 + H' 2
48.92 = 23.72 + H' 2
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Dec. 2009 / 1388 ‫آذر‬
IPS-E-PR- 460(1)
H' = 42.8 m
H = 42.8 - ½(18.2)
H= 33.7 m
‫ﺑﺎد‬
xc
D
H′
Fig. 9-DIMENSINONAL REFERENCES FOR SIZING A FLARE STACK
‫ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻧﺪازه ﻳﻚ دودﻛﺶ ﻣﺸﻌﻞ‬-9 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
53