chapter
RACE AND ETHNICITY
1
10-1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Race, Ethnicity, & “Minority”
• Prejudice, Discrimination, &
Racism
• Government / Social Policy
• Current Controversies
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-2
Continued…
Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-3
Continued…
Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-4
What is causing White non-Hispanic to
soon be the minority population?
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Race and Ethnicity:
Immigration Trends
10-5
█ Figure 10.6: Immigration in the United States, 1820s-1990s
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-6
█Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
– Racial Group: group that is set apart
from others because of obvious physical
differences
– Ethnic Group: group that is set apart
from others primarily because of where
they come from or unique cultural
patterns (religion, etc.)
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-7
█Race
– Biological Significance of Race
• There are no “pure races”
• Migration, exploration, and
invasion led to intermingling of
races
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-8
█ The trouble with race
“African – Americans”
- of Southern slave decent?
- “house” or “field” slave?
- of Northern freed slave decent?
- of Caribbean decent?
- of African immigrant decent?
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-9
█Race
– Social Significance of Race
• People define a group as a race in part on
physical characteristics and in part on
historical, cultural, and economic factors
• Most issues related to race and ethnicity
are based on the social interaction between
and among them.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-10
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
What’s the difference?
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-11
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
• Stereotype – a view that may no longer
be based in fact but still continues.
• Irish – “lazy drunks”
• Generalization – a view that is based in
fact and not meant to harm or put down.
• Greeks – “own diners”
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-12
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
How do they form?
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-13
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
– Culturally developed skills
– Chinese – merchants, education
– Jewish – textile, money, educ.
– “Middle-Men Minorities”
– Germans – military, farming,
piano making
– Irish – political leadership
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-14
█ Germans and the Amer. military
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-15
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
Discounting something as
“only” a stereotype does
a disservice to the group
and society.
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-16
█ Stereotypes & Generalizations
Asian success in school is
not “only” or “just” a
stereotype!
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Prejudice and Discrimination
10-17
█Attitudes & Beliefs
– Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume
that one’s culture and way of life are
superior to all others
– Prejudice: Negative attitude toward an
entire category of people, often an
ethnic or racial minority
– Racism: form of prejudice; Belief that
one race is supreme and all others are
innately inferior
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Prejudice and Discrimination
10-18
█ Behaviors / Actions
– Discrimination: denial of opportunities
and equal rights to individuals and
groups based on some type of arbitrary
bias.
• Discrimination persists even for educated
and qualified minority members
• “The Glass Ceiling”
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“The Glass Ceiling”
10-19
CEO / Pres. / Boards
______________________
Regional Managers
Managers
General Employee
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Prejudice and Discrimination
10-20
█Institutional Discrimination
–not the people, it’s the
system)
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Prejudice and Discrimination
10-21
█Institutional Discrimination
– Examples:
• Requiring English only to be spoken at
work.
• Preferential admissions policies by colleges
• Restrictive employment-leave policies
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Studying Race and Ethnicity
10-22
█“Contact Hypothesis”
– Interracial contact between
people will cause them to
become less prejudiced and
to abandon old stereotypes
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Race in America - Slavery
McGraw-Hill
10-23
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Slavery and no nations
McGraw-Hill
10-24
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Race in America - Slavery
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10-25
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Race in America - Slavery
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10-26
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Slavery and Nations
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10-27
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Race in America - Slavery
10-28
█ The Triangular Trade
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Government Action
█
US Constitution
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
█
Civil War
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment – voting rights
1876 Jim Crow Laws
1896 Plessy v Ferguson
1954 – Brown v Board of Education
Char-Meck Case
Bakke v Univ. of California Med School
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10-29
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Government Action
10-30
█ US Constitution
– DID NOT ban slavery
– Fugitive Slave Law – free states MUST return
runaway slaves because they are “property.”
– 3/5 Rule
• Southern states wanted every slave to be counted as a
citizen
• Northern states wanted slaves to be not counted at all
since they had no rights of a normal citizen.
• 3/5 Compromise – each slave was counted as 3/5th of a
citizen for population purposes.
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Government Action
10-31
█ Civil War
– Fought between the North & South
– Reason: Who has more power … the
states or the federal government?
– North had very little slavery
– South had a lot of slavery
– The North wins
– Emancipation Proclamation – freed slaves
in Southern states
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Government Action
10-32
█ 13th Amendment – slavery is illegal
█ 14th Amendment –
– Granted citizenship & “equal protection”
to all former slaves
█ 15th Amendment – gave voting rights
to all citizens
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Government Action
10-33
█ 1876 Jim Crow Laws – series of laws
passed in southern states to keep
Whites in power.
– Poll tax, Literacy tests, separate
bathrooms – restaurants – hotels, etc.
█ 1896 Plessy v Ferguson
– “Separate but equal” – separating the races
(segregation) is legal as long as facilities for both
are “equal”
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Government Action
10-34
The Great Depression
New Deal programs & aid favor White
workers
- Unions only had white males
- Minimum wage laws – keep Blacks
from taking White jobs
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Government Action: WWI to WWII
█
█
█
█
█
BAD
Immigration Laws /
Quotas
Fear of foreigners /
propaganda
German-Amer.
Discrimination
Japanese-Amer.
Internment camps
Segregated armed forces
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█
█
█
█
10-35
GOOD
Helping on the Home
Front
War heroes – individuals
and groups
“Fight for democracy” vs
“US minority rights”
debate
Post-WWII – Eisenhower
desegregates the armed
forces
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Government Action
10-36
█ 1954 – Brown v Board of Ed.
– “Desegregated” schools
– Segregation in schools is illegal
– “Separate schools inherently unequal”
█ Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Case
– Ok to “Integrate” schools by forced busing
█ Bakke Case v Univ. of Calif. Med School
– “It is ok to use race as a factor for admissions into
schools (legalized Affirmative Action )
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Government Action
10-37
█Institutional Discrimination
Affirmative Action: Positive efforts to
recruit minority members or women
for jobs, promotions, and educational
opportunities due to past
discrimination.
A remedy or a contradiction?
What do you think?
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
█ Minority Groups
Groups whose
members have
significantly less
control or power
than members of the
dominant or majority
group
McGraw-Hill
10-38
– Properties of minority
groups include:
• Unequal treatment
• Distinguishing cultural
characteristics
• Involuntary
membership
• Solidarity
• In-group marriage
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Minority, Racial, and Ethnic
Groups
10-39
█ Minority Groups v Minority Status
-Minority Group – determined by
population numbers relative to other
groups in society
-Minority Status – a group that may or
may not be the majority of people in a
population but who do not share the
same power, advantages, and/or
privileges as others.
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Patterns of Intergroup
Relations
10-40
█Assimilation
– Process by which a person decreases
or eliminates parts of their own cultural
tradition to become part of a different
culture
– Geno’s Steaks controversy
• What do you think?
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Patterns of Intergroup
Relations
10-41
█Acculturation
Process by which a group identifies parts
of their culture that are holding them
back and replaces them with others that
will lead to more positive outcomes.
• Irish-Catholics
• Jewish Americans
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Government Policy
10-42
█ Racial Profiling: when an action of
someone of authority (police) is based on
race, ethnicity, or national origin rather
than on a person’s behavior
– Trayvon Martin Case?
█ Hate Crime Laws: an criminal act
(violence or intimidation) motivated by
prejudice or bias. To be a hate crime, the
act must be criminal - not just an opinion.
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Race and Economics
10-43
The “costs” of discrimination
“Discriminatee” v “Discriminator”
Examples:
█ Jackie Robinson
█ Montgomery Bus Boycott
█ Sit-Ins & Department Stores
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Race and Economics
10-44
The Minimum Wage
█ Davis-Bacon Act of 1931
"That contractor has cheap colored labor
that he transports, and he puts them in
cabins, and it is labor of that sort that is in
competition with white labor throughout the
country."
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Minimum Wage
Advantage
Black Workers
10-45
Advantage
White Workers
Name recognition
X
Skills/Education
X
Skin color
X
Labor costs
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X
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Minimum Wage
No minimum Wage
10 Whites at $12 per hour & 40 hrs =
$4,800.00
10 Blacks at $5 per hour & 40 hrs =
10-46
$10 Minimum wage
10 Whites at $12 per hour & 40 hrs =
$4,800.00
10 Blacks at $10 per hour & 40 hrs =
$2,000.00
$4,000.00
Who gets the job?
Who gets the job?
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Minimum Wage
Advantage
Black Workers
10-47
Advantage
White Workers
Name recognition
X
Skills/Education
X
Skin color
X
Labor costs
McGraw-Hill
X
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Minimum Wage
Advantage
Black Workers
10-48
Advantage
White Workers
Name recognition
X
Skills/Education
X
Skin color
X
Labor costs
X
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Minimum Wage
10-49
Unemployment rate
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Race and Economics
10-50
█ “The Asian dilemma”
– Discrimination
– Highest academic achievers in US
– Highest avg. salaries in US
– Little to no government representation
█ The power of GREEN and the Free
Market
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Solving Racism/Discrimination 10-51
Government
█ Government has
the power of force
█ Regulate and
penalize
companies/people
that discriminate
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Free-Market
█ The only color that
matters is GREEN!
($)
█ Based on merit
█ Costs of
discrimination are
too high (Asians)
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