Innovators of Technologies to Harness the Potential
Of Water for the Advancement of Human Welfare
1 Salinity Power Generation
Texas-Mexico Border Energy Forum
By
Maher Kelada
MIK Technology- Houston, Texas
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 2 Life Supporting Phenomena
Photosynthesis:
It is the foremost important Chemical Phenomenon in biology.
Plants and some microorganisms use water, carbon dioxide and the energy
from sunlight to produce food and livable atmosphere.
Water + Carbon Dioxide
6H2O + 6CO2
Sugar + Oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Osmosis:
It is the foremost important Physical Phenomenon in biology. Without it no
living cell can exist.
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 3 Renewable Energy
v  Energy produced from virtually inexhaustible resources.
v  Energy that can be replenished at the same rate as it is used
Natural surface renewable energy includes:
Wind
Hydropower
Organic carbon
Photovoltaic
Waves
Ocean thermal gradient
Solar evaporation
Salinity Osmotic Power
All surface renewable energy are derivatives of the solar energy
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 4 Process Characteristics
Spontaneity:
Ø  A spontaneous process is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases
free energy and moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable, energy
state.
Ø  The process that can proceed without any outside intervention.
Thermodynamic Reversibility:
Ø  The process can be "reversed" by means of infinitesimal changes in some
property of the system without loss or dissipation of energy (Sears & Salinger
1986). All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible processes.
Ø  The process that can be reversed and causes no change in either the system or
its surroundings.
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 5 Osmosis Phenomenon
1
1
2
2
2
1
Δ π = ΔP Δ π > ΔP Water
Brine
Water
Brine
Water
Brine
W
W+S
W
W+S
W
W+S
P1
P 2 = P1
P2 >P1
P1
P2 >P1
Jw
P1
M
Initial Fluids Status
@ time = 0
FIG 1A
2/16/11 M
Osmosis in Progress
@ time > 0
FIG 1B
www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) M
Final Fluids Status
@ Equilibrium
FIG 1C
6 Internal energy
dU = TdS - pdV + µ dN + ϕ dQ
Heat
Work
Chemical
+ v dp + ψ dm + l dA +…
Electrical Momentum Gravitational Surface Tension
[temperature T, entropy S] , [pressure p, volume V] , [chemical potential µ, amount of
substance N] , [electrical potential ϕ, electric power Q] , [mass m, momentum p],
[gravitational potential ψ, mass m] , [surface tension l, area A], etc.
Gibbs free energy
Osmotic Pressure
dG = Vdp – SdT + Σi µi dNi
π = ΦicRT
π = Osmotic pressure, bars
Φ = Reflection Coefficient
i = Ions concentration (Na+ and Cl- ions = 2),
c = Molar concentration of the salt ions,
R = Gas constant (0.08314472 liter· bar / (k·mol)),
T = Ambient temperature in absolute Kelvin degree
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 7 4% Brine
t = 0 & P > π
t=∞
307 m (1007 ft)
2% Brine
t = 0 & P > π
2% Brine
156 m (512 ft)
t = ∞
Water
Δ π > ΔP π = P π = P t = 0
t = ∞
M
FIG 2A
2/16/11 M
M
FIG 2B
www.miktechnology.com -­‐ 281-­‐731-­‐8355 FIG 2C
8 Drain ~0.01%
SW: 1m3/s @ 3.5%
Drain ~0.01% RO Brine: 1m3/s @ 7% Drain ~0.01% salt
P
P
P
- 1.84 MJ
- 3.812 MJ
Seawater/Freshwater
M
4.61 MJ
- 0.6 MJ
T
2 m3/s @ 1.75%
Gunnison Bay/
Freshwater
M
2.34 MJ
FW: 1m3/s
- 7.344 MJ
Brine/Freshwater
M
- 0.6 MJ
1 m3/s @ 24% Salt
15.8 MJ
- 1.8 MJ
T
T
FW: 1m3/s
2 m3/s @ 3.5%
FW: 3 m3/s
FIG 3B
FIG 3A
4 m3/s @ 6%
FIG 3C
Energy Estimation
FIG 3A
FIG 3B
FIG 3C
PATENT
Potential energy generation (E) @85%
Total pumping energy (PE) @75%
Membrane LMCD
Net energy generation (NE)
System Efficiency NE/E
NE/m3 of brine feed
2.34 MJ
-2.44 MJ
2.53
-0.1 MJ
0
0 MJ
4.61 MJ
-4.41 MJ
5.1
0.2 MJ
4.3%
0.2 MJ
15.81 MJ
-9.144 MJ
12.98
6.66 MJ
42.1%
6.66 MJ
32.73 MJ
-15.97 MJ
4.32
16.77 MJ
51%
16.77 MJ
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 9 FIG 4: The Great Salt lake, USA
4,400 Square kilometer, 400 MW Osmotic Power
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com ( 281-­‐731-­‐8355) 10 FIG 5: Laguna Salada, Mexico
1,000 Square kilometer, 500 MW Osmotic Power
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 11 Precipitation, mm/year
FIG 6: Southwest USA & Northwest Mexico Precipitation
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com ( 281-­‐731-­‐8355) 12 FIG 7: Closed Osmotic Power Generation Unit
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com ( 281-­‐731-­‐8355) 13 80o –100o C
Solar Panel
To Next
Train (s)
HX
T
Atmospheric
Desalination
Plant
> 10%
Salinity
Brine
C
Salt Pond or Drain
Desalinated
Water
Brackish or
sea Water
FIG 8: Atmospheric Saline water Desalination
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com (281-­‐731-­‐8355) 14 §  MIK technology has developed a new concept for using osmosis to
generate clean power from natural and manmade high salinity water domains.
§  Global osmotic power potential exceeds 50 Gigawatts, the equivalent of 25
Hoover dams. The Great Salt Lake can generate 400 MW enough to power
350,000 homes. Laguna Salada, Mexico can generate 500 MW.
§  Our patent pending concept functions like a reversible process, resulting in
power generation efficiency higher than 50%.
§  The technology can provide electricity to 120 million people, recover
seawater minerals in billions of tons, and generate jobs for hundreds of
thousands of people. All without emission or radiation.
§  Project development requires a salinity lab and a 10KW osmotic power
station for water salinity research, process optimization and training
personnel.
§  We are seeking funds for $10 million to construct this facility and initiate
commercial development.
2/16/11 www.miktechnology.com ( 281-­‐731-­‐8355) 15 World-Class Development in Osmotic Power,
Desalination and Ion Exchange for
Commercial and Industrial Applications
16