11/12/11
It’s all about Energy!
Steve Bertman
November 10, 2011
It’s a CARBON world!
1
11/12/11
World Energy Demand Drives GCC
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY OUTLOOK 2011
http://www.eia.gov/
WHY?
Burning fossil fuels produces CO2
Fossil
Fuel
CO2 + H2O
2
11/12/11
US Energy Production and Consumption, 2010
About 20% of world’s
consumption
http://www.eia.gov/
Let’s put energy consumption in real units
The average person in the US consumes the equivalent of about
8000 food calories of Energy per hour
How much is 8000 calories/hr?
contains 260 calories*
*according to the Dunkin Donuts website
3
11/12/11
8000 calories/hr = 31 donuts per hour!
every hour, all day long, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.
Each year.
All of us.
Where does the energy come from?
8%
83%
US Energy Production and Consumption, 2010
http://www.eia.gov/
4
11/12/11
What is Renewable Energy?
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Solar is the most plentiful energy source
• More energy reaches earth from the sun in 1 hour than
humans on the entire planet use in 1 year!
• Annual solar energy flux to continental US is 500x more
than the energy use of the entire US
Challenges to Using Solar Energy:
Storage & Distribution
5
11/12/11
Biomass, one way to store
solar energy, is now #1
renewable
Biofuels
+
Wood
+
Waste
=
54%
http://www.eia.gov/
Biofuels “drive” biomass energy
Change in Biomass Consumption
6
11/12/11
Most imported energy is petroleum
US Energy
Consumption by
Sector, 2010
http://www.eia.gov/
Major Biomass-Derived Liquid Fuels
For gasoline engines:
Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol
For diesel engines:
Biodiesel, “Synthetic” diesel
Biodiesel
7
11/12/11
Biofuels are not new!
Rudolph Diesel ran his engine
in the 1911 World's Fair in
Paris on peanut oil.
Henry Ford designed his
automobiles, beginning
with the 1908 Model T, to
use ethanol.
Is biomass better than fossil fuels?
Fossil
Fuel
CO2 + H2O
Biomass
Photosynthesis
8
11/12/11
Biofuels have several advantages for
transportation:
•  Good energy density
•  Similar fuel economy and
horsepower to petroleum
•  Use existing infrastructure
•  Renewable
•  Cleaner burning
•  Lower carbon burden
How do we make biofuels?
fermentation
OH
Ethanol
esterification
O
Biodiesel
C
OCH3
9
11/12/11
Current Situation - ethanol
Ethanol (Millions of Gallons)
14000
12000
Ethanol Production in the US
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
www.ethanolrfa.org, www.eia.gov
10
11/12/11
Current Situation - biodiesel
800
Estimated Biodiesel Consumption in US
700
Millions of Gallons
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Year
www.biodiesel.org, www.eia.gov
Represents about 7% of our current liquid fuel use.
11
11/12/11
Can we grow enough biomass?
Current agricultural use:
450 million acres crops
580 million acres grassland
Current fuel use:
60 Billion Gallons Petro-Diesel: 900 Million acres (soy)
140 Billion Gallons Gasoline: 600 Million acres (corn)
Non-Traditional
Traditional Feedstocks
Feedstocks
fermentation
OH
Ethanol
esterification
O
Biodiesel
C
OCH3
12
11/12/11
Comparison of Ethanol Feedstocks
starch
cellulose
H OH
HO
H
H
HO
H O
OH
H
O
H
HO
H
H
HO
H
H
HO
OH
OH
H
O
O
H OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
HO
O
H
HO
O
H OH
H
H
H
H
H
HO
H
O
H
H
O
O
H
HO
O
H
H
OH
HO
OH
OH
-glucose-glucose-glucose-
OH
H
H
-glucose-glucose-glucose-
Biomass (Cellulose) Could Provide 15% of U.S.
Energy Demand by 2030
Will require lots of work!
DOE & USDA: http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf
13
11/12/11
Cellulose is not oil
Some diatoms are composed
of 60% triglycerides by mass
and grow in 3 days
DOE:
In open raceway ponds,
enough biodiesel to replace
ALL petroleum transportation
fuels (gas & diesel) could be
grown in about 10 million
acres, equivalent to 12.5% of
the area of the Sonora desert.
http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html
14
11/12/11
Strategy for Energy Independence
Decrease demand
Efficiency
Regulation & Tax policy
Conservation
Waste Reduction
Increase supply
New technologies
New fuels
Distribution
Cost Reduction
Improve supply chain management
Couple waste cleanup with energy recovery
15
11/12/11
Biofuels are not a panacea
•  Biofuels will play a role in our future energy “mosaic”
•  Can contribute to urban sustainability
•  Tremendous opportunities for future economic
growth and JOBS
•  Need to make smart decisions
Questions?
16