Review: Polymer Principles
• Four classes of macromolecules:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic Acids
• Polymers are made up of smaller parts
called monomers.
• Polymers are formed through
condensation reactions.
• Polymers are broken apart through
a hydrolysis reaction.
General Information about Carbohydrates
• Made of C, H, and O
– “Carbo”-contains carbon
– “Hydrate”-hydrogen and oxygen are present in the same
proportions as in water (2 H: 1 O)
• Often end in “-ose”
Is this a carbohydrate?
Is this a carbohydrate?
Is this a carbohydrate?
Is this a carbohydrate?
General Information about Carbohydrates
• Functions:
– Immediate energy source for cells
– Energy storage for later use
About 17 KJ
of energy
per dry
gram.
About the
same as
protein, but
½ that of
lipids
– Raw material for building other molecules
– Important role in cell membrane recognition
Two linked monosaccharides are
disaccharides
Long chains of monosaccharides are
polysaccharides
Simple or single sugars are
monosaccharides
Monosaccharides -one sugar unit – are
the simplest carbohydrates
• Backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms
• Form ring structures in cells
• Characterized by sweet taste
• Have several polar -OH groups, so they are soluble in water.
(The many –OH groups can hydrogen bond with water
molecules)
BILL
• Draw glucose about ½ the page in size
• Number the carbons
BILL
• On your glucose, highlight all the hydroxyl
(–OH) groups
BILL
• On your glucose, highlight all the hydroxyl
(–OH) groups
BILL
• Label the slight positive and slight
negatives on the highlighted O’s and H’s.
HINT:
remember polarity and unequal pull of electrons
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
BILL
• Draw a water molecule hydrogen bonding
off of EACH highlighted H and EACH
highlighted O.
– Be sure you correctly orient the H’s and O’s of
the water molecule
– Show the hydrogen bond with a dotted line
(you should end up drawing 10 H2O’s)
BILL
•Explain why sugars are
able to dissolve in
water.
Some example monosaccharides
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Glucose
Fructose
Deoxyribose and ribose are the building blocks for nucleic
acids.
IB
Found in DNA
Found in RNA
Using the molecular model kits:
BUILD RIBOSE
Notice orientation of hydroxyl (OH)
groups. STAMP WHEN COMPLETE
GLUCOSE
• A product of
photosynthesis
• Needed for ATP synthesis
during cellular
respiration
IB
• C6H12O6
Using the molecular model kits:
BUILD GLUCOSE
Notice orientation of hydroxyl (OH)
groups. STAMP WHEN COMPLETE
FRUCTOSE
• Found in fruits.
• Used by plants to attract
animals to the fruit for seed
dispersal
Glucose and fructose
have the same
chemical formula
C6H12O6 but
different structural
arrangement of the
atoms (called
isomers)
BILL
•Draw glucose 3 times.
Try to do this without
looking at notes.
•Draw ribose 3 times.
Try to do this without
looking at notes.