GS 120 – iGlobalization: Moving The Things We Buy
Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Topic 4 – Transportation and
Globalization
A – Air Transport
B – Maritime Transport
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography
A – Air Transport
Read this section
World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2011
200
Passengers
Freight
Billions of passengers-km
5,000
4,000
180
160
140
120
3,000
100
80
2,000
1,000
60
40
20
0
0
Billions of tons-km
6,000
US Post Office Airmail Routes, 1921-26
Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s
Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from New York
Factors behind the Development of Global Air
Transportation
Technical Improvements
• Jet engine considerably reduced distances (1958: Boeing 707).
• Greater speeds and improved ranges.
• Almost every part of the world can be serviced in less than 24 hours
Rising Affluence
• Linked with income and economic output growth.
• Disposable income available for leisure.
• International tourism and air transportation are mutually
interdependent.
Globalization
• Increasing migration and family relations (social networks).
• Trade networks established by multinational corporations.
Main Air Transport Service Ranges (From New York)
Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 2006
Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2011
Aircraft
Year of First
Commercial Service
Speed (km/hr)
Maximum Range at
Full Payload (km)
Seating Capacity
Douglas DC-3
1935
346
563
30
Douglas DC-7
1953
555
5,810
52
Boeing 707-100
1958
897
6,820
110
Boeing 727-100
1963
917
5,000
94
Boeing 747-100
1970
907
9,045
385
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
1971
908
7,415
260
Airbus A300
1974
847
3,420
269
Boeing 767-200
1982
954
5,855
216
Boeing 747-400
1989
939
13,444
416
Boeing 777-200ER
1995
1030
14,300
300
Airbus A340-500
2003
886
15,800
313
Airbus A380
2007
930
14,800
555
Boeing 787-8
2011
1040
15,700
250
Air Unit Load Device
New York / Hong Kong Air Routes: Conventional and Polar
Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London,
1946-2012 (in 2012 dollars)
$9,000
$8,000
$7,900
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,980
$4,000
$3,160
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$725
$800
$0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Operating Expenses of the Airline Industry
4.1%
2.4%
16.4%
7.0%
7.1%
12.2%
7.4%
10.1%
12.0%
10.5%
10.8%
Promotion and sales
Administration
Fuel
Station expenses
Passenger services
Maintenance
Flight crew
Other
Depreciation & amortization
Airport charges
Enroute facility charges
Number of Yearly Fatalities due to Air Transport Crashes,
1918-2011
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
Causes:
Human error (67%); Technical (20%); Weather (6%)
Occurrences:
Less than 10 km from an airport (54%)
Take off (21%) and Landing (50%)
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1918
1921
1924
1927
1930
1933
1936
1939
1942
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
0
Deaths
Billions of passengers-km
Apr-12
Apr-11
Apr-10
Apr-09
Apr-08
Apr-07
Apr-06
Apr-05
Apr-04
Apr-03
Apr-02
Apr-01
Apr-00
Apr-99
Apr-98
Apr-97
Apr-96
Apr-95
Apr-94
Apr-93
Apr-92
3.5
Apr-91
Apr-90
USD per Gallon
Jet Fuel Prices, 1990-2012
4.5
4
Fuel around 40-50% of operating costs
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
World’s 10 Largest Passengers and Freight Airlines, 2010
US Airways
Cargolux
China Eastern Airlines
EVA Air
Air France-KLM
China Airlines
China Southern Airlines
Singapore Airlines
Ryanair
Lufthansa
Lufthansa
Emirates
American Airlines
Korean Airlines
Southwest Airlines
Cathay Pacific
United Airlines
United Parcel Service
Delta Air Lines
Federal Express
0
50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
Thousands of Passengers
0
5,000
10,000 15,000 20,000
Millions of Ton-km
World’s Largest Freight Airports (in metric tons)
Bangkok (BKK)
2000
New York (JFK)
2005
Chicago (ORD)
2010
Amsterdam (AMS)
London (LHR)
Beijing (PEK)
Los Angeles (LAX)
Taipei (TPE)
Miami (MIA)
Singapore (SIN)
Louisville (SDF)
Tokyo (NRT)
Dubai (DXB)
Frankfurt (FRA)
Paris (CDG)
Anchorage (ANC)
Incheon (ICN)
Shanghai (PVG)
Memphis (MEM)
Hong Kong (HKG)
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010
B – Maritime Transport
Read this section
Modal Shares of World Trade by Volume and Value, 2008
Volume
0.25
Value
9.96
14.32
Seaborne
Airborne
Overland
89.79
12.97
72.71
Explain the differences between the importance
in the volume and value of trade by mode.
Seaborne
Airborne
Overland
Seaborne Trade & Exports of Goods
International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 19552010
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded) - Left Axis
2.5
Exports of Goods (trillions of current $US) - Left Axis
Ratio Exports / Seaborne Trade - Right Axis
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Domains of Maritime Circulation
Maritime Enclaves (Landlocked Countries)
Types of Vessels
Passenger ferries
Carried across relatively short bodies of water in a shuttle-type
service.
Tend to be small and fast vessels, except for high volume markets
(e.g. English Channel).
Many are RORO vessels.
Cruise ships
Trips of various durations, usually over several days.
Several amenities (restaurants, theaters, swimming pools, casinos) .
Usually very large capacity ships.
Before air transportation, serviced by liner passenger ships,
dominantly over the North Atlantic.
RORO vessels
Roll on – Roll off
Allow cars, trucks and trains to be loaded directly on board.
The largest are the car carriers that transport vehicles from assembly
plants to main markets.
RO-RO Cargo Ship
Types of Vessels
Bulk cargo
Freight, both dry or liquid, that is not packaged.
Minerals (oil, coal, iron ore) and grains.
Use of specialized ships such as oil tankers.
Specialized transshipment and storage facilities.
Single origin, destination and client.
Prone to economies of scale.
Break-bulk cargo
Cargo packaged in some way (bags, boxes or drums).
Numerous origins, destinations and clients.
Before containerization, economies of scale were difficult to achieve.
Dominance of the containership.
World Tonnage by Cargo Vessel Type, 1970-2012 (in millions
dwt)
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
Other
Containerships
General cargo
Dry Bulk
Oil tankers
800
600
400
200
0
1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ultra Large Ore Carrier, the Berge Stahl
Liquid Natural Gas Carrier (bulk)
Reefer Ship
The Evelyn Maersk (Containership: break-bulk)
Stacked Upper Deck of a Containership
Container Yard Operations, Cartagena, Colombia
Six Generations of Containerships
Early Containerships (1956-)
A
500 – 800 TEU
(LOA – Beam – Draft)
137x17x9
Fully Cellular (1970-)
E
8
13
B
13
6
15
5
300x43x14.5
New Panamax (2014-)
366x49x15.2
17
C
6
10
12,500 TEU
20
6
D
397x56x15.5 ; 22–10–8 (not shown)
15,000 TEU
18,000 TEU
6
5
9
Post Panamax Plus (2000-)
Triple E (2013-)
4 containers high below deck
285x40x13
4,000 – 5,000 TEU
Post New Panamax (2006-)
A
10
9
6,000 – 8,000 TEU
D
5
4
290x32x12.5
Post Panamax (1988-)
C
8
6 containers across
4 containers high on deck
250x32x12.5
3,000 – 3,400 TEU
3,400 – 4,500 TEU
6
215x20x10
Panamax (1980-)
Panamax Max (1985-)
4
200x20x9
1,000 – 2,500 TEU
B
4
10
400x59x15.5
8
23
E
Types of Maritime Routes
Port-to-Port
Point to point service.
Return empty.
Common for bulk freight.
Pendulum
Shipping service moving back
and forth between two maritime
ranges (seaboards).
Balancing the number of port
calls and the frequency of
services.
Round-the-World
Servicing continuously a
sequence of ports.
Sequence enables a round trip
around the world.
Limited amount of ports per
continent are serviced.
Involve a series of
transshipment hubs.
Three Major Pendulum Routes Serviced by OOCL, 2006
Global Maritime Piracy, 2008-2009
World’s Major Container Ports, 2010