GRAMMAR REVIEW
PARTS OF SPEECH AND PARTS OF THE SENTENCE
PARTS OF SPEECH
I.
VERBS
A. ACTION VERBS express action
Examples: She
plays well.
He runs quickly.
B. LINKING VERBS express a state of being
1. connect (or link) the subject with a word in the predicate
2. do NOT show action
Examples:
She is smart
He was absent
The team seems tired.
C. HELPING VERBS help action verbs
1. must precede an action verb
2. with the action verb, make up VERB PHRASE
Examples:
Jill is running the marathon.
You must attend practice every day.
II.
ADVERBS
A. Describe (or modify) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
B. Answer the following questions about verbs:
where?
when?
how?
how often?
I live here.
I will study later. OR Later, I will study.
Read silently, please.
Always write neatly. ("neatly" is also an adverb)
C. Can also tell how much? or to what extent?
I am extremely smart. (“Extremely” describes the adjective “smart.”)
She writes very well. (“Very” describes the adverb “well.” "Well" is also an adverb.)
This is too easy.
(“Too” describes “easy.” “Easy” is a predicate adjective.)
III.
NOUNS
A. people, places, things, ideas
B. PROPER (specific)
or
Philadelphia
Pennbrook
Nike
COMMON (general)
city
school
sneakers
C. CONCRETE
poster
music
ABSTRACT
love
freedom
or
heat
beauty
Relative pronouns—introduce dependent (noun) clauses
C.
who
which
whom that
IV. PRONOUNS
A. take the place of nouns
B. replace an ANTECEDENT (ant.)
Gina did her homework.
ant.
pronoun.
Has Jeff done his?
ant.
pronoun.
what whoever
whose whatever
He is the man who helped with the part.
Here is the book that you loaned me.
D. Interrogative pronouns—same as above, but they
introduce a question.
Who sent the letter?
What book is that?
V. ADJECTIVES
A.
B.
C.
D.
describe (or modify) nouns and pronouns
tell What kind of? Which one? How many? How much?
Nouns are sometimes used as adjectives
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES:
this, that, these, those can be adjectives or pronouns
EXAMPLES:
The bright girl got an "A."
Marty is bright, too.
That girl is smart.
Three girls got "A's."
We bought an American car
This class is great.
This dog is mine.
adj.
IV.
This is my dog.
pronoun
PREPOSITIONS
A.
B.
C.
D.
relate a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence
begin a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
must be followed by a phrase
cannot be followed by a verb or another preposition
I may be going (to Puerto Rico).
I like to run around (in the park).
Verb
V.
adverb
prep.
Object of preposition
CONJUNCTIONS
A. conect words
B. and, but, or are most common: I do my homework, and I get mostly A's or B's.
C. subordinate conjunctions introduce subordinate (dependent) clauses
after
although
as
VI.
so
since
unless
as if
before
if
until
while
where
INTERJECTIONS
A. show strong emotion
B. followed by an exclamation point, or comma when the feeling is not as strong.
Hey! That hurt.
Hey, do you have a pencil I can borrow?