International Research Journal of Microbiology (IRJM) (ISSN: 2141-5463) Vol. 4(9) pp. 226-231, October, 2013
DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjm.2013.048
Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJM
Copyright © 2013 International Research Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Bacterial isolates of the respiratory tract infection and
their current sensitivity pattern among patients
attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano-Nigeria
*1
D. W. Taura, 2A. Hassan, 3A. M. Yayo and 3H. Takalmawa
*1
Department, of Microbiology Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano – Nigeria.
Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University, Kashere P.M.B. 0182, Gombe – Nigeria.
3
Department of Medical Microbiology/ Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria.
2
*
Corresponding Author E-mail: dalhawt@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to isolate and identify the common Bacteria causing respiratory tract
infections among patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital between August and October,
2011, and the current sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria to common commercially antibiotic
prepared disc. Fourty three (43) bacterial pathogens were isolated from two hundred (200) samples
collected. Streptococcus pneumoniae (25.6%) has the highest percentage of occurrence, followed by
Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.9%), Escherichia coli (20.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus, (16.3%)
respectively. Others include Proteus species (4.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.7%), Haemophilus
influenzae (4.7%) and Serratia species (2.3%) as well. Age ranges 20 – 29 and 30 – 39 have the highest
percentage of pathogens isolated. The sensitivity patterns of the isolated bacteria to commercially
antibiotic prepared disc indicated that drugs likes Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidine, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin,
Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol shows activity on all the pathogens isolated.
Keywords: Isolate, Bacteria, Respiratory tract infections, sensitivity, antibiotic.
INTRODUCTION
Respiratory tract is the part of the human system that
plays a vital role in breathing processes. In human, the
respiratory system can be subdivided into an Upper
respiratory tract and a Lower respiratory tract based on
anatomical features (Perkin, 2003). The respiratory tract
is constantly exposed to microbes due to the extensive
surface area, for instance, the lungs have an exposed
2
internal surface area of approximately 500m
(Underwood, 1992). Respiratory tract infections are the
most frequently reported of all human infections. Some of
these infections are most times mild, transient lasting and
sometimes self-limiting. Due to this, many infected
persons tend to disregard them (Ndip et al., 2008).
However, respiratory infections are a common and
important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For
instance, in USA alone, over 62 million persons suffer
from cold annually (National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases, 2010), while in the United Kingdom,
about 8 million persons are infected by some forms of
chronic lung diseases which now kills one in every five
persons (British Lung Foundation, 2010). In Canada,
respiratory disease is accountable for over 16% of deaths
and 10% of hospitalizations (Public Health Agency of
Canada, 2011). In most developed countries, particularly
African countries, the situation is more complicated and
management is often difficult due to the problem
associated with the identification of the etiological agents
and administration of appropriate treatment in cases
requiring antibiotic therapy (Alter et al., 2011). Acute
lower respiratory tract infection is a common cause of
hospital admission in Nigeria; however no comprehensive
study on the prevalence of pneumonia in adults is readily
available. Among patients attending a TB clinic in South
Western Nigeria, 6.4% had Streptococcal pneumonia
(Agwu et al., 2006). Few studies have also investigated
the aetiology of pneumonia in Nigerian adults. A study of
Taura et al. 227
74 patients with pneumonia in Zaria, Northern Nigeria,
however, showed that 50% had positive pneumococcal
polysaccharide antigen and 16.2% had Mycoplasma
pneumonia (Macfarlane et al., 1979). In a prospective
cohort study in Ilorin, the rate of acute respiratory
infection was three episodes per child per year with
pneumonia being responsible for 1.3 episodes per child
per year (Fabule et al., 1994). In another hospital- based
study in Ibadan, 28.4% of children admitted to the
hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infection had
acute broncholitis with respiratory syncithial virus being
the most common viral aetiologic agent (Johnson et al.,
1996). There are scanty data on the bacterial aetiology of
pneumonia in Nigerian children. There is a seasonal
variation in acute respiratory infections in Nigerian
children with more episodes occurring during the rainy
season (Fabule et al., 1994; Johnson et al., 1996).
Pneumonia is also associated with measles infection, and
this has been recognized as the major cause of death
from measles in sub-Saharan Africa (De Buse et al.,
1969; Morton and Mee, 1986). Lower respiratory tract
infections place a considerable strain on the health
budget and are generally more serious than upper
respiratory infections. Since 1993 there has been a slight
reduction in the total number of deaths from lower
respiratory tract infection. However, in 2002, they were
still the leading cause of deaths among all infectious
diseases and they accounted for 3.9 million deaths
worldwide and 6.9% of all deaths that year (WHO, 2004).
Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are mostly
caused by viruses. Group A beta hemolytic Streptococci
(GABHS) cause 5% to 10% of cases of pharyngitis in
adults (Nichol et al., 2005). Other less common causes of
bacterial pharyngitis include group C beta hemolyticus
Streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria
gonorrheae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma
pneumoniae (McGinn and Ahlawa, 2003). Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae are the most
common organisms that causes bacterial super infection
of viral acute sinusitis and less than 10% of cases of
acute tracheobronchitis are caused by Bordetella
pertusis, Bordetella parapertusis or Mycoplasma
pneumoniae. Thus transmission occurs more commonly
in crowded conditions. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs)
are usually treated with antibiotics, and in most cases,
there is need to start treatment before the final laboratory
results are available. But of recent, empiric treatment has
been complicated by the emergence of antimicrobial
resistance among the principal pathogens and a definitive
bacteriological diagnosis and susceptibility testing would,
therefore, be required for effective management (Aydemir
et al., 2006; Sahm et al., 2008). In the last three decades,
there have been a lot of reports in the scientific literature
on the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents and the
spread of bacterial resistance among microorganisms
causing respiratory tract infections (Tenever and
McGowan, 1996; Hryniewicz et al., 2001; Kurutepe et al.,
2005). Nevertheless, the choice for antimicrobial therapy
is usually straight forward when the etiologic agents and
their susceptibility patterns are known (Zafar et al., 2008).
In Nigeria, just as in the other parts of the developing
countries, most RTIs are treated empirically, possibly
because of higher cost of laboratory services where
available. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in the
management of RTIs is a serious public health issue,
particularly in the developing world apart from high level
of poverty, ignorance and poor hygienic practices; there
is also high prevalence of fake and spurious drugs of
questionable quality in circulation. Antibiotic resistance
often leads to therapeutic failures of empirical therapy,
which is why knowledge of etiological agents of RTIs and
their sensitivities to available drugs is of immense
importance to the selection and use of antimicrobial
agents and to the development of appropriate prescribing
policies (El-Astal, 2004). This study was conducted to
determine the microbial agents of human respiratory tract
infections and the susceptibility patterns of bacterial
isolates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The research was carried out at Aminu Kano Teaching
Hospital, Kano Nigeria. The population studied, was a
heterogeneous population of different age group,
ethnicity and educational status. Biodata and other
information were collected via the counselors after
obtaining informed consent from each patient with the
assurance that all information obtained would be treated
confidentially.
Sample Collection
Early morning sputum specimens “before eating” were
aseptically collected in to sterile containers from 200
patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching hospital,
between August and November, 2011. These samples
were then transported to the laboratory for analysis
(Cheesbrough, 2005).
Sample Processing
The samples collected were aseptically inoculated on to
the surface of prepared blood and chocolate (heated
blood) agar plates by picking the sample using sterilize
wire loop and then swabbing on the surface of the agar.
The blood agar plates were then incubated aerobically in
o
an incubator at 35 C for 18-24hours while the chocolate
agar plates were incubated in a carbon dioxide enriched
o
environment using anaerobic jar at 35 C also for 1824hours. After incubation, the plates were observed for
the following morphological characteristics; growth of the
228 Int. Res. J. Microbiol.
pathogens, size of colony, shape of colony, elevation,
odour, pigmentation, heamolysis and swarming
movement. Gram reaction was carried out in order to
differentiate the bacteria into gram –positive and gram –
negative and also to identify the shape of the organisms
(Cheesbrough, 2005; Tortora, 2004).
Identification of Bacteria
In order to identify the microorganisms, the isolates were
subjected to various biochemical tests. Motility-indoleornithine medium was used to detect motility, indole, and
ornithine production (Macfaddin, 1980). Catalase test
was carried out to differentiate between Streptococcus
and Staphylococcus species (Cappuccino, 2002). Other
biochemical reactions such as Voges-proskauer, methyl
red, triple sugar iron agar, kovac’s oxidase, coagulase,
urease tests were used to identify and differentiate the
organisms
(APHA,
1999;
Cheesbrough,
2000;
Cheesbrough, 2005).
Sensitivity Screening
The isolates were aseptically subcultured by streaking
onto prepared nutrient agar plates. Then using sterile
forcep, standard antibiotic discs were placed on the
surface of the inoculated agar plates. These were then
incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. After 24hours, the plates
were observed for the zones of inhibition. Sensitivity of
the isolates were determined by measuring the diameter
of each zone of inhibition around each disc and the
values obtained were compared with the standard chart
provided (Cheesbrough, 2005).
RESULTS
The results of the study are presented in the tables below
DISCUSSION
A total of 200 patients were screened for having
respiratory tract infections. Of these, 43 bacteria species
were obtained. The bacteria isolated from the samples
included S. pneumoniae 11(25.6%), K. pneumoniae
9(20.9%), E. coli 9(20.9%), S. aureus 7(16.3%), Proteus
species 2(4.7%), H. influenzae 2(4.7%), P. aeruginosa
2(4.7%) and Serratia species 1(2.3%). These findings
were in agreement with the works of El-Mahmood et al.,
2010 in Yola, Okesola and Oni, 2009; Nwanze et al.,
2007 in Ibadan and Lagos. In terms of frequency of
occurrence, the results were in accordance with those
conducted in other countries such as Cameroun (Ndip et
al., 2008), South Africa (Liebowitz et al., 2003), China
(Wang et al., 2001), Japan (Watanabe et al., 1995), Israel
(Turner and Dagan, 2001) and Turkey (Aydemir et al.,
2006). On the other hand, the results disagree with study
conducted by Richard et al., 2000, in which Nosocomial
infections in combined medical surgical intensive care
units in the United State; where Staphylococcus aureus
was the most frequently reported isolate (17%) followed
by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.66%) and then by
Enterobacter species (10.9%) and Klebsiella pnuemoniae
(7.0%).
The occurrence of bacterial pathogens varies with
age, in that, age group ranging from 20-29 years reported
the highest number of occurrence 10 (23.5%) followed by
30-39 years 8 (18.6%). The least age group in terms of
occurrence, were within the ranges of between 60-69
years in which out of 18 patients examined, only 2 (4.7%)
reported the occurrence and also between 70-79 years
whose reported 2 (4.7%) out of 11 patients examined.
This might be probably due to the fact that, most of the
people in these age groups in this community are more
exposed to agents responsible for causing respiratory
tract infections than the elderly ones. The high
prevalence of pathogens reported among patients
ranging 20-29 and 30-39 years in this study, did not
agree with the findings of Panda et al., 2012, in which
they recorded higher occurrence of K. pneumoniae
among patients ranging from 51-60 and 60-70 years.
Sex-related occurrence of pathogens reveals that,
male subjects reported higher number of pathogens
compared to their counterpart (females). This is due to
more prevalent associated risk factors (e.g. smoking and
chronic alcoholism) of respiratory infections in males than
females. This is consistent with other studies conducted
by Panda et al., 2012 whose reported that, out of the 101
isolated organisms, 64 (63.4%) were from males while 37
(36.6%) were from females. However, these results
contradicts the data obtained by El- Mahmood et al.,
2010, in which in a similar study, out of 232 total isolates,
114 (49.1%) were from males while 118 (50.9%) from
females.
The results from table 4 show that, S. pneumoniae
was highly sensitive to ceftazidine, ciproflaxacin, and
rocephine but moderately sensitive to augmentin,
amoxicillin and gentamycin. On the other hand, S. aureus
was found to be only moderately sensitive to
chlorampenicol, ceftazidine, ciproflaxacin and rocephine
and at the same time shows resistance to the remaining
seven antibiotics which are augmentin, amoxicillin,
erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin, cotrimoxazole
and pefloxacin. In a similar study in Vietnam, some 90%
of S. aureus were resistant to at least one antibiotic
(Larsson et al., 2000). This organism was found to be βlactamase producer. The incidence of bacterial
resistance mediated by β –lactamases has been reported
in several African countries including Nigeria and South
Africa (Zeba, 2005; Onanuga et al., 2005; Nwanze et al.,
2007). The clinical relevance of these enzymes is due to
Taura et al. 229
Table 1. Bacterial Pathogens isolated from the respiratory tract of patients.
S/N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pathogens Isolated
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Proteus species
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia species
Total
No. of Isolates
11
9
9
7
2
2
2
1
43
% of Occurrence
25.6
20.9
20.9
16.3
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
100
Table 2. Occurrence of bacterial pathogens from patients in relation to age.
Age
0–9
10 – 19
20 – 29
30 – 39
40 – 49
50 – 59
60 – 69
70 – 79
Total
No. of patients examined
17
27
41
44
25
17
18
11
200
Patients with pathogens
5 (11.6%)
6 (13.9%)
10 (23.5%)
8 (18.6%)
6 (13.9%)
4 (9.3%)
2 (4.7%)
2 (4.7%)
43 (100%)
Patients without Pathogens
12 (7.4%)
21 (13.4%)
31 (19.8%)
36 (22.9%)
19 (12.1%)
13 (8.3%)
16 (10.2%)
9 (5.7%)
157 (100%)
Table 3. Occurrence of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients in relation to sex.
Sex
Female
Male
Total
No. of patients examined
99(49.5%)
101(50.5%)
200(100%)
Patients with pathogens
20(46.5%)
23(53.5%)
43(100%)
Patients without pathogens
79(50.3%)
78(49.7%)
157(100%)
Table 4. Sensitivity patterns of the gram positive bacteria isolates of the respiratory tracts infections.
Bacterial isolates
S. pnuemoniae
S. aureus
AUG
++
-
AMX
++
-
ERY
-
TET
-
GEN
++
-
COT
-
PFX
-
CHC
++
++
CFZ
+++
++
CIP
+++
++
RCP
+++
++
Key: AUG = Augmentin, AMX = Amoxicillin, ERY = Erythromycin, TET = Tetracycline, GEN = Gentamycin, COT =
Cotrimoxazole, PFX=Pefloxacin, CHC= Chlorampenicol, CFZ=ceftazidine, CIP =Ciproflaxacin, RCP=Rocephine, + =
sensitive/effective, - = resistance, ++ = moderately sensitive/effective, +++= highly sensitive/effective
Table 5. Sensitivity patterns of gram negative bacterial isolates of the respiratory tracts infections.
Bacterial isolates
P. aeruginosa
E. coli
K. pneumoniae
Proteus species
H. influenzae
Serratia species
AMX
+
++
-
COT
+++
++
-
NIT
+
GEN
+
++
+++
++
++
Key: NIT = Nitrofurantoin, NAL = Nalidixic acid.
PFX
++
++
+++
++
++
++
NAL
+
TET
++
-
AUG
+
+
+
++
++
CFZ
++
+++
++
++
++
++
CIP
++
+++
++
++
++
++
RCP
++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
230 Int. Res. J. Microbiol.
their ability of causing therapeutic failures.
In the present study, most of the isolates in table 5
were sensitive to gentamycin, pefloxacin, augmentin,
ceftazidine, ciproplaxacin and rocephine but resistant to
cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and
tetracycline. These are supported by the findings of ElMahmood et al., 2010, whose also reported in a similar
study that, the isolates were sensitive to ciproplaxacin
and also most were not or poorly sensitive to
cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and
tetracycline. In a related study conducted in Algeria,
susceptibility to cotrimoxazole was particularly low
(Ramdani-Bougessa and Rahal, 2003).
CONCLUSION
Even though, the results obtained in this study indicated
that some of the antibiotics used to treat respiratory tract
infections in this community are still effective, but still
there is danger of drug resistance which need to be
tackled.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Since there were cases of resistance especially with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and
Klebsiella
pneumoniae,
therefore
antimicrobial
susceptibility test should be encouraged on routine basis
so as to figure out the best antibiotic for treatment of
respiratory infections. Extensive use and misuse of
antimicrobial drugs should be avoided; this will reduce
the emergence of drugs resistance. New generation
antibiotic especially third and fourth generation should be
used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
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How to cite this article: Taura D. W., Hassan A., Yayo A. M. and
Takalmawa H. (2013). Bacterial isolates of the respiratory tract
infection and their current sensitivity pattern among patients
attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano-Nigeria. Int. Res. J.
Microbiol. 4(9):226-231