Decolonization
Review
Similarities
 Failure
of nationalist movements to build mass
support


Role of political concessions
Role of government massacre
 Colonizers’
use of soldiers & resources during WWI
& WWII foster independence movements
 WWI
& WWII: aid growth of industry
 French
colonies – tended to be more violent
India
 Amritsar
Massacre
 Gandhi during interwar years


Added religious component
Pioneered civil disobedience
 Nationalism
amidst diversity sparked counter
Muslim League
 Partition

Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth
 Nehru
– attempted to balance democracy & socialist
economic policies

Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues
Ghana
 Later

nationalism
Often led by veterans
 Racial
dynamic
 Kwame


Nkrumah
Personalist, populist leader
Industrialization & development undermined by
volatility of export markets
Algeria
 Complicated
 Guerilla
 Settlers
by white settlers
campaign & violent French response
leave
Vietnam
 Very
similar to China
 Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully
during interwar years, which led to interest in
communism
 Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France
after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement
 Northern Communists eventually victorious, which
unifies Vietnam under communism
South Africa
 Gained
independence in 1910, but with minority,
white/settler rule
 Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose
racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full
apartheid legislation passed


Extreme segregation – “homelands”
ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance
 Sharpesville
 International
Massacre, Soweto riots
pressure results in apartheid ending
in 1994. Mandela elected.
Latin America
 Neo-Colonialism

Economic growth at close of 19th c, but based on
raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence
 Follows

global trends
Mexico
 Revolution
toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party
democracy (PRI) result


Interwar Years = extreme ideas
Early Cold War: Communism
 Guatemala
 Cuba

– economic problems, social gains
Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy