World War II
I.
Aggression leads to war in Europe and Asia.
A.
Attempts at Peace (good intentions).
1.
The ____________________-had been established by the Treaty
of Versailles to promote world peace. More than 60 nations
joined, but the League was weak due to the refusal of the United
States to join. More importantly, the League lacked power to
enforce decisions.
2.
_______________________-in London & Washington, D.C.,
diplomats discussed disarmament & agreed to limit the size &
strength of navies.
3.
_______________________, 1928-an agreement eventually signed
by all countries to renounce war, named for American Secretary of
State Frank B. Kellogg, & Premier Aristide Briand of France. This
promise would soon be broken.
B.
Germany violates the Versailles Treaty.
Germany had originally ___________ the League of Nations, but left
when the _________ took over. Germany had bitterly ___________ the
treaty due to the fact that it disarmed the country, taken away conquests,
and ordered the payment of huge sums for war damages. When ________
gained power, he vowed to change things.
1.
His first step in restoring Germany’s power was to ___________
its military force. In 1935, Hitler declared Germany would build a
peace-time army of 550,000 men, going against the provision in
the treaty that set a 100,000 limit.
2.
Britain & France denounced German _____________ but did not
take action in order to preserve peace. A law or rule was violated
and there were no consequences.
C.
Fascist aggression goes unchecked.
1.
_________ invaded Ethiopia in 1935. (Italy would leave as a
member of the Leauge.) ___________, this independent African
kingdom, had resisted earlier Italian invasions in 1896. Now, they
would be defeated.
a.
Haile Selassie (HY-lee suh-LASS-ee), Ethiopia’s
__________, appealed for help from the League of Nations.
b.
2.
3.
4.
The League _______________ Italy for this act of
aggression.
c.
The League urged members not to sell arms or raw
materials to Italy, rather, adopt economic ____________,
but only a few cooperated.
Hitler sent troops into the _______________ in March, 1936, the
region between the Rhine River and the French border,
____________ the Versailles Treaty again.
Japan took ______________ in 1931.
a.
The League of Nations _____________ the move but took
no action.
b.
Japan _____________ from the League in 1933.
c.
In July, 1937, ____________ & Nationalist ____________
troops clashed and the Sino-Japanese War followed.
d.
Japanese troops began an ___________ invasion of China1937.
Hitler sought to bring together all ___________-speaking peoples.
a.
Troops entered Austria in March, 1938 & declared it part of
the _______________, violating the treaty again. A union,
or _____________, was prohibited between Germany &
Austria.
b.
1938, Hitler moves on Czechoslovakia. Most
___________ & __________ lived here, but there were
some Germans.
1.
Most Germans lived in the _______________, the
western region along the German border.
2.
France & Britain ___________ this & British Prime
Minister Neville Chamberlain called for the Munich
Conference in September, 1938. The two agreed to
the German claim on the Sudetenland, continuing a
policy of ________________. Both nations desired
___________ at almost any price.
3.
______________ wanted to stay out of European
wars.
4.
Germany’s actions were often ________________
for many, especially in Britain, felt the Versailles
Treaty was too ___________.
5.
March, 1939, German troops took ___________,
the Czech capital, and Czechoslovakia now
____________ to exist as an independent nation.
5.
II.
March, 1939-Hitler demanded that the city of Danzig, Poland
return to German rule; Hitler wanted Poland. He demanded that
Germany be granted a _______________ & a _______________
through the Polish Corridor, which had been created after World
War I. This corridor was a strip of land that separated East Prussia
from the rest of Germany, giving Poland ______________ to the
sea.
a.
Poland ______________.
b.
Britain & France declared that they would ___________
defend Poland’s independence.
c.
They were stunned when the _______________________
was signed in late August, 1939-a pact of friendship & nonaggression. In return for half of Poland, the Soviet Union
___________ not to interfere with Hitler’s invasion.
d.
On Sept. 1, _____________ troops marched into Poland.
e.
On September 3, 1939, Britain & France declared
________ against Germany.
At the time of the invasion of Poland, Germany was better
_____________ than Britain & France for war and would now
begin to ___________ their power in Europe, thus, a long war was
in store for the _________.
Europe falls to the Axis Powers (Italy & Germany) between 1939 & 1942.
A.
Poland falls to Germany-In less than 1 week after the Sept. 1st invasion,
the German __________ (BLITS-kreeg), or lightning war, occurred.
Hitler developed this type of warfare that used quick, ___________
attacks on _______ and in the _________. On Sept. 27, 1939, after heavy
days of bombing, ___________ surrendered. Poland was ____________
between Germany & the Soviet Union.
B.
The Soviet Union claimed land in the ___________.
1. They established ___________ bases in Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia.
2. ____________ was seized in the winter war of 1939.
C.
_________ war of Western Europe-little action in late 1939-early 1940.
D.
Germany strikes in the spring of 1940. Heavy bombing devastated cities
& _______________the civilian population as Germany pushed into
northern France.
1.
Denmark-April, 1940
2.
Norway-April, 1940
3.
Belgium-April, 1940
4.
The Netherlands-April, 1940
5.
Luxembourg-April, 1940
6.
France-June, 1940
a.
____________ forces (British, Belgian, & French) rescued
at Dunkirk. The fall of Belgium allowed the German army
to move around the end of the ____________ Line.
Germans broke the French defenses near ___________ &
moved to the _____________ Channel. Every available
vessel set sail from England-even fishing boats. By June 4,
most of the soldiers were taken to England leaving
equipment behind. Germany advanced steadily across
northern ___________. Many ____________ fled south.
b.
____________ invaded from the South.
c.
German troops marched into _________ on June 14th.
d.
The French government asked for an _______________,
under which Germany _______________ northern France,
including Paris, and the coast.
e.
In the south, a government was established at Vichy (VEEshee), that was very ________________ with the Germans,
headed by Marshal Henri Philippe Pe’tain, a hero of World
War I.
7.
Battle of ____________, 1940-1941; Great Britain stood alone.
Hitler planned to _____________, but hoped they would
_____________.
a.
When it was clear Britain would not surrender, Hitler
ordered the _______________ to heavily bomb British
factories, airfields, seaports, & cities. On August 8, 1940,
hundreds of bombers & fighter planes attacked, beginning
_________ of air raids, day & night, in preparation for an
__________________.
b.
British ____________________ defended Britain inflicting
heavy losses on German aircraft and the British were aided
by _____________, a new device to detect enemy planes.
c.
8.
By late fall, Hitler _________________ his invasion plans.
The Blitz continued until spring, however, claiming
thousands of British _______________.
d.
A German naval ________________ prevented the
shipment of food & supplies, thus there were shortages.
Britain needed help, but U.S. _____________ prevented
the U.S. from lending money or goods to a country at
________.
Invasion of the Soviet Union.
June 22, 1941-____________ of Napoleon’s invasion. Even
though Hitler & Stalin had made a nonaggression pact when they
divided Poland, Hitler moved to destroy _________________ &
seize Soviet _____________.
a.
Reasons for the invasion:
1.
Hitler wanted___________ for German settlers.
2.
Hitler wanted rich ___________ fields to feed the
German nation.
3.
Hitler wanted oil, coal, & iron ore to supply the
German war _________________.
Soviet armies suffered enormous ___________ in the first
months. By October, 1941, German troops were only 50
miles from _____________. The Russian civilians were
suffering hardships.
b.
The Soviet defense.
1.
As the Soviet troops withdrew, crops were
___________ in the fields & equipment was
_______________. These “_________________”
tactics left no food or supplies for the advancing
Germans.
2.
Autumn ________ & winter ________ slowed the
Germans. Obviously, blitzkrieg tactics were not
effective on muddy, snowy roads. The Soviets were
ready for __________, while the Germans were not.
a.
Soldiers suffered 30 degree below zero
weather in _____________ uniforms.
b.
Tanks & trucks could not ________ in the
cold.
c.
Even another offensive would not be successful. The
Soviet victory marked the ___________________ for Eastern
Europe in the war. Germany ________________ Stalingrad in
1943.
E.
_________________: In March, 1941, the U.S. Congress passed the
Lend-Lease Act which allowed President Roosevelt to sell, lease, or lend
military equipment to nations whose defense was _________ to American
security. This applied to ___________ & ____________, and was
extended to the ______________.
F.
Fighting in North Africa.
_______________ sought control over the Mediterranean, while Hitler
expanded westward in Europe.
1.
In the fall of 1940, Italian forces from Libya invaded Egypt.
a.
to capture the _________ Canal.
b.
To open the way to the ______ fields of the Middle East.
2.
The forces here were led by the German Field Marshall Erwin
____________, whose clever tactics earned him the nickname,
“_____________________.”
3.
The British forces were led by Field Marshal Bernard
Montgomery; they blocked Rommel’s advance toward Egypt. At
El Alamein (ell ah-lah-MAYN), ____________ had their first
major victory of the war.
4.
The U.S. meanwhile had entered the war after the attack at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii on _____________, 1941. In November, 1942,
Allied troops were under the command of General Dwight D.
Eisenhower. They began in French Morocco and Algeria.
Rommel’s armies became _____________ between the two Allied
armies. By May, 1943, the __________ held North Africa.
G.
Europe under Hitler.
1.
A New Order was imposed. Despite the Allied victories in Africa
& Eastern Europe, most of Europe was firmly under _________
control.
a.
Over this Reich, Hitler planned to extend a New Order in
which all of Europe would serve the German
“_____________” idea of Aryan superiority.
b.
These racial policies called for enslavement or
extermination of all ___________. The non-Aryans were
not only the Jews, but Slavs (mostly Poles & Russians).
c.
2.
3.
4.
5.
These policies were administered by
___________________, Hitler’s police chief.
Persecution begins in _____________-When Poland fell in 1939,
both the Soviets & the Nazis terrorized the Poles.
a.
Soviets transported over 1 million from eastern Poland to
_________ camps and ______________ camps in the
U.S.S.R., especially the upper class. 4,000 officers were
massacred.
b.
In ____________ Poland, concentration camps were built
and many Poles were relocated here.
Conquered lands are exploited by Germany. (France, U.S.S.R,
Czechoslovakia, & Rumania) Food, resources, labor, and art were
taken by the Germans. About 7 __________ were sent to forced
labor camps.
European Jews faced the _____________-remember, wiping out
the Jews was one of Hitler’s major goals.
a.
______________-considered the final solution to the
Jewish problem; the systematic murder of an entire people.
1.
Jews were rounded up, loaded into sealed
___________cars, & shipped to death camps.
Remember Anne Frank.
2.
Those who were used in labor were of a prime age;
the very young and old were ___________ first.
3.
Many were herded into ________ chambers.
4.
Others were ___________ and ______________.
5.
Some were victims of cruel ____________
experiments.
6.
6 ___________ Jews died; about 1.5 million
_____________.
b.
Most notorious death camp was ______________ (OUSHvitz) in Poland. Here alone, 3-4 million died. In charge
here was ___________________, who was later tried for
crimes against humanity and executed.
Resistance movements; some occurred in each German-occupied
country. Some aided the __________. Some led strikes. Others
_______________ plants making German war equipment.
a.
They symbol of resistance became the “V” for the
___________ sign.
b.
These people took great risk. For every German soldier
killed, many other civilian _____________ were executed.
c.
Governments in _________ were established; for example,
the Free French, led by General Charles de Gaulle (de
GOHL).
While war was raging in Europe, another __________ caught the attention of the world.
This Pacific theater would bring the __________________ directly into the war.
III.
War Breaks out in the Pacific.
A.
Japan expands in southeastern Asia.
1.
Occupation of British, French, & Dutch colonial possessions in
________ & the _________. These nations’ involvement in World
War II in Europe left these areas ______________. Japan already
had control of Korea, Manchuria, & parts of China for oil, rubber,
tin, & rice. This was very important to feed their people on the
island. The United States would have been capable in 1940 to stop
Japanese expansion. The Japanese __________ this and thus
worried.
2.
Attack on _________________, Hawaii: December 7, 1941
a.
Reasons for Japan’s actions:
1.
The U.S. passed an embargo, which limited trade &
____________ the export of war material.
2.
Japan resented the Russo-Japanese War settlement;
unhappy because they had to remove their troops
from ___________________. This settlement, the
Treaty of Portsmouth, had been orchestrated by
________________________.
3.
They disliked the U.S. immigration policy because
it _______________ orientals. Earlier in 1941, the
U.S. Congress passed an act providing for the
refusal of visas to aliens whose presence in the U.S.
would ______________ public safety. For those
Japanese living in America, they were herded into
______________ camps.
4.
Japan also wanted to cripple American __________
bases, as well as the United States’ power to
interfere in Asia.
b.
The attack came on Sunday, December 7, 1941, at 7:55
a.m. Before this, the U.S. & Japan had been
_________________ to improve relations. Nothing came
3.
B.
IV.
from these talks, though, and many expected war. Japan
had talked of an attack. However, Americans were taken
by complete surprise. That morning, the radar picked up
the Japanese bombers headed toward the base in the
Hawaiian islands, but thought they were _______________
planes. No alert was sounded, thus, destruction came.
c.
The fleet was destroyed. American losses: ___ battleships
& ____ other naval vessels were sunk or badly damaged;
about _____ aircraft were destroyed; about ________ naval
& military personnel were killed or wounded. Over
_______ were entombed in the USS ____________ when it
exploded and sank. Japan's losses: ____ planes, ___ pilots,
__ submarine, & ____ midget subs.
d.
This resulted the _____ entering the war. On December 8,
the U.S. and _________________ declared war on Japan; 3
days later, ____________ & ________ declared war on the
United States.
Japan continues its conquests in _________.
Japan had more _____________ after Pearl Harbor, and by early
1942, claimed these possessions.
a.
The Philippines-an American possession.
b.
Burma-British
c.
Singapore-British
d.
Dutch East Indies
e.
French Indochina
Japan also had plans to capture New Guinea and ______________.
U.S. regains strength.
1.
Battle of the ____________-In May, 1942, American & Japanese
clashed here. After this defeat, Japan made some plan changes.
2.
Battle of ___________-June 4-7, 1942: Japan suffered its most
serious defeat at Midway Island, 1,135 miles northwest of Pearl
Harbor. Japan lost their 4 best aircraft carriers along with the
planes on deck and many pilots. Despite the loss of the carrier
Yorktown, the U.S. ____________ naval superiority. The tide was
now turning; the Allies would now be more _________________.
The Allies are Victorious.
A.
The Allied Offensive Becomes Aggressive.
1.
2.
The Invasion of _________-By occupying ______________, the
Allies were in a good position to invade Italy.
a.
July, 1943-British & American troops landed on the island
of ___________.
b.
July, 1943-Mussolini was ______________. Fascism
collapsed after 20 years. Mussolini was now powerless,
but somewhat popular still. He later died on April 28,
1945, telling his family goodbye, then going into
__________ with his long-time mistress Clara Petacci. A
partisan communist leader found their hiding place in a
farmhouse up in the mountains of Italy. He wanted to put
down any fascist, especially Mussolini. ______ were shot
dead.
c.
September, 1943-Allies landed on the mainland and the
new Italian government surrendered. There was still stiff
____________ resistance.
d.
The Allies took __________ in June, 1944.
e.
____________ Italy was finally taken in early 1945.
The invasion of Nazi-occupied France.
After much preparation, “______________________” was ready
for action.
a.
Before Normandy, the first conference of the
_____________ occurred in Tehran, Iran (November,
1943) to coordinate military plans & agreements about the
future of Europe. (_____________, ____________, &
_________) Another meeting was at ________ on the
Black Sea to discuss Asia.
b.
Allied forces were led by General Dwight D.
______________.
c.
June 6, 1944; ________: the day of the landing on the
beaches of ______________.
1.
The Allies (approximately 120,000 forces of mostly
American, British, Canadian, & Free French)
crossed the ___________ Channel.
2.
______________ of ships & planes were
coordinated for this. This caught the Germans by
__________. On some beaches, soldiers struggled
through 4 feet waves in the face of fierce German
gunfire.
3.
3.
4.
Allied control of the ______ was crucial to the
invasion’s success by bringing in more soldiers &
supplies.
4.
Less than a month after D-day, a million soldiers
were in ___________.
d.
August 25, 1944-Paris was____________ & the Allies
were advancing toward Germany. Southern France was
later liberated in September when the Allies invaded Dijou
in Operation ______________.
The last German attack. By autumn, 1944, Germany’s cause
seemed hopeless. Germany was under heavy Allied___________.
a.
December, 1944-the Battle of the ____________: German
troops and tanks attacked in the hilly forests near
Germany’s border with Belgium & Luxembourg.
Americans were outnumbered ___ to ___. Despite this, the
German offensive was halted by the Allies. The weather
did not help and Germany was short of gasoline.
b.
The Allies could now advance from both the ________ and
the _________.
c.
April 21, 1945-Marshal Zhukov’s ___________ troops
reached Berlin.
d.
April 30, 1945-With Soviet troops so close, Hitler
apparently committed _____________. At the last
moment, he married long-time mistress
________________. The day before he died, he wrote a
farewell & his last testament. Eva took poison; he shot her
just to be sure, then probably shot himself, but may have
taken poison, however, his ___________ was never found.
e.
Germany surrendered-the end of the war in Europe
announced on May 8, 1945: ____________.
The U.S. takes the offensive in the Pacific-After the Battle of
____________. The battle plan was island-hopping, seizing only
those islands that were in __________ positions on the sea route to
Japan.
a.
August, 1942-Japanese base at ______________ in the
Solomon Islands was attacked by Americans.
b.
August, 1942-______________ & other Allied troops
fought in New Guinea.
c.
Allied victory came to these islands-the Gilbert Islands.
d.
The Marshall Islands.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
The Mariana Islands.
Americans reclaimed the _____________ Islands.
Casualties ran high in the Pacific due to the fact that the
Japanese felt that surrender meant _____________. They
would rather fight until they died, rather than be taken
prisoner. “______________” attacks were common
because pilots in planes with bombs would crash into
American ships on purpose.
Americans took _____________ in early 1945. Taking the
island from the Japanese cost the lives of 6,800 and
wounded 18,000. It took a month to take the island. It took
4 days after the initial landing to plant the American flag
atop Mount ___________, where photographer Joe
Rosenthal caught the moment.
Americans then took ____________, where casualties were
even higher: 12,500 Americans (35,500 were wounded), &
120,000 Japanese.
The ______________ Conference took place in July, 1945,
after Germany’s surrender. Stalin, Clement Atlee, the new
prime minister, and Harry Truman, who succeeded FDR,
met to discuss ___________. At this conference, they
demanded Japan’s surrender. A few days later, President
Truman decided to drop the first __________ bomb. This
was done to bring a ___________ end to the war and avoid
further _____________. (The war was also fought in the
scientific laboratories; Germany was also experimenting
with an atomic bomb in 1939.)
August 6, 1945-___________ was bombed, bringing
horrible destruction: more than 80,000 were killed; 37,000
suffered severe injuries. Others later died from the effects
of the radiation released by the explosion. The bomb
weighed 9,000 pounds and was as powerful as _______
tons of TNT. It exploded within 100 feet of the target and
was dropped from the plane, “___________.” It sent a
fireball 18,000 feet across the sky. The temperature at the
center of the fireball was as hot as the surface of the _____.
People became nothing. Within the first nine seconds of
the drop, many disintegrated into _____. Half of the
doctors were killed. ____________ covered a 4 square
mile area. The light from the bomb created permanent
k.
l.
m.
n.
B.
shadows on wood & stone of flowers & men. They
disappeared but their shadows remained. Those who
survived had patterns on their skin; later, they lost their
hair. Robert ____________, the scientist who had worked
on the bomb, came to regret his work.
August 8, 1945-the ________________ declared war on
Japan & invaded Manchuria.
August 9, 1945-because Japan had not ______________, a
second atomic bomb was dropped on _____________.
Shortly after this, peace came.
August 15, 1945-Emperor ____________ announced the
Japanese surrender: ____________.
September 2, 1945-officials of Japan and U.S. General
Douglas MacArthur signed the document of Japanese
surrender aboard the ____________ in Tokyo Bay.
Results of World War II-57 nations had become engaged in this struggle
that created an armed forces exceeding ____ million. There is an old
saying: “In peace, sons bury their fathers; in war, fathers bury their sons.”
World War II destroyed 3 times as many lives and 10 times as much
wealth, and was longer than World War I.
1.
The Allies take control in both ___________ & _________.
a.
The _____ occupied Japan, however, the Japanese Imperial
government was allowed to run the country.
b.
In Germany, the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet
Union established _______ of occupation.
2.
Destruction left by the war.
a.
Around 50 million people died. (U.S.-407,000 deaths)
b.
Civilians suffered; many became homeless. This war that
had been orchestrated by a few was paid for by many.
c.
10 million died in the Nazi _____________ camps,
including 6 million Jewish people.
d.
There were vast areas of ______________. Cities, farms
(livestock), factories, bridges, railway systems, waterways,
harbors, coal mines, etc. were destroyed. The world had to
rebuild.
e.
Military expenditures and property damage totaled
_______________dollars.
3.
War trials-The Nazi leaders and the Japanese commanders
responsible for the destruction were arrested and tried for “crimes
against humanity.” The most famous trial was in
_______________, Germany (November, 1945) where the world
learned of the horrors of the Holocaust-the genocidal destruction of
Jews by Nazi Germany.
World War II had been the _________ war yet, from September ______ through August
______. Even before the war ended, leaders of the Allied nations began to make plans
for the postwar world. One of their goals was the creation of a peacekeeping
organization. By 1945, the _____________ would be established. The United States and
The Soviet Union emerged as the world’s most ____________ nations. Rivalries
between these two superpowers created an atmosphere of tension that became known as
the _____________. The U.S.S.R. established several Soviet-backed Communist
governments in _________ Europe. In response, the U.S. developed policies designed to
___________ the spread of communism in the world. Each formed ____________
alliances and began to ________ up weapons. At the same time, both desired ways to cut
down the ________ of actual war.