Name:_____________________________________ Period:________ Date:_________________
Study Guide
Read pages 4-13 and look at the True/False, Multiple Choice and Checking Concepts questions on pages 14 and 15. Read
through and study all the papers you have received for this chapter, including the labs. You are responsible for all that
information.
Make sure you can answer or do the following:
1. Which branch of Earth Science would the following “jobs” belong to?
Records the tides Oceanographer
Studies the planet Jupiter Astronomy
Collects and studies rocks Geology
Studies the chemistry of the ocean Oceanography
Gathers information about the clouds Meteorology
Studies the effect of pollution of fish Environmental Science
2. Be able to do a density problem in the 3 step method. Remember your
units. Write the correct equation to use. Plug in the numbers. Circle
your final answer. (don’t forget units)
3. Write an observation. Then give an inference based on the observation.
See smoke- there is a fire
4. To have a good experiment, what number of independent variables
should you have? ONE
5. Go back to your measurement worksheets and make sure you can
measure accurately on the diagrams. Remember your units.
6. Review the Periodic Table. (Atomic Number, Atomic Mass)
9. Know and be able to describe the three types of
heat transfer.
10. Know the three states of matter.
11. Be able to define and identify the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Science
Earth Science
Astronomer
Environmental
Scientists
5. Geologist
6. Meteorologist
7. Oceanographer
8. Scientific Inquiry
9. Observation
10. Inference
11. Hypothesis12. Independent Variable
(manipulated)
13. Dependent Variable
(responding)
14. Data
15. Scientific Theory
16. Matter
17. Atom
18. Electron
19. Proton
20. Nucleus
21. Neutron
22. Element
23. Molecule
24. Meniscus Line
25. Compound
26. Mixture
27. Length
28. Mass
29. Volume
30. Density
31. Heat
32. Energy
33. Temperature
7. Know the parts of an atom.
8. Review Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
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Study Guide
Name:_____________________________________ Period:________ Date:_________________
Study Guide
The Alvin is a very small submarine used by oceanographers,
scientists who study the world’s oceans. Since 1964 the Alvin has
carried scientists to depths of nearly 4 kilometers, enabling them to
discover and explore ocean-floor features, collect data, and gather
samples of deep-sea rocks and animals.
The floor of the Atlantic Ocean is one of the most remote
locations on Earth. The Atlantic averages more than 3,600 meters
deep. That’s as deep as 116 Empire State Buildings sunk end-to-end.
Because the water is so deep, no sunlight reaches the deep ocean floor.
But with the help of the Alvin’s powerful lights, scientists are able to
make observations of the ocean depths. On one expedition near an
underwater mountain range, scientists in the vessel saw colonies of
animals swarming around a structure called a “black smoker.” The
“smoke” is actually hot water rising from openings in the sea floor.
This hot water contains many minerals. Some of the animals around
the black smoker were using the minerals for food. One of these
animals was a kind of shrimp that appeared to have no eyes.
The oceanographers knew that eyeless animals are common in
deep, dark water. When they collected and studied some of the shrimp,
the oceanographers discovered a pair of organs attached to a shrimp’s
brain. The scientists inferred that these organs functioned as eyes. But
this inference raised a question: Why do shrimp need eyes to survive
in a place without light? By conducting an experiment, the scientists
learned that these unusual eyes could detect extremely dim light.
This conclusion led to a further question: What do the shrimp look at?
Oceanographers observed that the shrimp lived only near black
smokers. The oceanographers used this fact to develop a hypothesis.
Their hypothesis was that black smoker vents are so hot that they glow
and that this glow is what the shrimp’s eyes see. Another observation
confirmed that water rising from vents can reach 340°C. The water
then cools quickly as it mixes with cold sea water.
As a result of this investigation, the scientists concluded that the
shrimp’s eyes guide them toward the dim light to find food. Brighter
light signals the shrimp to keep a distance from the hottest water near
the vent.
Answer the following question based on the paragraph.
1. What key questions did the scientists pose? What inference and
hypothesis did they make? What conclusions did they draw?
Why do shrimp need eyes to survive in a place without light?
What do the shrimp look at?
The scientists inferred that these organs functioned as eyes.
The “eyes” detect light.
the scientists learned that these unusual eyes could detect extremely
dim light
2. By paying close attention to details and posing good questions, the
oceanographers began the process that resulted in important scientific
discoveries. Think about a familiar outdoor place that you like to visit.
Describe the place from memory in as much detail as possible.
NOT NEEDED FOR THE TEST
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Name:_____________________________________ Period:________ Date:_________________
Study Guide
Study Guide
Understanding Main Ideas
Building Vocabulary
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined
word or words to make the statement true.
From the list below, choose the term that best completes each sentence.
oceanographer
hypothesis
inference
astronomer
variable
controlled experiment
__________T_______ 3. In experiments and activities, scientists and
science students must remember to think about
safety.
F- scientific theory__ 4. A hypothesis is a well-tested scientific concept
that explains a wide range of observations.
________T_________ 5. Scientific methods include posing questions,
developing and testing hypotheses, and drawing
conclusions.
F- scientific inquiry 6. Observation is a method of learning about the
natural world and the body of knowledge gained
through that process.
9. An interpretation based on your observation and knowledge is called
a(n)__ inference ___.
10. A(n) _____ astronomer _might study the solar system or stars and
galaxies.
11. A(n)_ controlled experiment __ is a test of a hypothesis under
conditions set up by the scientist.
12. A possible explanation for observations relating to a scientific question
is called a(n) hypothesis __.
13. A(n) variable __ is one of the factors that can change in an experiment.
________T_________ 7. Often scientists test hypotheses by conducting
controlled experiments.
14. A(n) oceanographer __ is a scientist who might study living things in
the ocean’s depths
F- Earth science
8. Geology, oceanography, meteorology, and
astronomy are branches of environmental science.
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Study Guide
Multiple Choice
True or False
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
______ 15. A well-tested concept that explains many observations is a(n)
a. variable.
b. model.
c. controlled experiment.
d. scientific theory.
F- hypothesis_
______ 16. The study of Earth's solid parts is conducted by
a. environmental scientists.
b. oceanographers.
c. geologists.
d. meteorologists.
20. A(n) conclusion is a possible explanation for
observations relating to a scientific question.
_______T__________ 21. Astronomers study the universe beyond Earth.
______ 17. Knowledge about Earth and its place in the universe is called
a. Earth science.
b. observation.
c. scientific theory.
d. astronomy.
________T_________ 22. The system of measurement that scientists use is
called the International System of Units.
______ 18. In a scientific investigation, which of the following steps
follows the others?
a. developing a hypothesis.
b. designing an experiment. F- observations
c. drawing a conclusion.
d. making observations.
______ 19. Sometimes scientists seek to imitate something in the real
world by creating a(n)
a. simulation.
b. data bank.
c. manipulated variable.
d. hypothesis.
23. Meteorology involves using sight, hearing, smell,
and sometimes taste to gather information.
________T_________ 24. Observation often involves measurements to
obtain data that can be expressed as numbers.
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Study Guide
Study Guide
Using Science Skills
Short Answer
27. How are observation and inference different?
Imagine that you are hiking on a glacier. One of your companions has
found an interesting rock stuck in the ice. You look at the rock and then
Observation is what you see, feel, or touch, the inference tells you
you look at the rock in the mountains around you. This rock that was found
what is probably causing what you are observing.
does not look like the other rocks in the area. You want determine the
source of the rock. You decide to start by observing the rock closely.
25. Posing Questions What questions would you ask yourself about the
rock that was found?
Why doesn’t this rock look like the ones around here?
Where did it come from?
Does the glacier move?
Are similar rocks located close to here?
What minerals make up this rock?
What kind of rock is it?
26. Inferring How could you use these questions to study rocks in other
areas? How would studying rocks in other areas help you determine the
source of the rock on the glacier?
These questions would help to find similarities and differences in rocks to
determine if they are related in some way.
28. What are the characteristics of a controlled experiment? What is the
purpose of controlling variables?
They should have one independent variable, one dependent variable, as
many of the other variables as possible should be held constant, and a
control group should be used to compare the results to.
29. How would you describe the differences between environmental
science and other branches of Earth science?
Environmental science explores how human activity affects the Earth. The
other branches explore the Earth’s effects on the environment and structure
of the planet.
By studying rocks from other areas you could find which ones were the
most similar. It would be likely that the rock came from there.
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