Western Kentucky University Stormwater Utility Survey 2008 C. Warren Campbell Darren Back i Preface to the 2007 Survey This survey began as a project for my Fall 2006 CE Floodplain Management class at WKU. Early in the work, I sent out an email to all of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) state coordinators telling them of the survey and soliciting their help in spreading the word that this work was under way. From this initial step, we received many responses, all but one of them positive. The negative comment came from an executive at a well-known water resources company. His concern was that Black and Veatch already had been doing a survey for many years and that we might over-saturate stormwater officials with requests for information and cause problems for the older survey. Since I also received strong encouragement from the foremost flood mitigation planner in the U.S. and the foremost expert in the U.S. in helping communities develop storm water utilites (SWUs), I was not overly discouraged. However, I decided to have a minimum of contact with the SWU communities. Since we would not be sending out questionnaires for the survey, we focused our efforts on locating SWUs via the Internet. This was our prime source of information. My students and I looked at hundreds of city and county web sites and municipal codes on-line. This method has the advantage of convenience and speed, but the data can be out of date or even inaccurate. The best sources were online municipal codes or city fee schedules. However, we also found references to other SWUs in state utility organizations or in documents published by communities trying to establish SWUs who would describe nearby communities and the fees they charged. In the end, we found more than 600 SWU communities in the U.S. It is difficult to estimate how many SWUs there are in the U.S. However, based on my find rate, I would guess there are at least 800. Before coming to Western, I was the city hydrologist for Huntsville, Alabama, a community interested in setting up a SWU. The data in this document would have been invaluable to us. Also, the lack of completeness of previous surveys motivated this study. Please use this data, but be aware of its limitations. As a user of the data, you assume all responsibility for any inaccuracies in our data. If you find errors or are aware of a SWU we missed, please contact me at warren.campbell@wku.edu. The intent is that this be a living document freely available to the floodplain management and stormwater community. Also, be aware that we have an on-line questionnaire that can be accessed at www.wku.edu/swusurvey. Warren Campbell Bowling Green, Kentucky August 26, 2007 ii Preface to the 2008 Survey The goals of this survey have changed slightly since the 2007 survey, and our approach was modified slightly this year to include more contacts with community officials involved in stormwater utilities (SWUs). One of my students was able to locate enough SWUs that I felt compelled to include him as an author on this survey. This is not to denigrate the participation of my other students who are recognized in the acknowledgements. The floodplain management class worked very hard on this survey in different capacities. We originally envisioned this survey as a living database with SWUs added as they were enacted. Consequently, we called our first 2007 survey Version 1.00 and updated it later as Version 1.01. In practice, we have found that updating requires significant time and resources and is impractical. Also, we only had about 300 hits to the website in the first year. This is enough interest to continue providing the survey, but not enough to keep it continually updated. The 2008 survey has no version number. The decision to continue providing the survey depends on the interest in the stormwater community. Please share this web site with colleagues with an interest in stormwater financing. We have tried to avoid errors, but the methods used to identify stormwater utilities often frustrate that effort. If you find errors, please contact me by email at warren.campbell@wku.edu. In particular, it is hard to locate information on court challenges to stormwater utilities. If your community has been challenged, I would welcome information on the challenge and the outcome. Warren Campbell Bowling Green, Kentucky May 30, 2008 iii DISCLAIMER The main goal of this survey was to identify as many U.S. Stormwater Utilities (SWUs) as possible. Because many stormwater professionals do not have the time to respond to questionnaires, our primary method of identification was Internet searches. We searched on key terms such as “stormwater utility”, “stormwater fee”, and “drainage fee”. We scoured on-line municipal codes such as Municode, AmLegal, Municipal Codes by LexisNexis, and others. We went through many city web sites trying to find utilities. The approach used is prone to errors and we hope the readers of this document will help us correct them. In some cases, it is difficult to tell whether the community has a stormwater utility or not. Some communities have enacted the right to charge a stormwater user’s fee, but it is not clear whether they have actually enacted a fee or not. If the right to charge a recurring fee dedicated to stormwater was enacted, we counted it as a SWU. When one of our students contacted a community official, she said they did not have a SWU but wished they did. However, they did charge a stormwater fee of $ 0.55 per month. This raises the question of the definition of a SWU. By our definition, a SWU is a funding approach requiring residents to pay a recurring charge that supports the community stormwater initiatives. The fee is dedicated to the maintenance, design, construction, and administration of the stormwater system. The opinions expressed in this document are those of the lead author (Campbell). They are not official opinions of Western Kentucky University, its administration, or any other individuals associated in any way with the University. The lead author is an engineer so that any opinions expressed should not in any way be construed by any individual or organization as sound legal advice. The use or misuse of any of the data and information provided herein is the sole responsibility of the user and is not the responsibility of Western Kentucky University, its employees, students, or any organization associated with the University. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following students contributed to the 2008 survey: Darren Back, CFM Robert Dillingham, CFM James Edmunds Scott Embry, CFM Clint Ervin Catie Gay, CFM Sean O’Bryan, CFM Casey Pedigo Broc Porter Kelly Stolt, CFM Ben Webster, CFM Darren Back’s contribution to this survey was so significant, that I elected to include him as a coauthor on this paper, however, each of the other students made significant contributions to this document. We are also indebted to AMEC for sharing their list of stormwater utilities with us. Scott Embry had the foresight to ask them for it and they obliged. We continue to have a good relationship with AMEC. We thank Tricia Harper for proofreading this document. Any remaining errors and typos occurred because we overwhelmed her with them. These errors are the responsibility of the lead author. Finally, we have borrowed data from the other stormwater utility surveys cited in the references. In some cases, we have updated data such as fees, and any mistakes should be considered primarily the fault of the lead author of this document. v Introduction Lawlor et al. (2005) state the following: While local governments may have authority and a duty to manage stormwater runoff, it is fundamentally the responsibility of individual property owners to insure that any adverse consequences resulting from the development of their properties, or activities conducted thereon, are not transferred to downstream or adjacent property owners. In much the same way that raw sewage disposal, control of foul air emissions, or abatement of noise are responsibilities of those generating such impacts, owners of developed property have a measure of responsibility for flood protection and preservation of the environmental quality of water courses and riparian corridors. County-delivered stormwater management services, therefore, help fulfill owner responsibilities for mitigating the adverse impacts of stormwater runoff. This is an excellent justification for stormwater utilities and it would be a major advance if the public in communities attempting to establish SWUs would accept it. The authors refer to DeKalb County, Georgia but the statement applies to any community. The main goal of the Western Kentucky University Stormwater Utility (SWU) Survey has been to provide as complete a data set on SWUs as possible. For comparison, the most recent Black and Veatch Survey (Black and Veatch, 2007) included data from 71 SWUs. The smallest of these served a population of 12,000. We have identified 923 SWUs in 38 states and the District of Columbia and included communities with populations in the hundreds. This survey is up from the 635 identified in the 2007 WKU Survey (Campbell, 2007). Figure 1 shows the locations of SWUs and Figure 2 shows the number of SWUs identified by state in the 2007 and 2008 surveys. The greatest growth in the survey occurred in Minnesota which along with Florida now has more than 100 SWUs. Since the 2007 survey, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) has joined the ranks of states with a stormwater utility. Currently, at least five states have more than 50 stormwater utilities and at least 15 have more than 20. Other stormwater utility surveys of note are those of Florida SWUs (Florida Stormwater Association, 2005) and the southeast survey (Southeast Stormwater Association, 2007). We have included data from each of the surveys mentioned, but updated fees where appropriate. 1 Figure 1. U.S. stormwater utilities (SWUs) 2 Figure 2. Stormwater utilities by state in the 2007 and 2008 WKU surveys. Challenges to Stormwater Utilities Stormwater utilities have been frequently challenged in court and Black and Veatch (2007) indicate that 2 of the 71 utilities in their survey were challenged between 2005 and 2007. Another strategy by SWU opponents is emerging. Opportunistic politicians are running on platforms of promising to repeal stormwater utilities. Recently, Colorado Springs has had to face this kind of challenge. Some of these politicians may prosper until the next major flood. The poster children for SWU community nightmares are those of Atlanta, Georgia and Durham, North Carolina (Smith, 2006). Fulton County taxpayers challenged the city’s stormwater utility and the decision was a landmark for SWUs. The court ruled that the fee based on parcel area and on development intensity, was assessed more like a tax. As such, the proper procedure for enacting a tax was not followed by the city. Further, the benefit derived from the utility was not proportional to the fee and was calculated to raise money as opposed to addressing the real stormwater needs of the community. From this decision, the recommended approach for developing a SWU is to determine the legitimate stormwater needs of a community and to set the fee accordingly. Atlanta had to refund all stormwater fees collected to that point. The Durham stormwater fee was declared invalid and the city 3 was required to return the fees collected with interest. Figure 3 shows the map of utilities challenged and the outcomes to date that we were able to identify. Figure 3. Stormwater utility court challenges and outcomes. The legal challenge that a SWU is a tax is most common. Rulings against SWUs, in addition to those for Atlanta is that the fee is mandatory. That is, a property owner cannot avoid it even if no stormwater is discharged from the parcel. In several states, this is another justification for the legal view that a stormwater fee is a tax. In these states, providing exemptions proportional to the alleviation of the burden on stormwater systems is advisable. Another argument that has been used is that the fee is collected even in years with little rain. Of the utilities in the 2007 Black and Veatch Survey, (B&V, 2007) 24 % had been challenged in court. Of those challenged, 62 % had the fee sustained, and only 4 % had the challenge sustained. The remainder are either pending or a settlement was reached. In the Florida survey (FSA 2005), 15 % of fees were challenged in court. Of those challenged, 45 % were sustained and 9 % were not sustained. In the southeast survey (Southeast Stormwater Association, 2007) 18 % faced a legal challenge. 62 % had the fee sustained, and none had their fee not sustained. 4 Legal challenges have been the primary problem for maintaining SWUs, but political challenges occur as well. Colorado Springs enacted a stormwater utility in 2005, but politicians running on a platform of repealing the “rain tax” now endanger the fee. Another approach is being tried in Florida, the state with the most stormwater utilities (Florida Stormwater Association, 2008). Some voters have proposed an amendment to the Florida constitution requiring all new taxes and fees to be voted on. This bill would limit home rule powers in Florida and move the state toward Dillon’s Rule. Dillon’s Rule is the principle that a community is created by the state and cannot assume powers not specifically granted by the state. Home rule is the opposing principle that a community can enact any ordinance not specifically prohibited by the state. Legally, a stormwater utility fee for a given parcel should be based on the burden placed on the stormwater system by that parcel (New England Environmental Finance Center, 2005). This begs the question of how a burden should be measured. Depending on whether a SWU is set up predominantly to handle stormwater quality or quantity, burden could be related to flooding, to water pollution, or to both. For SWUs concerned with flooding, typically it is taken as the volume of runoff from a parcel. However, most stormwater systems are based on the peak flow for a design storm or storms. Further, most damage to stormwater systems occurs during floods. This might imply that burden should be measured as peak flow, but peak flows vary from point to point. The effects of a large shopping center can be felt in storm sewers and streams for miles downstream and calculating the impact on all of these downstream systems could be prohibitively expensive. For smaller parcels, the runoff burden would be significant only in the storm sewer or curb and gutter immediately downstream. Debo and Reese (1992) address the issue and conclude that downstream effects should be determined to a point downstream in the watershed where the size of the development comprises only 5 – 10 percent of the watershed area. Similar information is provided by Debo and Resse (2003) in a more accessible form. Ultimately, the use of volume of runoff as a measure of water quantity burden may be most appropriate. The assumption is that volume is correlated with the economic impact of designing, constructing, and maintaining stormwater management systems. For water quality burden, there are measures of the impact of different land uses on water quality that correlate watershed impervious percentage to stream water quality impairment. The part of the SWU fee devoted to water quality should be apportioned according to the pollution burden caused by a given land use. The ideal stormwater utility should be easy to sell, implement, administer, and should meet a community’s stormwater needs while being bulletproof in court. The fee charged should be proportional to the services rendered and to the burden placed by any property on the stormwater system, and it should not place a disproportionate burden on any individual or group, i.e. it should be fair. 5 Analysis The preceding section discussed the methods being used by opponents of stormwater utilities. This section is devoted to the analysis of SWU data. We update the 2007 survey to include data from the additional SWUs that were identified this year. We were able to identify 448 SWUs that use the Equivalent Residential Unit (ERU) method. An ERU is usually defined as the average number of square feet of impervious surface for a single family residential parcel in the SWU community. Other properties (commercial, industrial, institutional, etc.) have fees proportional to the number of ERUs on the parcel. We identified 156 SWUs that used a method other than the ERU such as tiers based on the land use or on the number and size of water meters for a property. The methods used by the remaining 319 SWUs have not yet been identified. ERUs ranged from 500 square feet of impervious surface up to 25,000 square feet. The average ERU was 2983 square feet and the median was 2650 square feet. The size of the ERU is very important to the distribution of cost to different land uses. Single family residential properties typically pay a base fee. Commercial properties pay the base fee multiplied by the number of ERUs on the parcel. If the ERU is very small, then commercial properties would supply a larger percentage of the annual revenue from the SWU. Conversely, large ERUs place a larger burden on residential properties. Figure 4 shows the distribution of ERUs across the U.S. The small, uncolored symbols in the figure indicate that either an ERU-based fee structure was not used, or that an ERU could not be determined for the community. For example, many of the symbols are seen in Minnesota where the Residential Equivalent Factor (REF) method is commonly used. This can be seen more clearly in Figure 5. ERUs greater than 10,000 square ft. impervious seem highly unlikely except in very wealthy communities. A large ERU places a large burden on residential properties, and if the community is not comprised of very large homes, it seems that these communities might be vulnerable to court challenges by residents. Conversely, communities with very low ERUs might be challenged by commercial and industrial interests because they may be bearing a disproportionately large percentage of the SWU fee burden. It seems that the best policy is to accurately measure the average impervious area of single family residential properties and use this as the ERU. Attempts to placate either commercial interests or residential voters may be legally misguided. The monthly fee for a single family residential property ranged from $0.00 to $35 dollars per month. At least one community appears to have enacted a stormwater utility without a fee. Fees were determined for 780 SWUs. The average of these monthly fees was $4.00 and the median $3.50. Figure 6 shows that high or low fees do not appear to congregate and each state with more than a few SWUs has both high and low monthly fees. In this figure, the small, red symbols are used if the fee is below $1.00 or if no fee has been determined for the utility. We were able to identify 923 SWUs in this survey. Adding up the populations served according to the 2000 census, approximately 80,0000,000 Americans live in SWU communities. This means that approximately 28 percent of Americans currently pay a stormwater fee. Stormwater utilities serve 56 percent of the residents of Minnesota and 60 percent of Floridians. Though it is difficult to estimate 6 because of overlapping city and county SWUs, our current best estimate is that 95 percent of the residents of the state of Washington pay stormwater fees. These estimates may be slightly high, but all three states surely have more stormwater utilities than we were able to find so these actually may be low. Figure 4. Distribution of monthly Equivalent Residential Units (ERUs) across the U.S. 7 Figure 5. Minnesota and Wisconsin distributions of ERUs. From Figures 1 and 5, it is apparent that stormwater utilities have a tendency to cluster. This is particularly apparent in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area and around Seattle. As one community develops a utility, other nearby communities can easily observe the benefits causing a desire to create a SWU of their own. It is interesting that there is a belt of stormwater utilities across the center of the Florida peninsula, which is the area of the U.S. that experiences the highest number of thunderstorms. SWUs also cluster around coastal areas for obvious reasons. Also, Florida has the highest number of SWUs partly because of a very high flood risk. However, the role played by the Florida Stormwater Association cannot be overlooked. By serving as a clearinghouse of information on stormwater utilities, it has encouraged the development of SWUs in that state. Part of the purpose of this document is to provide information that will be useful to U.S. community officials trying to develop stormwater utilities. 8 Figure 6. Distribution of stormwater utility fees across the U.S. Figure 7 shows the growth in the number of SWUs by year. Local peaks in growth rate occur in 1993 and in 2003. Figure 8 shows the peaks more clearly. The peak in 1993 may be related to the Midwest flooding and Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The peak in 2003 shows growth in SWUs in smaller communities and is influenced by the effective date of EPA Phase II rules. Figure 8 shows a decline in the rate of formation of SWUs in 2008. This decline is probably not real and occurs for two reasons: 1) the survey is being published in June, and 2) recent SWUs are more difficult to find. 9 700 600 500 Cumulative 400 SWUs by 300 Year 200 100 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Figure 7. Number of stormwater utilities by year 10 2010 70 60 50 40 SWUs by Year 30 20 10 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Figure 8. Formation of stormwater utilities by year. Summary The 2007 Survey (Campbell, 2007) identified 635 stormwater utilities. This survey identified 923 with much of the growth coming in the state of Minnesota which now has at least 106 utilities. Thirtyeight states and the District of Columbia have at least one stormwater utility. The new state this year is Pennsylvania as a new utility was formed in Philadelphia. Two states (Florida and Minnesota) now have more than 100 SWUs, 5 have more than 50, and 15 states have more than 20 stormwater utilities. More and smaller communities are forming utilities to deal with more stringent water quality requirements. The growth in the number of stormwater utilities continues and today, our best guess is that that there are more than 1,000 stormwater utilities in the U.S. alone. Communities in Canada are also beginning to form them, though these are not covered here. Stormwater water utilities continue to face legal and political challenges. Politicians are elected on the promise of repealing the “rain tax.” SWUs are challenged in court by parties who assert the fee is a tax, or that the fee is not fair, or for other reasons. SWUs that survive these challenges generally follow several guidelines. These include, but are not limited to the following: 1. The legitimate stormwater needs of a community are identified. 2. Fees are structured to equitably spread the fee burden across the community. 11 3. 4. 5. 6. Fees are proportional to the benefit provided to the community. Fee amounts for a given parcel are correlated with the volume of runoff from that parcel. Demonstrable benefits accrue because of the SWU. SWUs are enacted in accordance with state law. References Black and Veatch (2007). “2007 Stormwater Utility Survey,” 15 pp. Black and Veatch (2005). “2005 Stormwater Utility Survey,” 10pp. Campbell, C. Warren (2007). “The Western Kentucky University Stormwater Utility Survey 2007,” www.wku.edu/swusurvey, Bowling Green, Kentucky. Debo, Thomas N. and Reese, Andrew J. (2003). Municipal Stormwater Management, 2nd Ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 93 – 95. Debo, T.N., and Reese, A. J. (1992). “Downstream Impacts of Detention,” Proceedings of NOVATECH 92, Lyon, France, Nov. 3 – 5, 1992. Florida Stormwater Association (2008). “Summary of Legislative and TBRC Priorities,” http://www.florida-stormwater.org/pdfs/LegisSum40408.pdf, 3pp. Florida Stormwater Association (2005). “Stormwater Utilities Survey 2005,” Tallahassee, FL, 36pp. Lawlor, Bridget, Mohajer, Alex, Rothstein, Eric (2005). “Stormwater Utility Implementation Using GIS, “ Proceedings of the 2005 Georgia Water Resources Conference, http://cms.ce.gatech.edu/gwri/uploads/proceedings/2005/LawlorB-GWRCpaper.pdf, 4pp. New England Environmental Finance Center (2005). “Stormwater Utility Fees: Considerations & Options for Interlocal Stormwater Working Group (ISWG),” http://efc.muskie.usm.maine.edu/docs/StormwaterUtilityFeeReport.pdf, 62 pp. Smith, Joshua (2006). “Stormwater Utilities in Geogia,” http://www.law.uga.edu/landuseclinic/research/stormwater_utilities_2006_smith.pdf Southeast Stormwater Association (2007). “2007 Southeast Stormwater Utility Survey,” Tallahassee, FL, 49pp. 12 Raw Data Tables The following data tables provide the information collected on 924 stormwater utilities. The communities whose names are highlighted in yellow appear to have appealed the ordinances enacting their stormwater utilities. Communities with an “x” in the ERU column use the tier system so that no ERU is used. The ERU column is blank when neither an ERU nor a determination can be made if an alternate system was used. 13 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Community Stormwater Management Authority State ERU x Flagstaff AL AZ Mesa AZ x Oro Valley AZ Peoria Albany AZ CA Arcata CA Berkeley Carlsbad Carmel Chino Citrus Heights CA CA CA CA CA 4000 Contra Costa County CA 5,000 Davis CA Del Mar CA Dixon CA Elk Grove CA Escondido Folsum Fortuna CA CA CA Galt CA Hollister Los Angeles Modesto Monterey Oceanside Ontario Palo Alto Poway Rancho Palos Verdes Richmond CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA Sacramento CA Sacramento County Salinas San Bruno San Diego San Jose San Marcos Santa Clarita Santa Cruz CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA 1500 x Monthly Fee $0.42 $1.84 $1.50 $2.90 $0.75 $3.47 $1.96 Date Created 1995 2003 2006 2007 1995 1992 2001 1991 $1.95 $8.77 $5.54 $2.50 $4.83 $3.00 $3.77 $5.84 $2.10 $0.55 $2.43 1997 1990 1993 $1.92 $5.44 $1.00 2,500 3,804 $10.55 $4.36 $7.17 2004 1997 2005 2005 $11.31 $5.85 $3.85 $1.95 $4.53 $1.77 $2.00 $1.77 14 1994 1990 1982 1974 1994 1994 Population 662,047 52,894 447,541 29,700 108,364 16,444 16,651 102,743 78,247 4,081 67,168 85,071 948,816 64,000 4,389 20,000 59,984 133,559 70,835 10,497 21,300 34,413 3,694,820 188,856 29,674 161,029 158,007 58,598 48,044 41,145 99,216 407,018 1,223,499 151,060 40,165 1,223,400 894,943 54,977 151,088 54,593 No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Community Santa Monica Santa Rosa South San Francisco Stockton Tracy Vallejo Vista Woodland Arapahoe County Arvada Aurora Boulder Canon City Castle Rock Colorado Springs Denver Englewood Federal Heights Fort Collins Fountain Golden Greeley LaFayette Lakewood Littleton Longmont Louisville Loveland Northglenn Parker Pueblo Westminster Woodland Park Washington Wilmington Alachua County Altamonte Springs Apopka Atlantic Beach Auburndale State CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO DC DE FL FL FL FL FL ERU 2,776 Monthly Fee $1.96 2,347 3,140 2,458 2,848 3,000 1,944 x 2001 $3.20 $2.22 $4.27 $1.98 $2.00 $7.13 $2.00 $8.30 $2.00 $5.00 $3.50 $1.50 $2.00 $0.58 $11.94 1997 2001 2007 1998 1986 1984 2006 1987 2004 1999 2003 2001 1995 x $6.25 1989 1,790 x $4.00 $0.75 1991 3,738 x 15 $2.10 $1.20 $1.97 $1.80 $0.48 $5.00 $4.30 $3.83 $8.45 $4.00 $6.61 $7.52 $5.81 $1.39 $3.15 $14.26 Date Created Population 1995 84,084 1996 147,595 1994 60,552 243,771 56,929 116,760 89,857 52,519 2006 487,967 2001 102,153 2002 276,393 1974 94,673 2004 15,431 2002 20,224 2005 360,890 1980 554,636 2006 12,065 137,177 15,197 17,159 79,930 23,197 144,126 40,340 71,093 18,937 50,608 31,575 23,558 102,121 100,940 6,515 572,059 72,664 217,955 41,200 26,642 13,368 11,032 No. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Community Aventura Bartow Bay County Bay Harbor Islands Belle Glade State FL FL FL FL FL Belle Isle FL Boca Raton Boynton Beach Bradenton Bradenton Beach Brevard County Callaway Cape Canaveral Cape Coral Casselberry Charlotte County Clearwater Clermont Cocoa Cocoa Beach Coconut Creek Collier County Coral Gables Daytona Beach DeBary DeLand Delray Beach Deltona Dundee Dunedin FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL Eagle Lake FL Edgewater El Portal Eustis Florida City Fort Lauderdale Fort Meade Fort Myers Fort Pierce FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL Frostproof FL ERU 1,548 2,520 Monthly Fee $2.50 $3.75 $3.33 4,087 2,837 1,937 $4.00 $2.90 $5.00 2,500 $8.33 $3.00 2,074 2,309 x 1,830 3,154 2,166 2,900 2,070 1,661 2,560 4,900 2,502 2,495 1,708 2,027 2,187 1,250 x x $6.00 $7.00 $6.00 $4.50 $5.00 $1.00 $4.50 $4.00 $6.00 $3.00 $2.90 $4.25 2,931 2,186 16 $6.25 $2.90 $3.00 $8.65 $5.00 $3.00 $5.00 $2.65 $2.50 $3.00 Date Created Population 1997 25,267 2005 16,278 2005 148,217 1996 5,146 1998 14,906 5,531 1993 74,764 1993 60,389 1996 49,504 2004 1,482 1990 476,230 1991 14,233 2003 8,829 2002 102,286 1993 22,629 141,627 1990 108,787 1990 9,333 1992 16,412 2003 12,553 2004 43,566 1991 251,377 1993 42,249 64,112 15,559 1991 20,904 1990 60,020 2002 69,543 2003 2,912 2007 34,012 2,496 18,668 2,505 1997 12,967 2000 7,843 1992 152,397 5,691 1999 48,208 2005 37,516 2,975 No. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 148 147 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 Community Gainesville Golden Beach Griffin Gulf Breeze Gulfport Haines City Hallandale Beach Hernando County Hialeah Hialeah Gardens Hillsborough County Holly Hill Hollywood Homestead Indian Creek Village Indian Harbor Beach Jacksonville Beach Jupiter Key Biscayne Key West Kissimmee State FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL Lake Alfred FL Lake Mary Lake Worth Lakeland Largo Lauderdale Lakes FL FL FL FL FL Lauderdale-by-the-Sea FL Leesburg Leon County Longwood Malabar Manatee County Marathon Margate Medley Melbourne FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL Melbourne Beach FL Miami Beach Miami Shores FL FL ERU 2,300 8,000 2,200 4,450 2,300 1,935 958 FL FL FL FL FL FL 1,664 1,267 1,800 2,050 $2.50 $2.00 $1.00 $6.00 2,000 $3.18 2,500 1,541 2,651 1,083 1,400 2,400 $3.00 $5.00 $3.85 4,576 1,748 5,000 2,257 2,133 4,472 2,000 2,723 2,898 2,500 2,328 2,500 2,500 791 2,466 17 Monthly Fee $6.95 $35.00 $2.95 $3.50 $2.87 $2.00 $2.17 $5.00 $6.50 $2.00 $3.00 $2.90 $2.00 $3.57 $3.50 $3.00 $1.67 $3.00 $3.00 $5.00 $2.30 $1.50 $5.80 $3.25 Date Created Population 1989 95,447 1997 919 2006 1995 2003 1998 1996 1989 1997 1993 1992 1999 1990 1993 1993 2001 1989 1993 1989 1997 1994 1994 1992 1991 1993 1991 1999 2000 1996 2000 5,665 12,527 13,174 34,282 130,802 226,419 19,297 998,948 12,119 139,357 31,909 33 8,152 20,990 39,328 10,507 26,500 37,000 3,890 11,458 35,133 78,452 69,371 31,705 2,563 15,956 239,452 13,745 2,622 264,002 10,255 53,909 1,098 71,382 3,335 87,933 10,380 No. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 Community Miami Springs Miami-Dade County State FL FL Milton FL Minneola Miramar Mount Dora FL FL FL Mulberry FL Naples Neptune Beach New Port Richey New Smyrna Beach Niceville North Bay Village North Lauderdale North Miami North Miami Beach North Redington Beach Oakland Park Ocala Ocoee Oldsmar Opa-Locka Orlando Ormond Beach Oviedo Palm Bay Palmetto Panama City FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL ERU Monthly Fee 1,548 $4.00 3,619 2,500 $2.00 $4.25 1,934 3,164 2,629 1,818 7,500 2,415 2,138 1,760 1,800 1,687 1,503 1,948 2,054 2,550 $11.40 $3.00 $3.36 $5.00 $2.65 $2.25 $3.00 $4.65 $3.70 FL FL FL FL FL FL 2,000 3,000 2,464 $6.88 $6.00 $4.00 1,342 $7.06 Pasco County FL Pembroke Park Pensacola Pinecrest Plant City Polk City Pompano Beach Port Orange Port Saint Lucie Redington Beach Riviera Beach Rockledge FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL 2,890 1,548 2,575 1,548 2,280 $3.92 $5.50 $4.40 $3.00 $4.12 $1.50 $3.00 $6.25 $8.51 $2.50 $4.50 $3.00 $6.00 $5.00 $5.00 $3.50 FL x 2,880 3,050 2,280 18 Date Created Population 1993 13,712 2004 362,470 2008 7,045 2001 5,435 1998 72,739 9,418 3,230 1994 20,976 2002 7,270 2001 9,916 1995 20,048 2004 11,684 1994 6,733 1995 32,264 1998 59,880 40,786 1,474 1989 30,966 1988 45,943 24,391 1998 11,910 14,951 1989 165,000 1987 36,301 1993 26,316 1991 79,413 1999 12,571 1991 36,417 2007 344,765 1996 6,299 2001 56,255 2002 19,055 2004 29,915 2003 1,516 78,191 45,823 1988 88,769 1,539 2003 29,884 2000 20,170 No. 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 Community Safety Harbor Saint Augustine State FL FL Saint Cloud FL Saint Johns County FL Saint Petersburg Sanford FL FL Sarasota FL Sarasota County Satellite Beach South Daytona South Miami Stuart Sunny Isles Beach Sunrise Surfside Sweetwater Tallahassee Tamarac Tampa Tarpon Springs Tavares Tequesta Titusville FL FL FL Treasure Island FL Venice Volusia County West Melbourne West Miami West Palm Beach Wilton Manors Winter Garden Winter Haven Winter Park Winter Springs FL FL FL 2,719 2,126 3,153 3,000 2,000 Monthly Fee $5.00 $6.50 $6.45 $4.00 $7.55 $6.70 $3.00 FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL 3,707 1,548 1,884 1,300 $2.65 1,990 $6.93 1,945 $3.00 $5.65 $3.00 x x 3,300 9,489 2,775 2,500 $2.32 $5.57 $3.36 $2.98 $2.50 FL Atlanta FL FL FL FL FL FL GA GA Austell GA Canton GA Cartersville GA Chamblee GA Athens - Clarke County ERU 1,865 2,000 2,664 2,171 3,460 4,077 2,324 2,123 2,682 $6.04 $3.50 $4.00 $2.62 $4.00 $3.25 $3.50 $1.00 3,000 3,000 19 $3.75 Date Created Population 1991 17,203 2002 11,592 2007 20,074 123,135 1989 248,232 1991 38,291 54,942 325,957 1997 9,577 1989 13,177 10,741 2000 14,633 1999 15,315 1997 85,779 4,909 14,226 1986 150,624 1993 55,588 2002 303,447 1992 21,003 9,700 5,273 1990 40,670 7,450 17,764 1992 443,343 1992 9,824 5,863 82,103 1992 12,697 14,351 1998 26,487 24,090 1992 31,666 2004 101,489 416,474 5,200 7,709 15,925 2004 9,552 No. 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 Community Clayton County Columbia County Conyers Covington Decatur DeKalb County Doraville Douglasville-Douglas County State GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA Evans GA Fairburn Fayetteville Gilmer County Griffin Gwinnett County GA GA GA GA GA Henry County GA Hinesville GA Loganville Peachtree City Rockdale County GA GA GA Smyrna GA Stockbridge GA Stone Mountain GA Valdosta GA Warner Robbins GA Woodstock GA Ackley Ames Bettendorf Boone Buffalo Burlington Carroll Cedar Rapids Clive Coralville Davenport IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA De Witt Des Moines Dubuque Forest City ERU x x 2,600 2,900 3,000 3,000 Monthly Fee $3.75 $2.63 $3.33 $3.23 $5.00 $4.00 $4.00 $3.50 3800 $2.95 2,200 4,779 2,635 3,000 4,600 3,420 3,900 $3.57 $2.26 $3.32 $4.25 $4.00 $3.95 $3.39 $2.10 3,704 $2.50 $4.20 2,500 3,000 x 25,000 x 3,667 x 2,600 2,349 2,917 20 $2.60 $1.50 $2.00 $2.00 $2.00 $3.00 $3.19 $3.25 $1.25 $1.60 $2.50 $6.42 $2.50 $5.00 Date Created Population 2006 236,517 1999 89,288 2002 10,689 2005 11,547 1999 18,147 2003 665,865 9,862 92,174 17,727 5,464 2004 11,148 23456 1998 23,451 2005 588,448 2006 119,341 30,392 5,435 31,580 70,111 2007 40,999 9,853 7,145 2006 43,724 2006 48,804 2006 10,050 1,809 1994 50,731 2003 31,275 12,803 1,321 26,839 10,106 120,758 2005 12,855 2005 15,123 98,359 5,049 198,682 2003 57,686 4,362 No. 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 Community Garner Hiawatha Iowa City Sioux City State Center Storm Lake Waukee West Des Moines Coeur D'Alene Pocatello Aurora Bloomington State IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA ID ID IL IL ERU Highland Park IL Moline Morton Normal Rock Island Rolling Meadows Tinley Park IL IL IL IL IL IL Albany IN Anderson IN Bargersville IN Batesville IN Berne IN Bloomington Brownsburg Centerville IN IN IN Chandler IN Chesterton IN Cicero IN Clarksville IN Connersville IN Cumberland IN Dyer IN 4,343 Fishers IN 3,318 Fort Wayne Fortville Greendale Greenfield Griffith IN IN IN IN 2,500 3,129 x 2,750 2,973 4,000 3,000 x x x 3,300 3,200 2,800 3,604 Monthly Fee $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $2.00 $2.75 $2.75 $4.00 $2.44 $3.45 $4.35 $4.00 $3.75 $4.74 $4.60 $3.62 $2.76 x 2,500 x 3,585 $12.40 $3.50 $9.46 $2.00 $10.00 $2.70 $5.00 $8.50 $4.00 $5.00 $2.95 Date Created 2000 2004 1990 2004 1998 2004 2000 2005 2006 2002 2001 1983 2002 2005 2005 1998 2004 2004 2,662 3,000 2,250 IN x 21 $6.00 $5.20 $3.65 $8.00 $4.39 $2.00 $7.50 2007 1991 2005 2005 Population 2,922 6,480 62,220 85,013 1,349 10,076 5,126 46,403 34,514 51,466 170,617 70,970 31,614 42,916 15,757 45,386 38,442 23,682 58,595 2,368 59,734 2,120 6,033 4,114 69,291 14,520 2,624 3,500 11,139 4,303 21,400 15,411 5,500 13,895 37,835 205,727 3,444 4,296 14,600 17,334 No. 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 Community Indianapolis Jasper Jeffersonville Logansport Marion McCordsville State IN IN IN IN IN IN ERU 2,800 5,000 Middletown IN Muncie IN New Albany IN New Castle IN New Haven IN North Manchester IN Peru IN Plainfield IN Plymouth IN Richmond IN Shelbyville Valparaiso Vincennes IN IN IN 3,500 Washington IN 2,558 Westfield IN Andover KS Arkansas City KS Bonner Springs KS x Coffeyville KS x Eudora KS Fairway KS Lawrence KS Lenexa KS Manhattan KS Mission KS Olathe KS Overland Park KS Parsons KS Pittsburg Shawnee Topeka Wichita KS KS KS KS Winfield KS Danville KY 2,250 x 2,500 x Monthly Fee $2.25 $2.00 $3.50 $5.00 $7.50 $6.00 $0.95 $3.17 $6.00 2,534 3,497 12,000 2,980 x $3.00 $2.75 $3.00 $2.50 $2.50 3,200 2,366 2,485 2,485 x 2,018 2,139 22 $4.00 $4.00 $2.05 $3.00 $6.00 $3.00 $5.00 $4.00 $5.00 $1.10 $4.00 $3.75 $2.00 $1.00 $2.97 $3.00 $3.62 $2.00 $1.00 $1.50 Date Created Population 2001 791,926 2003 12,100 27,362 19,684 31,320 2005 1,134 2,357 2005 118,769 2005 37,603 17,780 12,406 1994 5,932 12,994 18,396 9,840 39,124 17,951 1998 27,428 18,701 2004 11,380 2008 9,293 2005 6,698 1993 11,963 7,093 2006 10,387 4,307 3,952 2000 80,098 40,238 1992 44,831 2004 9,727 114,662 2001 149,080 2008 11,514 2003 19,243 2004 47,996 1996 122,377 344,284 1991 11,900 2007 15,385 No. 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 Community Henderson Hopkinsville Lexington/Fayette County Louisville, Jefferson Co. Murray Radcliff Sanitation District 1 Warren County Chicopee State KY KY KY KY KY KY KY KY MA ERU 3,000 3,350 Newton MA 3,119 Reading MA 2,552 Annapolis Charles County Montgomery County MD MD MD Rockville MD Silver Spring MD Takoma Park Augusta Lewiston Ann Arbor Berkely Detroit Lansing Marquette MD ME ME MI MI MI MI MI Albert Lea MN Alexandria MN Andover MN Anoka MN Apple Valley MN Arden Hills MN Ashby MN Austin MN Baxter MN Belle Plaine MN Bemidji MN Blaine MN Bloomington MN Brainerd MN x Brooklyn Center MN x Brooklyn Park MN x 2,500 3,000 2,800 2,600 x 2,000 x 2,406 2,330 1,228 2,700 x 2,600 Monthly Fee $2.00 $5.02 $1.50 $4.00 $4.02 $4.00 $3.33 $2.08 $3.32 $1.83 $2.00 $1.06 $4.65 $3.93 $2.39 $3.44 $2.50 $6.92 $3.35 $4.18 $2.50 $2.06 $1.76 $3.98 $2.88 x 3,750 x 23 $2.00 $2.75 $5.62 $1.75 $4.53 $4.29 $8.00 Date Created Population 1998 27,373 2006 30,089 260,512 1987 693,604 2004 14,950 2003 21,961 1998 326,071 2007 43,226 1999 54,653 2006 83,829 24,145 2003 35,838 120,546 2002 873,341 2008 47,388 76,540 1996 17,299 18,560 2006 35,690 1984 114,024 2001 15,531 951,270 1995 119,128 19,661 2005 18,356 2005 8,820 2003 30,222 2003 18,076 1988 45,527 1993 9,815 2005 472 23,314 2006 5,555 1999 4,854 11,917 2007 44,942 1988 85,172 2007 13,684 1991 27,371 2002 69,942 No. 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 Community State ERU Buffalo MN x Burnsville MN x Carver MN x Centerville MN Chanhassen MN Circle Pines MN Columbia Heights MN Coon Rapids MN Cottage Grove MN x Crystal MN x Deep Haven MN Delano MN Duluth MN Eagan MN Eden Prairie MN x Edina MN x Elko New Market MN Excelsior MN x Fairmont MN x Falcon Heights MN Faribault MN Farmington MN x Fergus Falls MN x Fridley MN x Golden Valley MN x Grand Rapids MN x Hopkins MN Hutchinson MN Jordan MN Lake Elmo MN x Lakeville MN x Lauderdale MN Long Lake MN Loretto MN Mahtomedi MN x Mankato MN x Maple Plain MN x Maplewood MN Mayer MN x Mendota Heights MN x x x Monthly Fee $5.90 $3.33 $1.67 $3.00 $2.46 $2.85 $3.50 $3.10 $5.00 $3.75 $2.55 $1.00 $4.80 $4.50 $2.66 $3.25 24 $2.83 $4.00 $1.12 $7.33 $5.35 $4.50 $1.75 $3.09 $2.50 $5.25 $2.50 $3.60 $5.50 $3.51 $3.00 $2.97 $4.12 $0.67 $1.67 Date Created Population 1986 10,097 1992 59,321 2004 2,512 1997 3,765 20,321 2005 5,418 1999 17,969 2002 61,607 2001 32,969 1991 22,698 1994 3,694 3,837 1998 86,918 1990 63,557 1994 54,901 1985 47,425 2000 3,168 1999 2,276 1987 10,889 1986 5,438 2001 20,818 1989 18,207 13,471 1985 27,449 1992 20,281 2004 8,337 1989 16,704 13,080 1995 5,312 2003 7,590 1994 43,128 1994 2,196 1999 1,842 2003 617 2001 8,016 32,427 2005 2,066 2003 35,484 2005 1,323 1992 11,339 No. 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 Community Minneapolis State MN ERU 1,530 Minnetonka MN Minnetrista MN x Moorhead MN x Mora MN x Mound MN x Mounds View MN x New Brighton MN x New Hope MN x New Prague MN x North Saint Paul MN Northfield MN Norwood Young America MN Oak Park Heights MN x Oakdale MN x Orono MN Osseo MN x Plymouth MN x Prior Lake MN Ramsey MN Richfield MN x Robbinsdale MN x Rochester MN Rogers MN x Rosemount MN x Roseville MN x Saint Anthony MN x Saint Bonifacius MN x Saint Cloud MN x Saint Louis Park Saint Paul MN MN x Saint Paul Park MN Savage MN Shakopee MN x Shoreview MN x Shorewood MN x South Saint Paul MN Stillwater MN x Thief River Falls MN x Tonka Bay MN x x 25 Monthly Fee $9.77 $4.05 $3.00 $1.25 $2.16 $2.75 $4.88 $6.11 $2.64 $5.35 $2.11 $1.00 $1.00 $1.67 $3.26 $3.00 $4.33 $12.00 $2.60 $3.30 $3.95 $3.00 $3.15 $3.75 $5.05 $4.33 $5.00 $2.10 $3.83 $4.82 $2.67 $5.88 $2.81 $3.63 $6.72 $2.50 $1.50 $2.50 $1.13 Date Created Population 2005 382,618 2003 51,301 1992 5,726 2005 32,177 2005 3,193 2001 9,435 1993 12,023 1994 22,206 1991 20,873 1992 6,759 1990 11,293 1986 17,147 2003 3,473 1999 4,051 2002 26,653 2001 7,538 2007 2,434 2001 65,894 1993 22,674 2000 18,510 1985 34,439 1985 14,123 2003 85,806 2002 3,588 1992 20,468 1984 33,690 1992 7,754 2004 2,326 2003 59,107 2000 44,126 1986 287,151 2007 5,070 1994 27,292 1985 20,568 1991 26,726 1993 7,400 2003 20,167 1996 17,781 8,410 1993 1,545 No. 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 Community State ERU Vadnais Heights MN x Vadnais Lake Water Mngmt. Org. MN x Victoria MN x Waconia MN x Watertown MN x Wayzata MN West Saint Paul MN White Bear Township MN Woodbury MN Worthington MN Arnold MO Columbia - Boone County Kansas City Saint Louis Billings Great Falls Helena Whitefish Asheville Bessemer City Burlington Carolina Beach Chapel Hill MO MO MO MT MT MT 1,750 x 3,000 10,000 MT Clemmons Concord NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC Cornelius NC Cumberland County NC Dallas NC Davidson NC Durham Elizabeth City Fayetteville Forsythe County Gastonia Greensboro NC NC NC NC NC NC Greenville NC High Point NC Huntersville NC Indian Trail NC Charlotte x Monthly Fee $3.00 $2.20 $3.33 $5.47 $1.75 $3.33 $3.08 $2.00 $5.50 $3.00 $3.75 $1.15 $3.00 $0.24 $2.69 $7.26 $1.84 2,442 x x 500 2,000 2,613 3,952 3,120 2,613 2,266 x 2,613 2,400 x 2,266 2,650 2,543 2,000 2,588 2,613 x 26 $2.34 $2.07 $2.00 $6.50 $5.51 $3.70 $4.30 $4.03 $1.00 $2.08 $1.85 $4.50 $3.00 $1.00 $2.75 $2.70 $5.70 $2.00 $4.03 $3.50 Date Created Population 1992 12,525 1997 1992 2005 1991 2006 1992 1992 2004 2006 1993 1992 1989 1988 2006 2004 2005 2002 2004 1994 1993 2005 1996 1997 2006 2004 2006 2001 1994 2007 6,203 6,814 3,029 4,113 19,405 11,293 54 11,056 20,766 135,454 441,545 1,400,000 89,847 56,690 25,780 5,032 68,889 5,398 44,917 4,701 48,715 695,454 13,827 55,977 11,969 302,963 3,402 7,139 187,035 17,188 121,015 306,067 66,277 223,891 60,476 85,839 24,960 11,905 No. 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 Community Jacksonville State NC ERU 2,850 3,250 2,980 Kannapolis NC Kernersville Lowell Lumberton Matthews Mecklenburg County Mint Hill Mount Holly Oak Island Oxford Pineville Raleigh NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC Rocky Mount NC Spring Lake NC Stallings NC Washington NC x Whitakers NC x Wilmington Wilson NC NC Winston-Salem NC Winterville NC Wrightsville Beach NC Bismarck Grand Forks Sante Fe Carson City Sparks ND ND NM NV NV Ada OH Ashland Barberton OH OH Bellefontaine OH Broadview Heights OH Butler County OH Canal Winchester OH Chillicothe Cincinnati Columbus OH OH OH Cuyahoga Falls OH Dayton OH x 2,613 2,613 2,613 x x 2,368 2,613 2,260 2,519 2,266 Monthly Fee $4.00 $4.00 $3.29 $2.50 $4.03 $4.03 $4.03 $2.50 $2.50 $2.00 $4.03 $4.00 $3.75 $2.50 x $4.20 $3.25 $5.00 $2.94 $4.25 $2.00 $0.00 x $2.90 2,500 2,585 x 2,000 x x 3,052 8,668 2,400 4,000 4,000 2,000 3,000 x 27 $1.50 $3.50 $5.00 $4.00 $1.08 $1.00 $1.00 $2.70 $3.32 $2.00 $4.28 Date Created Population 2006 66,715 36,910 2006 17,126 2,662 20,795 22,127 695,454 14,922 9,618 6,571 8,338 3,449 2004 276,093 2003 55,893 8,098 2007 3,189 2002 9,583 799 2004 75,838 2002 44,405 185,776 2007 4,791 2,593 55,532 1988 49,321 2003 62,203 2003 52,457 66,346 2004 5,582 2006 21,249 2006 27,899 2001 12,808 2007 15,967 2004 332,807 2005 4,478 1997 21,796 1985 331,285 1994 711,470 2004 50,272 1997 166,179 No. 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 Community Delaware Forest Park State OH OH Gahanna OH Galion OH Greenville OH Hamilton OH Hamilton County OH Hudson Ironton OH OH Kent OH Lake County Lancaster OH OH Lebanon OH Loveland Marion OH OH Marysville OH Mason Medina OH OH Middletown OH Milford OH Monroe OH Montpelier Mskngm Watrshd Cnsrvncy Dst Newark OH OH OH Painesville OH Pickerington OH Ravenna OH Reynoldsburg Sheffield Sheffield Lake Sidney OH OH OH OH Tallmadge OH Toledo OH Trenton OH Troy OH Union Upper Arlington Wadsworth Wooster Zanesville OH OH OH OH OH ERU 2,773 3,064 2,650 2,800 2,536 x 3,000 1,963 3,050 2,600 2,615 2,500 2,778 2,700 2,716 2,814 2,400 x 3,300 2,600 2,500 2,530 2,750 2,530 2,500 2,275 2,500 x 3,000 Monthly Fee $2.50 $3.00 $2.71 $3.00 $2.95 $5.50 $3.00 $14.55 $2.30 $0.80 $4.64 $3.50 $4.50 $4.16 $2.75 $3.00 $2.25 $3.25 $5.50 $3.00 $1.00 $4.50 $2.75 $1.50 $3.00 $1.25 $2.50 $4.85 $0.30 $2.00 $3.16 $2.60 $3.50 $3.00 $4.50 $4.80 28 Date Created Population 2002 25,243 1988 19,463 2004 32,636 2001 11,158 2007 13,037 2002 60,690 845,303 22,439 2005 11,211 2001 27,906 2003 227,511 2004 35,335 2004 16,962 2003 11,677 1997 35,318 2004 15,942 2001 22,016 2003 25,139 2005 51,605 2004 6,284 2003 7,133 1986 4,320 2,000,000 2005 46,279 2002 17,503 2001 15878 2007 11,771 1996 32,069 2004 2,949 1999 9,371 1994 20,211 16,390 1999 313,619 2003 8,746 2007 22,331 1987 5,574 1990 33,686 2005 18,437 1985 24,811 1987 25,586 No. 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 Community Broken Arrow ERU 2,650 Monthly Fee $3.00 2,650 $1.00 $3.40 $4.63 Edmond State OK OK Lawton OK Oklahoma City Tulsa OK OK Adair Village OR Ashland OR 3,000 Beaverton OR Bend OR 2,640 3,800 Cannon Beach OR Central Point OR Clackamas County OR Clatskanie OR Corvallis Cottage Grove OR OR 2,750 Dundee OR Estacada Eugene OR OR Fairview OR Florence OR Forest Grove OR 2,500 2,500 1,000 2,500 1,000 2,640 Forest Park Gresham Hillsboro Hood River OR OR OR OR 2,500 2,640 2,500 Hubbard OR Keizer OR Lake Oswego Medford Milwaukie OR OR OR Newburg OR Ontario OR Oregon City OR Philomath OR Portland OR Reedsport OR Roseburg OR Saint Helens OR OR OR Salem Sandy 3,000 3,000 3,030 3,000 2,706 $3.68 $6.00 $4.00 $3.50 $5.00 $2.50 $4.98 $3.20 $5.00 $5.15 $8.69 $6.42 $6.00 $4.00 $7.65 $4.00 $2.50 $4.25 $2.70 $6.64 $4.40 $9.15 $1.16 $2.00 1977 1997 1998 1994 1994 2005 1990 1994 2007 1992 1994 1994 2,194 $16.82 1993 1999 1999 2,500 $3.35 $4.54 2003 2,750 $3.00 2001 x 29 Date Created Population 2002 74,859 1994 68,315 92,757 1995 506,132 1986 393,049 536 1994 19,522 1989 85,560 2007 52,029 1996 1,588 2005 16,550 367,040 49,322 8,445 2,598 2,371 137,893 7,561 7,263 17,708 90,205 70,186 5,831 2,483 32,203 35,278 63,154 20,490 18,064 10,985 25,754 3,838 529,121 4,378 20,017 10,019 136,924 5,385 No. 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 Community State ERU Scappoose OR Sheridan OR Springfield OR Talent Tigard Troutdale Tualatin OR OR OR OR Washington County OR West Linn Wilsonville OR OR Philadelphia PA Aiken County SC Anderson SC Beaufort County Charleston SC SC Charleston County SC Columbia Conway Dorchester County Easley Florence Georgetown Greenville Greer Horry County SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC Mount Pleasant SC North Augusta North Charleston North Myrtle Beach SC SC SC Rock Hill SC x Spartanburg County SC x Summerville SC Aberdeen Brookings Sioux Falls Alcoa Chattanooga Collierville Dyersburg Franklin SD SD SD TN TN TN TN TN Monthly Fee $3.50 $8.63 $1.41 $4.00 $3.24 $4.00 2,914 2,750 2,500 x 4,906 2,200 2,454 2,700 14,520 5,000 2,500 2,389 14,520 3,500 $3.25 $4.00 $9.12 $3.22 $4.00 $3.70 $6.00 $3.00 $3.95 $5.25 $2.43 $2.00 $3.50 $1.75 $1.80 $2.45 $1.50 $4.00 2000 2007 2005 2001 2006 2002 2003 1981 1993 1995 2002 2000 2002 $6.00 $2.40 $4.00 $3.00 2005 1996 1982 x x x 1,500 2,714 30 Date Created $4.00 $3.00 $2.25 $1.00 $4.00 1993 2003 Population 4,976 3,570 52,864 5,589 41,223 13,777 22,791 445,342 22,261 13,991 1,517,550 28,000 25,514 120,937 96,650 309,969 116,278 11,788 96,413 17,754 30,248 8,950 56,002 16,843 196,629 47,609 17,574 79,641 10,974 49,765 253,791 27,752 24,658 18,504 123,975 7,734 155,554 31,872 17,452 46,416 No. 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 Community Hamilton County State TN ERU 3,500 3,315 3,181 2,400 3,147 3,470 Johnson City TN La Vergne Maryville Memphis TN TN TN Murfreesboro TN Signal Mountain Tullahoma Abilene Allen Arlington Austin Azle Baytown Bedford TN TN TX TX TX TX TX TX TX Burkburnett TX Colleyville TX Corinth TX Dallas TX Denton TX El Paso TX Euless TX x Flower Mound TX x Fort Worth Gainesville Garland TX TX TX Grand Prarie TX Highland Village TX Houston Irving TX TX Killeen TX Laredo Lubbock McKinney Mesquite North Richland Hills Plano TX TX TX TX TX TX Rowlett TX Saginaw TX San Antonio TX x x x 2,800 x 1,500 1,979 2,727 3,500 x 3,900 2,000 2,600 1,895 1,000 2,400 x 2,343 x 31 Monthly Fee $3.00 $2.25 $3.50 $3.97 $2.18 $3.25 $2.50 $0.00 $2.45 $2.75 $2.00 $7.15 $3.00 $1.71 $3.50 $1.50 $7.00 $5.00 $4.75 $2.50 $1.50 $2.90 $2.00 $2.40 $2.50 $4.91 $2.00 $2.16 $5.00 $2.25 $4.99 $1.00 $3.00 $2.00 $3.00 $3.68 Date Created 2007 2005 2003 2006 2007 2002 2003 1993 1994 1982 2000 2003 2002 2007 1993 2002 2007 1990 2003 2006 1993 1991 1993 2006 2003 2001 1993 2002 2005 1997 Population 11,530 55,469 18,687 23,120 650,100 68,816 7,725 17,994 115,930 43,554 332,969 656,562 9,600 66,430 47,152 10,927 19,636 10,843 1,188,580 80,537 580,000 46,005 50,702 534,694 15,538 215,768 127,427 8,842 1,953,631 191,615 86,911 176,576 199,564 54,369 124,523 55,635 222,030 44,503 12,374 1,144,646 No. 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 Community San Marcos State TX Southlake TX Stephenville TX White Settlement TX Wichita Falls TX Bountiful UT Centerville UT Draper UT Farmington UT Logan Midvale UT UT Murray UT Nibley UT North Logan UT North Ogden UT Ogden UT Orem UT Payson UT Provo UT Riverdale UT Salt Lake City Sandy UT UT Santa Clara UT Spanish Fork UT Springville UT West Valley Hampton UT VA VA VA James City County VA Newport News Norfolk Portsmouth Prince William County VA VA VA VA Richmond VA Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach South Burlington Aberdeen VA VA VA VT WA Arlington County Chesapeake ERU 6,000 Monthly Fee $3.21 $8.00 $3.00 x 3,500 3,828 3,600 3,000 x 3,000 3,000 4,700 1,500 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,816 3,500 3,200 3,500 2,830 2,762 2,112 2,429 3,235 1,777 2,000 1,877 2,059 2,600 3,200 2,269 2,700 x 32 $1.75 $4.00 $4.00 $6.00 $3.50 $3.25 $3.55 $4.00 $4.00 $2.14 $4.50 $5.00 $4.10 $3.00 $5.00 $4.51 $3.00 $3.96 $4.00 $2.17 $2.55 $3.60 $4.90 $3.10 $7.85 $5.00 $1.50 $2.70 $3.95 $5.43 $4.50 $6.08 Date Created Population 2004 34,733 2006 21,519 2002 14,921 2005 14,831 2000 104,197 41,301 2007 14,585 2001 25,220 2003 15,540 2005 42,670 2004 27,029 2006 46,558 2,045 2007 6,163 1987 15,026 77,226 1996 84,324 16,748 105,166 2005 7,656 1991 181,743 88,418 2004 4,630 20,246 2007 25,998 2001 108,869 189,453 1992 199,184 1994 146,437 2007 48,102 1993 180,150 1996 234,403 1992 100,565 1994 280,813 2006 197,790 23,853 2005 63,677 1993 425,257 2005 15,814 1999 16,461 No. 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 Community Algona Anacortes Arlington Auburn Battle Ground Bellevue Bellingham Blaine Bonney Lake State WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA WA Bothell WA Bremerton Burlington WA WA Camas WA Centralia WA Chehalis WA Chelan County WA Clark County WA Des Moines WA Douglas County WA Duvall East Wenatchee WA WA x Edgewood WA x Edmonds WA Everett WA Federal Way WA Ferndale WA Fife WA Friday Harbor WA Gig Harbor WA Issaquah Jefferson County WA WA Kelso WA Kent WA King County Kitsap County Lacey Liberty Lake Longview Lynnwood Marysville WA WA WA WA WA WA WA ERU x 2,000 6,000 2,600 3,000 3,000 x 3,000 4,600 2,400 2,750 2,750 3,000 x 2,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 Monthly Fee $4.75 $3.00 $3.45 $11.50 $7.00 $4.16 $6.00 $6.46 $7.45 $3.10 $6.00 $5.47 $5.50 $2.75 $6.82 $2.92 $16.92 $2.92 $3.33 $7.78 $10.50 $6.59 $2.00 $10.25 $7.20 $5.17 $3.10 x 2,500 x 4,200 x 3,160 2,500 2,900 3,200 33 $9.25 $4.78 $6.75 $0.51 $2.25 $4.25 $8.00 Date Created Population 2004 2,460 1999 14,557 2006 11,713 1991 40,314 1982 9,296 1974 109,569 2001 67,171 3,770 9,687 1994 30,150 1994 37,259 1994 6,757 1989 12,534 2004 14,742 1992 7,057 2008 38,760 1980 345,238 1990 29,267 1998 32,603 1981 4,616 1999 5,757 1996 9,089 1998 39,515 2004 91,488 1990 83,259 2006 8,758 2004 4,784 1993 1,989 6,465 1988 11,212 25,953 1993 11,895 1992 79,524 1986 1,737,034 1993 231,969 1986 31,226 2003 4,660 1999 34,660 1991 33,847 1999 25,315 No. 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 Community Mercer Island State WA ERU 3,471 3,000 Mill Creek WA Milton WA Monroe WA Montesano WA Mountlake Terrace Mukilteo Normandy Park WA WA WA North Bend WA Oak Harbor Olympia WA WA Orting WA Pierce County WA Port Angeles WA Port Orchard WA Port Townsend WA Puyallup WA Redmond Renton Richland San Juan County Seattle WA WA WA WA WA Sedro-Woolley WA Shelton WA x Skagit County WA x Snohomish 2,500 Spokane WA WA Spokane County WA 3,160 Steilacoom WA Sumner WA Tacoma WA Thurston County WA Toppenish WA Tukwilla Tumwater WA WA x University Place WA x Vancouver WA Walla Walla WA Wenatchee WA West Richland WA 2,500 2,282 2,500 3,100 2,920 2,500 2,528 2,500 2,640 4,000 3,000 2,800 2,000 x 3,000 x x 2,400 6,000 3,600 2,000 3,250 2,500 3,000 3,000 34 Monthly Fee $13.00 $15.50 $9.00 $2.00 $5.83 $7.85 $10.00 $12.36 $7.70 $3.00 $9.00 $6.67 $3.00 $7.20 $10.24 $16.56 $5.72 $2.60 $3.85 $11.34 $8.50 $3.06 $3.25 $1.75 $1.75 $13.75 $2.50 $11.59 $1.67 $1.00 $5.17 $5.70 $6.00 $4.00 $3.28 $5.50 $2.80 Date Created Population 1995 22,036 2001 11,525 5,795 1996 13,795 3,312 1999 20,362 1988 18,019 2003 6,392 2001 4,746 1997 19,795 1986 42,514 1997 3,760 1991 700,820 2003 18,397 7,693 1987 8,334 33,011 1988 45,256 1987 58,360 1998 38,708 2005 14,077 1988 563,374 8,658 1995 8,442 1994 102,979 2005 8,494 2005 195,629 2004 451,200 1994 6,049 8,504 1984 193,556 2002 207,355 1991 8,946 1989 17,181 1987 12,698 1995 29,933 1994 157,493 30,945 1995 27,856 2006 8,358 No. 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 860 858 859 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 Community State Woodinville WA Yakima Yelm WA WA Allouez WI Altoona WI Appleton Baraboo WI WI Barron WI Bellevue WI Beloit WI Brown Deer WI Butler WI Cambridge WI Chetek WI Chippewa Falls WI Cudahy WI De Forest WI De Pere WI Delafield WI Denmark WI Eau Claire Elm Grove Fitchburg WI WI WI Franklin WI Garner's Creek Glendale Grand Chute WI WI WI Grantsburg WI Green Bay Greendale Greenville WI WI WI Harrison WI Hobart WI Holmen WI Howard WI Janesville WI Kenosha WI Kimberly WI Lake Delton WI Lancaster WI ERU 3,600 x Monthly Fee $7.09 $4.17 $2.50 3,663 x 2,368 2,379 10,850 3,221 3,347 3,257 3,032 2,700 3,000 6,235 3,700 2,964 3,623 2,609 3,283 3,000 3,941 4,510 4,000 3,550 3,301 3,200 2,477 2,762 1,685 3,400 35 $3.00 $9.07 $3.91 $2.00 $4.00 $2.00 $7.65 $5.50 $2.33 $2.25 $3.00 $4.00 $4.50 $3.33 $2.42 $3.92 $5.46 $4.35 $3.00 $8.00 $3.50 $4.00 $1.50 $4.60 $6.00 $5.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.08 $3.67 $2.28 $5.00 $8.00 $1.50 Date Created Population 1993 9,194 2004 71,845 1999 3,289 2006 15,443 2007 6,698 1995 70,087 2005 1,828 2005 3,250 2002 11,828 2006 35,775 2004 11,895 1999 1,881 2005 1,101 2005 2,180 2005 13,374 2001 18,429 2004 7,368 2003 20,560 2004 7,820 1,958 1997 61,704 2004 6,249 2002 20,501 29,494 1998 1996 13,367 1997 18,392 2004 1,397 2004 102,313 2004 14,405 1999 6,844 1998 5,800 2007 5,694 2007 7,594 2005 15,774 2003 59,498 2007 90,352 2006 6,146 1993 1,982 2007 4,070 No. 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 Community Little Chute WI ERU 2,752 Madison Manitowoc WI WI 3,167 Marshfield WI McFarland WI Menomonie WI Milwaukee Monroe Neenah New Berlin WI WI WI WI WI New Richmond WI North Fond du Lac WI Oak Creek WI Onalaska WI Oshkosh WI Pleasant Prairie WI Poynette WI Racine WI Raymond WI River Falls Sheboygan WI WI WI Shorewood Hills WI Slinger WI South Milwaukee WI Sun Prarie Superior WI WI Sussex WI Vernon WI Washburn WI Watertown WI Waupun WI Wauwatosa West Allis West Salem WI WI WI Weston WI Whitewater WI Wisconsin Rapids WI Beckley WV Monona Saint Francis State 3,000 1,610 3,550 2,844 $2.67 $6.85 $5.00 $5.00 $4.67 $5.00 $2.39 $4.67 $3.00 $2.17 $4.07 $1.25 $4.17 $6.00 2,500 2,215 $1.96 $4.00 $3.00 x 2,728 3,138 4,000 12,632 3,123 2,964 x 2,817 x 4,300 2,964 1,907 3,897 6,904 3,204 2,174 1,827 2,400 3,338 3,850 2,620 x 36 Monthly Fee $8.00 $3.75 $6.00 $5.50 $3.00 $5.00 $5.90 $5.00 $2.67 $4.00 $1.33 $6.46 $3.50 $4.95 $3.98 $3.33 $1.79 $3.75 Date Created Population 1998 10,830 2001 208,054 2007 34,053 2004 19,220 2007 6,416 2007 14,937 2006 596,974 2004 8,018 2004 10,843 2003 24,507 2001 38,220 2004 7,726 2007 4,557 28,456 2006 16,186 2003 62,916 18,000 2006 2,266 2004 81,855 2006 3,884 1998 12,560 2001 8,662 2001 50,792 2007 1,641 2007 3,901 21,256 2003 20,369 2007 27,368 2005 8,828 2006 7,227 2005 2,280 2005 22,824 2005 10,720 1999 47,271 1997 61,254 2007 4,540 2004 12,736 2007 13,432 2008 18,435 16,828 No. Community 921 Fairmont 922 Morgantown 923 Oak Hill State ERU Monthly Fee Date Created WV $5.00 2003 $2.50 2003 WV WV 37 Population 19,097 28,292 7,589