The
Agricultural/Industrial
Revolution
Causes:
1. Expanding Atlantic economy
and British Empire
2. Natural conditions favorable
•Coal
•Iron
•Waterways
3. Agricultural Revolution, 1700-1800
•Jethro Tull, 1674-1741
•First Modern Farmer
•Invented seed drill
Seed Drill
Agricultural Rev. (contd.)
•Enclosures
•Crop rotation system
•Improvement became the goal
Agricultural Rev. (contd.)
•Led to:
•More efficient food production
•Cheaper food
•More disposable income
•Less workers needed in rural areas
4. Political conditions
•Constitutional Monarchy
•Relative Stability
•Economic growth
5. Legal conditions
•No internal tariffs
•Patent law encouraged invention
6. Financial Conditions
•Effective central bank (1694)
•well-develop credit markets
•Stock market
•Plenty of capital
•Money, Materials, Workers, ect.
7. Proto-industry
•Putting-out system or cottage industry
•Division of labor
8. Major technological advances
•Cotton is king!
•1760s - James Hargreaves invented Spinning
Jenny
•1760s - Richard Arkwright invented Water Frame
•1779 - Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule
8. Major technological advances (contd.)
•One roof
•1770s: Arkwright also developed
the Factory System:
•Central source of power
•Division of
Labor
8. Major technological advances
(contd.)
•Steam Power:
•1698: Thomas Savery invented a steam engine
1712: Thomas Newcomen invented a steam engine
8. Major technological advances
(contd.)
•Steam Power:
•1765: James Watt greatly improved Newcomen engine
•1820s: Railroads: George Stephenson’s Rocket

What?
 Major change in the economy caused by the shift
to industry with labor-saving machines.

When?
 Really got going in Europe in the mid to late
1700’s.
 Really got going in America after the Civil
War.(1860’s +)
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Rail Roads
Really took off after
the Civil War in U.S.
Ex. In 1840 US had
3,000 miles of track
and by 1860 30,000
Started many
business practices
that made the
Industrial Revolution
possible
Rail Roads
WHY?
Eight Reasons
New Lands
Nations built Rail
Roads in colonies to
extract resources.
Federal Govt. gives
western land free to
Rail Raods to
encourage business
and Settlement.
Rail Roads took
farmers out to their
land, carried their
crops to market , and
brought them
manufactured goods.
Rail Roads
New Lands
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Immigration
Rail Road companies
adverstise in Europe to
attract immigrants to
lands
Most immigrants settle
in cities, joining the
urban industrial
workforce
Rail Roads
New Lands
Immigration
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Urbanization
Rail Roads made cities
possible providing them
with the food they
needed, raw materials,
and new markets
For the 1st time, more
people have nonfarming than farming
jobs
Rail Roads
New Lands
Immigration
Urbanization
Thinking Slide

Which cause do think is most
important so far?
 Explain
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Innovations
Steel rails – safer and
cheaper
Rail Roads
New Lands
More examples:
Cash register
typewriter
Refrigerator car
Telephone
Light bulb
Phonograph
Immigration
Urbanization
Innovations
WHY?
Eight Reasons
New Business
Practices
“Pool” – agreement to
divide the business in a
given area and share the
profits
Where there is $ there is
corruption and Railroads
introduced much of
both
Rail Roads
New Lands
Immigration
New Business
Practices
Innovations
Urbanization
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Social
Darwinism
Rail Roads
“Survival of the Fittest”
The rich have more
money because they
have better businesses
New Lands
Social
Darwinism
Immigration
New Business
Practices
Innovations
Urbanization
WHY?
Eight Reasons
Govt.
Laissez-Faire
Laissez-Faire “Hands
Off”
Government did not
interfere with the
economy and
businesses
Rail Roads
Govt. LaissezFaire
Social
Darwinism
New Lands
Immigration
New Business
Practices
Innovations
Urbanization
Thinking Slide:

Do you think we could use
more “Laissez Faire” economic
policies today?
 Explain