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Ch 15 Sec 1 - The New Frontier & The Great Society
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The Election of 1960 -Senator John F. Kennedy (D) Mass. Vs Vice- President Richard M. Nixon (R)
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People worried about JKF’ youth and his religion (Roman Catholic)-First
______________________________________ – Sept .1960
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The New Frontier -JFK lacked a __________________________________after the election
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Many proposals he sent to Congress were shot down: Medicare, Federal Aid to Education, Public
Housing, Increased Social Security, higher minimum wage, and anti-poverty measures
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Southern Democrats and Republicans blocked many plans
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New Frontier Victories -The Economy – JFK pushed through the use of deficit spending (FDR)
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______________________________________ increase to $1.25 HR, Lowered taxes on businesses and
targeted tax cuts for individuals
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New Frontier Victories II
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Peace Corps – 35,000 volunteers in 60 nations
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______________________________________________ – offered economic and technical assistance to
Latin American countries (12 billion in aid)
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New Frontier-Race to the Moon -JKF increased funding to NASA, $33 billion by 1969
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JFK pledged to go to the moon by the end of the 1960’s
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Universities expanded science programs, new industries and technologies emerged
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Domestic Focus -By 1963 JFK sent a Civil Rights Bill to Congress
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He called for “a national assault on the causes of poverty” (Harrington’s The Other America)
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RFK was ordered to investigate racial injustices in the South
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Presidential Commission on the Status of Women – Equal Pay Act of 1963, Community Mental Health
Centers Construction Act 1963- Led to the Special Olympics in 1968.
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The Warren Court -Chief Justice Earl Warren
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Baker Vs Carr 1962 and Reynolds Vs Simms 1964 stated that Federal Courts could tell states to redivide
their districts for more equal representation (______________________________– the drawing of
election districts) “One Person, one Vote.”
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Rights of the Accused- Mapp Vs Ohio (1961) Evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts,
Gideon Vs Wainwright ( 1963 ) Free legal council to those who cannot afford it, Escobedo Vs Illinois
(1964) Accused person has the right for a lawyer to be present during questioning,
_____________________________Vs Arizona ( 1966) All suspects must have their rights read
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Ch 15 Sec 2 -Kennedy and The Cold War 1960-1963
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JFK’s Military Policy -Kennedy built up the conventional and nuclear weapons systems to deter the
USSR and to close the ____________________________________gap with the Soviets
* He wanted a _________________________________ Response
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The Bay Of Pigs Invasion -Fidel Castro had led a revolution in Cuba and seized power from Batista in
1959
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JFK learned of a CIA planned approved by IKE to train Cuban exiles and allow them to attack Cuba, and
overthrow Castro. In April 1961, 1,500 Cuban exiles never reached the beach
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The air strike failed and Castro waited with 25,000 troops and Soviet Weapons
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Kennedy, CIA, and the US were embarrassed on the world stage, total fiasco
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The Berlin Crisis
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In 1961 Khrushchev and JKF met in Vienna, Austria, Khrushchev threatened to force the Western
powers out of West Berlin
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JFK told Americans we stay in Berlin, August 13th, 1961 Khrushchev responded by allowing East
Germany to construct The_______________________________________
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The Cuban Missile Crisis -In the summer of 1962 the Khrushchev began shipping Soviet Offensive
Nuclear Missiles to Castro In Cuba, The US had Offensive Missiles in Turkey
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Kennedy’s Options -Invade Cuba? Soviet Troops were present, Bomb the Sites? Sneak Attack?
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Naval Blockade around Cuba, or a “________________________”
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Brink of Nuclear War -The Soviet Cargo Ships stormed to the blockade, but then turned around
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Days later Khrushchev pledged to remove the missiles if we pledged not to invade Cuba, and secretly
months later we removed our missiles from Turkey
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Outcomes of the Crisis -Khrushchev prestige was damaged, JFK looked stronger, but he was criticized
for brinksmanship
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The Hot-line was established between Washington/Moscow, JFK wanted to relax Cold War Tensions
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In 1962 the US and the USSR agreed to the Limited Test Ban Treaty which banned nuclear testing in the
atmosphere
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Tragedy in Dallas -On November 22nd 1963, JFK was shot and killed while riding with Jackie and Gov.
Connally through Dallas, TX
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__________________________________________________ a disgruntled ex- Marine who lived in the
USSR for a time was charged with the crime
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The __________________________ investigated and found Oswald acted alone (Magic Bullet)
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Ch 15 Sec 3-LBJ The Great Society -1963-1968
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LBJ’s Path to Power
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LBJ ran for Congress as a “New Dealer” in 1937, In 1948 LBJ won a seat in the US Senate
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LBJ was a master of party politics and behind the scenes political maneuvering
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LBJ was JFK running mate in 1960, After JFK’s assassination LBJ urged Congress to pass the civil rights
and tax-cut bills that JFK had sent to Congress
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In July, LBJ pushed through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited discrimination based on race,
religion, sex, and gave the federal government new powers of enforcement
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The War on Poverty -Early in 1964 LBJ had declared a War on Poverty
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In Aug. 1964 Congress passed the Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) which provided $1 billion for youth
programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training
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(EOA) created: Job Corps Youth Training Programs, VISTA –Volunteers in Service to America, Project
Head Start – Ed. For underprivileged kids, Community Action Programs (CAPS), The Election of 1964
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LBJ (D) Vs Barry Goldwater (R)
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LBJ won in a ______________________ and the Democrats increased their majority in Congress
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LBJ launches The Great Society -LBJ wanted to end poverty and racial injustice
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 provided $1 billion in aid to help public and
parochial schools
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Medicare provided low-cost health benefits to Americans 65 or older
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Medicaid extended health insurance to the poor or welfare recipients
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Department of ____________________ and Urban Development was established (HUD)
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The Immigration Act of 1965 opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the US by
ending the quotas of the 1920’s based on nationality
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The Water Quality Act of 1965 required states to clean up rivers, it resulted from Rachel Carson’s Silent
Spring about pesticides, and spurred the environmental movement
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The Higher Education Act of 1965 funded scholarships and low-interest loans for college students
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National Foundation for the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 was created to assistance to painters,
musicians, actors, and other artists
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Corporation of Public Broadcasting 1967, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Highway Safety Act of 1966
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The Air Quality Act of 1967
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Impact of the Great Society -Poverty fell from 21% in 1962 to 11% in 1973
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Spending for the Great Society increased the growing year to year budget deficit
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Limited $ reached poor people due to complex programs that were tough to implement
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Disillusioned inner city residents rioted in protest, A Conservative backlash began to take shape
(Reagan Gov. of Ca 1966)
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________________________________________ overshadowed it and took $from the Great Society