Livestock Production:
Livestock
TheProduction:
Farm,
Farm,
TheThe
Environment,
The
Environment,
The
Community
The Community
March 28, 2005
Dr. Steve Hoff,
Colin Johnson
March 28, 2006
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Why are we concerned?
Community acceptance may be one of the
driving factors in survival of your operation.
March 28, 2005
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Why is the public concerned?
An operations effect on:
water quality
air quality
property values
roads & bridges
other farms
March 28, 2005
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Types of operations
 Regulations
center on protection of natural
resources
 Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
responsible at Federal level


National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)
Regulates discharge of pollutants from point sources
into waters of the United States
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Types of operations
 Define


operations based on size
Animal Feeding Operation or AFO
AFOs are agricultural operations where animals are
kept and raised in confined situations. AFOs generally
congregate animals, feed, manure, dead animals, and
production operations on a small land area. Feed is
brought to the animals rather than the animals grazing
or otherwise seeking feed in pastures. Animal waste
and wastewater can enter water bodies from spills or
breaks of waste storage structures (due to accidents or
excessive rain), and non-agricultural application of
manure to crop land.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Types of operations
 Define




operations based on size
Animal Feeding Operation or AFO
An AFO is a lot or facility (other than an aquatic animal
production facility) where the following conditions are
met:
Animals have been, are, or will be stabled or confined
and fed or maintained for a total of 45 days or more in
any 12-month period, and
Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest
residues are not sustained in the normal growing
season over any portion of the lot or facility.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Types of operations
 Define




operations based on size
Animal Feeding Operation or AFO
AFOs that meet the regulatory definition of a CAFO may
be regulated under the NPDES permitting program.
Previous EPA regulations based the definition of
CAFOs on the number of "animal units" confined.
EPA no longer uses the term "animal unit," but instead
refers to the actual number of animals at the operation
to define a CAFO.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Types of operations
Size Thresholds (number of animals)
Animal Sector
Large CAFO
Medium CAFO
Small CAFO
1,000 or more
300-999
less than 300
700 or more
200-699
less than 200
Veal calves
1,000 or more
300-999
less than 300
Swine (weighing over 55 lbs
2,500 or more
750-2,499
less than 750
Swine (weighing less than 55 lbs
10,000 or more
3,000-9,999
less than 3,000
500 or more
150-499
less than 150
Sheep or lambs
10,000 or more
3,000-9,999
less than 3,000
Turkeys
55,000 or more
16,500-54,999
less than 16,500
Laying hens or broilers
30, 000 or more
9,000-29,999
less than 9,000
Chickens other than laying hens (other than a liquid manure handling
system
125,000 or more
37,500-124,999
less than 37,500
Laying hens (other than a liquid manure handling systems
82,000 or more
25,000-81,999
less than 25,000
Ducks (other than a liquid manure handling systems)
30,000 or more
10,000-29,999
less than 10,000
5,000 or more
1,500-4,999
less than 1,500
Cattle or cow/calf pairs
Mature dairy cattle
Horses
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Ducks (liquid manure handling systems)
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 1200



hd (480 animal units)
Storm water discharge permit if > 1 acre disturbed
during construction
Tile around footings (with a shut off) or certify (prof.
engineer) ground water table is below the structure
No alluvial (flood plain) or karst (bedrock) areas

Upgrade concrete standards if on karst
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 1200





hd (480 animal units)
No manure management plan is needed
No construction permits are required
Master matrix is not used
No lawful separation required from residences or public
use areas
Separations





200 ft. from shallow well
100 ft. from deep well
1000 ft. from major water source (navigable)
500 ft. from water sources (a bed with water flow and defined
banks) (excludes farm ponds)
2500 ft. State or Federal wetlands
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 2400





hd (960 animal units)
Manure management plan required ($250)
Manure storage indemnity fee $96
No construction permit
No master matrix required
Construction design statement (CDS) submitted at least
30 days before construction or Prof. Engineer Design
Certification (generally provided by the builder)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 1200

hd (480 animal units)
Separations
1250 ft. from residences, businesses, churches, and schools
 1875 ft. public use areas (parks, cemeteries, etc.)
 200 ft. from shallow well
 100 ft. from a deep well
 1000 ft. from major water sources (navigable)
 500 ft. from water sources (a bed with water flow and defined
banks) (excludes farm ponds)
 2500 ft. State or Federal wetlands
 100 ft. road right of way
** Are minimums producer can increase in they think it is
warrented

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 2400



Storm water discharge permit if > 1 acre disturbed
during construction
Tile around footings (with a shut off) or certify (prof.
engineer) ground water table is below the structure
No alluvial (flood plain) or karst (bedrock) areas



hd (960 animal units)
Upgrade concrete standards if on karst
Water use permit - $25
Annual compliance fee - $144.00 ($0.15 x 960 AU) due
with annual update of MMP
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size
 Master
matrix – what is it?
A
master matrix is a scoring system that was
designed to evaluate the siting and manure
management practices of proposed permitted
operations based on environmental risks and
community impacts.
 The
matrix was required by Iowa law, Senate
File 2293, enacted by the 79th General
Assembly in spring 2002.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Iowa requirements are based on operation
size

It was developed by a 10-member technical advisory
committee that was designated in the legislation.

Based on committee consensus on 44 factors
addressing air quality, water quality, and community
impacts.

After public input and revisions to the proposed
matrix, the Environmental Protection Commission set
passing scores on the matrix at 440 points of the total
available.

Producers must pass 25 percent of the available points
in each of the subcategories of air quality, water
quality, and community impact.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Source: US EPA
Site considerations
prime property value it is driven by –
LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION
 Like
 Identify
best location for a new livestock
operation

1st step in growing a farming operation responsibly
 90%
of Iowa’s land is devoted to food
production


Many areas that are suitable for livestock facilities
Does not mean there are no poor locations
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Site considerations

Size of barn and manure-holding structure

Available land for nutrient utilization

Distance to surface water or wells

Avoid karst (rock) terrain or alluvial (flood) soils

Determine distance to neighbors

Prevailing summer winds typically from south and
west

Proximity of roads, bridges, lakes, streams, wetlands,
and other public-use areas

Opportunities for future growth at a site
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
How have we gotten to this point ?

Over time farms and specifically livestock facilities must be
modified, expanded and / or replaced.

Reasons for farm expansion



Increased costs of living,
increased demand for livestock products
Including another generation into the business
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Environmental Concerns
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Public concerns
 Center

Soil



Accumulation of minerals in the soil
Runoff of minerals from land where nutrients were applied
Water



around three main areas
Surface
Ground water
Air


Nuisance
Health
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Challenges
 Producers


must meet the demands
Many technologies are available to address these
concerns.
Expensive in a time of declining margins
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Pig Densities
 Livestock
production
is becoming
concentrated in many
geographical parts of
the world.

Pork production is no
exception
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries
(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization,
Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region
Pig Inventory
Pigs Per Acre
(Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
United States
Iowa
15,000,000
0.56
(1.38)
357.9
North Carolina
9,600,000
1.71
(4.23)
1,095.2
Minnesota
6,100,000
0.28
(0.70)
181.7
Illinois
3,950,000
0.16
(0.40)
104.6
Indiana
3,100,000
0.23
(0.57)
148.4
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries
(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization, Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region
Pig Inventory
Pigs Per Acre
(Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
Europe
Germany
25,958,000
0.89
(2.20)
569.1
Spain
23,858,000
0.74
(1.83)
474.6
France
15,290,000
0.34
(0.83)
214.7
Netherlands
13,000,000
5.81
(14.36)
3,720.6
Denmark
12,990,000
2.29
(5.67)
1,467.9
Belgium
6,851,000
3.29
(8.14)
2,107.4
United Kingdom
5,588,000
0.40
(0.99)
256.1
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Pig Densities in Selected Countries
(Adapted from Saskatchewan Agriculture Food and Rural Revitalization, Statistics Canada.)
Country or Region
Pig Inventory
Pigs Per Acre
(Hectare)
Pigs Per Sq. Mile
Asia
Japan
9,612,000
0.88
(2.16)
560.1
China
464,695,000
1.31
(3.24)
838.0
Quebec
4,280,000
0.93
(2.31)
597.7
Ontario
3,700,000
0.41
(1.01)
261.0
Manitoba
2,750,000
0.22
(0.55)
143.3
Alberta
2,100,000
0.08
(0.19)
49.6
Saskatchewan
1,211,000
0.03
(0.07)
16.9
Canada
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Why are we concerned?
 The
issue to locate a new livestock facility
generates debate in Iowa and other states?
 Why
do you suppose it causes more debate in
some countries and less in others?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
How can we overcome concerns?
March 28, 2005
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
How can we overcome concerns?

Management and facility approaches

Proper siting

Environmental measures

Knowing our neighbors
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
What are emission sources?
1. Housing
2. Storage
3. Land Application
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Hongwei Xin
What are emissions?
 Common




Odor
Dust (PM)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
 Control



Pollutants
Points
Prevent generation
Capture or destroy before release
Disperse or disguise to reduce impact
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Robert Burns
Building Emissions

Constant Sources

Buildings typically release odors & gases
continuously and at relatively stable rates.

Emission rate depends on:



animal & housing system
ventilation system and rate
manure collection system and frequency of removal
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Robert Burns
Possible Approaches
 Filtration
 Barriers
 Vegetation
 Diet
 Oil
/ landscaping
Manipulation
sprinkling
 Solids
separation
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Robert Burns
Possible Approaches
 Covers
 Composting
 Additives
 Injection
 Application
timing
 Aeration
 Anaerobic
Digestion
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Robert Burns
What affects odor/gas release &
dispersion ?
1. Wind speed
2. Area
3. Source intensity
1. Temperature
2. Wind speed
3. Topography
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Hongwei Xin
Weather/Terrain Impact Odor
Plumes
N
N
10 mph
10 mph
Clear summer DAY,
Open flat terrain
N
Clear summer NIGHT,
Open flat terrain
5+ odor units
2-4 odor units
1 odor unit
2 mph
N
10 mph
Clear Summer DAY,
Open flat terrain
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Clear summer NIGHT,
Trees down-wind of odor source
Dr. Hongwei Xin
Siting of new facilities
We must be wise about how we site facilities.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment
How far do odors travel? When is the potential
greatest for odor nuisance?
How can this information be used to make
siting recommendations?
How can we modify odor transport?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM
 Program


developed here at Iowa State Univ.
Ag & Biosystems Engineering - Dr. Steve Hoff
Community based odor assessment model to help
identify most favorable site livestock facility


New facility – swine, poultry, dairy, beef feedlot, etc.
Expand an existing facility
 Program
supported by the Coalition to Support
Iowa’s Farmers
= location, location, location
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM
 Based






on numerous factors
Weather conditions
Wind patterns
Type and size of facility
Terrain
Other swine or livestock facilities in the area
Neighbor sensitivity
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM
 Predicts
the new or expanding livestock impact
on area neighbors



Amount of time they will be exposed to different odor
levels
Impact that implementing odor mitigation methods might
have
Accounts for other existing sources of odor within a
community
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM
 Need




site specific information
Proposed new facility or existing modification
Specific weather data
Current model only useful for Swine not other kinds of
livestock
Been used to evaluate over 60 locations in Iowa
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Community Assessment Model or CAM
 Remaining
questions

Can the model work for poultry, dairy, and beef ?

Can the model be evaluated on how well did it
performed when it was utilized in making a siting
decision?

Can the number of available odor mitigation strategies
be expanded?

How does terrain impact wind patters?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Building

When building a new facility consider a waste handling
system that allows routine removal of material


Every 7 days or less
Remodeling facilities




factors
Smooth surfaces (floors, walls and ceilings) aid cleaning
Slatted floors stay drier than slotted floors
Pulling ventilation from under the floor promotes drier floors
Use good judgment



Agitate and empty pits when favorable wind conditions prevail –
blowing away from neighbors
Avoid making a mess on the roads
Work with your neighbors
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Building


factors
Clean the buildings after each group of pigs or “turn”
Keep 2” of water on the floor of open or under-floor
manure collection gutters and pits
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Animal

Keep animals clean and dry




factors
Scrape manure buildup when it occurs on floors
Maintain animal health – avoid scours
Provide optimal conditions – warm, dry and draft-free
Provide recommended space allowance

Overstocking
Cases where intentional overstocking occurs

Understocking
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Animal

Provide proper ventilation



factors
Air flow rates
Air distribution
Waterer maintance


Repair leaky waters – keeps floors dry
Maintain waterers at correct height
Avoids wasting – Diluting manure

Use flow-through pen design to keep floors dry
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Dietary

Use feeding methods where more precision can be used
to meet animal dietary requirements



methods for reducing swine odor
Split sex feeding
Phase feeding
Consider pelleting diet

Improves digestibility
Smaller particle size
Heat during the pelleting process

Use wet feeding systems (3:1 water to feed ratio)



Reduces feed spillage / waste
Reduces water wasting
Challenges – freezing, spoilage, etc.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Dietary

Add oils and fats to feed


methods for reducing swine odor
Reduce barn dust
Enzymes ?
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Carcass


disposal
Remove mortalities from site to rendering facility within 24
hrs.
If removal is not feasible

Incinerate
Cost?

Compost
Takes management

Bury
Check state regulations
Properly site and manage the burial pits

Any method must not be disturbed by pets or wild animals


Neighbor relations
Health
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Carcass


disposal
Remove mortalities from site to rendering facility within 24
hrs.
If removal is not feasible

Incinerate
Cost?

Compost
Takes management

Bury
Check state regulations
Properly site and manage the burial pits

Any method must not be disturbed by pets or wild animals


Neighbor relations
Health
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Manure


Tanks and basins
Agitate and pump when favorable weather conditions exist



storage (high-load systems)
Brisk wind blowing away from neighbors
Avoid humid still day or times of the day
Aerate slurry using pump exhaust below the surface of the
manure pit or lagoon
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Manure

storage (high-load systems)
Use permeable cover or biocover (example: straw) on
storage



Bottom load the manure
Covers limit solar heating and wind induced volatilization
Provide aerobic zone within the cover material and have a high
surface area for filtering
Aerobic degradation of odors
Other slurry gasses

Allow natural crust to form
Works better with diets high in fiber (barley based, high ddgs, etc.)
Can reduce odors by as much as 50%
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Manure

storage (high-load systems)
Use permeable cover or biocover

Challenges
Biocovers may only last 2 – 3 months
Chopper pump may be needed during pumping
Cost can range between $0.25 to $0.40 per pig marketed annually
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Manure
storage (high-load systems)
Table 1. Odor reduction by cover method on a open basin or
lagoon type of manure storage system.
Thickness
Odor
Reduction
Chopped straw
8-12 in.
50-80%
$0.01 – $0.02
ft.2
Chopped corn
stalks
8 in.
~25-50%
$0.01ft.2
Impermeable
floating plastic
cover
NA
>99%
$0.35 to $45
Cover Type
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Cost
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Anaerobic

lagoons (low-load systems)
Avoid over loading lagoon with manure


Want that pink color on the lagoon surface
Do not exceed the design loading rate
Always important but especially in spring and fall


Use solid separators to reduce solids from liquids
Avoid shock loading lagoon




Add small amounts frequently (less than every 7 days)
Do not add large quantaties all at once
Never add mortalities, carcass parts, or human waste to lagoons
Do not dispose of needles in the pit or lagoon
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Anaerobic

Add dilution water to avoid odors during times when the
lagoon is warming up


Bacterial turn over and activity increase in spring and fall
Agitate and pump lagoons when weather conditions permit


lagoons (low-load systems)
Wind blowing away from neighbors
Lagoon should contain ample water before adding manure


Fill a treatment lagoon to design volume before adding any waste
Start a lagoon in late spring by following normal dilution procedures
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Anaerobic


Add waste at several points around the lagoon
Remove sludge on a regular basis



lagoons (low-load systems)
Every 3-4 years from the second stage of a two-stage lagoon system
Every 5-7 years from a single stage lagoon system
Minimize the used of feed additives that can reduce normal
bacterial decomposition


Antibiotics
Heavy metals (think trace minerals iron, copper, manganese zinc, &
others)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Anaerobic

Consider permeable biocovers for relatively small lagoons


lagoons (low-load systems)
Do not work as well on large lagoons.
Use surface aeration to increase aerobic digestion


When proper loading cannot be achieved
Aeration is expensive
Aeration required to control odor is much less than the energy required to
treat the manure to reduce organic matter
Costs = $1.50 to $3.00 per pig marketed for the fixed costs (pump and
equipment to aerate. Plus an additional $0.75 to $1.50 in variable costs
(energy to drive the pump)
Research indicates this is effective at reducing odor from lagoons
» As much as 80% reduction from a lagoon loaded at ½ rate
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Land


application
Do not spray irrigate concentrated liquid slurry from manure
tanks and basins
Inject manure





Controls odor much better
Less volatilization of nutrients
Cost is $0.40 to $0.50 per pig marketed or $0.003 per gallon of
slurry based on equipment costs
Injection save fertilizer value that more than covers the cost
difference between spray and injection slurry application methods
Many business have developed that do this
Have the large machinery, pumps and hoses to perform this
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Land



application
Avoid agitating and surface spreading of manure on still
days or when wind is blowing towards your neighbors
Avoid weekends, holidays or known social events are
occurring
Surface apply manure when good drying conditions are
present





Early morning
Low humidity
High wind
Clear, sunny weather
On tillable soil
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Land



Use reduced application rates to promote faster drying and
reduced odor release
Incorporate surface-applied manure as soon as possible
following application preferably as it is applied
If irrigating



application
Use low trajectory and low pressure systems.
Install drop nozzles on an existing system to minimize odors
Size the manure storage system large enough so that the
number of applications can be reduced to as few as
possible

1-3 times per year
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Out

Minimize the use of outdoor lots


door lots
Odors emitted are directly proportional to the lot’s surface area
where manure is deposited
Slope dirt lots at 4 – 6 % to the south or southeast to
enhance drying and drainage


Capture contaminated runoff and apply to crop land
Divert clean roof rain water and external rain water away from lots
to keep them drier
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Reducing odor from swine facilities
 Out

door lots
Remove solid manure often to reduce surface area odor
emissions



Land apply
Place in a long term storage area (to compost)
Divert clean water and other lot runoff away from solid manure
storage to promote drying
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
From Purdue University Extension
Siting Decisions
Factors to Consider
Historical Weather Patterns
% time in various directions and the
relation to neighbors
Current Sources
What sources currently exist and how do these
relate to the proposed source and existing neighbors?
Distances are not Equal in all Directions
In Iowa, predominant summer winds from S, SSE.
A facility to the south of a neighbor at a given distance has a greater
odor impact as one to the north at the same distance.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Central Iowa Weather Conditions
Central Iowa Weather Conditions:
WS Levels
Direction From:
Percent Time
< 5 mph
SE
7
5-7 mph
SSE
11
7-11 mph
S
13
11-13 mph
SSW
7
> 13 mph
SW
7
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Odor Transport
Effect of Distance and Size
1,320 ft
1,320 ft
11 Deg
22 Deg
Exposure Angles
5.5 Deg
2,640 ft
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Odor Transport
Distance, Orientation, and Multiple Sources
1,320 ft
1,320 ft
18.5 Deg
10.8 Deg
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Distance, Orientation, and Local Weather
Summer, Central Iowa
18.5 Deg
10.8 Deg
5 Percent Time
10 % from...
5 % from...
2
7 Percent Time
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Community-Based Odor Assessment Model
Developed, Calibrated, Being Requested in Practice
18.5 Deg
10.8 Deg
5 Percent Time
Considers:
7 Percent Time
Location of neighbors
Location of odor sources
Local historical weather patterns
Distances and orientation
Number/maturity of animals
Seasonal ventilation rates
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Determines:
Percent time exposure to
various odor levels
Impact on neighbors
Impact of odor reduction methods
Impact of additional sources to a
community
Dr. Steve Hoff
Odor Transport
Wind Origination and Percent Time: Central Iowa
16.0
14.0
Percent Time
12.0
10.0
March
July
8.0
October
6.0
4.0
2.0
337.5
315.0
292.5
270.0
247.5
225.0
202.5
180.0
157.5
135.0
112.5
90.0
67.5
45.0
22.5
0.0
0.0
Wind From..(0=N, 180=S)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Odor Transport
Total Hours of Wind Origination: Central Iowa
Total Hours (March to October)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Wind From..(0=N, 180=S)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
337.5
315.0
292.5
270.0
247.5
225.0
202.5
180.0
157.5
135.0
112.5
90.0
67.5
45.0
22.5
0.0
0
Odor Transport
Source Relative to Receptor Rankings
16
14
12
7
(15)
15
source
(16)
(14)
9
(12)
(11)
5
(6)
2
(1)
4
(9)
6
11
(5)
Central Iowa March-to-October
Placement Rankings Based on
Hours of Time
Receptor Ranking for the
16 Compass Locations Considered
(7)
(4)
1
(2)
receptor locations and rank
Example: 10 (13)
10
3
(3)
13
(8)
8
(13)
(10)
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
ASHRAE Data
NRCS Data
Dr. Steve Hoff
Decision Criteria Used
Siting with CAM is as follows:
● Limit proposed source load for neighbors to 1% 2:1 odors (58 hrs)
and ½% 7:1 odors (29 hrs).
● Limit proposed + existing source load for neighbors
to 2% 2:1 odors (115 hrs) and 1% 7:1 odors (58 hrs).
● Siting choice judged against all four criteria.
Hour amounts based on March-thru-October hours
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Dr. Steve Hoff
Odor Levels
2:1 Odors
It takes 2 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
+
=
7:1 Odors
It takes 7 Parts Fresh Air Mixed with 1 Part
Odorous Air to Make the Odor Nearly Undetectable
+
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
=
Dr. Steve Hoff
Know Your Exposure Risks
 Environmental

self audits are available
www.lpdes.org
 Utilize
Best Management Practices
 Consider
the approaches
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Closing Remarks
Know your neighbors and consider their concerns
Distance is not the same in all directions
Consider all siting options, including:
facility size, location, orientation, ventilation and
manure storage design as well as manure application
Utilize your resources …
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Closing Remarks
Iowa State University- Air Quality Committee
Jay Harmon
Steve Hoff
Hongwei Xin
Iowa Pork Industry Center
Jaciek Koziel
(800)808-7675
Robert Burns
Joe Colleti
John Tyndall
Wendy Powers
Ken Stalder
Iowa Manure Management Action Group
Angie Rieck-Hinz
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Thank You for Your
Attention
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension