International Research Journal of Plant Science (ISSN: 2141-5447) Vol. 4(6) pp. 144-148, June, 2013
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJPS
Copyright © 2013 International Research Journals
Review
Effects of irrigation with waste water from different
industries on vegetables grown in vicinity of
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Irum Bashir Khan jadoon1, Shafaqat Ali*2, Qurratulain Bashir Khan Jadoon3, Muhammad Bilal
Shakoor2, Saima Aslam Bharwana2, Muhammad Ahsan Farooq2
1
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad.
Pakistan.
3
Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2
*Corresponding Author E-mail: shafaqataligill@yahoo.com
Abstract
Faisalabad is known for its various industries such as textile, ghee, paper and tanneries etc. There is
scarcity of water so irrigation in Faisalabad is mostly done by recycle waste water from these
industries. This review focuses on effects of different industrial effluents on various vegetables grown
in the Faisalabad city. Waste water from different industries such as textile and paper industries etc. is
discharged into streams and land with or without any secondary or tertiary treatment. This results in
severe effect on the surface and underground water and also affects the quality of crops. Under
different amounts of effluents there are improved seedling and root lengths of various vegetables and
on the other side at high concentration of numerous effluents there is a decreased germination and
reduced growth. Untreated textile effluent decreased biomass of root and shoot but treated textile
effluent resulted in a prominent growth, increase sugar and protein percentage. Waste water from
textile, ghee and various industries contains heavy metals that accumulate in vegetables and has
negative impacts on vegetables grown. Heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Pb results in
inhibition of root growth, reduced yield due to less uptake of water and nutrients and reduced plant
growth and seed germination.
Keywords: Industrial effluents, Vegetables, Germination, Growth, Heavy metals.
INTRODUCTION
The total number of industries working in Pakistan is
estimated to be approximately 670 out of which Karachi
has 300 industries and rests are located in Punjab (Ara,
1999). A number of industrial estates are well-known at
Faisalabad, Nooriabad, Sheikhupura, Gadoon Amazai,
G.T. Road etc., which are without any appropriate
planning (Govt. of Pakistan, 1991). Even well-planned
capital city of Islamabad lacks proper management of
effluents in its two industrial estates and wastes are
drained into the Sawan River (Mian et al., 1998). Ensink
et al. (2004) estimated that 32,500 ha area is irrigated
with waste water in Pakistan. The industries produce
three types of waste viz. solid waste, waste
water (effluent) and atmospheric emissions which
have rigorous detrimental effects on the environment
(Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997). At
present time, large amount of untreated industrial
waste water is disposed into surface bodies (Saleemi,
1993). In developing countries, untreated city effluent
is generally disposed onto agricultural lands to
establish urban cultivation around big cities (Hernandez
et al., 1991; Qadir and Ghafoor, 1997). In the periphery
of big cities and areas with unavailability of
natural surface drains, farmers use sewage water
and drainage water for crop production as it is not
costly (Lone and Rizwan, 1997). Industrial waste
water has quite large amount of valuable nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium (Ghafoor
et al., 1994). So the agricultural soils of urban
areas of Pakistan are frequently irrigated with the city
Irum et al. 145
effluents for cultivating vegetables (Qadir et al., 1998).
Vegetables play important role in meeting the food
requirements of people world-wide, because they are
important source of various essential components i.e.
minerals, dietary fibers and vitamins (Ogle et al., 2001;
Mukerji, 2004). They are also potential source
of
essential
nutrients,
constitutes
functional
food components by providing protein, iron and calcium
which have noticeable health effects (Arai, 2002).
Consumption of turnip is very effected to prevents a
wide range of health problems because its roots and
leaves are excellent source of vitamins like A, B6, C,
E, and folate, dietary fiber copper, and calcium (Hirai
and Matsumoto, 2007). Similarly, root radish is used
to cure various disease including whooping cough,
gastric discomfort, cancer, coughs, constipation,
dyspepsia, liver problems, arthritis, gallbladder problems,
gallstones, intestinal parasites and kidney stone (Mukerji,
2004).
Vegetables especially leafy vegetables are grown in
soils affected with toxic heavy metals like Nickel,
Chromium, Copper, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Zinc
etc. Aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr) stresses often
happen simultaneously in agricultural soils, and cause an
enormous damage to crop productivity, growth and
product safety (Ali et al., 2011). Interactive effects of
aluminum and chromium stresses on the uptake of
nutrients and the metals in barley. Soil Sci Plant Nutri,
57:68-79). In such condition, vegetables accumulate
elevated amounts of heavy metals as compared to those
grown in unaffected soils because they absorb these
(Nickel, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and
Zinc) metals through their leaves (Al Jassir et al., 2005).
Generally, the city effluent is a possible source of metals
but it is still used for growing vegetables around the cities
(Qadir et al., 1998). Exposure of vegetables to these toxic
metals can pose a variety of physiological and
biochemical disorders (Ali et al., 2011). The
ecotoxicological and interactive effects of chromium and
aluminum on growth, oxidative damage and antioxidant
enzymes on two barley genotypes differing in Al
tolerance. Ecotoxicol Env Safety. 70:185-191. These
effluents are considered rich source of organic matter as
well as other plant nutrients (Ahmad et al., 1994). Textile
and paper industry effluents are released into water body
or directly on agricultural land surface. These effluents
are usually used for irrigation because of shortage of
water, especially for growing vegetables and fodder etc.
(Ghafoor et al., 1994). The nonstop use of untreated city
effluent for chiefly production of vegetables may cause
accumulation of metals in phytotoxic amounts which is
different for different plants. For the production of crops
chiefly for vegetables, nonstop use of untreated city
effluent may result in accumulation of metals in
phytotoxic amounts (Qadir et al., 1999). The consumption
of these toxic metals through affected crops and
vegetables cause diseases such as typhoid, cholera,
leukemia, brain damage, dysentery, diarrhea, vomiting
gastroenteritis, lung cancer and ulcers, hypertension,
pregnancy toxemia, pigmentation of fingers and nails,
impair growth, heart failure, low blood pressure, hepatic
neurosis, skeletal abnormalities, bones disorder-ness,
myocardial infestation, dermatitis, alcopia tumor, loss of hair,
depression and Parkinsonism (neurological syndrome)
(Singh and singh, 2004; Zaidi et al., 2002; Husaini et al.,
2010; Haiyan and Stuanes, 2003; Ehmann et al., 1996).
Effect of industrial waste water on vegetables
Effect on seed germination
Many researchers predicted that at high concentration of
numerous effluents such as textile, paper, marble, dairy
and brewery along with high osmotic pressure, result in
decreased germination (Ramana et al., 2002; Nagada et
al., 2006). Mohammad and Khan (1985) noticed that
kidney bean and lady finger had reduced germination
percentage in the presence of industrial effluent.
However there was no hazardous effect in the presence
of treated waste effluent. Severe reduction in germination
and early growth of radish, turnip and brassica occurred
due to the application of untreated textile waste water
which was more prominent in turnip while less reduction
was seen in turnip and brassica with much diluted
untreated waste water (Rehman et al., 2009)
Wins and Murugan (2010) studied the effect of textile
mill effluent on germination and growth of black gram
Vinga Mungo L. and found that under lower concentration
of effluent the germination and seedling growth was
higher than the control but in higher concentration there
is a gradual decrease in both germination and growth.
Best germination and seedling growth was observed in
25% concentration so they concluded that textile effluents
can be safely used for irrigation after proper treatment
and dilution at 25%. Dayama (1987) reported that even in
the presence of very dilute industrial waste (5%) the seed
germination of Cicer arietinum is reduced adversely while
Swaminanthan and Vaidhecswarn, (1991) found
improved seed germination along with chlorophylls in
ground nuts at 50% diluted waste.
Mohammad and Khan (1985) stated that at 75-100%
concentrated effluents from textile industries had harmful
effects on germination of Phaseolus aureus and
Abelmoscus esculentus seeds while there was no
consequence up to 50% concentration of the same
effluent.
Effect on growth
Many researchers documented that under different
146 Int. Res. J. Plant Sci.
concentrations of textile and paper effluents etc. there is
improved seedling lengths of various crops (Orhue et al.,
2005; Nawaz et al., 2006; Akbar et al., 2007; Dhanam,
2009). But it has been stated that high amounts of heavy
metals in soils hinder plant growth, physiological,
metabolic processes and nutrient uptake (Kirkham,
1983). In higher plants like ferns, club mosses, horsetails,
flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms
toxic metal comes into contact with roots. As a root
tip is a site of injury, when it comes to contact
with
toxic metals results in inhibition of root growth,
reduced yield due to less uptake of water and nutrients
and a stunted root system (Becker, 2000; Yousaf et al.,
2010).
Yousaf et al., (2010) conducted an experiment with 5
varieties of Glycine max (soybean) viz., PSC-62, NARC2, NARC-5, NARC-7 and William-82 and accomplished
that seedling lengths of PSC-62, NARC-2 and NARC-5
were longer with application of paper and board industry
effluent as compared to the textile industry effluent
application. Under a variety of concentrations (10%, 20%,
40% and 60%) of effluents, root lengths for all varieties
increased as compared to control (0% effluent) the
increase was some times more than two folds. Total
number of the leaves was unchanged and remained
same in all concentrations of the two effluents: textile
effluent, paper and board effluents (Orhue et al., 2005;
Yousaf et al., 2010). Vijayakumari (2003) also
documented reduction in a variety of growth parameters
of soybean with the application of textile dying effluent at
various concentrations.
Rehman et al., (2009) conducted an experiment to
check physico-chemical characteristics of the treated and
un-treated textile waste and their effects on three
vegetables viz. turnip, radish and brassica. They reported
that the untreated textile waste effluents when applied
in the rooting medium decreased fresh and dry
biomass of root and shoot of all three vegetables
but on addition of treated textile effluent there was
slightly decreased shoot and root length so they
concluded that textile effluents can be used safely
for irrigation to vegetables but after proper processing.
Kaushik et al., (2005) found growth promoting effect
of treated textile waste when applied at low
concentration. With application of treated textile effluents,
protein contents and photosynthetic pigments were found
greater in turnip and radish as compared to that
in brassica. There was a prominent growth, increased
sugar, protein percentage and chlorophyll contents in
onion grown in photo catalytically treated effluent in which
various dye solution (acidic and basic) and a
semiconductor (ZnO) were mixed and Irradiation was
carried out keeping the whole assembly exposed to the
sunlight (Ameta et al., 2003).
Effect of heavy metals on plants animals and humans
Land polluted with heavy metals is becoming a matter of
health, planning, economic and environmental concern in
Pakistan now a day (Hussain et al., 1996). Industrial
processes produce waste water that contains heavy
metal contaminants (Aslam et al., 2004). There is an
increase in the heavy metal contents when soil irrigated
with waste water (Mapanda et al., 2005). If these
effluents are continuously used for irrigation for long
periods of time then it may result in toxic levels for plants
and animal health (Kirkham, 1983; Adhlkari et al., 1998).
Heavy metals persist in soil which then leaches down into
the groundwater and may induce enhanced antioxidant
enzymatic activities in plants or become adsorbed with
solid soil particles (Iannelli et al., 2002).
Human are exposed to toxic heavy metals either by
the ingestion of contaminated food or by drinking water
(Khan, 2006).
Bioaccumulation of metal contaminants in the food
chain leads to disastrous effects on human health
(Shakoor et al., 2013). Heavy metal pollution, a global
problem and its remediation by chemically enhanced
phytoremediation: A Review. J Biodive Envir Sci. 3:1220. It was observed that continuous intake of Cadmium
(Cd) from food and water results in accumulation of Cd in
the kidneys and causes many kidney diseases (ATSDR,
1993). Nickel (Ni) becomes hazardous if its concentration
exceeds more than the recommended limit of 12 mg per
person per day in food (Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988; Anon,
1985). Heavy metal accumulation in plants results in
degradation of basal ganglia of liver and brain and mental
retardation in human and animals (Misra and Dinesh,
1991).
It is important to determine the metal contents of
vegetables from health, food nutrition perspective and for
crop yield technology point of view. Metal accumulation in
edible portions of plants varies and depends on both soil
composition and rate of uptake by each plant. For good
health and optimum human performance, adequate
intake of essential elements and nutrients is crucial (Ugoji
and Aboaba, 2004; Prabu, 2009; Singh and Singh, 2004).
Toxic effluents released from various industries
contain heavy metals in addition to nutrients, which have
an effect on plant and soil in a number of ways (Dhevagi
and Oblasam, 2002). The excess of metal ions may
induce a series of biochemical and physiological changes
in plants (Lepp, 1981). Accumulation of toxic heavy
metals in plant living cells results in various deficiencies,
reduction of cell activities and inhibition of plant growth
(Shafiq and Iqbal, 2005; Kabir et al., 2008; Farooqi et al.,
2009). They also result in chlorosis, reduced water and
nutrient uptake; affect enzymatic action by exchanging
metals ions with metalo-enzymes, damage root tips and
Irum et al. 147
the enzymes (Agarwal, 1999; Baisberg-Påhlsson, 1989;
Sanità di Toppi and Gabbrielli, 1999).
Srivastava and Sahai (1987) reported reduced growth
of Cicer artinum when irrigated with distilled effluent
which having small amount of toxic material. This was
because of toxicity caused by Nickel and Lead distilled
effluent (Kadar and Kastori, 2003). In the presence of
heavy metals, reduction in the uptake of essential
nutrients was occurred thus reducing the plant growth.
Essential mineral elements disturbs if elevated
concentration of Nickel is present in rooting medium of
tomato seedlings (Palacios et al., 1998).
Farooq et al., (2008) performed an experiment with
vegetables irrigated with waste water from different
industries in Faisalabad and analyzed the presence of
various heavy metals. They found that the concentration
of Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Lead and Zinc was less
than the suggested maximum tolerable levels (0.01mg
-1
-1
-1
-1
kg , 10.00 mg kg , 1.30 mg kg , 2mg kg and 5.00 mg
-1
kg respectively as reported by WHO, 1996).
Murtaza et al., (2003) determined irrigation quality of
city effluents of Kernailwala and Judgewala in Faisalabad
and checked its impact on vegetable’s quality. There was
greater accumulation of heavy metals in leaves than in
their respective fruits. Concentration of Maganese in
plants was much elevated than those of Cobalt and
Cadmium. The accumulation of metals beyond tolerable
limits was found in edible parts i.e. fruits or leaves in spite
of the fact that the soils contained them within
permissible range.
CONCLUSION
Vegetables irrigated by industrial waste water serious
hazards to plants and eventually to human health. In
water scarced countries like Pakistan, reuse of waste
water for irrigation of various crops is very effective
method to meet water and food demands. From the
results of current investigations, it is concluded that
irrigation of vegetable with untreated industrial waste
water causes accumulation of heavy metals in plants that
are toxic and cause ceasation of crop growth, affects
seed germination, lowers crop yield and results in various
human health problems influencing that either this
practice must be dejected or must be followed with some
suitable management. The crops should be irrigated with
waste water only after proper treatment.
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