WEB APPENDICES
Dangerous Frames:
How Ideas about Race and Gender Shape Public Opinion
The University of Chicago Press
Forthcoming spring 2008
Book web site:
http://faculty.virginia.edu/nwinter/dangerousframes
Nicholas J. G. Winter
Department of Politics
University of Virginia
100 Cabell Hall
Charlottesville, VA 22904
434-924-6994
nwinter@virginia.edu
June 2007
1
A Full Statistical Results for Chapter Four
3
B Full Statistical Results for Chapter Five
16
C Full Statistical Results for Chapter Six
31
List of Tables
A.1 Experimental racialization results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 Government Jobs & Standard of Living racialization, by gender and party . . . . .
A.3 Experimental gendering results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.4 Experimental gendering results, by feminist identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.5 Racialization results for additional dependent variables (Table 1 of 2) . . . . . . .
A.6 Racialization results for additional dependent variables (Table 2 of 2) . . . . . . .
A.7 Gendering results for additional dependent variables (Table 1 of 2) . . . . . . . . .
A.8 Gendering results for additional dependent variables (Table 2 of 2) . . . . . . . . .
A.9 Racialization results, model with ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.10 Racialization results, model with limited government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.11 Racialization results, model with individualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.12 Gendering results, model with limited government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.13 Comparison of separate and simultaneous racialization and gendering analyses. .
B.1 Racialization of welfare among whites, 1992-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2 Racialization of Social Security among whites, 1984-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3 Racialization of welfare among whites (stereotypes), 1992-2000 . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4 Racialization of Social Security among whites (stereotypes), 1992-2000 . . . . . .
B.5 Racialization of welfare among whites (racial resentment), 1988-2000 . . . . . . .
B.6 Racialization of Social Security among whites (racial resentment), 1988-2000 . . .
B.7 Racialization of schools spending among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8 Racialization of child care spending among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.9 Racialization of spending on the poor among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.10 Racialization of spending on unemployed among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.11 Racialization of homeless spending among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.12 Racialization of financial aid spending among whites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.13 Gendering and racialization of welfare among whites, 1984-2000 . . . . . . . . . .
B.14 Gendering and racialization of Social Security among whites, 1984-2000 . . . . . .
B.15 Social Security racialization and gendering by mode, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.16 Racialization of welfare among whites, by partisanship (1992-2000) . . . . . . . .
B.17 Racialization of Social Security among whites, by partisanship (1992-2000) . . . .
B.18 Racialization of welfare among whites, by political information (1992-2000) . . . .
B.19 Racialization of Social Security among whites, by political information (1992-2000)
C.1 Gendering of health care opinion, 1988-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.2 Health care opinion model with Hillary Rodham Clinton rating, 1992-2000 . . . .
C.3 Health care gendering and racialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4 Gendering of health care opinion among women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.5 Gendering of health care opinion among men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.6 Gendering of health care opinion among Democrats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.7 Gendering of health care opinion among independents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.8 Gendering of health care opinion among Republicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.9 Gendering of health care opinion among most engaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.10 Gendering of health care opinion among middle engaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.11 Gendering of health care opinion among least engaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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27
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32
33
34
35
36
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43
44
45
46
47
A
Full Statistical Results for Chapter Four
Table A.1: Experimental racialization results
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Favor
Visitation
Laws
Privatize
Social
Security
0.524
–0.650∧
(0.484)
(0.478)
0.836∧
–1.168*
(0.651)
Race condition
0.905**
(0.421)
Cut 1
–1.503***
Cut 2
–0.335
(0.510)
(0.497)
–1.196*
0.315
1.231*
(0.662)
(0.667)
–0.154
–0.749*
(0.347)
(0.452)
–0.971***
(0.431)
0.334
(0.359)
(0.331)
0.899**
1.263***
(0.337)
–0.720**
(0.324)
(0.354)
–
1.754***
(0.343)
(0.330)
–
2.803***
0.558*
(0.362)
(0.330)
(0.321)
(0.318)
Cut 4
2.285***
0.965***
(0.358)
(0.324)
211
–284.74
2.14
210
–180.08
10.90
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
(0.338)
(0.425)
–1.077***
–0.495∧
0.433∧
3
0.583
(0.707)
–1.183***
211
–260.44
5.24
2.500***
(0.544)
0.323
Cut 3
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
1.158**
Raise
Minimum
Wage
(0.635)
(0.412)
(0.322)
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
–0.468
–2.114***
(0.349)
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
211
–299.26
62.32
(0.332)
–0.301
211
–280.45
18.20
Table A.2: Government Jobs & Standard of Living racialization, by gender and party
Women
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Race condition
Cut 1
Gov’t Jobs & Std of Living
Men
Republicans
2.112***
2.979***
1.703*
(0.638)
(0.933)
(0.976)
0.581
–0.037
(0.829)
(1.204)
–0.329
0.099
(0.556)
(0.735)
–0.039
0.810∧
2.865*
(1.483)
–1.766**
Democrats
2.841***
(0.802)
–0.651
(1.051)
0.450
(0.807)
(0.745)
–0.137
0.347
(0.432)
(0.560)
(0.572)
(0.547)
Cut 2
1.015**
1.556***
0.841∧
1.380**
(0.433)
(0.577)
(0.587)
(0.558)
Cut 3
1.513***
2.034***
1.554***
1.767***
(0.440)
(0.587)
(0.602)
(0.563)
Cut 4
2.660***
2.912***
2.725***
3.023***
(0.466)
(0.610)
(0.670)
(0.589)
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
139
–195.42
33.54
70
–99.85
23.28
52
–65.55
23.12
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
4
101
–137.46
21.70
5
(1.097)
(0.917)
(0.928)
207
–276.94
3.44
205
–277.98
8.75
(0.635)
(0.643)
(0.631)
0.798
2.111***
(0.630)
(0.635)
–0.569
(0.628)
0.612
–1.135*
(0.657)
–2.287***
–0.064
(0.640)
–1.301**
1.486∧
(1.086)
–0.636
–1.644∧
(0.743)
(0.741)
0.748
–0.576
0.586
Privatize
Social
Security
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
Cut 4
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Gender condition
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b2 )
Gender Egalitarianism (b1 )
Favor
Visitation
Laws
205
–270.31
4.64
(0.643)
0.200
(0.640)
–0.116
(0.641)
202
–168.97
5.04
–
–
(0.699)
(0.703)
0.774
(0.644)
–1.161*
(1.024)
–0.855
(1.217)
0.769
(0.826)
0.684
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
–0.947∧
–1.428**
(0.949)
–1.594*
(1.129)
1.823∧
(0.761)
–1.571**
Government
Control SS
Accounts
Table A.3: Experimental gendering results
206
–317.75
2.20
(0.636)
1.610**
(0.633)
0.824∧
(0.633)
0.467
(0.633)
–0.512
(0.916)
0.364
(1.085)
–0.273
(0.744)
0.746
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
206
–278.97
1.71
(0.663)
0.553
(0.664)
–0.141
(0.665)
–0.583
(0.667)
–1.003∧
(0.962)
–0.230
(1.143)
0.366
(0.782)
0.503
Raise
Minimum
Wage
Table A.4: Experimental gendering results, by feminist identification
Favor Visitation Laws
Feminist
NonIdentifiers
identifiers
Gender Egalitarianism (b1 )
3.352
(2.794)
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b2 )
–1.179
0.056
(0.879)
1.634∧
(3.833)
(1.251)
Gender condition
0.765
–1.227
Cut 1
1.123
(2.610)
(0.728)
Cut 2
2.393
–0.444
(2.603)
(0.709)
Cut 3
3.213
0.197
(2.615)
(0.710)
Cut 4
4.470*
1.805**
(2.643)
(0.725)
(3.552)
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
53
–71.96
3.60
(1.017)
–1.694**
154
–202.03
3.91
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
6
7
211
–82.22
9.40
–
–
(0.494)
–0.724
(0.583)
209
–197.46
14.04
–
–
(0.354)
1.596∗∗
(0.341)
–0.045
(0.446)
–0.274
(0.691)
0.228
(0.525)
1.098∗
Cities
spending
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
212
–178.95
38.28
–
Cut 4
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
–
(0.368)
2.098∗∗
(0.343)
0.146
–2.268∗∗
(0.600)
(0.455)
(0.998)
–0.516
(0.703)
–0.256
0.413
(0.805)
(0.535)
0.489
0.961
1.930∗∗
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Race condition
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Schools
spending
Food
stamps
spending
212
–141.92
1.78
–
–
(0.371)
–0.184
(0.439)
–2.098∗∗
(0.486)
0.075
(0.758)
0.135
(0.566)
0.325
Financial
aid
spending
Table A.5: Racialization results for additional dependent variables (Table 1 of 2)
212
–185.27
2.68
–
–
(0.349)
0.340
(0.360)
–1.240∗∗
(0.449)
–0.039
(0.699)
0.054
(0.533)
0.530
Environment
spending
8
(0.713)
(0.415)
(0.466)
212
–279.37
25.09
(0.333)
1.666∗∗
(0.323)
212
–171.08
2.45
–
–
(0.355)
(0.322)
0.430
–0.320
(0.391)
–2.131∗∗
–0.030
(0.330)
–0.589∧
0.062
(0.650)
0.090
–0.233
–0.208
(0.537)
–0.393
(0.497)
1.744∗∗
212
–164.10
1.44
–
–
(0.353)
0.057
(0.372)
–1.493∗∗
(0.463)
0.257
(0.719)
–0.256
(0.537)
0.505
AIDS
spending
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
Cut 4
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Race condition
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Crime
spending
Government
child care
Table A.6: Racialization results for additional dependent variables (Table 2 of 2)
9
206
–270.58
4.54
(0.650)
–0.400
204
–162.63
2.08
–
–
(0.654)
(0.713)
(0.658)
–0.427
(0.733)
–1.944∗∗
(1.045)
–1.238
–1.543∗
–1.814∗∗
(0.668)
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
203
–163.50
5.53
–
Cut 4
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
–
(0.724)
–0.991
(0.752)
–2.322∗∗
(0.950)
–2.861∗∗
(1.054)
(1.245)
(1.126)
–1.437
(1.251)
–2.419∗
1.519
1.945∧
2.912∗
(0.842)
(0.767)
–0.224
–1.070
Child care
spending
(0.852)
Government
child care
–1.211
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Gender condition
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b2 )
Gender Egalitarianism (b1 )
Homeless
spending
203
–201.98
6.27
–
–
(0.667)
1.344∗
(0.662)
–0.153
(0.984)
–0.957
(1.166)
1.245
(0.780)
0.730
Welfare
spending
205
–129.54
4.13
–
–
(0.773)
–1.335∧
(0.870)
–3.475∗∗
(1.177)
–0.555
(1.389)
1.002
(0.906)
–1.146
Financial
aid
spending
Table A.7: Gendering results for additional dependent variables (Table 1 of 2)
203
–171.11
1.80
–
–
(0.695)
0.055
(0.708)
–1.511∗
(1.023)
–0.839
(1.217)
0.996
(0.821)
0.185
Poor
spending
205
–187.30
8.06
–
–
(0.683)
1.751∗
(0.675)
–0.024
(0.999)
–0.667
(1.183)
0.957
(0.798)
1.114
Food
stamps
spending
10
204
–302.07
2.35
(0.667)
1.673∗
(0.659)
205
–168.70
7.89
–
203
–187.51
10.14
–
–
204
–166.38
1.17
–
–
(0.706)
(0.687)
(0.686)
(0.657)
1.146∧
–
0.005
2.072∗∗
1.131∧
0.701
(0.719)
(0.676)
(0.685)
0.394
–0.439
–1.836∗
(1.030)
0.062
(1.220)
–0.286
(0.833)
0.090
(0.657)
(0.998)
0.487
(1.185)
–0.270
(0.804)
1.759∗
Crime
spending
0.214
(1.025)
(0.992)
(1.223)
0.261
(1.173)
–0.459
0.040
(0.811)
(0.778)
0.437
1.347∧
0.596
Environment Unemployspending
ment
spending
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (3)
Cut 4
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Gender condition
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b2 )
Gender Egalitarianism (b1 )
Affirmative
action in
hiring
204
–66.82
0.56
–
–
(1.050)
–1.774∧
(1.116)
–3.047∗∗
(1.656)
0.285
(1.934)
–0.308
(1.226)
–0.553
Schools
spending
Table A.8: Gendering results for additional dependent variables (Table 2 of 2)
202
–205.68
0.21
–
–
(0.672)
0.886
(0.671)
–0.547
(0.980)
0.394
(1.163)
–0.446
(0.792)
0.093
Cities
spending
204
–157.37
8.01
–
–
(0.710)
1.405∗
(0.708)
–0.222
(1.043)
0.435
(1.250)
–0.528
(0.845)
1.990∗
AIDS
spending
201
–194.24
2.96
–
–
(0.676)
1.751∗∗
(0.669)
0.147
(0.990)
1.020
(1.175)
–1.252
(0.791)
1.346∧
Spending
on blacks
Table A.9: Racialization results, model with ideology
Favor
Visitation
Laws
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Ideology (b3 )
Ideology × Race Condition (b4 )
Privatize
Social
Security
0.531
–0.583
(0.565)
(0.569)
–1.118
∧
1.082
0.821∧
1.702***
(0.620)
(0.572)
Raise
Minimum
Wage
–0.227
(0.575)
∧
–0.967
1.282
(0.835)
(0.902)
(0.850)
(0.860)
0.192
–0.164
–0.101
1.241**
1.224**
1.463*
(0.526)
(0.541)
(0.575)
(0.527)
(0.531)
–0.260
0.089
0.758
–1.310∧
0.537
1.077**
(0.522)
Cut 1
–1.304***
Cut 2
–0.134
(0.852)
(0.915)
(0.851)
–0.724∧
–0.335
0.041
(0.513)
–2.127***
(0.401)
(0.405)
–1.225***
(0.380)
(0.428)
(0.397)
0.585∧
1.604***
(0.394)
–0.478
–
2.039***
(0.415)
(0.389)
–
3.073***
0.925**
(0.434)
(0.392)
(0.381)
(0.382)
2.354***
0.932**
(0.414)
(0.386)
181
–243.07
2.75
180
–157.11
10.29
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
(0.408)
(0.530)
–0.904**
(0.420)
Cut 4
11
(0.535)
0.608∧
(0.388)
0.526∧
181
–226.20
5.34
(0.560)
–1.221***
(0.868)
–1.219**
–0.601∧
Cut 3
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (5)
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
(0.857)
(0.867)
Race condition
∧
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
181
–254.68
54.56
(0.390)
–0.022
182
–239.23
31.07
Table A.10: Racialization results, model with limited government
Favor
Visitation
Laws
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Limited Govt (b3 )
Privatize
Social
Security
0.418
–0.572
(0.488)
(0.482)
–1.237*
0.830
(0.671)
(0.654)
0.464∧
–0.688*
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
1.121**
2.441***
0.431
(0.546)
(0.513)
(0.503)
0.159
1.284*
–1.428**
(0.729)
–0.319
(0.678)
–1.219***
Raise
Minimum
Wage
(0.687)
–1.097***
(0.358)
(0.356)
(0.394)
(0.363)
(0.369)
Limited Govt × Race Condition (b4 )
0.233
–0.271
–0.381
0.300
0.770∧
Race condition
0.839∧
(0.527)
(0.516)
(0.519)
(0.568)
(0.524)
–0.348
0.592
–0.209
(0.504)
–1.883***
(0.554)
(0.513)
–1.862***
Cut 2
–0.694*
(0.372)
(0.370)
(0.404)
Cut 3
0.084
–0.260
–
1.240***
(0.369)
(0.366)
(0.378)
(0.383)
Cut 4
1.975***
1.211***
–
2.331***
0.016
(0.397)
(0.375)
(0.392)
(0.379)
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (5)
(0.390)
–0.952**
211
–257.91
10.28
211
–283.76
4.10
(0.412)
(0.374)
0.750*
0.716*
210
–178.30
14.46
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
12
–0.259
(0.520)
Cut 1
(0.396)
–1.147***
(0.534)
–1.124**
(0.376)
211
–290.83
79.18
–1.663***
(0.391)
–1.296***
(0.386)
–0.868**
211
–275.65
27.81
Table A.11: Racialization results, model with individualism
Favor
Visitation
Laws
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
Individualism (b3 )
Individualism × Race Condition (b4 )
Privatize
Social
Security
0.562
–0.301
(0.554)
(0.551)
∧
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
Raise
Minimum
Wage
1.055*
2.060***
0.512
(0.631)
(0.570)
(0.575)
1.058∧
–1.407*
0.949
–1.404*
0.616
(0.730)
(0.722)
(0.807)
(0.737)
(0.755)
0.092
0.879∧
–0.255
–1.155*
–0.177
(0.666)
(0.670)
(0.749)
(0.664)
(0.701)
–0.791
0.623
–0.766
0.625
–0.679
(0.939)
Race condition
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
1.575*
(0.913)
(0.932)
(1.026)
(0.925)
(1.000)
–0.969
0.961
–0.723
–0.185
(0.907)
(1.004)
(0.903)
(0.964)
–0.683
–1.240*
–1.426**
(0.687)
(0.680)
(0.761)
(0.671)
(0.708)
Cut 2
–0.254
–0.426
0.677
0.259
–0.879
(0.668)
(0.672)
(0.758)
(0.668)
(0.707)
Cut 3
0.516
0.272
–
0.754
–0.457
(0.668)
(0.671)
(0.670)
(0.706)
Cut 4
2.374***
1.766***
–
1.808***
0.403
(0.692)
(0.680)
(0.677)
(0.705)
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (5)
–1.370**
–1.209∧
Cut 1
211
–259.87
6.37
211
–281.25
9.13
210
–178.96
13.14
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
13
211
–297.41
66.03
211
–279.70
19.72
14
(1.099)
(0.944)
(0.954)
207
–272.82
11.67
205
–274.61
15.48
(0.648)
(0.653)
(0.642)
0.986∧
1.948***
(0.641)
(0.645)
–0.418
(0.640)
0.416
–0.990∧
(0.667)
–2.145***
–0.277
(0.653)
–1.539**
1.268∧
(0.513)
–0.445
(0.511)
(0.353)
0.303
–0.184
(0.351)
0.509∧
(1.090)
–0.645*
–1.502∧
(0.746)
(0.743)
0.584
–0.631
0.662
Privatize
Social
Security
Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients, with standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
N
Log likelihood
χ2 (5)
Cut 4
Cut 3
Cut 2
Cut 1
Gender condition
Limited Govt × Gender Condition (b4 )
Limited Govt (b3 )
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b2 )
Gender Egalitarianism (b1 )
Favor
Visitation
Laws
205
–260.41
24.43
(0.661)
–0.189
(0.659)
–0.529
(0.663)
–1.425**
(0.666)
–1.935***
(0.988)
–1.415∧
(0.559)
–0.206
(0.384)
–1.142***
(1.138)
1.647∧
(0.764)
–1.601**
Government
Control SS
Accounts
202
–165.99
11.00
–
–
(0.710)
0.666
(0.716)
–1.315*
(1.059)
–0.502
(0.568)
–0.462
(0.392)
–0.437
(1.227)
0.542
(0.832)
0.760
Increase
Social
Security
Spending
Table A.12: Gendering results, model with limited government
206
–300.08
37.54
(0.648)
1.327**
(0.646)
0.464
(0.647)
0.066
(0.648)
–1.011∧
(0.950)
0.851
(0.516)
–0.588
(0.357)
–1.267***
(1.098)
–0.598
(0.749)
0.899
Gov’t Jobs
& Std of
Living
206
–272.43
14.79
(0.678)
0.228
(0.680)
–0.496
(0.681)
–0.951∧
(0.684)
–1.384**
(0.993)
–0.186
(0.537)
0.302
(0.368)
–1.099***
(1.151)
0.141
(0.791)
0.647
Raise
Minimum
Wage
Table A.13: Comparison of separate and simultaneous racialization and gendering analyses.
A
Racial Liberalism (b1 )
Composite Policy Opinion
B
C
1.142**
–
1.022**
–
–1.621**
(0.457)
Racial Liberalism × Race Condition (b2 )
–1.577***
(0.489)
(0.609)
(0.669)
Racial Liberalism × Gender Condition (b3 )
–
Gender Egalitarianism (b4 )
–
1.002∧
(0.709)
(0.761)
Gender Egalitarianism × Gender Condition (b5 )
–
1.541∧
1.668∧
Gender Egalitarianism × Race Condition (b6 )
–
–
–0.043
(0.664)
0.469
(1.040)
(1.093)
–
0.203
–
0.694
–1.442∧
–1.515*
(1.150)
Race condition
0.845**
(0.394)
Gender condition
–
(0.878)
(0.879)
Cut 1
–1.995***
Cut 2
–1.741***
Cut 3
–1.295***
Cut 4
–1.056***
(0.451)
(0.388)
(0.333)
(0.319)
N
χ2
Degrees of freedom
212
8.10
3
–1.895***
(0.692)
–1.382**
(0.888)
–1.643**
(0.655)
–1.490**
(0.633)
(0.641)
–0.923∧
–1.040*
(0.611)
(0.618)
–0.217
–0.705
(0.601)
(0.609)
207
14.18
3
311
24.98
8
Entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. Column A includes
respondents in baseline and race conditions; B includes baseline and gender; C includes all
conditions.
*** p<0.01; ** p<0.05; * p<0.1; ∧ p<0.2; two tailed
15
B
Full Statistical Results for Chapter Five
16
Table B.1: Racialization of welfare among whites, 1992-2000
Welfare Spending
1994
1996
1992
Thermometer Rating of Whites
–0.142
0.078
–0.215
2000
–0.676∗∗
(0.192)
(0.225)
(0.279)
(0.242)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.583∗∗
0.576∗∗
0.684∗
0.700∗∗
(0.191)
(0.203)
(0.285)
(0.236)
Egalitarianism
0.722∗∗
0.858∗∗
0.927∗∗
0.967∗∗
(0.177)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
(0.227)
–1.576∗∗
–1.570∗∗
(0.240)
–2.126∗∗
(0.212)
–1.247∗∗
(0.163)
(0.192)
(0.223)
(0.172)
0.090
0.079
0.056
–0.131
(0.072)
(0.087)
(0.093)
(0.091)
–0.097
–0.023
–0.217∗
–0.043
(0.078)
(0.090)
(0.108)
(0.096)
0.059
0.238∗
0.141
0.227∗
(0.091)
(0.113)
(0.116)
(0.111)
Ideology Conservative
–0.182∗
–0.128
–0.235∗
–0.075
(0.082)
(0.093)
(0.106)
(0.105)
Ideology NA
–0.051
0.053
–0.234∗
0.014
(0.091)
(0.106)
(0.117)
(0.109)
Economic Evaluation
0.024
–0.090
–0.250
–0.117
(0.139)
(0.149)
(0.177)
(0.133)
Age
0.500∧
0.330
0.016
0.574
Age over 65
(0.290)
(0.345)
(0.381)
(0.365)
–0.221
–0.258
–0.003
–0.001
(0.136)
(0.162)
(0.175)
(0.156)
Single
0.067
–0.032
0.101
0.090
(0.067)
(0.077)
(0.086)
(0.079)
Retired
0.107
0.238
0.031
–0.113
(0.119)
(0.145)
(0.154)
Disabled
0.073
–0.051
–0.108
(0.189)
(0.216)
(0.236)
(0.228)
Female
0.057
0.101
–0.067
–0.091
(0.062)
(0.073)
(0.078)
(0.076)
Income < 17th percentile
0.325∗∗
0.419∗∗
0.268∗
0.102
(0.108)
(0.119)
(0.129)
(0.138)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.201∗
0.139
–0.032
0.113
(0.093)
(0.110)
(0.120)
(0.132)
Income 68th-95th percentile
0.007
0.009
–0.222∗
–0.130
(0.135)
0.485∗
(0.078)
(0.093)
(0.107)
(0.096)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.147
–0.158
–0.134
0.152
(0.152)
(0.199)
(0.198)
(0.181)
Income NA
–0.093
0.158
0.201
–0.015
Grade School
Some HS
Some college
BA+
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.135)
(0.150)
(0.146)
(0.127)
0.234
0.406∗
0.226
–0.223
(0.147)
(0.194)
(0.213)
(0.271)
0.247∗
0.146
0.053
–0.409∗
(0.107)
(0.125)
(0.146)
(0.189)
–0.113
–0.016
–0.104
–0.157
(0.080)
(0.092)
(0.102)
(0.100)
0.109
–0.044
–0.020
–0.091
(0.085)
(0.101)
(0.108)
(0.103)
–0.068
0.011
0.053
0.018
(0.071)
(0.077)
(0.083)
(0.081)
1,609
–1443.25
349.15
26
1,300
–1047.58
313.08
26
1,190
–855.54
347.66
26
1,052
–954.42
184.91
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in
parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
17
Table B.2: Racialization of Social Security among whites, 1984-2000
1984
Social Security Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.564∗∗
0.596∗∗
0.482∗
1996
0.573∗
2000
0.710∗∗
Thermometer Rating of Whites
0.242
(0.224)
(0.203)
(0.198)
(0.226)
(0.260)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.004
–0.023
–0.396∗
0.095
–0.224
(0.205)
(0.202)
(0.196)
(0.200)
(0.261)
(0.258)
Egalitarianism
0.424∗
0.268
0.430∗
0.248
0.015
0.768∗∗
(0.205)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
–1.048∗∗
Age
(0.178)
–0.992∗∗
(0.183)
(0.192)
(0.166)
0.140∧
0.082
0.176∗
(0.218)
–1.287∗∗
(0.218)
–1.701∗∗
(0.228)
–1.312∗∗
(0.195)
(0.214)
(0.193)
–0.034
0.027
0.081
(0.083)
(0.090)
(0.076)
(0.090)
(0.093)
(0.103)
–0.023
–0.128
0.056
–0.051
–0.155
–0.052
(0.085)
(0.090)
(0.078)
(0.087)
(0.095)
(0.101)
0.083
0.047
–0.193∗
–0.129
–0.271∗
–0.051
(0.102)
(0.116)
(0.095)
(0.117)
(0.115)
(0.121)
–0.039
–0.210∗
–0.135
–0.211∗
–0.100
0.097
(0.090)
(0.097)
(0.084)
(0.092)
(0.099)
(0.111)
0.156
0.121
0.068
0.076
0.128
0.224∧
(0.101)
Economic Evaluation
(0.213)
–0.869∗∗
(0.265)
–0.752∗∗
–0.442∗∗
(0.108)
(0.097)
–0.230
–0.106
(0.114)
–0.421∗∗
(0.119)
(0.122)
–0.308∧
0.113
(0.149)
(0.170)
(0.142)
(0.150)
(0.171)
(0.143)
0.013
–0.096
0.230
0.114
0.436
0.659∧
(0.304)
(0.331)
Age over 65
–0.324∗
–0.399∗
(0.300)
(0.159)
(0.164)
(0.143)
(0.162)
(0.164)
(0.167)
Single
–0.069
–0.123
–0.113
–0.089
0.008
0.122
(0.073)
(0.078)
(0.069)
(0.076)
(0.081)
(0.087)
Retired
–0.028
0.162
0.019
–0.168
–0.059
0.075
–0.463∗∗
(0.344)
(0.358)
0.046
–0.216
(0.395)
–0.439∗∗
(0.149)
(0.149)
(0.125)
(0.143)
(0.143)
(0.143)
Disabled
0.178
0.332
–0.075
0.132
0.512∧
0.318
(0.250)
(0.281)
(0.205)
(0.238)
(0.295)
(0.287)
Female
0.133∧
0.319∗∗
0.267∗∗
0.201∗∗
0.149∗
0.352∗∗
(0.069)
(0.074)
(0.063)
(0.072)
(0.073)
(0.081)
Income < 17th percentile
0.186
0.252∧
0.260∗
0.151
–0.059
–0.330∗
(0.131)
(0.136)
(0.118)
(0.126)
(0.132)
(0.153)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.181
0.015
0.180∧
0.056
–0.071
–0.232
(0.110)
(0.121)
(0.099)
(0.113)
(0.119)
(0.147)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.050
–0.016
–0.111
0.088
–0.077
–0.105
(0.084)
(0.088)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.255∧
0.009
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
(0.079)
–0.417∗∗
(0.090)
(0.095)
(0.103)
–0.293∧
–0.290∧
–0.276
(0.144)
(0.205)
(0.143)
(0.174)
(0.168)
0.143
–0.159
–0.016
0.067
0.036
(0.191)
–0.365∗∗
(0.131)
(0.151)
(0.136)
(0.153)
(0.142)
(0.135)
–0.197
0.185
0.241
–0.008
0.240
0.747∗
(0.155)
(0.165)
(0.157)
(0.202)
(0.244)
(0.379)
0.249∗
–0.039
0.152
–0.058
0.169
0.058
(0.129)
(0.141)
(0.119)
(0.136)
(0.150)
Some college
–0.185∗
–0.112
–0.096
–0.203∗
BA+
–0.460∗∗
(0.096)
(0.099)
(0.086)
(0.098)
(0.100)
(0.112)
Live in South
–0.019
0.068
–0.039
0.048
–0.013
0.015
(0.078)
(0.083)
(0.072)
(0.076)
(0.077)
(0.087)
(0.084)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
1,432
–1057.17
240.45
26
(0.094)
(0.082)
–0.210∗
–0.436∗∗
1,257
–913.19
181.05
26
1,630
–1238.00
295.75
26
(0.092)
–0.658∗∗
1,307
–973.85
299.74
26
–0.257∗∗
(0.096)
–0.612∗∗
1,190
–934.00
276.37
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
18
(0.214)
–0.070
(0.110)
–0.344∗∗
1,049
–764.66
205.49
26
Table B.3: Racialization of welfare among whites (stereotypes), 1992-2000
1992
Whites Hardworking
–0.292∧
Welfare Spending
1996
–0.280
2000
–0.151
(0.164)
(0.220)
(0.188)
Blacks Hardworking
0.710∗∗
0.566∗∗
0.446∗
(0.159)
(0.211)
(0.192)
Egalitarianism
0.769∗∗
0.978∗∗
0.928∗∗
(0.176)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
–1.555∗∗
(0.236)
–2.100∗∗
(0.204)
–1.246∗∗
(0.164)
(0.221)
(0.169)
0.109
0.033
–0.085
(0.072)
(0.093)
(0.089)
–0.089
–0.184∧
0.012
(0.078)
(0.107)
(0.094)
0.020
0.155
0.203∧
(0.092)
(0.116)
(0.108)
Ideology Conservative
–0.167∗
–0.257∗
–0.097
(0.082)
(0.104)
(0.102)
Ideology NA
–0.017
–0.209∧
0.015
(0.091)
(0.117)
(0.107)
Economic Evaluation
0.008
–0.210
–0.119
(0.141)
(0.176)
(0.128)
Age
0.605∗
0.178
0.644∧
Age over 65
(0.291)
(0.381)
(0.352)
–0.233∧
0.027
–0.050
(0.137)
(0.176)
(0.150)
Single
0.079
0.111
0.091
(0.067)
(0.086)
(0.077)
Retired
0.101
–0.015
–0.112
(0.121)
(0.154)
Disabled
0.135
–0.127
(0.188)
(0.233)
(0.217)
Female
0.050
–0.076
–0.095
(0.062)
(0.078)
(0.073)
Income < 17th percentile
0.331∗∗
0.221∧
0.111
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.175∧
(0.110)
(0.130)
0.612∗∗
(0.129)
(0.131)
–0.014
0.137
(0.093)
(0.120)
(0.130)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.007
–0.211∗
–0.090
(0.079)
(0.107)
(0.095)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.148
–0.099
0.136
(0.152)
(0.195)
(0.175)
Income NA
–0.154
0.218
0.043
Grade School
Some HS
Some college
BA+
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.136)
(0.145)
(0.122)
0.200
0.292
–0.227
(0.150)
(0.215)
(0.250)
0.277∗
0.057
–0.335∧
(0.108)
(0.144)
(0.182)
–0.108
–0.110
–0.113
(0.080)
(0.101)
(0.096)
0.093
–0.052
–0.052
(0.086)
(0.107)
(0.099)
–0.064
0.078
–0.004
(0.070)
(0.082)
(0.079)
1,593
–1425.99
351.66
26
1,196
–855.90
347.80
26
1,104
–1004.32
183.86
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with
standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
19
Table B.4: Racialization of Social Security among whites (stereotypes), 19922000
Social Security Spending
1992
1996
2000
Whites Hardworking
Blacks Hardworking
Egalitarianism
0.324∧
0.449∗
(0.168)
(0.208)
(0.210)
–0.346∗
–0.335∧
–0.335
(0.163)
(0.196)
(0.217)
0.371∗
0.037
0.646∗∗
(0.176)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
0.918∗∗
–1.031∗∗
(0.215)
–1.740∗∗
(0.221)
–1.356∗∗
(0.167)
(0.212)
(0.192)
0.173∗
0.035
0.072
(0.076)
(0.093)
(0.101)
0.048
–0.160∧
–0.075
(0.078)
(0.094)
(0.100)
Ideology Liberal
–0.195∗
–0.262∗
–0.030
(0.095)
(0.115)
(0.119)
Ideology Conservative
–0.138∧
–0.103
0.051
Ideology NA
Economic Evaluation
Age
(0.084)
(0.098)
(0.109)
0.087
0.133
0.170
(0.097)
(0.119)
(0.120)
–0.080
–0.298∧
0.052
(0.143)
(0.170)
(0.139)
0.159
0.422
0.455
(0.300)
(0.357)
(0.384)
–0.233
–0.400∗
Age over 65
–0.392∗∗
(0.144)
(0.163)
(0.161)
Single
–0.117∧
0.024
0.100
(0.069)
(0.081)
(0.085)
Retired
–0.022
–0.044
0.109
(0.127)
(0.142)
(0.138)
Disabled
–0.026
0.448
0.323
(0.204)
(0.283)
(0.280)
Female
0.277∗∗
0.150∗
0.356∗∗
Income < 17th percentile
0.310∗∗
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.183∧
(0.063)
(0.120)
(0.072)
(0.079)
–0.051
–0.327∗
(0.131)
(0.148)
–0.072
–0.249∧
(0.099)
(0.119)
(0.145)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.103
–0.050
–0.181∧
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.405∗∗
(0.142)
(0.167)
Income NA
–0.002
0.057
(0.079)
(0.095)
(0.102)
–0.272
–0.355∧
(0.183)
–0.361∗∗
(0.136)
(0.141)
(0.131)
Grade School
0.229
0.199
0.838∗
(0.160)
(0.244)
(0.347)
Some HS
0.232∧
0.040
–0.083
(0.119)
(0.148)
–0.273∗∗
(0.207)
Some college
–0.123
BA+
–0.413∗∗
(0.086)
(0.099)
(0.109)
Live in South
–0.057
0.005
0.019
(0.071)
(0.076)
(0.085)
(0.082)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
1,613
–1233.74
291.35
26
(0.095)
–0.601∗∗
1,197
–942.50
267.93
26
–0.090
(0.107)
–0.367∗∗
1,099
–791.77
223.77
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with
standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
20
Table B.5: Racialization of welfare among whites (racial resentment), 1988-2000
Welfare Spending
1992
1994
1988
2000
–
0.000
(0.195)
(0.228)
(0.247)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
–
0.317
0.437∗
0.433∧
Racial Resentment
–
–0.837∗∗
(0.159)
(0.194)
(0.192)
Egalitarianism
–
0.361∧
0.560∗
0.557∗
Limited Government
–
–1.535∗∗
(0.163)
(0.194)
(0.173)
Democrat
–
0.086
0.070
–0.138
(0.072)
(0.087)
(0.092)
Republican
–
–0.098
–0.020
–0.026
(0.078)
(0.091)
(0.097)
Ideology Liberal
–
0.001
0.211∧
0.183
(0.092)
(0.114)
(0.112)
Ideology Conservative
–
–0.198∗
–0.132
–0.045
(0.082)
(0.093)
(0.105)
Ideology NA
–
–0.045
0.069
0.067
(0.091)
(0.106)
(0.110)
Economic Evaluation
–
0.009
–0.161
–0.093
(0.140)
(0.150)
(0.133)
Age
–
0.425
0.297
0.547
(0.292)
(0.346)
(0.366)
Age over 65
–
–0.222
–0.283∧
0.026
(0.136)
(0.164)
(0.157)
Single
–
0.075
–0.031
0.098
(0.067)
(0.077)
Retired
–
0.139
0.267∧
(0.120)
(0.146)
Disabled
–
0.108
–0.047
(0.189)
(0.217)
(0.229)
Female
–
0.062
0.091
–0.099
(0.062)
(0.073)
(0.076)
Income < 17th percentile
–
0.320∗∗
0.396∗∗
0.070
(0.109)
(0.120)
(0.138)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–
0.204∗
0.108
0.078
(0.094)
(0.111)
(0.133)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–
0.010
0.001
–0.116
(0.079)
(0.093)
(0.097)
Income 96th+ percentile
–
–0.124
–0.223
0.171
(0.153)
(0.202)
(0.183)
Income NA
–
–0.106
0.169
–0.019
(0.135)
(0.151)
Grade School
–
0.229
0.355∧
(0.147)
(0.196)
(0.273)
Some HS
–
0.260∗
0.185
–0.419∗
(0.107)
(0.126)
(0.190)
Some college
–
–0.135∧
–0.035
–0.191∧
(0.080)
(0.092)
(0.100)
BA+
–
0.012
–0.125
–0.193∧
(0.087)
(0.103)
(0.106)
Live in South
–
–0.035
0.021
0.046
(0.071)
(0.077)
(0.082)
(0.198)
(0.190)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
.
.
.
.
1,608
–1428.48
376.88
27
0.202
–0.460∧
Thermometer Rating of Whites
(0.207)
–0.784∗∗
(0.240)
–1.548∗∗
1,294
–1035.93
325.25
27
(0.243)
–0.941∗∗
(0.228)
–1.261∗∗
(0.079)
–0.125
(0.136)
0.548∗
(0.127)
–0.257
1,050
–941.47
207.35
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in
parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
21
Table B.6: Racialization of Social Security among whites (racial resentment), 1988-2000
Social Security Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.488∗
2000
Thermometer Rating of Whites
0.493∗
(0.207)
(0.200)
(0.229)
(0.269)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.066
–0.187
0.173
–0.560∗
(0.208)
(0.203)
(0.203)
(0.265)
Racial Resentment
0.355∧
0.685∗∗
0.467∗
0.695∗∗
(0.197)
(0.164)
(0.195)
(0.209)
Egalitarianism
0.424∧
0.741∗∗
0.436∧
1.091∗∗
(0.230)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
(0.194)
–0.892∗∗
–1.047∗∗
(0.193)
(0.167)
0.091
0.181∗
0.406∧
(0.232)
–1.315∗∗
0.549∗
(0.250)
–1.313∗∗
(0.196)
(0.194)
–0.029
0.090
(0.090)
(0.077)
(0.091)
(0.103)
–0.117
0.053
–0.045
–0.062
(0.090)
(0.078)
(0.088)
(0.101)
0.046
–0.145
–0.110
–0.014
(0.116)
(0.096)
(0.118)
(0.122)
–0.221∗
–0.126
–0.215∗
0.077
(0.097)
(0.084)
(0.092)
(0.111)
0.113
0.064
0.069
0.200
(0.109)
(0.097)
(0.115)
(0.122)
Economic Evaluation
–0.240
–0.092
–0.380∗
0.088
(0.170)
(0.143)
(0.151)
(0.144)
Age
–0.080
0.268
0.131
0.713∧
Age over 65
–0.397∗
(0.164)
(0.144)
(0.163)
(0.168)
Single
–0.120
–0.118∧
–0.086
0.116
(0.079)
(0.069)
(0.077)
(0.087)
Retired
0.160
–0.004
–0.178
0.080
(0.149)
(0.126)
(0.144)
(0.143)
Disabled
0.306
–0.101
0.109
0.270
(0.280)
(0.207)
(0.240)
(0.289)
Female
0.327∗∗
0.268∗∗
0.211∗∗
0.356∗∗
(0.074)
(0.064)
(0.073)
(0.082)
Income < 17th percentile
0.252∧
0.267∗
0.167
–0.309∗
(0.136)
(0.119)
(0.126)
(0.154)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.009
0.181∧
0.065
–0.200
(0.121)
(0.100)
(0.113)
(0.148)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.022
–0.118
0.095
–0.119
(0.331)
(0.301)
–0.459∗∗
(0.089)
Income 96th+ percentile
Income NA
Grade School
(0.079)
–0.430∗∗
0.006
(0.345)
0.058
(0.396)
–0.468∗∗
(0.090)
(0.103)
–0.270
–0.299
(0.205)
(0.143)
(0.174)
–0.157
–0.008
0.060
(0.191)
–0.362∗∗
(0.151)
(0.136)
(0.153)
(0.136)
0.189
0.243
0.002
0.759∗
(0.165)
(0.157)
(0.202)
(0.381)
0.242∗
0.145
–0.041
Some HS
–0.067
(0.141)
(0.119)
(0.137)
(0.215)
Some college
–0.092
–0.080
–0.190∗
–0.050
BA+
–0.167
(0.095)
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.082)
–0.369∗∗
(0.093)
–0.610∗∗
(0.111)
–0.268∗
(0.102)
(0.088)
(0.100)
(0.115)
0.057
–0.065
0.040
–0.007
(0.084)
(0.073)
(0.077)
(0.088)
1,257
–911.56
184.30
27
1,629
–1227.90
314.30
27
1,302
–969.07
301.86
27
1,047
–758.00
214.80
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in
parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
22
Table B.7: Racialization of schools spending among whites
Schools Spending
1992
1994
1984
1988
Thermometer Rating of Whites
0.283
0.456∗
(0.219)
(0.209)
(0.201)
(0.234)
(0.269)
(0.276)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.260
–0.471∗
0.070
0.181
–0.073
–0.161
(0.202)
(0.209)
(0.198)
(0.202)
(0.270)
(0.270)
Egalitarianism
1.043∗∗
0.801∗∗
0.744∗∗
0.662∗∗
0.975∗∗
0.952∗∗
(0.202)
Limited Government
–0.944∗∗
–0.027
(0.218)
(0.184)
–1.032∗∗
–1.107∗∗
0.227
(0.227)
–1.336∗∗
1996
0.485∧
(0.232)
–1.363∗∗
2000
–0.037
(0.245)
–1.167∗∗
(0.181)
(0.197)
(0.173)
(0.202)
(0.225)
(0.204)
Democrat
0.071
0.283∗∗
0.203∗
0.102
0.094
0.085
(0.083)
(0.094)
(0.080)
(0.096)
(0.100)
(0.114)
Republican
0.008
–0.114
0.060
–0.040
–0.132
0.022
(0.083)
(0.091)
(0.079)
(0.089)
(0.098)
(0.106)
Ideology Liberal
0.072
0.151
–0.003
0.199
0.167
0.222
(0.103)
Ideology Conservative
–0.278∗∗
(0.124)
(0.102)
–0.179∧
–0.156∧
(0.137)
–0.300∗∗
(0.128)
(0.146)
0.002
–0.112
(0.089)
(0.099)
(0.086)
(0.095)
(0.103)
(0.119)
Ideology NA
0.053
–0.097
–0.143
–0.052
0.117
–0.022
(0.100)
(0.110)
Economic Evaluation
0.045
0.287∧
(0.147)
Age
Age over 65
–1.250∗∗
(0.173)
(0.099)
(0.118)
(0.125)
(0.130)
–0.119
0.110
0.173
0.532∗∗
(0.146)
–1.236∗∗
–1.700∗∗
(0.155)
–1.525∗∗
(0.177)
–1.437∗∗
(0.154)
–2.008∗∗
(0.300)
(0.339)
(0.309)
(0.361)
(0.382)
(0.442)
0.251
0.024
0.215
0.215
0.031
0.129
(0.154)
(0.161)
(0.142)
(0.159)
(0.165)
(0.171)
Single
–0.004
–0.108
–0.057
–0.081
–0.016
0.046
(0.073)
(0.081)
(0.071)
(0.080)
(0.085)
(0.094)
Retired
–0.121
–0.020
0.165
0.028
0.101
0.182
(0.144)
(0.146)
–0.674∗∗
(0.124)
(0.139)
(0.142)
(0.143)
–0.092
0.063
–0.009
0.426
Disabled
0.325
(0.253)
(0.239)
(0.206)
(0.236)
(0.269)
(0.279)
Female
0.041
0.075
0.082
0.141∧
0.213∗∗
0.234∗∗
Income < 17th percentile
(0.069)
(0.076)
(0.066)
–0.084
0.054
0.417∗∗
(0.077)
(0.077)
(0.089)
–0.019
0.070
–0.388∗
(0.127)
(0.135)
(0.128)
(0.131)
(0.141)
(0.162)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.109
0.118
0.121
–0.085
0.146
–0.173
(0.109)
(0.126)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.016
–0.013
(0.084)
(0.092)
(0.082)
(0.095)
(0.101)
(0.113)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.144
–0.126
0.078
0.400∗
0.184
–0.249
Income NA
(0.101)
(0.118)
(0.126)
0.209∗
0.166∧
0.274∗∗
(0.155)
–0.026
(0.143)
(0.201)
(0.144)
(0.200)
(0.180)
(0.204)
0.124
–0.127
0.007
–0.176
0.172
–0.030
(0.130)
(0.151)
(0.135)
(0.149)
(0.147)
(0.146)
–0.246
–0.150
0.166
0.093
–0.302
–0.026
(0.151)
(0.158)
(0.157)
(0.198)
(0.219)
(0.294)
–0.134
0.192
–0.068
–0.029
–0.008
–0.357∧
(0.121)
(0.146)
(0.117)
(0.132)
(0.155)
(0.206)
Some college
–0.008
–0.021
–0.028
0.162
0.007
0.051
(0.084)
(0.097)
(0.085)
(0.099)
BA+
–0.013
–0.066
–0.180∗
–0.101
Grade School
Some HS
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.102)
–0.284∗∗
(0.117)
–0.068
(0.096)
(0.102)
(0.089)
(0.102)
(0.105)
(0.120)
0.182∗
0.223∗∗
0.096
0.284∗∗
0.078
0.138
(0.078)
(0.087)
(0.076)
(0.083)
(0.083)
(0.095)
1,433
–1122.18
243.04
26
1,256
–903.61
202.17
26
1,634
–1195.92
238.74
26
1,314
–949.07
270.34
26
1,190
–872.21
244.81
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
23
1,064
–687.45
203.61
26
Table B.8: Racialization of child care spending among whites
1984
Child Care Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.229
0.710∗∗
1996
0.757∗∗
2000
Thermometer Rating of Whites
–
0.229
(0.198)
(0.193)
(0.223)
(0.254)
(0.255)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
–
–0.139
0.000
–0.040
–0.139
–0.135
(0.195)
(0.189)
(0.193)
(0.252)
(0.248)
Egalitarianism
–
0.781∗∗
1.018∗∗
0.864∗∗
1.222∗∗
1.007∗∗
Limited Government
–
–1.305∗∗
(0.188)
(0.166)
(0.194)
(0.210)
(0.186)
Democrat
–
0.217∗
0.098
0.067
0.016
0.059
(0.088)
(0.076)
(0.091)
(0.093)
(0.102)
Republican
–
–0.004
–0.080
–0.030
–0.185∗
0.034
(0.088)
(0.076)
(0.085)
(0.093)
(0.099)
Ideology Liberal
–
–0.117
0.083
0.462∗∗
0.567∗∗
0.320∗
Ideology Conservative
–
–0.366∗∗
(0.096)
(0.081)
(0.090)
(0.096)
(0.109)
Ideology NA
–
–0.095
–0.100
–0.036
0.083
–0.046
(0.106)
(0.094)
(0.110)
Economic Evaluation
–
0.235
0.066
0.246∧
Age
–
–0.745∗
(0.323)
(0.295)
(0.347)
Age over 65
–
0.202
0.452∗∗
0.335∗
(0.160)
(0.136)
(0.157)
(0.162)
(0.164)
Single
–
–0.005
–0.132∧
0.010
0.064
0.003
(0.077)
(0.068)
(0.076)
Retired
–
–0.112
–0.208∧
–0.212
(0.145)
(0.120)
(0.138)
(0.140)
(0.141)
Disabled
–
–0.342
0.070
–0.053
0.320
0.550∗
(0.244)
(0.195)
(0.231)
(0.274)
(0.279)
Female
–
0.165∗
0.144∗
0.086
0.070
0.095
(0.073)
(0.062)
(0.073)
(0.073)
(0.080)
Income < 17th percentile
–
0.125
0.344∗∗
0.097
0.064
–0.138
(0.131)
(0.117)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–
0.027
0.246∗
(0.119)
(0.098)
(0.111)
(0.120)
(0.142)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–
–0.103
0.003
0.121
–0.003
–0.001
(0.087)
(0.078)
(0.090)
Income 96th+ percentile
–
–0.018
0.230
0.419∗
(0.199)
(0.144)
(0.187)
(0.174)
(0.191)
Income NA
–
–0.084
–0.094
–0.001
0.052
0.227∧
(0.149)
(0.134)
(0.149)
(0.140)
(0.137)
Grade School
–
–0.235
0.093
0.045
0.300
–0.066
(0.150)
(0.148)
(0.193)
(0.223)
(0.296)
0.116
0.019
0.322∗
0.201
–0.110
(0.138)
(0.112)
(0.134)
(0.148)
(0.205)
0.034
0.106
–0.002
–0.089
(0.208)
(0.176)
(0.117)
(0.096)
(0.165)
Some HS
–
–1.496∗∗
–0.210∗∗
(0.139)
–1.643∗∗
(0.219)
–1.555∗∗
(0.221)
–1.451∗∗
0.173
(0.225)
–1.153∗∗
(0.127)
(0.120)
(0.128)
–0.161∧
–0.079
–0.190∧
(0.148)
–1.161∗∗
(0.114)
(0.117)
–0.108
0.186
(0.169)
–0.422
(0.141)
–1.208∗∗
(0.359)
(0.397)
–0.212
–0.135
(0.081)
(0.085)
0.246∧
0.266∧
(0.126)
(0.132)
(0.153)
–0.196∧
0.082
–0.129
(0.094)
(0.102)
–0.009
–0.037
Some college
–
–0.000
(0.092)
(0.080)
(0.092)
(0.095)
(0.107)
BA+
–
0.137
0.099
–0.180∧
–0.095
–0.269∗
(0.099)
(0.085)
(0.097)
(0.099)
(0.109)
Live in South
–
–0.050
0.053
–0.020
0.003
–0.021
(0.080)
(0.072)
(0.076)
(0.078)
(0.086)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
.
.
.
.
1,239
–1071.90
202.91
26
1,614
–1355.50
387.05
26
1,294
–1043.78
354.38
26
1,180
–990.84
355.07
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
24
1,045
–827.23
207.93
26
Table B.9: Racialization of spending on the poor among whites
1984
Spending on the Poor
1992
1994
1988
Thermometer Rating of Whites
–
–
0.259
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
–
–
0.612∗∗
Egalitarianism
–
–
1.233∗∗
Limited Government
–
–
–1.976∗∗
Democrat
–
–
0.201∗
Republican
–
–
–0.207∗∗
Ideology Liberal
–
–
–0.111
Ideology Conservative
–
–
–0.116
Ideology NA
–
–
–0.066
Economic Evaluation
–
–
–0.088
Age
–
–
Age over 65
–
–
–0.172
Single
–
–
–0.111
Retired
–
–
–0.060
Disabled
–
–
–0.312
Female
–
–
0.102
Income < 17th percentile
–
–
0.368∗∗
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–
–
0.118
Income 68th-95th percentile
–
–
–0.009
Income 96th+ percentile
–
–
0.177
Income NA
–
–
0.018
Grade School
–
–
0.332∗
1996
2000
–
0.130
0.241
(0.256)
(0.250)
–
0.377
0.103
(0.255)
(0.242)
–
1.189∗∗
1.340∗∗
–
–2.103∗∗
(0.214)
(0.186)
–
–0.036
–0.198∗
(0.091)
(0.097)
–
–0.141
0.084
(0.200)
(0.198)
(0.181)
(0.219)
(0.176)
(0.079)
(0.077)
(0.093)
–
(0.098)
(0.115)
–
(0.084)
–
(0.099)
(0.117)
(0.168)
(0.137)
–
0.259
0.435
(0.356)
(0.381)
–
–0.331∗
–0.130
(0.162)
(0.161)
–
–0.008
0.033
(0.080)
(0.082)
–
0.008
0.256∧
(0.141)
(0.139)
–
0.167
0.460∧
(0.264)
(0.260)
–
0.017
–0.021
(0.072)
(0.078)
–
–0.034
–0.086
(0.130)
(0.146)
–
0.057
–0.111
(0.119)
(0.141)
–
–0.064
0.094
(0.094)
(0.099)
–
–0.054
0.089
(0.171)
(0.189)
–
0.033
0.011
–
0.230
(0.129)
(0.207)
(0.064)
(0.125)
(0.101)
(0.080)
(0.145)
(0.138)
(0.139)
(0.166)
0.137
–
(0.121)
Some college
–
–
–0.181∗
BA+
–
–
–0.364∗∗
Live in South
–
–
–0.002
1,612
–1216.45
514.76
26
0.048
–0.279
–
–0.342∗∗
(0.099)
(0.108)
–
0.038
0.090
(0.077)
(0.084)
(0.094)
.
.
.
.
1,186
–982.41
407.03
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
25
(0.203)
–0.239∗
(0.074)
.
.
.
.
(0.280)
–
(0.087)
.
.
.
.
(0.131)
–0.943∗∗
(0.231)
(0.149)
(0.083)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.106)
0.213∧
0.057
(0.070)
–
(0.096)
0.315∗∗
(0.117)
(0.145)
–
(0.118)
–0.302∗∗
–0.028
(0.307)
Some HS
–0.064
(0.098)
–0.013
–
(0.144)
0.537∧
0.243∗
(0.219)
–1.796∗∗
–0.319∗∗
(0.105)
–0.458∗∗
1,048
–847.36
300.11
26
Table B.10: Racialization of spending on unemployed among whites
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
Egalitarianism
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
Economic Evaluation
1988
0.255
0.109
0.145
(0.219)
(0.191)
(0.188)
0.226
0.286
0.465∗
(0.203)
(0.189)
(0.187)
0.420∗
0.727∗∗
0.431∗
(0.198)
(0.201)
(0.171)
–1.722∗∗
Age over 65
Single
Retired
Disabled
Female
Income < 17th percentile
Income 17th-33rd percentile
Income 68th-95th percentile
Income 96th+ percentile
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
Some college
BA+
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
–1.453∗∗
–1.638∗∗
(0.185)
(0.181)
(0.162)
0.149∧
0.206∗
0.311∗∗
(0.082)
(0.084)
(0.073)
–0.010
–0.197∗
0.042
(0.083)
(0.086)
(0.075)
–0.123
–0.042
–0.018
(0.100)
(0.108)
(0.092)
–0.267∗∗
–0.009
–0.124
(0.088)
(0.092)
(0.080)
–0.083
0.013
0.039
(0.101)
(0.101)
(0.092)
–0.439∗∗
(0.149)
Age
Spending on Unemployed
1992
1994
1984
–0.458∗∗
0.060
(0.160)
(0.137)
0.752∗
0.693∗
(0.302)
(0.313)
(0.288)
–0.281∧
–0.346∗
–0.057
(0.159)
(0.158)
(0.137)
0.019
–0.015
–0.031
(0.072)
(0.075)
(0.066)
0.146
0.026
–0.044
(0.150)
(0.143)
(0.121)
0.444∧
0.341
–0.032
(0.260)
(0.249)
(0.198)
–0.093
0.252∗∗
–0.001
–0.009
(0.068)
(0.070)
(0.061)
0.391∗∗
0.052
0.239∗
(0.137)
(0.124)
(0.112)
0.225∗
0.226∗
0.248∗∗
(0.108)
(0.113)
(0.095)
0.015
–0.259∗∗
–0.087
(0.082)
(0.084)
(0.076)
–0.147
–0.231
–0.006
(0.141)
(0.196)
(0.139)
0.100
–0.076
0.216
(0.130)
(0.145)
(0.134)
0.370∗
0.394∗∗
0.247
(0.165)
(0.153)
(0.154)
0.333∗∗
0.294∗
0.270∗
(0.128)
(0.129)
(0.112)
–0.195∗
–0.099
–0.116
(0.082)
(0.089)
(0.078)
–0.236∗
0.035
–0.048
(0.094)
(0.095)
(0.082)
–0.060
–0.084
–0.097
(0.077)
(0.078)
(0.069)
1,404
–1230.52
401.59
26
1,244
–1070.68
260.17
26
1,625
–1419.89
383.67
26
1996
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
26
2000
–
Table B.11: Racialization of homeless spending among whites
1984
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
Egalitarianism
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
Economic Evaluation
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Homeless Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.162
0.339
(0.210)
(0.217)
0.623∗∗
0.231
(0.208)
(0.213)
1.108∗∗
1.002∗∗
(0.225)
(0.195)
–1.518∗∗
(0.193)
0.155
0.083
(0.096)
(0.090)
0.021
–0.190∗
(0.092)
(0.083)
0.143
0.088
(0.130)
(0.112)
–0.283∗∗
Age over 65
Single
Retired
Disabled
Female
Income < 17th percentile
Income 17th-33rd percentile
Income 68th-95th percentile
Income 96th+ percentile
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
Some college
BA+
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
.
.
.
.
–0.074
(0.101)
(0.091)
–0.121
0.022
(0.113)
(0.108)
–0.426∗∗
–0.336∧
(0.178)
Age
–1.688∗∗
(0.202)
–
–1.063∗∗
(0.347)
(0.334)
0.010
0.111
(0.176)
(0.150)
–0.059
0.015
(0.083)
(0.077)
–0.250
–0.094
(0.163)
(0.130)
–0.347
–0.077
(0.271)
(0.226)
0.216∗∗
0.171∗
(0.077)
(0.071)
0.259∧
0.020
(0.145)
(0.139)
0.353∗∗
0.028
(0.135)
(0.113)
–0.072
–0.058
(0.091)
(0.088)
–0.046
–0.052
(0.206)
(0.157)
–0.058
–0.282∧
(0.156)
(0.144)
–0.147
–0.037
(0.170)
(0.164)
0.039
0.089
(0.152)
(0.133)
–0.158
–0.016
(0.098)
(0.092)
–0.050
–0.089
(0.104)
(0.096)
0.030
0.030
(0.086)
(0.080)
1,234
–884.13
292.34
26
1,605
–1050.21
370.94
26
2000
–
(0.256)
–
0.176
–
1.720∗∗
–
(0.225)
–
–1.382∗∗
–
(0.215)
–
–0.078
–
(0.095)
–
–0.217∗
–
(0.094)
–
0.173
–
(0.119)
–
0.100
–
(0.098)
–
0.310∗∗
–
(0.120)
–
–0.226
–
(0.172)
–
0.214
–
(0.363)
–
–0.208
–
(0.163)
–
0.104
–
(0.081)
–
–0.079
–
(0.142)
–
0.567∧
–
(0.313)
–
0.169∗
–
(0.074)
–
–0.024
–
(0.135)
–
0.094
–
(0.121)
–
0.209∗
–
(0.096)
–
0.271
–
(0.176)
–
0.107
–
(0.141)
–
0.141
–
(0.230)
–
0.275∧
–
(0.153)
–
0.160
–
(0.097)
–
–0.168∧
–
(0.099)
–
–0.040
–
(0.078)
.
.
.
.
1,184
–984.67
325.55
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
27
–
(0.257)
(0.155)
0.559
1996
0.541∗
.
.
.
.
Table B.12: Racialization of financial aid spending among whites
1984
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
Egalitarianism
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
Economic Evaluation
Age
Age over 65
Single
Retired
Disabled
Female
Income < 17th percentile
Income 17th-33rd percentile
Income 68th-95th percentile
Income 96th+ percentile
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
Some college
BA+
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
.
.
.
.
Financial Aid Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.149
0.500∗
(0.190)
(0.196)
0.318∧
0.153
(0.188)
(0.192)
0.515∗
0.695∗∗
(0.200)
(0.176)
–0.950∗∗
–0.506∗∗
(0.179)
(0.164)
0.161∧
0.084
(0.084)
(0.077)
–0.052
–0.081
(0.085)
(0.077)
0.032
0.099
(0.109)
(0.098)
–0.198∗
–0.072
(0.091)
(0.082)
–0.190∧
–0.047
(0.100)
(0.094)
0.075
–0.136
(0.157)
(0.141)
–0.863∗∗
–1.411∗∗
(0.310)
(0.299)
0.037
0.229∧
(0.150)
(0.136)
0.001
0.087
(0.074)
(0.068)
–0.148
–0.109
(0.136)
(0.119)
–0.235
–0.250
(0.234)
(0.190)
0.116∧
–0.017
(0.069)
(0.063)
0.105
0.252∗
(0.125)
(0.118)
0.085
0.229∗
(0.113)
(0.099)
–0.146∧
0.154∧
(0.083)
(0.079)
–0.261
0.130
(0.190)
(0.144)
–0.206
0.103
(0.141)
(0.135)
–0.055
0.027
(0.147)
(0.147)
0.139
–0.025
(0.130)
(0.113)
0.080
0.230∗∗
(0.089)
(0.082)
0.093
0.077
(0.094)
(0.085)
–0.035
0.006
(0.077)
(0.072)
1,257
–1140.35
168.82
26
1,620
–1371.78
175.32
26
–
1996
0.336
–
(0.250)
–
–0.247
–
(0.250)
–
0.535∗
–
(0.215)
–
–1.156∗∗
–
(0.205)
–
0.084
–
(0.091)
–
–0.113
–
(0.092)
–
0.154
–
(0.116)
–
–0.019
–
(0.096)
–
0.041
–
(0.113)
–
0.239
–
(0.163)
–
–1.091∗∗
–
(0.352)
–
–0.029
–
(0.156)
–
–0.132∧
–
(0.079)
–
0.005
–
(0.135)
–
0.060
–
(0.249)
–
0.091
–
(0.072)
–
0.070
–
(0.128)
–
0.110
–
(0.115)
–
0.174∧
–
(0.094)
–
–0.186
–
(0.168)
–
0.040
–
(0.136)
–
–0.047
–
(0.210)
–
–0.321∗
–
(0.139)
–
–0.024
–
(0.094)
–
0.022
–
(0.098)
–
–0.098
–
(0.076)
.
.
.
.
1,189
–1040.15
178.63
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
28
2000
.
.
.
.
Table B.13: Gendering and racialization of welfare among whites, 1984-2000
1984
Welfare Spending
1992
1994
1988
–0.217
2000
–
(0.197)
(0.233)
(0.288)
(0.255)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
–
–
0.611∗∗
0.514∗
0.735∗
0.730∗∗
(0.196)
(0.212)
(0.292)
(0.249)
Gender Egalitarianism
–
–
0.362∗
0.335∧
0.414∧
0.253
(0.182)
(0.198)
(0.246)
(0.253)
Egalitarianism
–
–
0.602∗∗
0.799∗∗
0.834∗∗
0.959∗∗
Limited Government
–
–
–1.547∗∗
(0.166)
(0.200)
(0.231)
(0.181)
Democrat
–
–
0.090
0.140
0.070
–0.110
(0.073)
(0.090)
(0.096)
(0.095)
Republican
–
–
–0.106
0.012
–0.168
–0.014
(0.080)
(0.093)
(0.111)
(0.101)
Ideology Liberal
–
–
0.054
0.185
0.151
0.211∧
(0.092)
(0.115)
(0.119)
(0.114)
Ideology Conservative
–
–
–0.144∧
–0.130
–0.198∧
–0.083
(0.084)
(0.095)
(0.108)
(0.108)
Ideology NA
–
–
–0.017
0.056
–0.225∧
0.022
(0.094)
(0.111)
(0.123)
(0.114)
Economic Evaluation
–
–
–0.030
–0.058
–0.260
–0.091
(0.143)
(0.153)
(0.185)
(0.138)
Age
–
–
0.583∗
0.472
0.148
0.478
(0.297)
(0.357)
(0.392)
(0.379)
Age over 65
–
–
–0.234∧
–0.366∗
–0.006
–0.048
(0.139)
(0.170)
(0.178)
(0.165)
Single
–
–
0.068
–0.041
0.100
0.075
(0.068)
(0.080)
(0.088)
(0.082)
Retired
–
–
0.118
0.303∗
0.025
–0.011
(0.122)
(0.152)
(0.156)
Disabled
–
–
0.088
–0.124
–0.092
(0.191)
(0.237)
(0.248)
(0.242)
Female
–
–
0.054
0.077
–0.064
–0.095
(0.062)
(0.075)
(0.080)
(0.078)
Income < 17th percentile
–
–
0.313∗∗
0.382∗∗
0.302∗
0.113
(0.111)
(0.123)
(0.132)
(0.148)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–
–
0.224∗
0.113
–0.040
0.131
(0.095)
(0.115)
(0.123)
(0.139)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–
–
0.005
–0.022
–0.234∗
–0.128
(0.080)
(0.095)
(0.109)
(0.099)
Income 96th+ percentile
–
–
–0.168
–0.200
–0.150
0.171
(0.153)
(0.201)
(0.198)
(0.186)
Income NA
–
–
–0.087
0.167
0.127
0.005
(0.137)
(0.155)
(0.157)
(0.132)
Grade School
–
–
0.129
0.353∧
0.166
–0.339
(0.154)
(0.205)
(0.232)
(0.311)
Some HS
–
–
0.302∗∗
0.173
0.079
–0.413∗
(0.110)
(0.132)
(0.151)
(0.200)
Some college
–
–
–0.098
–0.018
–0.110
–0.169
(0.081)
(0.095)
(0.104)
(0.104)
BA+
–
–
0.116
–0.057
–0.031
–0.101
(0.086)
(0.105)
(0.110)
(0.107)
Live in South
–
–
–0.073
–0.001
0.067
0.018
(0.072)
(0.079)
(0.085)
(0.085)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1,563
–1401.09
347.90
27
(0.237)
–1.588∗∗
1,229
–987.24
303.46
27
–0.378
–0.764∗∗
–
(0.183)
0.035
1996
Thermometer Rating of Whites
(0.246)
–2.072∗∗
1,146
–818.93
326.67
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
29
(0.222)
–1.299∗∗
(0.143)
0.500∗
985
–889.40
186.56
27
Table B.14: Gendering and racialization of Social Security among whites, 1984-2000
1984
Social Security Spending
1992
1994
1988
0.606∗∗
0.607∗∗
0.416∧
1996
2000
0.576∗
0.661∗
Thermometer Rating of Whites
0.264
(0.236)
(0.208)
(0.202)
(0.234)
(0.264)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.013
–0.005
–0.493∗
0.188
–0.260
(0.221)
(0.210)
(0.201)
(0.207)
Gender Egalitarianism
0.145
0.181
0.296
–0.033
(0.187)
(0.191)
(0.184)
(0.191)
(0.213)
Egalitarianism
0.321
0.230
0.352∧
0.261
–0.040
(0.221)
Limited Government
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
–1.129∗∗
Age
(0.184)
–0.993∗∗
(0.193)
(0.197)
(0.169)
0.153∧
0.058
0.166∗
(0.229)
–1.300∗∗
(0.263)
(0.268)
0.352∧
0.822∗∗
(0.224)
–1.677∗∗
(0.269)
0.563∗
(0.238)
–1.397∗∗
(0.202)
(0.220)
(0.203)
–0.030
0.041
0.075
(0.087)
(0.093)
(0.078)
(0.093)
(0.095)
(0.107)
–0.027
–0.146
0.078
–0.051
–0.134
0.026
(0.088)
(0.092)
(0.080)
(0.090)
(0.097)
(0.105)
0.046
0.058
–0.194∗
–0.110
–0.279∗
–0.051
(0.104)
(0.119)
(0.096)
(0.120)
(0.117)
(0.123)
–0.057
–0.187∧
–0.124
–0.195∗
–0.065
0.086
(0.093)
(0.099)
(0.086)
(0.094)
(0.101)
(0.114)
0.178∧
0.116
0.077
0.097
0.131
0.267∗
(0.107)
Economic Evaluation
(0.219)
–0.853∗∗
(0.275)
–0.763∗∗
–0.427∗∗
(0.113)
(0.100)
–0.205
–0.107
(0.121)
–0.419∗∗
(0.123)
(0.128)
–0.348∗
0.129
(0.154)
(0.174)
(0.145)
(0.154)
(0.176)
(0.149)
0.002
–0.084
0.161
0.154
0.441
0.750∧
(0.321)
(0.340)
Age over 65
–0.214
–0.399∗
(0.307)
(0.171)
(0.170)
(0.146)
(0.169)
(0.165)
(0.175)
Single
–0.069
–0.123
–0.124∧
–0.095
–0.032
0.139
(0.076)
(0.080)
(0.070)
(0.080)
(0.083)
(0.090)
Retired
–0.093
0.134
0.022
–0.178
–0.069
0.038
–0.433∗∗
(0.358)
(0.364)
(0.409)
0.056
–0.194
–0.415∗
(0.161)
(0.156)
(0.128)
(0.149)
(0.143)
(0.151)
Disabled
0.161
0.343
–0.080
0.020
0.464
0.376
(0.273)
(0.285)
(0.207)
(0.255)
(0.304)
(0.299)
Female
0.114
0.339∗∗
0.252∗∗
0.200∗∗
0.146∗
0.325∗∗
(0.072)
(0.076)
(0.064)
(0.074)
(0.074)
(0.084)
Income < 17th percentile
0.269∧
0.214
0.298∗
0.174
–0.053
–0.357∗
(0.140)
(0.140)
(0.122)
(0.130)
(0.134)
(0.162)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.187
0.039
0.213∗
0.094
–0.070
–0.204
(0.118)
(0.125)
(0.101)
(0.118)
(0.121)
(0.154)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.037
–0.023
–0.101
0.104
–0.099
–0.094
(0.087)
(0.090)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.269∧
–0.017
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
(0.080)
–0.422∗∗
(0.092)
(0.096)
(0.105)
–0.317∧
–0.322∧
–0.289
(0.149)
(0.206)
(0.144)
(0.177)
(0.168)
(0.195)
0.111
–0.170
–0.014
0.090
0.006
–0.361∗
(0.135)
(0.162)
(0.138)
(0.158)
(0.148)
(0.141)
–0.193
0.231
0.217
–0.064
0.206
0.755∧
(0.184)
(0.183)
0.116
–0.032
(0.164)
(0.211)
(0.258)
(0.453)
0.290∗
0.120
0.009
–0.149
(0.135)
(0.147)
(0.124)
(0.144)
(0.154)
(0.223)
Some college
–0.192∗
–0.080
–0.105
–0.228∗
–0.251∗
–0.089
BA+
–0.469∗∗
(0.088)
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.097)
(0.083)
–0.455∗∗
–0.174∧
(0.096)
–0.690∗∗
(0.098)
–0.604∗∗
(0.114)
–0.375∗∗
(0.099)
(0.101)
(0.087)
(0.102)
(0.101)
(0.116)
0.005
0.038
–0.037
0.046
–0.018
–0.017
(0.082)
(0.086)
(0.074)
(0.078)
(0.079)
(0.091)
1,326
–975.07
234.24
27
1,190
–870.33
170.21
27
1,584
–1198.92
296.81
27
1,234
–922.32
289.09
27
1,146
–908.80
258.18
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
30
982
–719.29
202.22
27
C
Full Statistical Results for Chapter Six
31
Table B.15: Social Security racialization and gendering by mode,
2000
Social Security Spending
Face to
Phone
Face
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.679∧
0.648
(0.379)
(0.440)
–0.597
–0.941∗
(0.367)
(0.422)
Gender Egalitarianism
1.009∗∗
0.451
(0.365)
(0.442)
Egalitarianism
0.634∧
0.341
(0.337)
–1.837∗∗
Limited Government
(0.353)
–1.029∗∗
(0.318)
(0.277)
Democrat
0.113
0.048
(0.144)
(0.173)
Republican
0.081
–0.064
Ideology Liberal
(0.150)
(0.165)
–0.264
0.315
(0.165)
(0.198)
Ideology Conservative
0.114
0.037
(0.158)
(0.171)
Ideology NA
0.256
0.248
(0.171)
(0.200)
Economic Evaluation
0.253
–0.000
(0.208)
(0.232)
Age
0.765
0.885
Age over 65
(0.546)
(0.645)
–0.478∗
–0.406
(0.239)
(0.277)
Single
0.205∧
0.032
(0.122)
(0.140)
Retired
0.024
0.139
(0.213)
Disabled
–0.101
Female
(0.229)
0.901∧
(0.399)
(0.489)
0.305∗∗
0.368∗∗
(0.113)
(0.130)
Income < 17th percentile
–0.346
–0.497∗
(0.223)
(0.249)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–0.425∗
0.170
(0.203)
(0.261)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.094
–0.155
(0.145)
(0.162)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.131
–0.412
Income NA
–0.530∗∗
(0.277)
(0.192)
Grade School
Some HS
(0.289)
–0.243
(0.223)
0.623
7.638
(0.527)
( 1.0e+06)
–0.133
–0.111
(0.293)
(0.370)
Some college
–0.019
–0.113
(0.155)
(0.181)
BA+
–0.321∗
–0.366∗
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.160)
(0.181)
0.113
–0.122
(0.130)
(0.136)
559
–395.75
134.42
27
423
–309.39
95.77
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
32
Table B.16: Racialization of welfare among whites, by partisanship (1992-2000)
Democrats
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
Egalitarianism
Limited Government
Ideology Liberal
Welfare Spending
Independents Republicans
–0.535∗
–0.060
–0.113
(0.196)
(0.183)
(0.216)
0.412∗
0.634∗∗
0.804∗∗
(0.178)
(0.191)
(0.204)
0.954∗∗
0.766∗∗
0.847∗∗
(0.186)
(0.165)
–1.491∗∗
–1.631∗∗
(0.198)
–1.509∗∗
(0.157)
(0.144)
(0.179)
0.203∗
0.046
0.041
(0.082)
(0.082)
(0.151)
Ideology Conservative
–0.214∗
–0.144∧
–0.119
(0.092)
(0.074)
(0.085)
Ideology NA
–0.151∧
–0.022
–0.005
(0.087)
(0.078)
(0.117)
Economic Evaluation
–0.128
–0.278∗
0.122
Age
Age over 65
(0.128)
(0.114)
(0.136)
0.485
0.089
0.585∧
(0.297)
(0.273)
(0.316)
–0.301∗
0.083
–0.148
(0.127)
(0.132)
(0.144)
Single
0.035
0.035
0.081
(0.064)
(0.061)
(0.073)
Retired
0.113
–0.083
0.110
(0.109)
(0.117)
(0.127)
Disabled
–0.144
0.251
0.389
(0.165)
(0.175)
(0.237)
Female
–0.081
0.034
0.103
(0.061)
(0.057)
(0.068)
Income < 17th percentile
0.422∗∗
0.258∗∗
0.120
(0.099)
(0.097)
(0.130)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.153∧
0.116
0.098
Income 68th-95th percentile
(0.089)
(0.090)
(0.113)
–0.074
–0.031
–0.128
(0.083)
(0.073)
(0.084)
Income 96th+ percentile
0.029
–0.132
–0.050
(0.187)
(0.144)
(0.143)
Income NA
0.117
0.102
–0.075
(0.120)
(0.110)
(0.130)
Grade School
0.135
0.219
0.333
(0.141)
(0.162)
(0.218)
Some HS
0.047
0.199∧
0.087
Some college
(0.105)
(0.105)
(0.143)
–0.082
–0.044
–0.161∧
(0.082)
(0.072)
(0.087)
BA+
0.028
0.066
–0.126
Live in South
0.152∗
(0.088)
(0.079)
(0.088)
–0.044
–0.077
(0.067)
(0.062)
(0.073)
1984
–
–
–
1988
–
–
–
1994
–0.161∧
–0.139∧
–0.210∗
(0.093)
(0.081)
1996
–0.285∗∗
2000
–0.067
(0.097)
(0.103)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
1,618
–1511.15
322.05
27
–0.212∗
(0.088)
–0.554∗∗
(0.088)
(0.101)
0.248∗∗
0.234∗
(0.083)
(0.094)
1,906
–1674.32
394.38
27
1,622
–1127.63
328.67
27
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
33
Table B.17: Racialization of Social Security among whites, by partisanship
(1992-2000)
Social Security Spending
Democrats
Independents Republicans
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
Egalitarianism
0.389∗
0.391∗∗
(0.165)
(0.148)
(0.159)
–0.243
0.041
–0.240
(0.155)
(0.147)
(0.149)
0.260
0.349∗
0.454∗∗
(0.160)
(0.136)
Limited Government
–0.861∗∗
Ideology Liberal
–0.219∗∗
(0.070)
(0.070)
Ideology Conservative
–0.033
–0.010
(0.136)
Ideology NA
0.627∗∗
–1.303∗∗
(0.145)
–1.299∗∗
(0.122)
(0.141)
0.027
0.047
(0.115)
–0.211∗∗
(0.078)
(0.060)
(0.067)
0.016
0.210∗∗
0.137
(0.075)
(0.068)
(0.092)
Economic Evaluation
–0.204∧
–0.182∧
–0.242∗
(0.109)
(0.098)
(0.110)
Age
–0.017
0.371
0.250
Age over 65
–0.408∗∗
(0.113)
(0.111)
(0.111)
Single
–0.040
–0.111∗
–0.004
(0.247)
(0.055)
(0.225)
(0.235)
–0.280∗
–0.248∗
(0.051)
(0.055)
–0.126
0.042
Retired
0.176∧
(0.099)
(0.100)
(0.098)
Disabled
0.205
0.346∗
0.054
(0.158)
(0.176)
(0.204)
Female
0.281∗∗
0.163∗∗
0.246∗∗
(0.053)
(0.047)
(0.051)
Income < 17th percentile
0.053
0.049
0.301∗∗
(0.088)
(0.085)
(0.109)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.030
0.088
0.026
(0.078)
(0.079)
(0.089)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.041
–0.085
–0.028
(0.068)
(0.059)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.215
–0.288∗
(0.151)
(0.113)
(0.102)
Income NA
–0.052
–0.004
–0.138
(0.062)
–0.331∗∗
(0.104)
(0.095)
(0.098)
Grade School
0.148
0.028
0.139
(0.114)
(0.132)
(0.163)
Some HS
0.296∗∗
0.111
–0.066
(0.095)
Some college
–0.196∗∗
BA+
–0.391∗∗
(0.069)
(0.093)
–0.160∗∗
(0.060)
–0.492∗∗
(0.113)
–0.085
(0.066)
–0.426∗∗
(0.076)
(0.064)
(0.067)
Live in South
0.002
0.049
–0.054
(0.058)
(0.052)
(0.056)
1984
0.170∗
0.182∗
0.076
(0.086)
(0.081)
(0.091)
1988
0.297∗∗
0.390∗∗
0.175∗
(0.088)
(0.079)
(0.087)
1994
0.122
0.315∗∗
0.174∗
(0.093)
(0.081)
1996
0.029
0.170∗
(0.095)
(0.084)
(0.087)
2000
0.540∗∗
0.509∗∗
0.402∗∗
(0.106)
(0.084)
(0.092)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
2,511
–1815.38
273.57
29
2,869
–2197.06
507.20
29
(0.082)
–0.053
2,473
–1907.68
517.53
29
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
34
Table B.18: Racialization of welfare among whites, by political information
(1992-2000)
Low Info
Thermometer Rating of Whites
Welfare Spending
Middle
High Info
Info
–0.516∗
–0.098
–0.097
(0.172)
(0.197)
(0.233)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.612∗∗
0.679∗∗
0.703∗∗
(0.165)
(0.190)
(0.228)
Egalitarianism
0.520∗∗
0.801∗∗
1.333∗∗
(0.180)
(0.174)
–1.198∗∗
(0.138)
(0.158)
(0.193)
Democrat
–0.032
0.034
0.072
(0.066)
(0.073)
(0.084)
Republican
–0.109
–0.040
–0.026
Ideology Liberal
–0.049
(0.094)
(0.090)
(0.095)
Ideology Conservative
–0.127
–0.123
–0.147
(0.081)
(0.075)
(0.091)
Ideology NA
–0.127∧
–0.031
0.035
Economic Evaluation
–0.283∗∗
Age
–0.021
(0.279)
(0.285)
(0.352)
Age over 65
–0.090
–0.141
–0.280∗
(0.075)
(0.073)
(0.102)
–1.377∗∗
(0.192)
Limited Government
–2.030∗∗
(0.075)
(0.087)
0.160∧
0.299∗∗
(0.092)
–0.071
(0.157)
–0.347∗∗
(0.105)
(0.113)
0.505∧
1.700∗∗
(0.143)
(0.121)
(0.143)
Single
0.003
0.087
0.058
(0.061)
(0.065)
(0.073)
Retired
0.045
0.132
–0.076
(0.130)
(0.103)
(0.124)
Disabled
0.063
0.342∧
0.029
Female
(0.145)
(0.192)
(0.268)
–0.007
–0.015
–0.061
(0.061)
(0.060)
(0.068)
Income < 17th percentile
0.277∗∗
0.322∗∗
0.152
(0.087)
(0.107)
(0.149)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.125
0.067
0.094
(0.083)
(0.096)
(0.118)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.140∧
0.012
–0.087
(0.084)
(0.075)
(0.082)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.031
0.104
–0.186
(0.207)
(0.170)
(0.129)
Income NA
0.024
0.075
0.088
Grade School
0.316∗
Some HS
0.181∗
(0.111)
(0.123)
Some college
(0.114)
–0.239
(0.136)
0.708∗
(0.181)
(0.330)
–0.070
–0.364
(0.084)
(0.123)
(0.227)
–0.074
–0.061
–0.031
(0.073)
(0.074)
(0.101)
BA+
0.063
0.069
0.053
(0.100)
(0.080)
(0.095)
Live in South
0.065
–0.013
–0.062
(0.062)
(0.066)
(0.074)
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
1,719
–1659.38
227.77
26
1,779
–1494.10
288.27
26
1,653
–1174.21
666.52
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
35
Table B.19: Racialization of Social Security among whites, by political information (1992-2000)
Social Security Spending
Low Info
Middle
High Info
Info
0.339∗
0.492∗∗
(0.149)
(0.154)
(0.165)
Thermometer Rating of Blacks
0.053
–0.333∗
–0.160
(0.143)
(0.144)
(0.159)
Egalitarianism
0.474∗∗
0.401∗∗
0.423∗∗
Thermometer Rating of Whites
(0.159)
Limited Government
Democrat
–0.845∗∗
(0.143)
–1.165∗∗
0.709∗∗
(0.138)
–1.351∗∗
(0.124)
(0.131)
(0.144)
0.042
0.136∗
0.037
(0.060)
(0.061)
(0.066)
Republican
–0.057
–0.100∧
0.022
(0.065)
(0.059)
(0.062)
Ideology Liberal
–0.084
–0.106
–0.064
(0.081)
(0.075)
(0.076)
Ideology Conservative
–0.043
–0.145∗
–0.059
(0.071)
(0.062)
(0.068)
Ideology NA
0.057
0.093
0.213∧
(0.066)
(0.075)
(0.114)
Economic Evaluation
0.051
–0.045
–0.215∗
(0.096)
(0.089)
(0.087)
Age
1.208∗∗
0.123
0.245
(0.244)
(0.230)
–0.269∗∗
(0.251)
Age over 65
–0.570∗∗
–0.224∗
(0.132)
(0.103)
(0.107)
Single
–0.075
–0.058
–0.037
(0.054)
(0.053)
(0.055)
Retired
–0.002
0.121
–0.023
(0.120)
(0.088)
Disabled
0.194
0.534∗∗
(0.155)
(0.191)
(0.199)
Female
0.153∗∗
0.176∗∗
0.208∗∗
Income < 17th percentile
0.132∧
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.147∧
(0.053)
(0.079)
Income 68th-95th percentile
(0.049)
–0.080
(0.097)
–0.248
(0.051)
0.289∗
(0.092)
(0.120)
–0.093
0.005
(0.077)
(0.078)
(0.092)
–0.030
–0.083
–0.002
(0.070)
(0.060)
Income 96th+ percentile
0.006
–0.172
(0.170)
(0.127)
(0.095)
Income NA
0.038
–0.118
–0.054
Grade School
Some HS
(0.100)
(0.092)
(0.105)
–0.094
0.054
0.062
(0.104)
(0.130)
(0.254)
0.038
0.165
0.023
(0.078)
Some college
–0.166∗∗
BA+
–0.311∗∗
(0.064)
Live in South
N
Log likelihood
χ2
Degrees of freedom
(0.059)
–0.390∗∗
(0.102)
(0.150)
–0.031
–0.116
(0.060)
–0.233∗∗
(0.072)
–0.438∗∗
(0.091)
(0.066)
(0.069)
0.012
–0.012
0.041
(0.056)
(0.054)
(0.055)
2,622
–1845.49
198.60
26
2,665
–2056.48
310.77
26
2,578
–2015.39
423.94
26
Source: National Election Studies. Cell entries are ordered probit coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗
p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
36
Table C.1: Gendering of health care opinion, 1988-2000
1988
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.094∗
0.175∗∗
0.099∗
2000
Gender Egalitarianism
0.044
(0.043)
(0.040)
(0.040)
(0.043)
(0.060)
Egalitarianism
0.035
0.150∗∗
0.121∗
0.050
0.244∗∗
(0.050)
Limited Government
Democrat
–0.527∗∗
(0.040)
–0.404∗∗
(0.047)
–0.482∗∗
(0.045)
–0.476∗∗
0.022
(0.055)
–0.409∗∗
(0.044)
(0.036)
(0.040)
(0.043)
(0.044)
0.008
0.024
0.023
0.035∧
0.010
(0.021)
(0.017)
–0.004
(0.026)
(0.021)
(0.024)
Ideology Conservative
–0.030
–0.020
–0.010
(0.023)
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.021)
(0.028)
Ideology NA
–0.009
0.007
0.030
0.004
0.000
Economic Evaluation
–0.008
Age
–0.079∗∗
(0.024)
Ideology Liberal
(0.026)
–0.107∗∗
(0.019)
–0.076∗∗
(0.022)
–0.053∗∗
(0.019)
Republican
(0.018)
(0.019)
(0.021)
0.038∧
0.025
–0.029
(0.021)
–0.136∗∗
(0.024)
–0.059∗∗
–0.080∗∗
(0.027)
0.061∗
(0.029)
–0.070∗
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.029)
0.050
–0.018
–0.037
(0.039)
(0.032)
(0.031)
(0.035)
(0.035)
0.233∗∗
0.192∗∗
0.049
0.148∧
0.103
(0.081)
(0.068)
(0.074)
(0.077)
(0.095)
–0.076∗
–0.036
–0.059∧
–0.078∧
Age over 65
–0.116∗∗
(0.041)
(0.032)
(0.035)
(0.034)
(0.043)
Single
–0.008
–0.005
0.013
0.017
0.046∗
(0.019)
Retired
0.073∧
(0.015)
(0.017)
(0.017)
(0.021)
–0.032
–0.005
–0.016
0.024
(0.038)
(0.029)
Disabled
–0.107∧
–0.005
(0.031)
(0.063)
(0.039)
(0.051)
(0.050)
(0.056)
Female
–0.001
0.002
0.017
–0.011
–0.031
(0.018)
(0.014)
(0.015)
(0.016)
(0.020)
Black
–0.044
–0.045∗
0.005
–0.056∗
–0.013
0.092∧
(0.031)
–0.005
(0.038)
0.121∗
(0.031)
(0.023)
(0.026)
(0.027)
(0.037)
Income < 17th percentile
0.064∗
0.057∗
0.046∧
0.087∗∗
0.003
(0.030)
(0.025)
(0.026)
(0.027)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.029
0.028
0.033
0.043∧
(0.029)
(0.022)
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.036)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.033
–0.014
–0.032∧
–0.003
–0.050∧
(0.021)
(0.018)
(0.020)
(0.021)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.094∧
–0.059∧
–0.086∗
–0.031
(0.049)
(0.034)
(0.039)
(0.037)
(0.050)
Income NA
–0.023
0.037
–0.046
–0.001
–0.085∗
(0.035)
–0.026
(0.025)
–0.147∗∗
(0.039)
(0.031)
(0.032)
(0.031)
(0.034)
Grade School
0.050
0.011
0.025
–0.050
0.112
(0.042)
(0.034)
(0.042)
(0.047)
(0.077)
Some HS
0.044
0.002
0.014
0.018
0.062
(0.033)
(0.026)
(0.029)
(0.031)
(0.048)
Some College
0.019
–0.004
–0.010
0.025
–0.064∗
(0.022)
(0.018)
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.026)
BA+
–0.011
–0.018
0.012
–0.013
–0.040
(0.024)
(0.019)
(0.021)
(0.022)
(0.027)
Live in South
–0.044∗
–0.023
–0.012
–0.003
–0.036∧
(0.020)
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.021)
1,216
0.23
0.29
1,683
0.25
0.28
1,403
0.35
0.27
1,234
0.30
0.26
1,151
0.29
0.32
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
37
Table C.2: Health care opinion model with Hillary Rodham Clinton rating, 1992-2000
Government Health Plan
1994
1996
1992
2000
0.066
0.140∗∗
0.083
(0.042)
HR Clinton Thermometer Rating
0.049
(0.036)
(0.032)
(0.035)
(0.040)
Egalitarianism
0.149∗∗
0.106∗
0.051
0.239∗∗
Gender Egalitarianism
(0.041)
Limited Government
Democrat
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
Ideology NA
Age
Age over 65
(0.045)
(0.062)
0.116∗∗
0.086∗
0.055
–0.459∗∗
(0.046)
–0.450∗∗
(0.056)
–0.400∗∗
(0.038)
(0.040)
(0.044)
(0.045)
0.022
0.011
0.028
0.005
(0.019)
–0.053∗∗
–0.099∗∗
(0.020)
–0.067∗∗
(0.019)
(0.019)
(0.021)
0.043∗
0.017
–0.032
(0.025)
–0.075∗∗
(0.027)
0.055∧
(0.021)
(0.024)
(0.024)
(0.030)
–0.011
–0.009
–0.051∗
–0.066∗
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.021)
(0.028)
0.012
0.030
0.006
–0.005
(0.022)
Economic Evaluation
0.015
(0.040)
(0.047)
–0.402∗∗
(0.017)
Republican
∧
–0.151∗∗
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.029)
0.026
–0.037
–0.038
(0.033)
(0.032)
(0.036)
(0.036)
0.184∗∗
0.048
0.168∗
0.092
(0.069)
(0.074)
(0.077)
(0.095)
–0.074∗
–0.040
–0.061∧
–0.074∧
(0.033)
(0.035)
(0.034)
(0.043)
Single
0.000
0.013
0.022
0.041∧
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.017)
(0.021)
Retired
–0.037
–0.009
–0.022
0.025
Disabled
–0.002
(0.041)
(0.050)
(0.051)
(0.058)
Female
–0.002
0.009
–0.014
–0.032
(0.014)
(0.015)
(0.016)
(0.020)
Black
–0.047∗
–0.013
–0.066∗
–0.014
(0.030)
(0.031)
0.092∧
(0.031)
–0.013
(0.038)
0.128∗
(0.024)
(0.026)
(0.027)
Income < 17th percentile
0.060∗
0.043∧
0.083∗∗
(0.027)
(0.026)
(0.027)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.015
0.036
0.041∧
(0.022)
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.036)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.016
–0.033∧
–0.001
–0.051∗
(0.018)
(0.020)
(0.021)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.059∧
–0.087∗
–0.025
Income NA
Grade School
(0.038)
–0.003
(0.036)
–0.030
(0.025)
–0.147∗∗
(0.034)
(0.039)
(0.037)
(0.050)
0.027
–0.040
–0.000
–0.087∗
(0.032)
(0.032)
(0.031)
(0.034)
–0.025
0.000
–0.045
0.111
(0.036)
(0.043)
(0.049)
(0.081)
Some HS
0.004
0.007
0.012
0.076
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.031)
(0.048)
Some College
0.003
–0.011
0.020
–0.060∗
(0.018)
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.026)
BA+
–0.017
0.008
–0.018
–0.036
(0.019)
(0.021)
(0.022)
(0.027)
Live in South
–0.027∧
–0.011
–0.003
–0.038∧
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.022)
1,586
0.26
0.27
1,396
0.35
0.27
1,220
0.30
0.26
1,141
0.29
0.32
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in
parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
38
Table C.3: Health care gendering and racialization
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
0.047
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.110∗∗
0.181∗∗
0.101∗
2000
0.012
(0.044)
(0.040)
(0.040)
(0.045)
(0.063)
Thermometer rating of whites
–0.111∗
–0.047
–0.096∗
0.061
0.087
(0.048)
(0.043)
(0.048)
(0.055)
(0.064)
Thermometer rating of blacks
–0.001
–0.052
–0.011
–0.135∗
–0.072
Egalitarianism
(0.050)
(0.045)
(0.043)
(0.055)
(0.062)
0.039
0.159∗∗
0.131∗∗
0.075
0.219∗∗
(0.051)
Limited Government
Democrat
–0.529∗∗
(0.041)
–0.402∗∗
(0.048)
–0.486∗∗
(0.047)
(0.057)
–0.470∗∗
–0.427∗∗
(0.045)
(0.037)
(0.041)
(0.044)
(0.045)
0.013
0.025
0.027
0.039∗
0.005
(0.021)
(0.017)
(0.025)
Ideology Liberal
–0.007
(0.027)
(0.021)
(0.025)
Ideology Conservative
–0.033
–0.020
–0.010
(0.024)
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.022)
(0.029)
Ideology NA
–0.010
0.005
0.029
0.007
–0.002
Economic Evaluation
–0.016
(0.027)
Age
–0.101∗∗
(0.020)
–0.074∗∗
(0.023)
–0.050∗∗
(0.019)
Republican
–0.079∗∗
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.022)
0.039∧
0.022
–0.029
(0.022)
–0.137∗∗
–0.089∗∗
(0.027)
(0.025)
0.058∧
(0.030)
–0.058∗∗
–0.067∗
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.029)
0.045
–0.017
–0.031
(0.032)
(0.036)
(0.036)
(0.040)
(0.032)
0.229∗∗
0.201∗∗
0.080
0.153
(0.082)
(0.069)
(0.076)
(0.079)
(0.096)
–0.069∗
–0.036
–0.060∧
–0.075∧
∧
0.068
Age over 65
–0.121∗∗
(0.041)
(0.032)
(0.036)
(0.035)
(0.044)
Single
–0.010
–0.004
0.015
0.022
0.042∧
(0.019)
Retired
Disabled
Female
Black
0.090∗
(0.016)
(0.017)
(0.018)
(0.022)
–0.038
–0.018
–0.019
0.015
(0.038)
(0.029)
–0.098
–0.001
(0.032)
0.100∧
(0.032)
–0.016
(0.038)
0.134∗
(0.062)
(0.040)
(0.052)
(0.051)
(0.058)
0.001
0.008
0.023
–0.009
–0.031
(0.018)
(0.014)
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.020)
–0.046
–0.034
0.002
–0.033
–0.000
(0.033)
(0.025)
(0.027)
(0.028)
(0.038)
Income < 17th percentile
0.061∗
0.055∗
0.050∧
0.081∗∗
0.005
(0.031)
(0.026)
(0.026)
(0.027)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.030
0.027
0.033
0.043∧
(0.029)
(0.022)
(0.025)
(0.025)
(0.036)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.035
–0.021
–0.036∧
–0.000
–0.049∧
(0.022)
(0.018)
(0.020)
(0.021)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.090∧
–0.065∧
–0.088∗
–0.023
(0.050)
(0.034)
(0.041)
(0.038)
(0.052)
Income NA
–0.027
0.038
–0.051
–0.002
–0.078∗
(0.036)
–0.030
(0.026)
–0.172∗∗
(0.040)
(0.031)
(0.033)
(0.032)
(0.035)
Grade School
0.040
0.009
0.029
–0.042
0.093
(0.043)
(0.034)
(0.042)
(0.048)
(0.080)
Some HS
0.036
0.006
0.022
0.020
0.078
(0.033)
(0.026)
(0.029)
(0.031)
(0.048)
Some College
0.022
–0.004
–0.006
0.028
–0.056∗
(0.023)
(0.018)
(0.020)
(0.021)
(0.027)
BA+
–0.012
–0.020
0.011
–0.009
–0.027
(0.024)
(0.020)
(0.022)
(0.022)
(0.028)
Live in South
–0.040∗
–0.016
–0.016
–0.009
–0.048∗
(0.020)
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.017)
(0.022)
1,185
0.23
0.29
1,645
0.25
0.28
1,355
0.35
0.27
1,199
0.30
0.26
1,099
0.29
0.32
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
39
Table C.4: Gendering of health care opinion among women
1988
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.104∧
0.192∗∗
0.139∗
2000
Gender Egalitarianism
0.085
(0.057)
(0.053)
(0.056)
(0.060)
(0.086)
Egalitarianism
0.024
0.087
0.079
0.098
0.216∗∗
(0.067)
(0.055)
(0.066)
(0.059)
(0.049)
(0.056)
(0.058)
Democrat
–0.051∧
0.016
0.060∗
0.060∗
Republican
–0.104∗∗
Ideology Liberal
–0.016
(0.036)
(0.029)
(0.033)
(0.032)
(0.042)
Ideology Conservative
–0.024
0.014
–0.002
–0.061∗
–0.044
(0.031)
(0.027)
(0.028)
Ideology NA
–0.016
0.009
0.059∧
(0.031)
(0.022)
(0.026)
–0.105∗∗
–0.477∗∗
(0.079)
–0.520∗∗
–0.074∗∗
–0.435∗∗
(0.061)
Limited Government
(0.028)
–0.440∗∗
–0.010
–0.397∗∗
(0.065)
–0.002
(0.026)
(0.033)
–0.050
–0.101∗
(0.027)
(0.028)
(0.030)
0.056∧
0.029
–0.025
(0.039)
0.079∧
(0.030)
(0.041)
–0.010
0.006
(0.032)
(0.028)
(0.032)
(0.033)
(0.040)
Economic Evaluation
0.003
–0.102∗
0.009
–0.040
–0.007
(0.053)
(0.047)
(0.044)
(0.047)
(0.052)
Age
0.358∗∗
0.103
0.037
0.197∧
0.031
(0.107)
(0.095)
(0.102)
(0.104)
(0.127)
–0.045
–0.008
–0.073
–0.116∧
Age over 65
–0.155∗∗
(0.054)
(0.043)
(0.047)
(0.047)
(0.059)
Single
–0.019
0.018
0.014
0.025
0.043
(0.026)
(0.022)
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.031)
Retired
0.078
–0.038
–0.022
–0.044
0.020
(0.049)
(0.037)
(0.042)
(0.041)
(0.054)
–0.118
0.001
0.090
0.050
0.053
(0.077)
(0.056)
(0.067)
(0.069)
(0.069)
–
–
–
–
–
–0.009
–0.045
–0.003
(0.038)
(0.031)
(0.035)
(0.035)
(0.053)
Income < 17th percentile
0.049
0.036
0.022
0.134∗∗
0.024
(0.037)
(0.033)
(0.035)
(0.035)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.019
0.052∧
0.019
0.054∧
(0.038)
(0.029)
(0.033)
(0.032)
(0.050)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.041
0.013
–0.060∗
0.020
–0.058
(0.031)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.031)
(0.037)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.106
–0.076
–0.054
–0.059
–0.152∗
(0.066)
(0.048)
(0.058)
(0.053)
(0.073)
Income NA
–0.046
0.038
–0.094∗
0.035
–0.089∧
Disabled
Female
Black
–0.138∗∗
–0.059
(0.046)
–0.027
(0.050)
(0.041)
(0.043)
(0.041)
(0.045)
Grade School
0.203∗∗
0.019
0.064
–0.063
0.198
(0.061)
(0.046)
(0.060)
(0.063)
(0.122)
Some HS
0.063
0.037
0.032
0.075∧
0.057
(0.040)
(0.033)
(0.040)
(0.041)
(0.067)
Some College
0.046
–0.003
–0.014
0.040
–0.048
(0.029)
(0.024)
(0.027)
(0.027)
(0.035)
BA+
–0.003
–0.024
0.025
–0.003
–0.041
Live in South
–0.084∗∗
(0.034)
(0.027)
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
673
0.25
0.29
(0.028)
(0.031)
(0.031)
(0.038)
–0.023
–0.013
0.007
–0.036
(0.022)
(0.022)
(0.022)
(0.030)
869
0.23
0.27
743
0.32
0.28
685
0.31
0.27
637
0.25
0.34
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
40
Table C.5: Gendering of health care opinion among men
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism
–0.009
Democrat
Republican
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
0.086
0.157∗∗
(0.068)
(0.060)
(0.057)
0.050
0.231∗∗
0.159∗
(0.077)
Limited Government
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
–0.499∗∗
(0.059)
–0.343∗∗
(0.068)
–0.529∗∗
0.045
(0.065)
–0.020
(0.067)
–0.472∗∗
2000
0.061
(0.085)
0.284∗∗
(0.078)
–0.400∗∗
(0.068)
(0.055)
(0.058)
(0.066)
(0.063)
0.093∗∗
0.041
–0.024
0.014
0.027
(0.033)
(0.025)
–0.062∧
–0.029
(0.028)
–0.107∗∗
(0.030)
–0.108∗∗
(0.037)
–0.057
(0.032)
(0.026)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.037)
0.020
0.019
0.011
–0.036
0.036
(0.040)
(0.030)
(0.036)
(0.037)
–0.015
–0.053∧
–0.031
–0.073∗
(0.042)
–0.103∗∗
(0.036)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.030)
(0.039)
Ideology NA
0.019
0.009
–0.020
0.014
–0.004
Economic Evaluation
0.005
(0.060)
(0.045)
(0.045)
(0.053)
(0.049)
Age
0.085
0.262∗∗
0.072
0.058
0.187
(0.046)
(0.033)
–0.182∗∗
(0.038)
0.096∗
(0.040)
(0.044)
–0.002
–0.072
(0.126)
(0.100)
(0.114)
(0.119)
(0.147)
Age over 65
–0.055
–0.108∗
–0.086
–0.042
–0.017
(0.063)
(0.050)
(0.055)
(0.051)
(0.063)
Single
–0.002
–0.029
0.012
0.000
0.070∗
(0.029)
(0.023)
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.030)
Retired
0.081
–0.029
0.032
0.017
0.012
(0.059)
(0.047)
(0.050)
(0.047)
–0.073
0.005
0.082
–0.069
(0.109)
(0.055)
(0.079)
(0.075)
(0.104)
–
–
–
–
–
–0.069
–0.069∧
0.034
0.069∧
(0.055)
(0.036)
(0.039)
(0.041)
(0.054)
Income < 17th percentile
0.083
0.095∗
0.076∧
0.009
–0.062
(0.055)
(0.042)
(0.039)
(0.044)
(0.060)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.029
–0.004
0.040
0.050
–0.028
(0.046)
(0.033)
(0.037)
(0.039)
(0.052)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.035
–0.038
–0.004
–0.021
–0.047
(0.031)
(0.025)
(0.027)
(0.028)
(0.035)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.088
–0.036
–0.106∗
–0.009
–0.150∗
Disabled
Female
Black
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
(0.055)
0.310∗∗
0.027
(0.075)
(0.049)
(0.053)
(0.051)
(0.067)
0.028
0.041
0.015
–0.041
–0.068
(0.063)
(0.048)
(0.049)
(0.046)
(0.054)
–0.100∧
0.010
–0.020
–0.060
0.032
(0.059)
(0.050)
(0.059)
(0.073)
(0.100)
0.027
–0.049
–0.019
–0.035
0.078
(0.060)
(0.041)
(0.043)
(0.047)
(0.070)
Some College
–0.027
–0.009
–0.009
0.014
–0.071∧
(0.035)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.031)
(0.040)
BA+
–0.024
–0.018
–0.010
–0.018
–0.033
Live in South
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
(0.034)
(0.028)
(0.030)
(0.031)
(0.038)
0.005
–0.024
–0.013
–0.013
–0.040
(0.030)
(0.023)
(0.023)
(0.024)
(0.031)
543
0.26
0.29
814
0.27
0.28
660
0.38
0.27
549
0.31
0.25
514
0.37
0.30
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
41
Table C.6: Gendering of health care opinion among Democrats
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
0.065
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.022
0.226∗∗
0.077
2000
0.060
(0.071)
(0.071)
(0.077)
(0.082)
(0.122)
Egalitarianism
–0.075
0.060
0.151
0.006
0.090
Limited Government
–0.569∗∗
(0.090)
(0.072)
–0.437∗∗
(0.095)
–0.352∗∗
(0.079)
–0.363∗∗
(0.106)
–0.317∗∗
(0.073)
(0.061)
(0.074)
(0.073)
(0.081)
Democrat
–
–
–
–
–
Republican
–
–
–
–
–
0.039
0.047
0.063
–0.069∧
0.020
(0.038)
(0.032)
(0.039)
(0.038)
(0.048)
Ideology Conservative
–0.019
–0.013
0.041
–0.069∧
–0.078
(0.043)
(0.037)
(0.041)
(0.042)
(0.061)
Ideology NA
–0.024
0.017
0.052
–0.013
0.037
Ideology Liberal
(0.041)
(0.035)
(0.041)
(0.040)
(0.052)
Economic Evaluation
0.037
–0.106∧
0.045
–0.033
–0.040
Age
0.360∗
(0.063)
Age over 65
(0.056)
(0.061)
(0.058)
(0.066)
–0.080
–0.072
0.137
0.233
(0.140)
(0.116)
(0.145)
(0.136)
(0.176)
–0.099
0.025
0.024
–0.021
–0.069
(0.067)
(0.052)
(0.067)
(0.060)
(0.080)
Single
0.014
0.004
0.018
–0.016
0.061
(0.031)
(0.025)
(0.031)
(0.029)
(0.041)
Retired
0.058
–0.015
–0.025
–0.071
–0.050
(0.062)
(0.045)
(0.059)
(0.055)
(0.071)
Disabled
–0.244∗
–0.004
0.118
0.097
0.039
(0.105)
(0.058)
Female
–0.061∗
–0.008
(0.031)
(0.024)
(0.029)
(0.028)
(0.037)
Black
–0.052
–0.032
0.010
–0.029
0.005
(0.085)
(0.077)
(0.088)
0.051∧
0.009
–0.065∧
(0.041)
(0.030)
(0.039)
(0.038)
(0.050)
Income < 17th percentile
0.044
0.061
0.032
0.118∗∗
0.042
(0.047)
(0.041)
(0.044)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.100∗
0.024
–0.003
(0.042)
(0.061)
0.079∧
0.022
(0.045)
(0.034)
(0.041)
(0.040)
(0.064)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.010
0.018
–0.003
–0.024
–0.048
(0.037)
(0.032)
(0.040)
(0.039)
(0.049)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.060
–0.067
0.012
–0.054
–0.215∧
(0.119)
(0.074)
(0.095)
(0.090)
(0.120)
Income NA
–0.077
0.048
–0.030
–0.010
–0.116∧
(0.066)
(0.056)
(0.055)
(0.054)
(0.063)
Grade School
0.012
–0.046
–0.052
0.002
0.186
(0.060)
(0.048)
(0.069)
(0.066)
(0.124)
Some HS
0.051
0.007
0.085
0.005
0.035
(0.051)
(0.040)
(0.053)
(0.049)
(0.081)
Some College
0.021
0.017
–0.044
0.054
–0.073
(0.037)
(0.032)
(0.037)
(0.036)
(0.047)
BA+
–0.028
–0.004
–0.016
0.055
–0.001
(0.043)
(0.035)
(0.043)
(0.042)
(0.051)
Live in South
–0.044
–0.005
0.009
–0.018
–0.086∗
(0.032)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.029)
(0.042)
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
417
0.25
0.28
603
0.15
0.28
468
0.19
0.29
486
0.12
0.28
380
0.16
0.34
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
42
Table C.7: Gendering of health care opinion among independents
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism
–0.025
0.122∗
0.211∗∗
0.130
2000
–0.085
(0.077)
(0.061)
(0.074)
(0.083)
(0.097)
0.122
0.157∗
0.033
0.115
0.382∗∗
(0.085)
Limited Government
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
–0.522∗∗
(0.063)
–0.350∗∗
(0.084)
–0.569∗∗
(0.082)
–0.451∗∗
(0.088)
–0.402∗∗
(0.073)
(0.057)
(0.071)
(0.079)
(0.072)
Democrat
–
–
–
–
–
Republican
–
–
–
–
–
–0.035
0.039
0.004
0.061
(0.044)
(0.031)
(0.043)
(0.042)
(0.045)
Ideology Conservative
–0.027
–0.036
–0.020
–0.019
–0.110∗
(0.037)
(0.030)
(0.033)
(0.035)
(0.045)
Ideology NA
–0.056
–0.000
0.005
0.042
–0.005
Economic Evaluation
–0.073
Ideology Liberal
(0.043)
Age
(0.032)
–0.160∗∗
0.141∗∗
(0.040)
(0.042)
(0.042)
0.061
–0.055
–0.063
(0.066)
(0.052)
(0.057)
(0.066)
(0.054)
0.228
0.445∗∗
0.142
0.034
0.020
(0.145)
(0.108)
(0.134)
(0.142)
(0.151)
Age over 65
–0.141∧
–0.115∗
–0.147∗
–0.084
–0.149∗
(0.076)
(0.056)
(0.062)
(0.066)
(0.071)
Single
–0.030
–0.002
–0.016
0.033
0.022
Retired
0.078
(0.033)
Disabled
(0.025)
–0.149∗∗
(0.029)
(0.032)
(0.034)
0.015
0.051
0.108∧
(0.071)
(0.052)
(0.056)
(0.056)
–0.155
–0.004
–0.038
–0.100
(0.061)
0.160∧
(0.152)
(0.066)
(0.091)
(0.087)
(0.094)
Female
0.050
0.016
–0.017
–0.047
–0.009
(0.031)
(0.022)
(0.028)
(0.029)
(0.032)
Black
0.011
–0.041
0.027
–0.052
–0.029
(0.055)
(0.039)
(0.046)
(0.048)
(0.075)
Income < 17th percentile
0.005
0.049
0.071
0.073
–0.022
(0.053)
(0.040)
(0.045)
(0.049)
(0.057)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–0.076
0.035
0.044
0.021
–0.048
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.119∗∗
(0.036)
(0.028)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.203∗
–0.138∗
(0.095)
(0.056)
(0.067)
(0.063)
(0.086)
Income NA
–0.123∧
0.033
–0.087
–0.000
–0.083
(0.050)
Grade School
Some HS
Some College
(0.034)
(0.045)
(0.045)
(0.054)
–0.043
–0.064∧
0.027
–0.040
(0.035)
–0.208∗∗
(0.037)
(0.041)
–0.035
–0.154∧
(0.066)
(0.048)
(0.057)
(0.059)
(0.057)
0.189∗
0.064
0.049
–0.069
–0.033
(0.074)
(0.061)
(0.071)
(0.097)
(0.139)
–0.017
0.024
–0.055
0.035
0.096
(0.057)
(0.041)
(0.047)
(0.055)
(0.075)
0.034
–0.003
0.001
–0.008
–0.067
(0.038)
(0.028)
(0.035)
(0.035)
(0.041)
BA+
–0.009
–0.015
–0.001
–0.076∗
–0.038
(0.039)
(0.032)
(0.040)
(0.038)
(0.043)
Live in South
–0.037
–0.055∗
–0.060∗
–0.031
–0.017
(0.033)
(0.025)
(0.029)
(0.030)
(0.034)
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
428
0.23
0.29
644
0.23
0.27
480
0.28
0.28
383
0.22
0.26
455
0.27
0.32
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
43
Table C.8: Gendering of health care opinion among Republicans
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
0.088
(0.078)
Egalitarianism
–0.011
Limited Government
–0.462∗∗
(0.088)
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.159∗
0.079
(0.080)
(0.059)
0.213∗∗
0.133∧
(0.080)
–0.436∗∗
(0.071)
–0.539∗∗
0.067
(0.064)
–0.008
(0.077)
–0.715∗∗
2000
0.108
(0.104)
0.212∗
(0.105)
–0.516∗∗
(0.088)
(0.079)
(0.066)
(0.076)
(0.088)
Democrat
–
–
–
–
–
Republican
–
–
–
–
–
–0.071
0.056
–0.020
–0.176∗
–0.014
(0.069)
(0.058)
(0.063)
(0.071)
–0.018
–0.000
–0.041
Ideology Liberal
Ideology Conservative
(0.045)
Ideology NA
0.100∧
(0.059)
Economic Evaluation
Age
–0.023
–0.107∗∗
(0.088)
–0.030
(0.037)
(0.033)
(0.034)
(0.049)
–0.007
0.020
–0.060
–0.065
(0.054)
–0.170∗∗
(0.047)
(0.054)
(0.071)
0.065
0.020
–0.031
(0.078)
(0.063)
(0.048)
(0.060)
(0.067)
0.088
0.246∧
0.122
0.257∗
0.027
(0.139)
(0.139)
(0.112)
(0.124)
(0.179)
Age over 65
–0.150∗
–0.140∗
–0.018
–0.058
0.011
(0.069)
(0.064)
(0.057)
(0.054)
(0.077)
Single
–0.012
–0.037
0.021
0.050∧
0.075∧
Retired
(0.035)
(0.032)
(0.027)
(0.029)
(0.039)
0.110∧
0.069
–0.011
–0.029
–0.009
(0.066)
(0.056)
Disabled
–0.036
–0.017
(0.051)
(0.096)
(0.100)
(0.090)
(0.129)
(0.137)
Female
–0.002
–0.024
0.004
–0.011
–0.039
(0.033)
(0.030)
(0.024)
(0.025)
(0.036)
Black
–0.011
–0.193
0.005
–0.222∗
0.069
0.233∗
(0.048)
–0.079
(0.068)
0.253∧
(0.118)
(0.136)
(0.085)
(0.104)
(0.161)
Income < 17th percentile
0.177∗∗
0.071
0.033
0.048
–0.017
(0.061)
(0.062)
(0.048)
(0.052)
(0.077)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.006
0.035
0.057
0.036
–0.084
(0.057)
(0.049)
(0.042)
(0.044)
(0.079)
Income 68th-95th percentile
0.028
–0.022
–0.043
–0.012
–0.064
Income 96th+ percentile
Income NA
Grade School
(0.039)
(0.036)
(0.029)
(0.032)
(0.045)
–0.031
0.004
–0.015
–0.017
–0.114
(0.069)
(0.056)
(0.054)
(0.049)
(0.071)
0.157∗
0.029
–0.050
–0.000
–0.046
(0.071)
(0.061)
(0.056)
–0.098
0.097
0.163∧
(0.102)
(0.046)
(0.059)
–0.244∧
0.119
(0.086)
(0.087)
(0.139)
(0.155)
–0.070
0.035
–0.010
–0.064
Some HS
0.177∗∗
(0.068)
(0.061)
(0.054)
(0.062)
(0.111)
Some College
0.025
–0.036
0.005
0.045
–0.080
(0.043)
(0.039)
(0.031)
(0.033)
(0.050)
BA+
0.020
–0.050
0.051
0.013
–0.089∧
Live in South
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
(0.043)
(0.039)
(0.032)
(0.033)
(0.050)
–0.063
0.023
0.006
0.034
0.002
(0.039)
(0.033)
(0.025)
(0.026)
(0.037)
371
0.21
0.29
436
0.21
0.29
455
0.33
0.24
365
0.37
0.22
316
0.25
0.30
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
44
Table C.9: Gendering of health care opinion among most engaged
1988
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.117∧
0.189∗∗
0.164∗
Gender Egalitarianism
0.090
(0.063)
(0.064)
(0.056)
(0.064)
Egalitarianism
0.060
0.184∗∗
0.075
–0.099∧
(0.067)
Limited Government
Democrat
–0.515∗∗
(0.061)
–0.419∗∗
(0.065)
–0.554∗∗
(0.059)
–0.717∗∗
2000
0.057
(0.115)
0.242∗
(0.101)
–0.558∗∗
(0.066)
(0.063)
(0.059)
(0.066)
(0.082)
0.100∗∗
0.037
0.068∗
0.017
–0.006
(0.031)
(0.027)
(0.029)
Republican
–0.060∗
–0.059∗
–0.059∗
(0.030)
(0.027)
(0.026)
(0.028)
(0.046)
Ideology Liberal
–0.032
0.009
0.025
–0.080∗
0.061
(0.037)
(0.031)
(0.034)
(0.033)
(0.048)
Ideology Conservative
–0.038
–0.029
–0.031
–0.033
–0.025
Ideology NA
–0.042
(0.031)
(0.044)
(0.029)
0.119∗
(0.052)
–0.156∗∗
(0.030)
–0.100∗∗
(0.045)
–0.052
(0.028)
(0.029)
(0.050)
–0.068
–0.019
0.014
(0.059)
(0.058)
0.143∗∗
0.090∧
(0.065)
Economic Evaluation
0.041
–0.024
(0.053)
(0.050)
(0.044)
(0.052)
(0.063)
Age
0.198∧
0.151
0.016
0.131
0.320∧
(0.114)
(0.107)
(0.108)
(0.108)
(0.182)
Age over 65
–0.101∗
–0.056
–0.069
0.001
–0.050
(0.050)
(0.049)
(0.049)
(0.046)
(0.070)
Single
–0.027
–0.006
–0.027
0.000
0.093∗
(0.026)
(0.024)
(0.022)
Retired
0.025
0.009
0.077∧
Disabled
Female
Black
Income < 17th percentile
(0.046)
(0.044)
(0.043)
–0.251∗
–0.052
–0.049
(0.023)
(0.038)
–0.049
–0.028
(0.041)
(0.060)
0.222∗
0.094
(0.103)
(0.078)
(0.089)
(0.106)
(0.136)
0.002
–0.016
0.023
–0.008
–0.059∧
(0.024)
(0.022)
(0.021)
(0.021)
(0.035)
–0.080
–0.081
–0.039
–0.076
0.064
(0.054)
(0.049)
(0.049)
(0.048)
(0.093)
0.134∗
0.099∧
0.000
–0.040
–0.003
(0.057)
(0.059)
(0.039)
(0.049)
(0.076)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
–0.001
0.035
–0.000
0.052
0.093
(0.043)
(0.037)
(0.036)
(0.040)
(0.076)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.066∗
–0.025
–0.006
–0.010
–0.005
(0.027)
(0.027)
(0.025)
(0.026)
(0.042)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.121∗
–0.041
–0.075∧
–0.027
–0.152∗
(0.053)
(0.041)
(0.041)
(0.039)
(0.068)
Income NA
–0.002
–0.013
–0.067
–0.014
0.013
(0.051)
(0.052)
(0.047)
(0.038)
(0.062)
Grade School
–0.112
–0.135∧
–0.212∗
0.087
0.262
(0.094)
Some HS
0.161∗∗
(0.081)
(0.095)
(0.232)
(0.305)
–0.055
–0.090
0.095
–0.006
(0.059)
(0.065)
(0.060)
(0.066)
Some College
–0.022
0.013
0.008
0.054∧
(0.032)
(0.032)
(0.028)
(0.032)
(0.059)
BA+
–0.022
0.010
0.001
0.044
–0.069
(0.030)
(0.030)
(0.027)
(0.030)
(0.057)
Live in South
–0.045∧
–0.022
0.006
–0.014
–0.073∧
(0.027)
(0.024)
(0.021)
(0.023)
(0.041)
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
552
0.34
0.26
627
0.36
0.25
613
0.47
0.24
516
0.43
0.22
(0.144)
–0.140∗
329
0.45
0.29
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
45
Table C.10: Gendering of health care opinion among middle engaged
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
0.030
(0.085)
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.017
0.272∗∗
0.064
2000
0.086
(0.069)
(0.070)
(0.074)
(0.108)
0.137∗
0.041
0.104
0.307∗∗
Egalitarianism
–0.055
Limited Government
–0.526∗∗
(0.088)
(0.062)
(0.072)
(0.077)
(0.081)
Democrat
–0.012
0.016
–0.056
0.054
0.003
(0.042)
(0.028)
Republican
–0.087∗
–0.052∧
(0.100)
Ideology Liberal
(0.065)
–0.312∗∗
(0.082)
–0.467∗∗
(0.034)
–0.163∗∗
(0.083)
–0.390∗∗
(0.034)
–0.031
(0.102)
–0.303∗∗
(0.044)
–0.155∗∗
(0.044)
(0.031)
(0.036)
(0.036)
(0.047)
0.015
0.084∗
0.006
–0.008
–0.057
(0.050)
(0.033)
(0.044)
Ideology Conservative
–0.034
0.029
0.016
(0.046)
(0.032)
(0.034)
(0.036)
(0.047)
Ideology NA
–0.075
0.027
0.037
–0.021
–0.096∧
Economic Evaluation
–0.004
(0.053)
Age
(0.053)
–0.101∗
(0.041)
(0.041)
(0.053)
0.008
–0.101
–0.080
(0.079)
(0.053)
(0.059)
(0.065)
(0.063)
0.294∧
0.337∗∗
0.152
0.261∧
0.207
(0.171)
Age over 65
(0.035)
–0.191∗∗
(0.044)
–0.122∗∗
–0.109
(0.115)
–0.175∗∗
(0.133)
(0.134)
(0.173)
–0.022
–0.090
–0.113
(0.092)
(0.052)
Single
0.029
–0.004
(0.058)
(0.059)
(0.073)
0.089∗∗
0.053∧
0.040
(0.038)
(0.026)
(0.030)
(0.031)
(0.037)
Retired
0.046
–0.020
–0.045
–0.011
0.022
(0.086)
(0.045)
(0.049)
Disabled
–0.051
0.039
0.198∗
(0.051)
(0.146)
(0.076)
(0.097)
(0.092)
(0.118)
Female
–0.016
0.011
0.016
–0.016
–0.009
(0.036)
(0.024)
(0.028)
Black
–0.072
0.052
0.082∧
–0.057
(0.063)
0.195∧
(0.028)
(0.035)
–0.107∗
–0.112
(0.061)
(0.038)
(0.048)
(0.051)
(0.078)
Income < 17th percentile
0.045
0.084∧
0.047
0.063
–0.002
(0.060)
(0.043)
(0.048)
(0.046)
(0.068)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.071
–0.006
0.030
–0.001
–0.106
(0.055)
(0.035)
(0.044)
(0.041)
(0.069)
Income 68th-95th percentile
–0.012
–0.016
–0.030
0.025
–0.072∧
(0.042)
(0.029)
(0.036)
(0.037)
(0.043)
Income 96th+ percentile
–0.095
–0.096
–0.129
–0.078
–0.041
(0.113)
(0.067)
(0.097)
(0.081)
(0.089)
Income NA
–0.047
–0.006
–0.118∗
0.026
–0.097∧
(0.076)
(0.053)
(0.055)
(0.057)
(0.058)
Grade School
0.008
–0.098∧
–0.030
–0.038
0.163
(0.078)
(0.058)
(0.070)
(0.075)
(0.156)
Some HS
0.035
0.023
0.019
0.011
–0.055
(0.075)
(0.049)
(0.055)
(0.052)
(0.113)
Some College
0.041
0.001
–0.055
0.053
–0.075
(0.045)
(0.028)
(0.034)
(0.034)
(0.047)
BA+
–0.046
–0.037
–0.025
–0.019
–0.068
(0.049)
(0.035)
(0.040)
(0.041)
(0.047)
Live in South
–0.044
0.020
–0.042
–0.034
0.019
(0.039)
(0.028)
(0.031)
(0.028)
(0.037)
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
366
0.19
0.31
614
0.23
0.28
439
0.34
0.28
424
0.27
0.27
384
0.26
0.33
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
46
Table C.11: Gendering of health care opinion among least engaged
1988
Gender Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism
–0.013
Government Health Plan
1992
1994
1996
0.118
–0.007
0.021
2000
–0.048
(0.092)
(0.076)
(0.090)
(0.100)
(0.098)
0.050
0.000
0.272∗
0.219∧
0.189∗
(0.125)
(0.097)
–0.430∗∗
(0.117)
–0.354∗∗
(0.126)
–0.315∗∗
(0.095)
Limited Government
–0.533∗∗
–0.409∗∗
(0.089)
(0.070)
(0.089)
(0.096)
(0.078)
Democrat
–0.083∧
0.031
0.052
0.055
0.047
(0.047)
(0.034)
(0.039)
(0.043)
(0.040)
Republican
–0.074
–0.061
–0.087∧
–0.082
–0.056
(0.054)
(0.042)
(0.048)
(0.059)
(0.048)
Ideology Liberal
–0.015
0.036
0.025
0.019
0.137∗
(0.060)
(0.049)
(0.057)
(0.064)
(0.054)
Ideology Conservative
0.014
–0.044
0.020
–0.012
–0.048
(0.059)
(0.044)
(0.051)
(0.054)
(0.054)
Ideology NA
0.068
–0.044
0.032
0.025
0.055
(0.049)
(0.039)
(0.043)
(0.048)
(0.047)
Economic Evaluation
0.000
–0.055
–0.008
–0.004
–0.029
(0.089)
(0.067)
(0.070)
(0.075)
(0.060)
Age
0.198
0.024
0.080
–0.050
–0.073
Age over 65
(0.194)
(0.149)
(0.179)
(0.196)
(0.158)
–0.134
0.025
–0.032
–0.097
–0.055
(0.098)
(0.077)
(0.103)
(0.093)
(0.085)
Single
0.004
0.002
–0.017
0.002
0.010
Retired
0.199∗
(0.044)
Disabled
(0.032)
(0.039)
(0.043)
(0.037)
–0.114
–0.070
0.013
0.017
(0.095)
(0.069)
(0.104)
(0.087)
(0.079)
–0.085
0.008
0.081
–0.016
0.108
(0.106)
(0.063)
(0.089)
(0.086)
(0.078)
Female
0.025
0.018
–0.034
–0.029
–0.043
(0.047)
(0.032)
(0.038)
(0.041)
(0.037)
Black
0.032
–0.100∗
0.004
–0.046
–0.003
(0.055)
(0.040)
(0.048)
(0.049)
(0.053)
Income < 17th percentile
0.057
0.071
0.084
0.142∗
0.021
(0.057)
(0.044)
(0.052)
(0.055)
(0.054)
Income 17th-33rd percentile
0.012
0.089∗
0.081
0.083
–0.017
(0.059)
(0.043)
(0.052)
(0.052)
(0.054)
Income 68th-95th percentile
0.022
0.034
–0.105∧
–0.078
–0.048
(0.057)
(0.047)
(0.054)
(0.062)
(0.050)
Income 96th+ percentile
0.105
–0.273
–0.013
–0.169
–0.224∧
(0.326)
Income NA
Grade School
Some HS
–0.044
(0.179)
(0.187)
(0.223)
(0.127)
0.114∧
0.066
0.061
–0.107∧
(0.095)
(0.059)
(0.073)
(0.083)
(0.060)
0.140∧
0.116∗
0.044
–0.057
0.096
(0.077)
(0.057)
(0.076)
(0.081)
(0.106)
–0.002
0.022
0.003
–0.015
0.095
(0.054)
(0.039)
(0.049)
(0.054)
(0.062)
Some College
0.017
–0.057
0.042
–0.022
–0.032
BA+
0.326∗
(0.050)
Live in South
N
R-squared
Std. Error of Regression
(0.040)
(0.045)
(0.047)
(0.040)
–0.048
0.116
–0.042
0.010
(0.139)
(0.072)
(0.085)
(0.067)
(0.051)
–0.054
–0.075∗
–0.021
0.048
–0.047
(0.042)
(0.033)
(0.037)
(0.041)
(0.037)
298
0.23
0.32
442
0.21
0.30
351
0.19
0.31
294
0.23
0.30
438
0.23
0.34
National Election Studies. Cell entries are OLS regression coefficients with standard errors in parentheses.
∗∗ p<0.01; ∗ p<0.05; ∧ p<0.10 two tailed
47