Global Studies
Name ___________________________________
South Africa and Apartheid
1. Located at the southern tip of Africa, South Africa is slightly smaller than the size of Texas.
2. Only about 12% of the land in South Africa is arable, suitable for farming, but it is rich in mineral
resources, particularly gold and diamonds.
3. Today, South Africa’s population is about 50 million. Approximately 79% are black Africans (mostly
Zulu and Xhosa), 9% white, 9% mixed ancestry, and 3% Indian and Asian.
4. The Dutch settled in Cape Colony, what is now Cape Town, in 1652. They and other early European
settlers became known as the Boers, which is Dutch for farmers. Today, their descendants are known as
the Afrikaners. They speak the language Afrikaans, which is mostly Dutch with some African words.
5. In the early 1800s, the British took control of Cape Colony. Conflicts arose with the Boers over British
migration into the colony and British efforts to end the slave trade.
6. During the 1830s, 12,000 Boers went on the Great Trek into the interior and created the Boer Republics:
the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
7. Discovery of diamonds and gold, led the British to seek control of the interior. They defeated the Zulus
in the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). After losing the First Boer War (1880-1881), the British defeated the
Boers in the Second Boer War (1899-1902), but suffered many casualties. In many ways, this is
considered the first modern war because it included guerilla warfare, machine guns and concentration
camps.
8. In 1910, the British formed the Union of South Africa. In 1934, South Africa became an independent
member of the British Empire and in 1961 it withdrew from the British Commonwealth of Nations.
9. To maintain control of South Africa, the Afrikaners created the policy of apartheid, a system of racial
segregation that regulated jobs, housing, education, travel, etc.
a. The Population Registration Act (1950)- classified all people by race
b. Group Areas Act (1950)- segregated cities and forced blacks to live in townships
c. The Natives Act (1952)- known as the pass laws, blacks ability to travel was restricted
d. Land Acts (1959)- established 10 homelands for blacks on 13% of the land
10. Black resistance to apartheid was led by the African National Congress. The ANC initially used
protests, strikes and boycotts, but turned to violence following government atrocities.
a. Sharpeville Massacre of 1960- 69 protesters killed
b. Soweto Uprising of 1976- 179 killed (mostly students)
11. Notable black leaders included:
a. Albert Lithuli- ANC president who won Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 for his use of nonviolence.
b. Desmond Tutu- Anglican bishop who won Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.
c. Stephen Biko-Activist whose death in police custody in 1977 drew international criticism.
d. Nelson Mandela- After serving 27 years in prison, he negotiated the end of apartheid and served
as South Africa’s first black president. He and F. W. de Klerk, South Africa’s last white
president, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
12. International pressure contributed to the end of apartheid. The United Nations implemented an arms
embargo. South Africa was barred from the Olympics. Many nations, including the United States,
imposed economic sanctions. People boycotted South African businesses.
13. Negotiations to end apartheid started in 1990 between F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela. In 1992,
whites voted to end apartheid and the first free election was held in 1994.
14. In 1995, South Africa established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission headed by Desmond Tutu.
Instead of focusing on punishment, this commission investigated human rights violations committed
during apartheid, allowed victims to give testimony, and allowed perpetrators to ask for amnesty.
15. The African National Congress has controlled South Africa since 1994. Mandela served as president
until 1999 and subsequent presidents have also come from the ANC.
Global Studies
Name ___________________________________
South Africa and Apartheid
1. Located at the southern tip of Africa, South Africa is slightly smaller than the size of
2. Only about 12% of the land in South Africa is
, suitable for
rich in mineral resources, particularly
and
, but it is
.
3. Today, South Africa’s population is about
Africans (mostly
. Approximately
and
.
),
white,
are black
mixed ancestry, and
________ Indian and Asian.
4. The
settled in Cape Colony, what is now Cape Town, in 1652. They and other early
European settlers became known as the
, which is Dutch for
their descendants are known as the
. They speak the language
. Today,
,
which is mostly Dutch with some African words.
5. In the early 1800s, the
took control of Cape Colony. Conflicts arose with the Boers over
________________________________into the colony and British efforts to end the
6. During the 1830s, 12,000 Boers went on the
into the interior and created the
___________________________the
7. Discovery of
.
and the
.
, led the British to seek control of the interior. They
defeated the Zulus in the Anglo-Zulu War (1879). After losing the First Boer War (1880-1881), the
British defeated the Boers in the Second Boer War (1899-1902), but suffered many casualties. In many
ways, this is considered the first
war because it included _______________________
______________________________________________.
8. In 1910, the British formed the Union of South Africa. In 1934, South Africa became an
_______________________ member of the British Empire and in
it withdrew from the British
Commonwealth of Nations.
9. To maintain control of South Africa, the Afrikaners created the policy of
system of racial
a. The
,a
that regulated _______________________________________.
Registration Act (1950)- classified all people by _____________
b. Group Areas Act (1950)- segregated cities and forced blacks to live in _____________________
c. The Natives Act (1952)- known as the __________________, blacks ability to ______________
was restricted
d. ____________ Acts (1959)- established 10 ___________________ for blacks on ___________
of the land
10. Black resistance to apartheid was led by the _____________________________________. The ANC
initially used ______________________________________________, but turned to _______________
following government atrocities.
a. ___________________ Massacre of 1960- 69 protesters killed
b. ___________________ Uprising of 1976- 179 killed (mostly ________________)
11. Notable black leaders included:
a. __________________________- _________________________ who won Nobel Peace Prize in
1960 for his use of _________________________.
b. __________________________- ______________________________ who won Nobel Peace
Prize in 1984.
c. __________________________-Activist whose death in ____________________________ in
1977 drew ______________________ criticism.
d. __________________________- After serving ___________________ in prison, he negotiated
the end of apartheid and served as South Africa’s _____________________________. He and
__________________________, South Africa’s ____________________________________,
won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
12. ________________ pressure contributed to the end of apartheid. The United Nations implemented an
_______________________. South Africa was barred from the _________________. Many nations,
including the United States, imposed _____________________________. People _________________
South African businesses.
13. ____________________ to end apartheid started in 1990 between ____________________ and
_____________________________. In 1992, whites voted to ______________________________ and
the first ______________________________ was held in ____________.
14. In 1995, South Africa established the _____________________________________________________
headed by ________________________________. Instead of focusing on ______________________,
this commission investigated _____________________________________ committed during apartheid,
allowed _______________ to give testimony, and allowed perpetrators to ask for ________________.
15. The ________________________________________ has controlled South Africa since 1994. Mandela
served as president until ___________and subsequent presidents have also come from the ANC.