20
A
A
3 cell
=


−
R
1
R c c c
1 c c s
0
0
0
0
− (
R
R
1 c c s
R u c
1 f
2
1 c f c s
A
+
R c c c
R
1
1 u c s
0 c s
0
+
( 1 −
+
R
1
R cc c s
R u
1 c f
1 cc c s
)
0
) 0
−
R
1 c c c
1
R c c s
0
0
− (
1
R u c s
R u
2
1 c
+
0
R
R
1
1 c c c
1 c s
R c c s f c s
0
+
+
R
1 cc c s
2
R cc c s
)
0
0
0
0
−
R
1 c
1 c c c c c
− (
R
1 c c s
0
0
0
+
1
R cc c s
1
R c c c
R u
1 c s
+
R
1 cc c s

) .

R
May 21-22, 2014
8:00 Welcome & Introductions
Prof. Anna Stefanopoulou, ARC Director
Mr. Nigel Francis, Senior Automotive Adviser to the State of Michigan
Address by The Honorable Carl Levin, U.S. Senator, Michigan
C
Day 2: Thursday, May 22, 2014
8:00 Welcome
Prof. Andre Boéhman, ARC Associate Director
8:05 “Energy Storage For Vehicle And Grid:
Progress & Needs”
Dr. Ping Liu ,  Program Director, ARPA-E
A
3 cell =


−
R c
1 c
1
R c c s
0
0
0
0 c
− (
1
R c c s
R u
2
1 c f
+
R c
1 c
1 c
R u c s
0 c s
0
+
+
R cc
1 c
1
R cc c s s
R 2 c
1 f c s
( 1 −
1
R u c
WPLQ f
)
Figure 11. OBSERVABILITY OF THE SAME SENSOR LOCATIONS
) 0
−
R
0
R c c
0
0 c bination would be placing the sensors at the 3
12
− (
R u
1 c s
R u
2
1 c
+
1
R cc c s
R
1 c c
1 c
R c c s c s
0
0
+
+
R
1
R cc c s cc c s
)
−
0
0
0
R c
1 c
1
R c c c
− (
1
R c c s
+
0
0
0
R
R c
1 cc c s
1 c
1 c
R u c s th
+
, 6
R
1
8:30 Introductions by Dr. David Gorsich, th
Dr. Paul Rogers , Director, U.S. Army TARDEC
“Role of University Research in TARDEC’s 30 year strategy”
) .
, 9
 th and through the coolant flow, the former tends to have larger impact on the observability of the pack model. This may be related to
Chief Scientist, U.S. Army TARDEC
12 th
Mr. Patrick Davis , Dir. of the Vehicle Technologies Office, EERE, DoE
“Highlights and Research Needs in Advanced Vehicle Power Technology each other. But the heat convection through the coolant flow is
Alliance between DOE and U.S. Army”
Mr. Jeffrey Singleton , Director of Basic Research, U.S. Army
“Army Basic Research Needs & Challenges”
8:30 Technical Sessions 1
1A: Electrical Energy Storage
1B: Vehicle Safety
9:50 Networking Break
10:10 “Vehicle Mobility: Goals & Challenges”
Dr. Paramsothy Jayakumar , Senior Research Scientist,
U.S. Army TARDEC
UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
Table 3. NUMBER OF SENSOR POSITION COMBINATIONS GIVING
FULL OBSERVABILITY FOR A STRING WITH 12 CELLS AND 4 SEN-
SORS
10:00 Networking Break on the observability of the pack model. This may be related to
10:30 Strategic University Partnership
Prof. Panos Papalambros, Chair of Integrative Systems + Design &
ARC Founding Director, U. of Michigan
Prof. Walter Bryzik, DeVlieg Chairman, Mech. Engineering, Wayne State U.
Conditions
Full interconnection
Natural convection
FULL OBSERVABILITY FOR A STRING WITH 12 CELLS AND 4 SEN-
No cell to cell conduction observability is 4.
Conditions
No. of combinations
Full interconnection
Natural convection
106/495
52/495
1/495
No cell to cell conduction
No. of combinations giving full observability
106/495
52/495
1/495
Consequently, greater cell to cell heat conduction will be favored by the observability of the pack model. It is noted that
8 Conclusion
Prof. Imtiaz Haque, Founding Chair, Automotive Engineering, Clemson U.
Prof. Christophe Pierre, Vice President for Academic Affairs, U. of Illinois tion will facilitate the spread of such failure to other cells in the pack. This is not desirable from the safety perspective.
rent excitation of a real drive cycle and the resultant battery surface temperatures. The identified parameters and the measured
8 Conclusion
In this paper, an online parameterization methodology for a lumped thermal model of a cylindrical lithium ion battery cell has been proposed, designed and verified by simulation. By usfull observability. Under natural convection, where the coolant is not flowing between cells, only 52 combinations can satisfy lated coolant convection and cell to cell conduction, referred to as full interconnection in Table 3, 106 combinations will give full observability. Under natural convection, where the coolant is not flowing between cells, only 52 combinations can satisfy
11:10 Measuring ARC’s Impact: Alumni
Col. Scott Lathrop, Dep. Dir. of R&D, U.S. Cyber Command Fort Meade
Dr. Andreas Malikopoulos, Deputy Director, Urban Dynamics Institute,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory the battery lifetime, such online identification scheme can be reset on a monthly or yearly basis to track varying parameters due ditions under different scenarios, and the conclusion is summarized in Table 3. The minimum number of sensors that gives full observability is 4.
As shown in Table 3, among all the 495 combinations of
4 sensor locations in a cell string of 12, if there is both circu-
Dr. Bin Wu, Manager, Electric Motor Core Control, Mercedes Benz R&D N. face temperatures. The identified parameters and the measured cell surface temperature are adopted by an adaptive observer to estimate the unmeasurable core temperature of the cell. The estimated core temperature can be used as a more useful and critical reference for the on-board thermal management system and even the vehicle power management system. The next step will be to validate the model and the methodology with experiments. Over
12:00pm Lunch & Group Photograph
10:40 Technical Sessions 2
2A: Model-based Optimization
2B: Vehicle Dynamics and Control
12:25pm Closing Remarks and Award Presentation
Prof. Jack Hu , Interim V.P. for Research, U. of Michigan
Dr. David Gorsich , Chief Scientist, U.S. Army TARDEC
1:00-2:00 Post Review Reception
This event is free of charge
Confirm attendance by May 5 at
Inquiries
(734) 764-6579 arc-event-inquiries@umich.edu
1:30 Case Study Presentations Venue
“Any fuel, any time, anywhere: Systematic Development of Fuel Surrogates to Enable Simulation-based Engineering of Omnivorous Military
Engines”
“Beyond Modular Vehicles: A Modeling Framework for Assessing Adaptability and Costs of a Modular Vehicle Fleet “
3:10 - 5:15 Poster Session & Networking
Chesebrough Auditorium
Chrysler Center, North Campus
The University of Michigan
2121 Bonisteel
Ann Arbor, MI 48109 -2092
A U.S. Army Center of Excellence for Modeling and Simulation of Ground Vehicles
In accordance with Cooperative Agreement W56HZV-14-2-0001
U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center
(TARDEC)
College of Engineering

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
MR.  NIGEL  FRANCIS   is  senior  automotive  adviser  to  the  state  of  Michigan  and  senior  vice  president,
Automotive  Industry  Office,  Michigan  Economic  Development  Corporation.  Nigel  is  charged  with   developing,  implementing  and  executing  a  comprehensive  strategic  plan  and  road  map  to  promote,  retain   and  grow  the  automotive  industry  in  Michigan.  He  serves  as  the  state’s  central  connection  point  for   automotive  industry  stakeholders  and  engages  with  them  to  drive  action  that  supports  the  industry  and
Michigan’s  overall  economic  growth  strategy.
Nigel  comes  to  state  government  with  29  years  of  executive  experience  in  the  global  automotive  sector   encompassing  both  technical  and  technology  management  in  North  America,  Europe  and  Asia.  He  has  worked  with   multinational  senior  management  both  at  OEMs  and  Tier  I  suppliers.  Nigel  has  a  global  awareness  of  startups,  small,  medium   and  large  corporations,  turnarounds,  and  mergers  and  acquisitions.  With  a  record  of  successfully  building  and  leading  diverse   cross  functional  teams  across  different  continents,  he  is  well  versed  in  global  business  cultures  and  values  collaboration  at  all   levels.  He  has  spent  a  majority  of  his  career  in  advanced  design  and  engineering  product  development  and  in  recent  years  has   been  closely  involved  with  clean  tech  through  EV/HEV/PHEV  vehicle  development.  Nigel  has  held  executive  level  positions  at
OEM  and  Tier  I  companies  in  North  America  and  Europe,  including  chief  engineering  and  program  management  for  Tata
Technologies;  COO  and  chief  technology  officer  at  Trexa  LLC;  executive  vice  president,  Bright  Automotive;  vice  president,   vehicle  engineering  at  Mercedes-­‐Benz  Technology,  and  several  C-­‐level  positions  in  product  development  and  technology.
Nigel  holds  a  Bachelor’s  of  Science  degree  from  Brunel  University  in  London,  England.  Professional  affiliations  include  fellow,
Institute  of  Mechanical  Engineers  of  Great  Britain;  chartered  engineer-­‐Great  Britain;  and  advisory  board  member  to  the
University  of  Michigan's  Michigan  Mobility  Transformation  Center's  (MTC)  External  Advisory  Board  and  to  Purdue  University
School  of  Engineering  Technology.
DR.  DAVID  GORSICH  was  selected  for  a  Scientific  and  Professional  (ST)  position  in  January  2009  and  serves   as  the  Army’s  Chief  Scientist  for  Ground  Vehicle  Systems.  His  current  research  interests  are  vehicle   dynamics  and  structural  analysis,  reliability-­‐based  design  optimization,  underbody  blast  modeling,  terrain   modeling  and  spatial  statistics.  He  is  the  primary  technical  advisor  to  the  Director  of  TARDEC  and   responsible  for  the  organization’s  science  and  technology  strategy,  as  well  as  the  review  of  TARDEC’s  basic   research  programs.  He  is  the  organization's  primary  focal  point  to  organizations  such  as  DARPA  and  Army
Research  Office  (ARO),  and  serves  as  the  technical  expert  for  the  U.S.  Army  National  Automotive  Center.
Previously  Dr.  Gorsich  was  the  Director  of  Strategic  Plans  and  Programs  at  TARDEC,  and  the  Associate
Director  for  Modeling  and  Simulation.
As  TARDEC's  Associate  Director  for  Simulation,  he  also  was  responsible  for  the  Center's  High  Performance  Computing  program.
Before  2003,  Dr.  Gorsich  served  as  a  research  scientist  in  TARDEC's  Robotics  Lab  as  well  as  the  leader  of  the  National
Automotive  Center's  Vehicle  Intelligence  team.  He  has  held  positions  within  the  Program  Managers’  offices,  and  with  the  Army   in  Washington  D.C.  He  has  published  over  150  conference  and  journal  articles  in  the  areas  of  simulation,  reliability-­‐based   design  optimization,  terrain  modeling,  spatial  statistics  and  other  approximation  methods.  He  received  his  Ph.D.  in  applied   mathematics  from  M.I.T.  in  2000,  his  M.S.  in  applied  mathematics  from  George  Washington  University  in  1994,  and  his  B.S.  in   electrical  engineering  from  Lawrence  Technological  University  in  1990.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
DR.  PAUL  ROGERS  was  selected  to  the  Army  Senior  Executive  Service  in  2007.  He  currently  serves  as  the
Director  of  TARDEC,  which  delivers  advanced  technology  solutions  for  all  Department  of  Defense  ground   systems  and  combat  support  equipment.
As  TARDEC  Director,  Rogers  manages  a  workforce  of  more  than  1,700  engineers,  scientists,  researchers   and  support  staff,  and  sets  strategic  direction  affecting  more  than  270  Army  systems.
Rogers  previously  served  as  the  Deputy  Program  Executive  Officer  for  Ground  Combat  Systems  where  he   managed  the  development,  systems  integration,  acquisition,  testing,  fielding,  sustainment  and  improvement  of  ground  combat   systems  in  accordance  with  the  Army's  transformation  campaign  plan.
Prior  to  that,  Rogers  served  as  the  TARDEC  Executive  Director  for  Research  and  Technology  Integration,  providing  Army   research  and  development  in  Ground  Vehicle  Power  and  Mobility,  Survivability,  Intelligent  Systems,  Vehicle  Electronic  and
Architecture  Systems,  and  Platform  Concept,  Analysis,  and  System  Simulation.
As  a  member  of  the  Michigan  National  Guard,  Rogers  was  activated  and  served  in  Iraq  as  the  Battalion  Commander  for  the
507th  Engineer  Battalion  at  Balad,  Iraq,  in  support  of  Operation  Iraqi  Freedom  from  2004-­‐06.
Dr.  Rogers  holds  a  Ph.D.  in  Mechanical  Engineering-­‐Engineering  Mechanics  from  Michigan  Technological  University  (MTU),  a
Master’s  of  Strategic  Studies  from  the  U.S.  Army  War  College,  a  Master’s  of  Science  in  Engineering  –  Mechanical  Engineering   from  the  University  of  Michigan–Dearborn,  and  a  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Mechanical  Engineering  from  MTU.  He  has  also  served   as  an  Adjunct  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering  at  Lawrence  Technological  University.
MR.  PATRICK  DAVIS  is  the  Director  of  the  Vehicle  Technologies  Office  in  the  Office  of  Energy  Efficiency  and
Renewable  Energy  (EERE)  at  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Energy  (DOE).  Patrick  Davis  leads  an  array  of  activities   that  help  reduce  America's  dependence  on  foreign  oil  and  secure  a  clean  energy  future.  The  Vehicle
Technologies  Office  supports  about  $330  million  in  annual  research  funding  for  hybrid  drivetrains,   advanced  batteries,  lightweight  materials,  advanced  combustion  and  fuels,  vehicle  systems  integration,   and  Clean  Cities  deployment  activities.
He  is  responsible  for  three  major  government  and  private  industry  partnerships:  the  U.S.  DRIVE  Partnership
(Driving  Research  and  Innovation  for  Vehicle  Efficiency  and  Energy  Sustainability),  the  21st  Century  Truck  Partnership  and
DOE's  EV  Everywhere  Grand  Challenge.  He  also  led  the  launch  of  the  National  Clean  Fleets  Partnership,  the  SuperTruck
Program,  the  Advanced  Vehicle  Power  Technology  Alliance  with  the  U.S.  Army,  the  EcoCAR2  collegiate  competition,  and  the
Workplace  Charging  Challenge.
With  more  than  30  years  of  experience  in  the  development  of  vehicle,  alternative  fuel,  and  electrochemical  technologies,  he   adds  a  wealth  of  expertise  to  EERE.  He  previously  served  as  EERE's  Senior  Advisor  for  Transportation  Technologies,  Acting
Director  for  EERE's  Fuel  Cell  Technologies  Office,  Team  Lead  for  Hydrogen  Production,  Team  Lead  for  Fuel  Cell  Technology,  co-­‐ chair  of  two  FreedomCAR  and  Fuel  Partnership  Technical  Teams,  and  the  U.S.  representative  to  the  International  Energy
Agency's  Hydrogen  Implementing  Agreement.  He  is  a  recipient  of  the  Presidential  Rank  Award  for  Meritorious  Executive.  He   holds  a  Bachelor  of  Science  degree  in  Chemical  Engineering  from  the  University  of  Maryland.
MR.  JEFFREY  SINGLETON  began  his  career  as  a  research  engineer  with  the  Department  of  the  Army,  first  in   the  field  of  experimental  rotorcraft  testing  and  analysis  then  later  as  Team  Leader  and  Division  Chief  for   rotorcraft  dynamics,  structural  mechanics,  and  aeromechanics.  His  extensive  background  in  science  and   technology  investigation  spans  more  than  two  decades  of  fundamental  research,  advanced  technology   development  and  acquisition.
Mr.  Singleton  earned  his  Bachelor  of  Science  degree  in  Aerospace  Engineering  from  West  Virginia
University  where  he  graduated  magna  cum  laude  in  1980.  He  also  earned  a  Master  of  Science  in  Aerospace
Engineering  from  the  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology  in  1988,  specializing  in  aeroelasticity.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
He  currently  serves  as  Director  for  Basic  Research  and  acting  Director  for  Laboratory  Management  and  Educational  Outreach   for  the  US  Army,  directing  the  basic  research  program  as  well  as  laboratory  management  policy  for  all  Army  laboratories,   research,  development  and  engineering  centers—including  the  Army’s  Basic  Research  programs  spanning  12  basic  research   disciplines  and  14  technology  areas  at  the  Army  Research  Laboratory,  Army  Research  Institute,  the  Army  Corps  of  Engineers,   the  Medical  Research  and  Materiel  Command,  and  the  Space  and  Missile  Defense  Technical  Center.  He  also  oversees
Environmental  Quality  technology,  Manufacturing  Technology,  Small  Business  Innovative  Research,  and  Army  High
Performance  Computing  programs—with  a  combined  annual  budget  of  approximately  $500M.  His  responsibility  encompasses   policy  for  workforce  development,  personnel  systems,  laboratory  infrastructure,  and  laboratory  security.
From  July  1984  to  May  2006,  Mr.  Singleton  was  employed  by  the  Army  Aviation  Systems  Command  and  the  Army  Research
Laboratory  Vehicle  Technology  Directorate  located  at  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  in  Hampton,  Virginia.  During  this  time,
Mr.  Singleton  was  primarily  responsible  for  experimental  and  analytical  research  exploring  new  technologies  and  designs  for   advanced  rotor  performance,  reducing  rotor  vibrations,  and  measurement  and  prediction  of  rotor  aeromechanical  stability  for   both  conventional  helicopters  as  well  as  tiltrotor  configurations.  From  May  2006  to  January  2007,  Mr.  Singleton  served  as  the
Army  Research  Laboratory  liaison  officer  to  the  Office  of  the  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Army,  Research  and  Technology.
In  January  2007,  Mr.  Singleton  returned  to  the  Vehicle  Technology  Directorate  to  serve  as  the  acting  Division  Chief  for  the
Mechanics  Division,  leading  a  group  of  researchers  in  the  fields  of  structural  mechanics,  loads  and  dynamics  testing  and   analysis,  and  rotor  aeromechanics.  From  November  2007  through  May  2010,  Mr.  Singleton  served  as  the  Deputy  Director  for
Research  in  the  Office  of  the  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Army  (Research  and  Technology).  In  May  2010  to  January  2011,   he  was  temporarily  appointed  to  the  Senior  Executive  Service  as  acting  Director  for  Research  and  Laboratory  Management  for   the  Army.
Mr.  Singleton’s  awards  include  the  2006  Army  Research  Laboratory  Honorary  Award  for  Leadership,  and  in  2007  he  received   the  Superior  Civilian  Service  Award  for  his  contributions  to  the  US  Army  as  Liaison  Officer  to  the  Office  of  the  Deputy  Assistant
Secretary  of  the  Army,  Research  and  Technology.  Also  in  2007  he  was  awarded  the  American  Helicopter  Society’s  Howard
Hughes  Award  as  team  leader  for  the  Army/NASA/Bell  Quad  Tiltrotor  Aeroelastic  Test  Team  given  in  recognition  of  an   outstanding  improvement  in  fundamental  helicopter  technology.  Mr.  Singleton  has  authored  more  than  50  journal  articles,   conference  publications  and  presentations.
PROF.  PANOS  Y.  PAPALAMBROS  is  the  James  B.  Angell  Distinguished  University  Professor  and  the
Donald  C.  Graham  Professor  of  Engineering.  He  is  a  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  Professor  of
Architecture,  and  Professor  of  Art  and  Design;  and  serves  as  the  founding  Chair  of  the  Integrative
Systems  &  Design  Division,  College  of  Engineering,  at  the  University  of  Michigan.
Born  in  Patras,  Greece,  he  attended  the  National  Technical  University  of  Athens  (Ethnikon  Metsovion
Polytechnion)  and  earned  a  diploma  in  Mechanical  and  Electrical  Engineering  in  1974.  Moving  to
California  he  attended  Stanford  University  and  earned  his  M.S.  degree  (Mechanical  Engineering)  in  1976   and  Ph.D.  degree  (Design  Division,  Mechanical  Engineering)  in  1979.  At  Michigan  he  has  served  as  a  faculty  member  since
1979.
During  his  tenure  at  Michigan  he  served  as  mechanical  engineering  department  chair  (1992-­‐98,  and  2007-­‐08)  and  was  the   founding  director  of  several  laboratories  and  centers:  Optimal  Design  (ODE)  Laboratory  (1980-­‐);  Design  Laboratory  (1990-­‐92);
Ford  Durability  Simulation  Center  (1992-­‐94);  Automotive  Research  Center  (1994-­‐2003);  General  Motors  Collaborative  Research
Laboratory  (1998-­‐2002);  the  Antilium  Project  (2003-­‐2008),  and  the  Ford  BlockM  Sustainability  Laboratory  (2006-­‐2009);  he   served  as  the  founding  chair  and  director  of  the  University  of  Michigan  interdisciplinary  Design  Science  Doctoral  Program
(2006-­‐2011).
His  research  interests  include  design  science  and  optimization,  with  applications  to  sustainable  design  of  products,  automotive   systems,  such  as  hybrid  and  electric  vehicles;  design  of  complex  engineered  systems;  and  architectural  design.  With  D.  J.  Wilde,   he  co-­‐authored  the  textbook  Principles  of  Optimal  Design:  Modeling  and  Computation  (1988,  2000).  He  has  published  over  320   articles  in  journals,  conference  proceedings,  and  books.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
He  is  a  member  of  ASME,  INFORMS,  MOS,  SME,  SAE,  ISSMO,  AIAA,  AAUP,  ASEE,  IEEE,  INCOSE  and  serves  as  Vice  President  on   the  Board  of  Management  of  the  Design  Society.  He  served  as  Chief  Editor  of  the  ASME  Journal  of  Mechanical  Design  (2008-­‐
2012)  and  as  associate  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Mechanisms,  Transmissions  and  Automation  in  Design,  Journal  of  Global
Optimization,  Computer-­‐Integrated  Engineering,  and  the  Japan  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  International  Journal.  He   currently  serves  on  the  editorial  boards  of  the  journals  Artificial  Intelligence  in  Engineering  Design  and  Manufacturing,
Engineering  Design,  Engineering  Optimization,  Structural  and  Multidisciplinary  Optimization,  Journal  of  Reliability  and  Safety   and  Product  Development.
He  is  a  Fellow  of  ASME  and  SAE,  and  the  recipient  of  the  ASME  Design  Automation  Award  (1998),  ASME  Machine  Design  Award
(1999),  Japan  SME  Design  and  Systems  Achievement  Award  (2004),  ASME  Joel  and  Ruth  Spira  Outstanding  Design  Educator
Award  (2007),  and  the  Stephen  S.  Attwood  Award  (highest  engineering  honor  in  the  University  of  Michigan,  2009).
PROF.  WALTER  BRYZIK  Currently  a  professor  at  Wayne  State  University,  Walter  Bryzik  served  as  the  Chief
Scientist  of  the  US  Army  Tank-­‐Automotive  Research,  Development,  and  Engineering  Center  (TARDEC).  He  is   one  of  two  individuals  who  hold  the  Army's  highest  Scientific/Technical  Rank  (ST-­‐5)  in  recognition  of  his   pioneering  technical  achievements  as  a  world  class  leader  in  advanced  ground  vehicle  technology.  He  was
National  Chair  of  the  Army  Senior  Level  Scientists  organization  and  has  served  as  Co-­‐chair  of  the  Defense
Senior  Level  Scientists  organization.  Bryzik  served  at  TARDEC  in  various  capacities  since  1968,  and   previously  as  a  research  engineer  at  the  Ford  Motor  Company  Research  Center.
He  founded  the  SEA  National  Army  ST  Chapter,  which  won  a  Chapter  of  the  Year  Award  in  1993.  He  has  served  as  a  prime   advocate  within  SEA  for  Senior  Level  Scientific/Technical  Professionals,  working  on  issues  such  as  pay  equity,  and  presidential   rank  award  recognition  for  senior  professionals.
Bryzik  received  a  Distinguished  Presidential  Rank  award  and  has  also  been  elected  as  a  Fellow  Grade  member  of  the  Society  of
Automotive  Engineers  (SAE).  Other  awards  include  the  Socius  Collegii  Award  (Wayne  State  University),  SAE  Arch  T.  Colwell
Award,  Army  Science  Conference  Gold  Medallion  Award,  Federal  Scientist  of  the  Year  Award,  and  Japanese  Government
National  Award  for  Cooperative  Science.  He  received  a  B.A.  (Magna  Cum  Laude)  in  Engineering  from  the  University  of  Detroit,   an  M.S.  and  Doctorate  in  Engineering  from  the  University  of  Detroit;  and  an  M.A.  in  Business  Management,  Central  Michigan
University.
PROF.  IMTIAZ  HAQUE  is  Executive  Director  of  the  Carroll  A.  Campbell  Graduate  Engineering  Center  and
Founding  Chair  of  the  Department  of  Automotive  Engineering  at  Clemson  University.  He  is  past  chair  of  the
Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering.  His  teaching  and  research  interests  lie  in  the  general  areas  of   dynamics,  vibrations,  mechanisms  and  machines,  and  manufacturing  process  simulation.  He  has  been   involved  with  the  design,  modeling,  and  simulation  of  mechanical  systems  including  vehicles  and   transmissions  since  1975.  He  led  the  development  of  the  Graduate  Program  in  Automotive  Engineering  at
CUICAR.
Dr.  Haque  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  and  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers.
He  has  conducted  research  for  and  served  as  consultant  to  private  industry  and  federal  agencies.  In  1996-­‐97  he  spent  his   sabbatical  year  at  the  BMW  Research  and  Engineering  Center  in  Munich,  Germany.  Dr.  Haque  has  published  over  100  refereed   papers  and  has  served  as  Pi  or  co-­‐PI  on  grants  totaling  over  $100M.  He  serves  on  the  editorial  board  of  the  International
Journal  of  Heavy  Vehicle  Systems  and  as  paper  and  proposal  reviewer  for  numerous  journals,  conferences,  and  funding   agencies.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
PROF.  CHRISTOPHE  PIERRE  A  Professor  of  Mechanical  Science  and  Engineering,  Christophe  Pierre  received   his  engineer  diploma  from  Ecole  Centrale  de  Paris  (France)  in  1982,  M.S.  degree  from  Princeton  University   in  1984,  and  Ph.D.  from  Duke  University  in  1985.  Dr.  Pierre  is  a  distinguished  scholar  in  the  fields  of   vibrations,  structural  dynamics  and  nonlinear  dynamics.  His  pioneering  research  on  mode  localization  in   disordered  periodic  structures  led  to  his  development  of  vibratory  response  models  and  prediction   software  that  have  been  licensed  to  all  major  jet  engine  manufacturers  worldwide,  the  U.S.  Air  Force,  and
NASA.  Formerly  a  chaired  professor  of  mechanical  engineering  at  the  University  of  Michigan  and  the  Dean   of  Engineering  at  McGill  University,  he  came  to  Illinois  in  2011  in  his  current  role  as  the  chief  academic   officer  for  the  University  of  Illinois.
COLONEL  SCOTT  LATHROP  is  a  former  Armor/Cavalry  officer  and  currently  an  Information  Systems
Management  Officer  (Functional  Area  53)  in  the  United  States  Army.  He  is  currently  assigned  as  the
Deputy  Director,  Advanced  Capabilities  Directorate,  United  States  Cyber  Command  Fort  Meade,
Maryland.  Colonel  Lathrop’s  previous  assignments  include  strategic  development,  United  States  Cyber
Command,  Associate  Professor  and  Senior  Research  Scientist,  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering  and
Computer  Science,  United  States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  New  York;  Computer  Science  and
Information  Technology  Mentor,  National  Military  Academy  of  Afghanistan,  Kabul  Afghanistan;  Chief,  Data
Support  Division,  United  States  Command  and  Control  Agency,  Army  Operations  Center,  Pentagon;  Tank
Company  Commander,  1-­‐32  Armor,  Chief  Plans  Officer,  3d  Brigade,  2d  Infantry  Division,  and  Personnel  planner,  I  Corps  G-­‐1,
Fort  Lewis,  WA;  Troop  Executive  Officer,  1/16  Cavalry,  Fort  Knox,  Kentucky;  and  Troop  Executive  Officer  and  Scout  Platoon
Leader,  11th  Armored  Cavalry  Regiment,  Bad  Hersfeld,  Germany.  Colonel  Lathrop  is  a  distinguished  graduate  from  the  United
States  Military  Academy  (USMA)  and  holds  a  Ph.D.  in  Computer  Science  and  Engineering  from  the  University  of  Michigan.  His   research  interests  include  cyber-­‐physical  systems,  robotics,  and  cognitive  architectures.  Colonel  Lathrop  received  the  Draper
Leadership  Award  as  a  Tank  Company  Commander,  was  recognized  for  teaching  excellence  while  a  professor  at  West  Point,   and  is  a  nationally  known  researcher  publishing  over  20  articles  in  peer  reviewed  conferences,  journals,  and  books.  He  is  an   early  developer  of  the  Military  Academies  and  the  National  Security  Agency’s  nationally  recognized  Cyber  Defense  Exercise  and   also  an  early  contributor  to  the  United  States  Military  Academy’s  robotics  program.
DR.  ANDREAS  MALIKOPOULOS  is  the  Deputy  Director  of  the  Urban  Dynamics  Institute  and  an  Alvin  M.
Weinberg  Fellow  with  the  Energy  &  Transportation  Science  Division  at  Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory
(ORNL).  He  received  a  Diploma  in  Mechanical  Engineering  from  the  National  Technical  University  of  Athens,
Greece,  in  2000,  and  M.S.  and  Ph.D.  degrees  from  the  Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering  at  the
University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  in  2004  and  2008,  respectively.  Before  he  joined  ORNL,  he  was  a  Senior
Researcher  with  General  Motors  Global  Research  &  Development,  conducting  research  in  the  area  of   stochastic  optimization  and  control  on  advanced  propulsion  systems.
His  research  interests  span  several  fields,  including  analysis,  optimization,  and  control  of  stochastic  systems;  stochastic  optimal   control;  nonlinear  optimization  and  convex  analysis;  large-­‐scale  optimization;  and  learning  in  complex  systems.  The  emphasis  is   on  applications  related  to  energy,  transportation,  and  operations  research.  Dr.  Malikopoulos  is  the  recipient  of  several  prizes   and  awards,  including  the  2007  Dare  to  Dream  Opportunity  Grant  from  the  University  of  Michigan  Ross  School  of  Business,  the
2007  University  of  Michigan  Teaching  Fellow,  and  the  2010  Alvin  M.  Weinberg  Fellowship  at  ORNL.  He  has  been  selected  by   the  National  Academy  of  Engineering  to  participate  at  the  annual  2010  German-­‐American  Frontiers  of  Engineering  Symposium,   and  the  2012  NAKFI  conference,  The  Informed  Brain  in  a  Digital  World.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
DR.  BIN  WU  is  currently  the  Manager  of  Electric  Motor  Core  Control  at  Mercedes-­‐Benz  Research  and
Development,  North  America  (or  MBRDNA).  MBRDNA  is  a  wholly-­‐owned  subsidiary  of  Daimler  with  four   divisions  and  various  locations  in  California  and  Michigan.  MBRDNA  was  founded  in  1994  and  is  dedicated   to  developing  safe,  sustainable  and  technologically  advanced  vehicles  for  Mercedes-­‐Benz  Cars  and  other
Daimler  Group  business  units.  At  his  current  position,  Bin  is  leading  an  engineering  group  in  developing   electric  motor  control  software.  The  e-­‐motor  control  software  has  been  used  in  two  generations  of  traction   inverters  for  electrified  Daimler  vehicles.  For  automotive  application,  lots  of  efforts  are  focused  on   diagnostics  and  functional  safety  features  in  addition  to  making  the  motor  run.    Before  joining  MBRDNA,
Bin  worked  as  Product  Engineer  for  DaimlerChrysler  and  later  for  Chrysler  LLC.  He  was  responsible  for  Hybrid  Electric  Vehicle   powertrain  operating  strategy.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Hybrid  Development  Center-­‐-­‐the  joint  venture  to  develop  Two-­‐Mode   full  hybrid  vehicles  by  GM,  DaimlerChrysler  and  BMW  from  2005  to  2009.  The  hybrid  operating  strategy  was  used  in  several   vehicles  under  Mercedes-­‐Benz,  Dodge,  Chrysler,  Cadillac,  Chevy  and  BMW  brand  names.  Bin  is  an  alumnus  of  Automotive
Research  Center.  He  graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan  with  his  PhD  degree  in  Mechanical  Engineering  in  2006.  He  got   his  Master  degree  in  Electric  Engineering  from  the  same  school  in  2003.  He  also  holds  a  Master  Degree  in  Thermal  Engineering   in  2005  and  a  Bachelor  Degree  in  Thermal  Engineering  in  1995,  both  from  Tsinghua  University,  Beijing,  China.
PROF.  DENISE  McKAHN  is  an  Assistant  Professor  of  Engineering  Science  at  Smith  College,  Northampton,
MA,  United  States.  Dr.  McKahn  obtained  her  B.S.  (2002,  Humboldt  State  University,  CA)  in  Environmental
Resources  Engineering  with  a  focus  on  Renewable  Energy  Power  Systems.  She  then  received  her  M.S.
(2005,  University  of  Michigan,  MI)  in  Mechanical  Engineering  and  Ph.D.  in  Environmental  Engineering
(2008,  University  of  Michigan,  MI).  Prior  to  graduate  school,  she  was  a  Research  Engineer  at  the  Schatz
Energy  Research  Center  (1998-­‐2002).
Dr.  McKahn  is  dedicated  to  the  development  of  renewably  derived  fuel  and  electricity  generation   technologies  through  the  design,  modeling  and  control  of  dynamic  and  complex  systems.  She  is  particularly  interested  in  both   fuel  cell  electricity  and  electrolytic  hydrogen  production  in  power  system  applications  that  span  the  automotive,  residential   and  aeronautic  industries.
PROF.  TIM  JACOBS  is  associate  professor  and  undergraduate  program  coordinator  of  mechanical   engineering  at  Texas  A&M  University,  College  Station,  Texas.  His  research  interests  lie  in  the  general  area   of  thermodynamics  with  specific  emphasis  on  internal  combustion  engines,  alternative  fuels,  and   emissions  reductions.
His  teaching  interests  include  thermodynamics  and  internal  combustion  engines.  He  received  his  BSE,  MSE,   and  Ph.D  in  1999,  2002,  and  2005,  respectively,  from  the  University  of  Michigan  (Ann  Arbor).  His  MSE   research  was  funded  by  the  Automotive  Research  Center  at  University  of  Michigan  between  1999  and
2002,  where  he  conducted  studies  of  exhaust  gas  recirculation  on  heavy-­‐duty  diesel  engines  observing  its  effect  on  engine   efficiency  and  emissions.
MR.  DAVID  THOMAS  is  the  director  of  the  U.S.  Army  Tank  Automotive  Research,  Development  and
Engineering  Center’s  (TARDEC’s)  National  Automotive  Center  (NAC).  His  focus  is  on  facilitating  joint  efforts   between  industry,  government  and  academia  to  address  critical  gaps  in  the  TARDEC  ground  vehicle   community  research,  development  and  engineering  community
Prior  to  joining  the  NAC,  Mr.  Thomas  served  as  TARDEC’s  associate  director  for  Ground  Vehicle  Robotics.  In   his  more  than  seven  years  there  his  responsibilities  included  managing  and  directing  a  portfolio  of  more   than  40  projects  in  human  machine  interface  and  robotic  systems  design,  development  and  evaluation.  He   oversaw  various  laboratories  and  more  than  60  engineers  and  scientists  developing  and  leading  the  state  of  the  art  in   perception,  control,  interface  and  platform  solutions.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
Earlier  in  his  career  he  served  in  a  number  of  capacities  as  one  of  TARDEC’s  research  engineers  with  a  focus  on  topics  from   image  processing  and  simulation  to  material  sciences.  Later  in  his  career,  Mr.  Thomas  designed,  launched  and  managed
TARDEC’s  skunk  works  facility.  In  this  facility  he  and  his  staff  designed,  fabricated,  and  tested  a  number  of  unique  specialized   classified  vehicles.
Mr.  Thomas’s  career  at  TARDEC  spans  32  years  with  research  specialties  in  Vehicle  dynamics,  advanced  sensors,  machine   vision,  artificial  intelligence,  mobile  robotics  and  human  machine  interface  as  well  as  survivability  technologies.  Mr.  Thomas   has  written  and  co-­‐authored  more  than  40  technical  papers  in  these  areas  and  is  a  regular  speaker  on  these  topics.  Mr.
Thomas  earned  a  bachelor’s  of  science  in  Electrical  Engineer  from  Michigan  Technological  University  in  Houghton,  Mich.,  and  a   master’s  of  science  in  Computer  Science  from  Wayne  State  University  in  Detroit,  Michigan.
DR.  PING  LIU  currently  serves  as  a  Program  Director  at  the  Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency  –  Energy
(ARPA-­‐E),  where  he  initiated  and  manages  the  RANGE  program  aimed  at  developing  innovative  energy   storage  solutions  for  electric  vehicles.  In  addition,  he  has  broad  interests  in  advanced  materials  for  energy   efficiency  and  manages  the  REACT  program  which  develops  rare-­‐earth  free  permanent  magnetic  materials.
Dr.  Liu  was  previously  Manager  of  Energy  Technology  at  HRL  Laboratories,  an  industrial  research  company   jointly  owned  by  the  Boeing  Company  and  General  Motors.  At  HRL,  Dr.  Liu  led  a  broad  range  of  research   activities  in  energy  conversion  and  storage  for  owner  companies  as  well  as  government  and  commercial   customers.  Prior  to  joining  HRL  in  2003,  Dr.  Liu  was  a  member  of  the  technical  staff  at  the  National
Renewable  Energy  Laboratory  (NREL).  At  NREL,  Dr.  Liu  conducted  research  in  thin  film  batteries,  electrochromics,  and  optical   hydrogen  sensors.  He  contributed  to  several  inventions  that  have  been  transitioned  to  industry  for  commercialization  and   received  an  R&D  100  Award  from   R&D  Magazine  for  a  solid-­‐state  battery  technology.  Dr.  Liu  has  published  more  than  60   archival  journal  papers  and  has  more  than  40  issued  or  pending  patents.  He  received  his  B.S.,  M.S.  and  Ph.D.,  all  in  chemistry,   from  Fudan  University  in  China.
DR.  PARAMSOTHY  JAYAKUMAR  is  a  Senior  Research  Scientist,  SAE  Fellow,  and  a  member  of  the  Analytics
Team  at  the  U.S.  Army  Tank  Automotive  Research,  Development,  &  Engineering  Center  (TARDEC)  in
Warren,  Michigan.  Prior  to  joining  U.S.  Army  TARDEC,  he  worked  for  BAE  Systems,  Ford  Motor  Company,
Altair  Engineering,  and  Engineering  Mechanics  Research  Corporation  in  the  areas  of  multibody  dynamics   software  development,  vehicle  dynamics  modeling  &  simulation  consulting,  simulation  technology   development,  durability  load  simulation,  vehicle  instrumentation  &  loads  measurement,  and  road  load   engineering.    Jayakumar  has  written  more  than  100  technical  publications  including  journals  papers  and   conference  proceedings.  His  research  in  terramechanics  and  multibody  dynamics  won  the  best  paper   awards  at  the  National  Defense  Industrial  Association's  Ground  Vehicle  Systems  Engineering  and  Technology  Symposium  in
2011  and  2012.  He  holds  a  U.S.  patent  for  a  system  for  virtual  prediction  of  road  loads  and  tire  modeling.  He  was  also   instrumental  in  developing  seven  SAE  standards  for  tire  testing  for  the  purpose  of  tire  modeling  for  which  he  received  the  SAE
2014  James  M.  Crawford  Technical  Standards  Board  Outstanding  Achievement  Award.  Jayakumar  is  a  member  of  the  U.S.  Army
Acquisition  Corps,  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  the  Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  –  Madison,   and  an  Associate  Editor  for  the  ASME  Journal  of  Computational  and  Nonlinear  Dynamics.  He  received  his  M.S.  and  Ph.D.   degrees  in  structural  dynamics  from  Caltech,  and  B.Sc.  Eng.  (Hons,  First  Class)  from  the  University  of  Peradeniya,  Sri  Lanka.
DR.  RAVI  THYAGARAJAN  serves  as  Deputy  Chief  Scientist  at  the  U.S.  Army  Tank  Automotive  Research,
Development  and  Engineering  Center  (TARDEC),  and  was  selected  to  the  Researcher  Review  Board  as  a
Senior  Technical  Specialist  in  June  2012.  His  research  pursuits  are  in  the  areas  of  underbody  blast  modeling   and  design,  occupant  protection  and  fast-­‐running  modeling  methodologies.  He  received  his  Ph  D  in  Applied
Mechanics  from  Caltech  in  1990,  and  has  over  15  years  of  prior  experience  in  the  automotive  industry  at
Ford  and  Visteon.  He  is  a  past  recipient  of  the  Forest  R  McFarland  Award  from  SAE,  holds  two  patents  and   has  co-­‐authored  over  40  technical  papers.

20 TH  ANNUAL  AUTOMOTIVE  RESEARCH  CENTER  PROGRAM  REVIEW
DR.  THOMAS  MEITZLER  received  his  B.S.  and  M.S.  in  Physics  from  Eastern  Michigan  University,  completed   graduate  coursework  at  the  Univ.  of  Michigan,  and  received  a  Ph.D.  in  Electrical  Engineering  from  Wayne
State  University  in  Detroit.  His  doctoral  dissertation  in  Electrical  Engineering  at  Wayne  State  Univ.  was  on
Modern  Methods  for  Computing  the  Probability  of  Target  Detection  in  Cluttered  Environments .
During  the  time  from  1988  to  present,  Dr.  Meitzler  has  been  a  research  engineer  at  the  US  Army  TACOM
Research  and  Engineering  Center  (TARDEC)  in  Survivability.  For  the  U.S.  Army,  Dr.  Meitzler  has  been   involved  with  the  validation,  verification,  and  development  of  electro-­‐optical  and  human  visual  acquisition   models  and  atmospheric  simulation.  Dr.  Meitzler  was  the  principal  scientist  of  the  TARDEC  Visual  Perception  Laboratory  and   the  principal  investigator  on  a  CRADA  with  GM  and  Ford  M.C.  to  apply  visual  acquisition  models  to  vehicle  conspicuity  and   novel  sensors  to  automobile  360  degree  safety.  Dr.  Meitzler  has  been  the  lead  on  several  CRADA’s  with  NASA’s  Kennedy  Space
Center  and  with  the  Columbia  University  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  has  authored/co-­‐authored  many  papers  in  the   area  of  Electro  Optic  system  simulation  and  visual  detection,  sensor  validation,  and  non-­‐destructive  testing  and  evaluation  of   armor  materials.
Dr.  Meitzler  is  currently  developing  and  integrating  technologies  for  embedded  health  monitoring,  armor  NDE  and  embedded   signal  detection  His  research  interests  include  infrared  sensor  characterization,  non-­‐destructive  testing,  nano  electronics,  and   spintronics.  Dr.  Meitzler  proposed  a  method  for  embedded  armor  health  assessment  that  involves  piezoelectric  transducers   and  nano  electronics  and  built  a  laboratory  around  that  idea.  Dr.  Meitzler  is  a  Survivability  Senior  Technical  Expert.
MS.  JILLYN  ALBAN  is  currently  an  Electrical  Engineer  at  the  U.S  Army  Tank  Automotive  Research,
Development  and  Engineering  Center  (TARDEC).  She  is  working  with  the  Ground  Domain  Planning  and
Integration  group  to  develop  the  30-­‐year  strategy  and  funding  associated  to  the  prioritization  within  the   strategy.
Prior  to  joining  the  GDPI  team,  Ms.  Alban  represented  TARDEC  as  a  Liaison  Officer  at  Office  of  Assistant
Secretary  of  the  Army  (Acquisitions  Logistics  and  Technology)  where  she  was  responsible  for  any  TARDEC   related  occurrence  within  Army  Headquarters.  She  then  moved  to  the  Office  of  Secretary  of  Defense  to   engage  with  the  tri-­‐service  ground  vehicle  related  efforts  focusing  on  the  ground  vehicle  platforms  going  through  the  DoD   acquisition  cycle  and  energy  and  power  technology  development.  Her  final  assignment  in  Washington  DC  was  with  the  Office   of  Naval  Research  (ONR)  serving  as  a  project  engineer  in  Expeditionary  Maneuver  Warfare  and  Combating  Terrorism
Department.  At  ONR  she  focused  on  the  Survivability,  Advanced  Mobility  and  Maneuver  Enablers  within  the  Maneuver  Thrust.
Ms.  Alban  has  a  B.S.  in  Electrical  Engineering  and  a  M.S.  in  Engineering  Management  from  Oakland  University  as  well.
She  received  the  Army  Research  and  Development  Achievement  Award  for  Ground  Vehicle  Control  Aids  for  Improved  Mobility   with  Indirect  Vision,  Drive-­‐By  Wire  Crew  Stations.  She  is  also  an  Army  Acquisition  Corps  Member.
PROF.  BOGDAN  EPUREANU  is  a  professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering,  University  of  Michigan.  He   obtained  his  Ph.D.  in  Mechanical  Engineering  at  Duke  University,  1999;  Graduate  Studies  at  University  of
Valladolid,  1994;  M.S.  in  Mechanical  Engineering  at  Galati  University,  1993;  and  Graduate  Studies  at  École
Nationale  Supérieure  des  Mines  de  Paris,  1992.  His  research  interests  include  structural  health  monitoring   and  sensors  based  on  nonlinear  dynamics  and  chaos,  linear  and  nonlinear  reduced  order  models,  pattern   formation  and  control  of  chaos,  computer  fluid  dynamics  of  unsteady  flows,  and  nonlinear  unsteady   aerodynamics.

TH
The Army’s diesel engines must be capable of consuming globally sourced JP-8 fuels with a broad range of chemical and physical properties. The extent of these properties can be challenging, complicating operations such as cold starting and the combustion phasing control required for optimal engine efficiency and durability.
New military engine and control system designs are necessary to capitalize on continuous advances in power density, durability, and fuel economy and fuel flexibility. However, the emissions constraints and associated hardware and fuel requirements of the commercial sector are creating a divergence between military and commercial sector designs. The next generation of military engines must therefore be developed specifically for the Army’s unique requirements. The development process will involve an analytical component requiring a simplified representation of the real fuel, known as a surrogate.
A unique modeling framework has been developed here for the prediction of the surrogate fuel composition required to reproduce the chemical and physical properties of the real fuel. Experiments are then performed to validate and refine the surrogate and to provide further insight into its behavior relative to the real fuels. This framework is relevant to challenges faced by both the military and commercial sector, as alternative JP-8 and diesel fuels with widely varying properties become more prevalent.
Whether to maintain the competitive edge in the commercial world or to maintain the dominance on the battlefield, it is critical more than ever to increase adaptability and flexibility to remain agile and responsive in rapidly changing and uncertain environments, to keep up with the fast-paced technological advancements, and to be highly cost effective while accommodating increasing complexity of ground vehicle systems.
Modularity in vehicle systems is considered by both the industry and Army to be a path to achieve this desired adaptability and flexibility and to create enduring value. This case study takes this idea further by envisioning a future where not only a vehicle, but the entire vehicle fleet is modular, and develops a comprehensive modeling framework to assess fleet adaptability and cost. The considered fleet comprises vehicles with diverse functionality and specifications, assigned to complete missions modeled stochastically. The framework models powertrain and armor, fleet operations, and transportation, operating, acquisition and retirement costs. Resupply strategy is optimized for a limited initial inventory.
Comparisons between the simulated conventional and modular fleets across several scenarios show that the modular fleet can improve adaptability while also lowering cost.

20
TH
AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER ANNUAL PROGRAM REVIEW
22 MAY 2014

20
TH
ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
Session Leads: Mr. Paul Decker, Drs. Yi Ding and Larry Toomey
1A1: Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling of Large-format Prismatic Cells
Quad members: Charles W. Monroe (PI), Lynn Secondo, Saeed Khaleghi Rahimian, Jason Siegel, and Anna
Stefanopoulou, University of Michigan; Yi Ding, U.S. Army TARDEC; Dyche Anderson, Ford
Large-format prismatic Li-ion cells exhibit significant in-plane temperature variation during operation at high power, which may impact performance and battery life. Experimental data and analytical theory have been produced to illustrate how the characteristic properties of materials within battery cells and heat-transfer characteristics of cell surfaces determine the thermal response and the distribution of charge state within electrode materials. A data-fitting approach based on dimensionless parameters predicts surface-average temperature, as well as maximum and minimum temperature, in a large-format A123 prismatic cell at various C-rates. An augmented, five-parameter mechanistically based model has been developed to account for the possibility of front/rear temperature asymmetry, and to account for the time variation of cell voltage during pulse charge/discharge experiments. Coupling between the distribution of charge state and thermal response of battery cells will be illustrated, as will changes in effective heat- transfer coefficients due to air flow past the battery cell.
1A2: Parametric Reduced-Order Models of Battery Pack Vibration Including Structural Variation, Pre-Stress, and Temperature Effects
Quad members: Jau-Ching Lu, Kiran D’Souza, Bogdan I. Epureanu (PI), University of Michigan; Matthew P.
Castanier US Army TARDEC
Designing complex battery packs used in hybrid electric vehicles is time-consuming due to the variety and large range of parameters involved. To efficiently predict the structural dynamics of a pack, a method is developed to construct parametric reduced-order models (PROMs). PROMs capture three types of parametric variations: (1) variation of the pre-stress level from joining cells in the pack, (2) cell-to-cell variation in structural parameters such as stiffness or thickness, and (3) temperature variation due to heating and cooling in charge-discharge cycles that cause thermal stresses. The PROMs are built only once.
They take parameter values as inputs, and they can then be used to predict the structural dynamics of the pack for the ranges of interest without the additional use of full-order finite element models (FEMs) and without computationally expensive reanalysis. The PROM results are validated by comparisons with results from much more expensive FEMs of the same system.
1A3: Nano-Materials Design for Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Quad members: Levi Thompson (PI), Siu on Tung, University of Michigan; Yi Ding, U.S. Army TARDEC; Hans
Herferth, Fraunhofer USA
Layered transition metal oxides are widely used in commercial lithium ion batteries due to their high capacities and energy densities but their rate capabilities and stabilities are relatively poor. We aim to improve these properties by modifying the two-dimensional nano-architecture via introduction of nano-scale pillars between the lattice layers. As a proof of concept, we produced layered vanadium oxide (V
2
O
5
) xerogels pillared with aluminum keggin ions (Al
13
O
4
(OH)
24
(H
2
O)
12
7+
) ). The interlayer spacing increased by 2 Å while the specific capacity increased from 120 to 150 mAh/g at C/10. The rate capability improved significantly as evidenced from the increased capacity at high currents. Furthermore, the pillared material was able to withstand temperatures up to 350 °C compared to 300 °C, the temperature where the unlayered material typically collapses.
This work serves as an example that the rate capability and thermal stability of layered metal oxide materials can be improved via a pillared nano-architecture.

20
TH
ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
Session Leads: Drs.  David  Lamb  and  Ravi  Thyagarajan,  and  Mr.  Harry  Zywiol
1B1: Eliminating Hysteresis Losses in Track Pads Using Meta-Materials
Sampath V. Dangeti, Dr. Georges Fadel (PI), Dr. Gang Li, Dr. Nicole Coutris, Clemson University
The highly dynamic nature of road wheel-track interaction and the inherent hysteretic property of elastomers, cause high temperatures in track pads. The objective of this work is to explore the use of linear elastic meta-materials with optimized topology to replace elastomers and reduce or eliminate the effect of hysteretic loss.
This work presents a methodology to design an alternate meta-material that can provide some of the desired elastic properties of the track pads. To determine the requirements for linear elastic meta-materials, dynamic numerical analyses of a rollover event were conducted. These analyses revealed that failure in track pads may occur due to a combination of tension, compression and shear stresses. Due to nonlinearity of elastomers, tangent stiffness matrices are required to update the stress state in consequence of a new strain increment. The tangent operators determined at a set of strain levels, can be used as prescribed constitutive parameters to tailor the meta-material unit-cell topology.
1B2: Light Weight Vehicle Structures that Absorb and Direct Destructive Energy away from the Occupant
Quad members: Weiran Jiang, (GSRA, Presenter), Dr. Nick Vlahopoulos (PI), University of Michigan; Dr. Syed
Mohammad, M-ATV (Army), SFAE-CS-MRAP/MS 298; Dr. Ravi Thyagarajan, U.S. Army TARDEC; Dr. Nam
Purush, BAE Systems
Pursuing occupant centric vehicle structures that provide safety from explosive threats while at the same time make the operation of the vehicle comfortable and safe for the soldiers, comprises one of the main thrusts in the Army S&T activities. It has been previously demonstrated that delaying and controlling the contact between a vehicle and an occupant reduces the loads developed in the occupant’s members. The characterization of properties associated with a “softer” steel material that can be used for absorbing the destructive energy through deformation is considered. Utilization of anisotropic material properties will be investigated for guiding the destructive energy into sacrificial parts of the vehicle structure made out of “soft” steel and away from the occupants. A summary of the research which has been conducted during the first year of this project will be presented.
First the use of anisotropic material and energy dissipation concepts were investigated for a flat plate. Based on the lessons learned, a model of the TARDEC V-Hull structure was used for increasing the occupant survivability by reducing the dynamic response index for injury. The direction of the research after completion of this initial effort will also be discussed.
1B3: Soldier Modeling for Improved Accommodation and Safety
Contributors: Matthew P. Reed, Jingwen Hu, Jonathan D. Rupp, K. Han Kim, Jionghua Jin, Yaser Zerehsaz,
University of Michigan; Zissimos Mourelatos, Dorin Drignei, Oakland University; Harry Zywiol, Gale Zielinski,
Rebekah Gruber, U.S. Army TARDEC
The recent ARC Seated Soldier Study provided a detailed set of data on Soldier postures and body shapes in vehicle seats, including the effects of body armor and body borne equipment. A range of projects currently underway are applying the knowledge gained in that study to improve Soldier accommodation and safety in future vehicles. A laboratory study is being conducted to quantify the effects of body armor and body borne gear on seated reach difficulty and capability. We are extending the Seated Soldier Study to focus on unusual driver workstation configurations, and a new seat measurement tool for squad conditions is being developed and evaluated. Finally, an extensive study involving simulation and physical testing is being conducted to improve protection in tactical vehicles for frontal crash and rollover conditions.

20
TH
ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
Session Leads: Drs.  Matt  Castanier,  Abul  Masrur,  Wes  Zanardelli
2A1: Identifying Experts in Crowdsourced Evaluations
Presenters: Richard Gerth, Alex Burnap, Max Yi Ren; Contributors: Panos Papalambros (PI), Honglak Lee, Rich
Gonzalez, Max Yi Ren, Alex Burnap, University of Michigan; Richard Gerth, Kenneth Miller, Andrew Dunn, Lisa
Graf, Pradeep Mendonza, U.S. Army TARDEC; Damien DeClercq, Local Motors
Crowdsourced evaluation has shown promise in tasks such as large-scale image annotation for image databases.
Extending its use in engineering design evaluation presents a challenge as such tasks require ability that the majority of the participating crowd may not have. Identifying the relative number of high-ability evaluators (or experts) within the crowd is important for useful crowdsourced design evaluations. Previous work has shown that both experts and non-experts tend to cluster around particular design evaluations, so the new challenge is distinguishing the correct clusters of experts. In this talk, we discuss the impact of evaluator behavior (e.g., response time) and evaluator performance on related tasks (e.g., mechanical reasoning) along with recent advances in machine learning on identification of expert.
2A2: New Time-Dependent Reliability Method for Vehicle Systems with Application to Accelerated Life
Testing
Quad members: Zissimos P. Mourelatos (PI), Monica Majcher (Presenter), Igor Baseski, Oakland University;
Amandeep Singh , Igor Baseski, U.S. Army TARDEC
Reliability usually degrades with time, increasing the product lifecycle cost. It is desirable to use accelerated testing to predict vehicle reliability using a few tests of short duration and available simulation models. Because vehicle parameters and excitation are random, many vehicles must be tested which is impractical. To address this challenge, we use available tests to calibrate a simulation model which is then used to calculate the time-dependent reliability or failure rate of the vehicle fleet. Our approach depends on the calculation of time-dependent reliability. For that, we will present a new time-dependent reliability analysis method for dynamic systems with input random variables and input random processes. The total probability theorem is employed using time-dependent conditional probabilities which are computed exactly using FORM and a composite limit state of linear instantaneous limit states. Highlights of a new simulation-based approach will be also provided.
2A3: Multi-objective Optimization and Thermal Management of the Vehicle Power System
Quad members: Xinran (William) Tao, Xueyu Zhang, Andrej Ivanco (co-PI), John Wagner (PI) , Zoran Filipi (PI),
Clemson University; Denise Rizzo, Peter Schihl, U.S. Army TARDEC; Bin Wu , Mercedes-Benz Hybrid LLC; Dee
Kivett, Thermo-Pur Technologies
A unified, multi-physics hybrid electric vehicle simulation tool for the next-generation military trucks has been enhanced with the addition of the (a) finite element electric machine model provided by Dr. Hofmann’s group, (b) holistic cooling system design and control for the electrified powertrain, and (c) high-fidelity battery aging model. The new capabilities enable development of a framework for multi-variable, multi-objective optimization of the Vehicle Power System (VPS), integration and smart control of the e-driveline cooling system, and optimization of component design for system level goals.
Main highlights include: (i) E-machine cooling system controller for improved tracking of motor temperature with minimum actuator power consumption, (ii) Development of an implementable control strategy for VPS w/ battery cooling, and
(iii) integration of the battery fading model and pre-optimality study to guide model reduction and inclusion of the battery health objective in control optimization.
2A4: Advanced Models for Electric Machines
Quad members: Heath Hofmann (PI), Kan Zhou (student), University of Michigan; Wesley Zanardelli, Denise Rizzo,
U.S. Army TARDEC; Lei Hao , GM; Xiao Hu, ANSYS
In collaboration with: John Wagner, Xinran Tao, Zoran Filipi, Andrej Ivanco, Clemson University
The goal of this project is to provide computationally-efficient simulation and analysis tools for electric machines; specifically, tools which can aid in the design and control of electrified powertrains. In the past year, several aspects of advanced electric machine modeling have progressed and will be presented. First, thermal experiments of an entire electric machine were conducted to validate the 3D computationally-efficient thermal model developed in previous years. Locked-rotor test results show a good match between simulation and measurement. We have also made modifications to the model that have resulted in significant further reductions in computation time. Furthermore, a new scaling technique based on pole/slot scaling has been added to the efficiency map generation tool created last year to allow an extra degree-of-freedom for reshaping the efficiency maps of electric machines. Finally, preliminary results of our proposed reduced-order magneto-quasi-static machine model are presented.

20
TH
ANNUAL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER PROGRAM REVIEW
Session Leads: Drs. P. Jayakumar, Dariusz Mikulski and Mark Brudnak
2B2: A Multi-Stage Optimization Formulation for Vehicle-Dynamics-Conscious Obstacle Avoidance in
Autonomous Ground Vehicles
Presenters: Jiechao Liu, University of Michigan; Brian Rapp, U.S. Army Research Lab.
Quad members: Jeffrey Stein (PI), Tulga Ersal (co-PI), Jiechao Liu (student), University of Michigan; Paramsothy
Jayakumar, U.S. Army TARDEC; Mitchell Rohde, Steve M. Rohde, Quantum Signal LLC
The dynamics of an autonomous unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) that is at least the size of a passenger vehicle are critical to consider during obstacle avoidance maneuvers to ensure vehicle safety. This talk will present a model predictive control based obstacle avoidance algorithm for high-speed, large-size UGVs that accounts for the dynamic limitations of the vehicle and the sensing and control delays, and provides smooth and continuous optimal solutions to safely minimize travel time. The obstacle avoidance problem is formulated as a multi-stage optimal control problem with a unique optimal solution. To solve the optimal control problem, it is transcribed into a nonlinear programming problem using a pseudo-spectral method, and solved using the interior-point method. The talk will also highlight our collaboration with the U.S. Army Research Laboratory to leverage the high power computing technology to meet the real-time computation requirements without compromising the problem formulation.
2B3: Flexible Multibody Dynamics Approach for Tire Dynamics Simulation
Quad members: Hiroyuki Sugiyama (PI), Hiroki Yamashita, The University of Iowa; Paramsothy Jayakumar, U.S.
Army TARDEC; Ryoji Hanada, Yokohama Rubber; SeeChew Soon, Caterpillar Inc.
Development of high-fidelity computational models for tire and soil interactions is crucial for accurate maneuverability evaluation of military ground vehicles in battlefields. In this investigation, the three- dimensional physics-based high-fidelity tire model is developed for off-road mobility simulation using the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) in the context of flexible multibody dynamics. To this end, a new locking-free shear deformable ANCF shell element was developed using general continuum mechanics approach for modeling the tire structure with anisotropic and incompressible material properties, and integrated into the general multibody dynamics computer algorithms. It is demonstrated with some numerical examples that the Enhanced Assumed Strain and Assumed Natural Strain approaches introduced to the continuum mechanics based bi-linear shear deformable ANCF shell element successfully alleviate thickness and shear locking.
Furthermore, the modeling procedure for the ANCF tire model for off-road mobility simulation is outlined.
2B4: Teleoperation of UGVs with Latency: Understanding How Constant and Variable Latencies Affect User
Performance
Quad members: Justin Storms, Dawn Tilbury (PI), University of Michigan; Dave Daniszewski, Paul Muench, U.S.
Army TARDEC; Mitch Rohde, Quantum Signal
Over the past few decades, many driver models for humans operating automobiles have been developed. However, driver models of humans teleoperating unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are as well-studied. Fundamental differences between operating manned and teleoperated vehicles stem from sensory feedback, input devices and latency. In an ARC project that finished last year, Vozar developed one of the first human driver models for UGV teleoperation. The long-term research objective of this project is to develop models that can be used to predict the performance of users controlling teleoperated mobile robots under different latency conditions and with semi-autonomous behaviors. Recent simulation results using driver models indicate that the mean and variance of the latency distribution are sufficient to describe the performance impact.
Ongoing user test results will expand existing models to higher fidelity teleoperation situations and wider latency characteristics.

#
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.16
TH
Loca%on:  Chrysler  Center  Gallery
#
2.7
Poster  Title
3.1
Teleopera%on  with  Semi-­‐Autonomous  Behaviors  and  Latency:
User  Modeling  to  Maximize  System  Performance
Commercializa%on  of  Research  Code  I-­‐RBDO  &  Forma%on  of  RAMDO
Solu%ons,  LLC
3.2
3.7
Confidence-­‐Based  Method  for  RBDO
Advanced  Models  for  Fa%gue  Life  Predic%ons  of  Hybrid  Electric  Vehicle
BaYeries
Poster  Title
Ultracapacitor  and  Lead-­‐Acid  Electric  and  Thermal  Model
Valida%on  using  Electrochemical  Impedance  Spectroscopy   and  Pulse-­‐Relaxa%on  Methods
Reconfigurable  Control  for  Energy  and  Thermal  Management  in
Unmanned  Vehicles
Vehicle-­‐Dynamics-­‐Conscious  Real-­‐Time  Hazard  Avoidance  in
Autonomous  Ground  Vehicles
Flexible  Mul%body  Dynamics  Approach  for  Tire  Dynamics
Simula%on
PI
Vahidi
Tilbury
Stein
Sugiyama
PI
Tilbury
Choi
Choi
Epureanu
3.8
3.9
3.10
4.4
4.6
4.9
Light  weight  vehicle  structures  that  absorb  and  direct  destruc%ve  energy   away  from  the  occupant
Meta-­‐material  design  for  tank  track  pads
Valida%on  Framework  for  Computer  Simula%on
Op%miza%on  of  the  Series-­‐HEV  system  with  Considera%on  of  the  Trac%on
Motor  Design  and  the  Impact  of  BaYery  Fading  Losses
Surrogates  for  Predic%ve  Combus%on  Modeling  –  a  Six-­‐Component
Surrogate  PaleYe  for  Various  JP-­‐8  fuels
Hybrid  Electric  Vehicle  Thermal  Management  –  Modeling  and  Control  of  the
BaYery  Pack,  Engine  with  Generator,  and  Electric  Motor  Temperatures  for
Improved  Efficiency  and  Cooling  Stabiliza%on
Vlahopoulos
Fadel
Choi
Filipi
Violi
Wagner
4.12
4.13
4.15
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.A18
5.A24
Advanced  Models  for  Electric  Machines  and  Drives
Combined  numerical  and  experimental  study  of  baYery  cooling  towards   ac%ve  control
Electrochemical-­‐Thermal  Modeling  of  Prisma%c  Li-­‐ion  Cells
Reac%on  Pathway  and  Elementary  Igni%on  Behavior  of  Surrogates  for  JP-­‐8  and
Alterna%ve  JP-­‐8  Fuels
Simula%on  and  Control  of  Combus%on  in  Military  Diesel  Engines
Valida%on  of  JP-­‐8  Surrogates  in  an  Op%cal  Engine
Nano-­‐Materials  Design  for  Enhanced  Thermal  and  Mechanical  Proper%es
Bulk  Modulus  of  Compressibility  Measurements  of
Conven%onal  and  Alterna%ve  Military  Fuels
Warm-­‐up  of  Lithium-­‐ion  BaYeries  from  Sub-­‐zero  Temperatures
Development  and  Laboratory  Implementa%on  of  an  Accelerated  Tes%ng
Method  for  Vehicle  Systems  using  Time-­‐Dependent  Reliability  /  Durability
Principles
Henein
Jansons
Thompson
Boehman
Hofmann
Ma
Monroe
Boehman
Stefanopoulou
Mourelatos
Reliability,  Maintenance  and  Op%mal  Opera%on  of  Repairable  Systems  with
Applica%on  to  a  Smart  Charging  Microgrid  with  V2G  Capability
Iden%fying  Experts  in  Crowdsourced  Evalua%ons
A  Novel  Integrated  Approach  for  a  Resource-­‐efficient  Design  Valida%on  Co-­‐ process
Beyond  Modular  Vehicles:  A  Modeling  Framework  for  Assessing  Adaptability   and  Costs  of  a  Modular  Vehicle  Fleet
Mourelatos
Papalambros
Mourelatos
Papalambros

TH

TH
•
•
•