GEOG 80 Transport Geography Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Topic 4 – Transport Terminals A. The Function of Transport Terminals B. Ports and Rail Terminals C. Airport Terminals Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography A – THE FUNCTION OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS 1. Transport Terminals 2. Passengers Terminals 3. Freight Terminals 4. Terminal Costs © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Transport Terminals ■ Concept • Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. • All spatial flows involve movements between terminals: • Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips. • Cannot travel individually, but in batches. • People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. • Freight has to reach a port, a rail yard or a distribution center before onward shipment. • Terminals are essential links in transportation chains: • Consolidation. • Deconsolidation. • Transshipment. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Major Features of Transport Terminals Location Serve a large concentration of population and/or industrial activities. Specific terminals have specific locational constraints. New transport terminals: outside central areas to avoid high land costs and congestion. Accessibility Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale). How well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system. Infrastructure Handle and transship freight or passengers. Must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future needs. Modern terminal infrastructures require massive investments. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Centrality and Intermediacy Centrality Intermediacy Range Gateway Hub (Interception) Hub (Transcalar) © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Passengers Terminals ■ Overview • Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. • Simple structures. • Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). ■ Airports • The most complex terminals. • Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. • Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. • Wide range of services. • Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Main Concourse, Madrid Airport, Spain © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 3. Freight Terminals ■ Specialized entities • Specific loading and unloading equipment. • Wide range of handling gear is required. • Differentiated functionally: • Mode (maritime, rail). • Commodities (oil, grain, coal). • Bulk, general cargo and container terminals. ■ Warehousing • Assembling bundles of goods: • Time-consuming and storage may be required. • Specialized infrastructures: • Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hong Kong International Distribution Center © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Main Types of Freight Terminals Bulk Large quantities, unpackaged and of uniform dimensions. Liquid bulk (crude oil and refined products); handled using pumps; significant storage facilities required. Dry bulk (ores, coal and cereals); More equipment is required; specialized grabs and cranes and conveyer-belt systems. General cargo Many shapes, dimensions and weights. Machinery, processed materials and parts. Because the goods are so uneven and irregular, handling is difficult to mechanize. Usually requires a lot of labor. Containers Minimal labor requirements; significant amount of storage space. Simple paved areas where containers can be stacked and retrieved with a set of cranes, straddlers and holsters. Specialized cranes. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Barges Trucks Rail Deepsea services © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Terminal Costs Cost C1 C2 C3 T3 T2 T1 Infrastructure costs Distance Construction and maintenance costs. Facilities (piers, runways, cranes and structures). Transshipment costs Composing, handling and decomposing passengers or freight. Labor requirement of terminal facilities. Administration costs Managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private companies. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Factors behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals Asset (Intrinsic value) Globalization made terminal assets more valuable. Terminals occupy premium locations (waterfront) that cannot be substituted. Traffic growth linked with valuation. Same amount of land generates a higher income. Terminals as fairly liquid assets. Source of income (Operational value) Income (rent) linked with traffic volume. Constant revenue stream with limited, or predictable, seasonality. Traffic growth expectations result in income growth expectations. Diversification (Risk mitigation value) Sectorial and geographical asset diversification. Terminals at different locations help mitigate risks linked with a specific regional or national market. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue B – PORTS AND RAIL TERMINALS 1. Port Sites 2. Port Functions 3. Rail Terminals © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Port Sites ■ Ports • Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: • Land and maritime domains. • Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. • Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. • Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. • Administration: • Submitted to authorities. • Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Port Sites Maritime access Physical capacity of the site. Tidal range: Cannot handle variations of more than 3 meters. Channel and berth depths: coping with growing ship size. Panamax ship (65,000 deadweight tons) requires more than 12 meters (40 feet) of depth. Maritime interface Amount of space that is available to support maritime access. Related to the amount of shoreline. Guarantee its future development and expansion. Infrastructures Piers, cranes and warehouses. Consume land which must be available to insure port expansion. Land access Access from the port to industrial complexes and markets. Requires efficient inland distribution systems, such as fluvial, rail (mainly for containers) and road transportation. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model) Expansion Setting 2 1 2 Downtown Urban expansion 3 Specialization Terminal facilities Port-related activities 4 5 3 4 Water depth 4 4 4 Rail Highway Reconversion © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions ■ Main functions • • • • Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. Hong Kong: • Natural site. • Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. • Singapore: • Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. • Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. • New York: • Gateway of the North American Midwest. • Hudson / Erie canal system. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions ■ Port activities • • • • • • About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. Less than 100 ports have a global importance. High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. Gateways of continental distribution systems. Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. ■ Port types • Monofunctionnal ports: • Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. • Specialized piers. • Polyfunctionnal ports: • Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. • Variety of specialized and general cargo piers. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Container Ports of More than 1 Million TEU, 2007 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2010 450,000 Out Loaded 400,000 In Loaded In Empty 350,000 Out Empty 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Jul-09 Jan-09 Jul-08 Jan-08 Jul-07 Jan-07 Jul-06 Jan-06 Jul-05 Jan-05 Jul-04 Jan-04 Jul-03 Jan-03 Jul-02 Jan-02 Jul-01 Jan-01 Jul-00 Jan-00 Jul-99 Jan-99 Jul-98 Jan-98 Jul-97 Jan-97 Jul-96 Jan-96 Jul-95 Jan-95 0 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Rail Road Container crane Administration Gate Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Loading / unloading area © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Port Elizabeth, New York © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Intermediate Hub Terminals Hub-and-Spoke Hub 85% of Transshipment Traffic Interface between short distance feeder lines and long distance deepsea lines, linking regional and global shipping networks. Relay Interlining 15% of Transshipment Traffic Interface between several Point of interchange pendulum routes along the between several long distance shipping lines. same maritime range, but servicing a different array of port calls. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue World’s Main Intermediate Hubs, 2007 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions Port Site Space consumption Lateral spread Maritime Access Land Space Infrastructures Maritime Space Interface Access channel Dredging Land Access Port / city competition for land Connection to inland transportation (road, rail and barge) © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The American Waterway System and Channel Depth at Major Container Ports © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 3. Rail Terminals ■ Location • Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. • Suffer less from site constraints: • Many established prior to the Second World War. • Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. • Passengers and freight terminals: • Different locations. • Central railway stations: • Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. • Key elements of urban centrality and activity. • Freight rail stations: • Consume more space. • Tend to be located at the periphery. • Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Antwerp Centraal Train Station, Belgium © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal Repair / maintenance Gate / Administration Chassis storage 1 km Rail Track Operations Storage Yard Operations Gate Operations © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Bedford Rail Yard, Chicago © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue C – AIRPORT TERMINALS 1. Airport Sites 2. Airport Functions © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Geographical Scales of Airport Location Role and function in the international and regional urban system. Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). International / Regional Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals. Local © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Air Terminals: The Technical Support of Air Transportation Runways and parking areas. About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet; 747 to takeoff). Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. Airfield Shuttles Isle Terminal 1 2 Terminal 3 Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. Infrastructures for plane accommodation. Linked with local transport systems. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Newark Airport, terminal C © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue O’Hare Airport Modernization Program © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Airport Sites ■ Land requirements • Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: • Landing and take off of planes. • Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. • Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. • Peripheral sites: • Sufficient quantities of land available. • The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. • Expansion and relocation: • • • • Extremely difficult. Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. Most airports are now surrounded. Only sites available are far from the urban core. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Airport Location Factors High Low City Center Commuting radius Benefits Low High High Low Externalities Suitability Location Ring © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s 30 Largest Airports 70 Distance from CBD (km) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Age in 2007 70 80 90 100 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Recently Completed Airports by Cost Country Airport Year Opened Cost (USD Billions) China Hong Kong (Chek Lap Kok) 1998 20.1 Japan Osaka (Kansai International) 1994 14.4 Japan Nagoya (Centrair) 2005 7.3 South Korea Seoul (Incheon International) 2001 5.8 Germany Munich (Franz Strauss) 1992 5.3 USA Denver International 1995 4.2 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur International 1998 3.2 Thailand Bangkok (Suvarnabhumi) 2006 3.3 China Guangzhou (Baiyun) 2004 2.5 China Shanghai (Pudong) 1999 1.4 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal LRT To Kowloon and Hong Kong © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Aerial View of the Dallas / Fort Worth Airport © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Phosavan Airfield, Laos © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Central Park Airport in Manhattan… © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Airport Functions ■ Airport activities • Terminal activities: • Parking, ground transportation, checking in, baggage-claiming, restoration, retailing and maintenance. • Provide services to passengers and freight. • Airfield activities: • Loading and unloading planes, maintenance and traffic control. • Provide services to aircrafts. ■ Economic functions • Improved economic opportunities. • Employment (USA): • $500 billion of economic activity. • 1.9 million direct and 4.8 million indirect jobs. • Global service activities. • Passengers and freight airports. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2008 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2008 © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue